Chapter LXXII: Appendix: II (1)

The “Ecumenical Movement” [placed at end of Volume I, after the preceding Appendix, in print edition]

On December 20, 1949 the Holy Office issued an instruction on the “Ecumenical Movement” addressed to all local Ordinaries. In its prefatory remarks the Instruction insisted upon the Church’s intense interest to attain to the full and perfect unity of the Church. It noted as an occasion of joy the desire of many separated from the Church to return to the unity of Christ’s fold, a good intention, indeed, which, however, in being put into practice has not been regulated by right principles. Accordingly the Holy Office prescribed that local Ordinaries maintain due vigilance over the associations seeking Church Unity, that they designate well-qualified priests to pay close attention to everything which concerns the “Movement,” and that they supervise publications on this matter by Catholics or by non-Catholics, in as far as these are published, or read, or sold by Catholics. The manner and method of proceeding in this work is to be regulated by the Ordinaries, who are cautioned to prevent the growth of indifference to Catholic truth and fallacious hopes of unity based upon false or impossible foundations. With regard to mixed assemblies of Catholics and non-Catholics, when there seems to be hope of spreading knowledge of Catholic doctrine, the Ordinary is instructed to designate well-qualified priests, to explain and defend the Church’s teaching. Special permission, however, must be obtained from Ecclesiastical Authority if Catholic laymen are to attend. Where no hope of good results exists, the meetings are to be ended or gradually suppressed.

The following specific instructions are given for the conduct of “Ecumenical meetings.”

All the aforesaid conferences and meetings, public and non-public, large and small, which are called for the purpose of affording an opportunity for the Catholic and the non-Catholic party, for the sake of discussion, to treat of matters of faith and morals, each presenting on even terms the doctrine of his own faith, are subject to the prescriptions of the Church which were recalled to mind in the _Monitum, “Cum compertum_” of this Congregation under date of 5 June, 1948. Hence, mixed congresses are not absolutely forbidden; but they are not to be held without the previous permission of the competent Ecclesiastical Authority. The _Monitum_, however, does not apply to catechetical instructions, even when given to many together, nor to conferences in which Catholic doctrine is explained to non-Catholics who are prospective converts, even though the opportunity is afforded for the non-Catholics to explain also the doctrine of their church so that they may understand clearly and thoroughly in what respect it agrees with the Catholic doctrine and in what it differs therefrom.

Neither does the said _Monitum_ apply to those mixed meetings of Catholics and non-Catholics in which the discussion does not turn upon faith and morals, but upon ways and means of defending the fundamental principles of the natural law or of the Christian religion against the enemies of God who are now leagued together, or where the question is how to restore social order, or other topics of that nature. Even in these meetings, as is evident, Catholics may not approve or concede anything which is in conflict with divine revelation or with the doctrine of the Church even on social questions.

As to local conferences and conventions which are within the scope of the _Monitum_ as above explained, the Ordinaries of places are given, for three years from the publication of this Instruction, the faculty of granting the required previous permission of the Holy See on the following conditions:

1. That _communicatio in sacris_ be entirely avoided;

2, That the presentations of the matter be duly inspected and directed;

3. That at the close of each year a report be made to this Supreme Sacred Congregation, stating where such meetings were held and what experience was gathered from them.

4. As regards the colloquies of theologians above mentioned, the same faculty for the same length of time is granted to the Ordinary of the place where such colloquies are held, or to the Ordinary delegated for this work by the common consent of the other Ordinaries, under the same conditions as above, but with the further requirement that the report to this Sacred Congregation state also what questions were treated, who were present, and who the speakers were for either side.

As for the interdiocesan conferences and congresses, either national or international, the previous permission of the Holy See, special for each case, is always required; and, in the petition asking for it, must also be stated what are the questions to be treated and who the speakers are to be. And it is not allowed, before this permission has been obtained, to begin the external preparation of such meetings or to collaborate with non-Catholics who begin such preparation.

5. Although in all these meetings and conferences any communication whatsoever in worship must be avoided, yet the recitation in common of the Lord’s Prayer or of some prayer approved by the Catholic Church, is not forbidden for opening or closing the said meetings.

6. Although each Ordinary has the right and duty to conduct, promote, and preside over this work in his own diocese, yet the cooperation of several Bishops will be appropriate or even necessary in establishing offices and works to observe, study, and control this work as a whole. Accordingly it will rest with the Ordinaries themselves to confer together and consider how a proper uniformity of action and coordination can be obtained.

7. Religious Superiors are bound to watch and to see to it that their subjects adhere strictly and faithfully to the prescriptions laid down by the Holy See or by the local Ordinaries in this matter.

In order that so noble a work as the “union” of all Christians in one true faith and Church may daily grow into a more conspicuous part of the entire care of souls, and that the whole Catholic people may more earnestly implore this “union” from Almighty God, it will certainly be of assistance that in some appropriate way, for example through Pastoral Letters, the faithful be instructed regarding these questions and projects, the prescriptions of the Church in the matter, and the reasons on which they are based. All, especially priests and religious, should be exhorted and warmly encouraged to be zealous by their prayers and sacrifices to ripen and promote this work, and all should be reminded that nothing more effectively paves the way for the erring to find the truth and to embrace the Church than the faith of Catholics, when it is confirmed by the example of upright living.

INDEX TO VOLUMES I-II

The numbers refer to the sections in the text. Nos. 1-1625 are contained in Volume I [of the print edition].

Abjectedness, definition, 2561.

Abnormal Mental States, as obstacles to voluntariness of acts, 40, 55; effect on voluntariness of acts, 55.

Abortion, canonical penalties for, 1851 a.

Absolute Standard, in grave matter, 1899.

Abstemiousness, subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition, 2466; degrees of abstemiousness, 2467 a; austerity, 2468; excellence of fasting and abstinence, 2469 a; sins opposed to abstemiousness, 2470 a. See also Gluttony; Sobriety.

Abstinence, excellence of, 2469 a.

Abstinence, Total, see Sobriety.

Accession, title to private ownership, 1872 a; principles of accession, 1874.

Accusation, Judicial, obligation, 1966; when a malefactor is bound to accuse himself, 1968; ethical conditions for lawful accusation or denunciation, 1969; persons who may not act as accusers, 1970; judicial accusation and fraternal correction, 1972; unjust accusation, 1973; cessation of duty of accusation, 1794. See also Complaint.

Accused, see Defendant.

Act, Virtuous, intrinsic and extrinsic modes of performing, 1554; essential and ideal modes, 1555.

Acts, Human, 22-62; definition, 23; knowledge requisite for, 24; ignorance renders them involuntary, 28; effect of error, forgetfulness and inadvertence on, 32-33; consent requisite for, 34; free and necessary, 35 a; perfectly and imperfectly voluntary, 35 b; voluntary absolutely and under a certain aspect, 35 c; voluntary in themselves or directly and in their cause or indirectly, 35 d; voluntary, approvingly and permissively, 36; omissions, 37-39; obstacles which destroy or lessen voluntariness, 40 sqq.; voluntary acts either elicited or commanded by the will, 56-62; intellectual, 61-62; sensible, 61-62; external corporal, 61-62; morality of, 63 sqq.; acts forbidden to clerics, 2603 a.

Acts, Meritorious, 106 sqq.

Acts, Moral, 63 sqq.; good, 76-78; bad, 79-80; indifferent, 82 sqq.; morality of external act, 89 sqq.; morality of act indirectly willed, 94-95; morality of consequences of act, 96, imputability, 97 sqq,; imputability in cases of double result, 103 sqq.; acts that are objectively efficaciously and subjectively unjust, 1763 a, b, c. See also Acts, Meritorious.

Acts of Charity, see Charity.

Acts of Faith, see Faith.

Acts of Hope, see Hope.

Acts, Voluntary, 35-39. See also Acts, Human.

Adjuration, definition, 2263; species of adjuration, 2264; solemn or simple adjuration, 2264 a; imperative or deprecative adjuration, 2264 b; qualities of lawful adjuration, 2265; persons who may be adjured, 2266; use of exorcisms, 2267; effects of adjurations, 2268.

Adoration, see Religion.

Adornment, when lascivious, 1456 b.

Adulation, sin against affability, 2423 a.

Adultery, definition, 2530; sinfulness of adultery, 2530 b; degrees of malice, 2530 c.

Advertence, full and partial, 174 sqq., 153, 196.

Advisor, implicit, 1779 c.

Aeromancy, form of divination, 2284 G.

Affability, virtue of, 2143 b; definition, 2421; offices of affability, 2422; sins against affability, 2423.

Affectation, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Afflictions, Medicinal, as remedies against sin, 283.

_Agapae_, in Early Church, 2185 a.

Age of Reason, Puberty and Majority, 433.

Agency, 1749 a.

Aggression, Unjust, 1831.

Albigensianism, 822 c.

Almsgiving, external effect of charity, 1210; definition, 1216; manner of giving, 1217; forms of almsgiving, 1218; seven corporal works of mercy, 1221; seven spiritual, 1222; comparison of corporal and spiritual alms, 1224; duty of almsgiving, 1226 sqq.; three classes of needy persons distinguished, 1233; three degrees of corporal need, 1236; rules on giving alms, 1237; gravity of the obligation, 1238; refusal of alms and restitution, 1240; alms from ill-gotten goods, 1241 sqq.; almsgiving from the goods of another, 1244-1246; order of charity in almsgiving, 1247; amount to be given, 1249, 1253; employment as alms, 1249 b; when alms are excessive, 1250; clerics and almsgiving, 1252; time for almsgiving, 1255; manner, 1256; public charity cannot take the place of almsgiving, 1257.

Alphonsus Liguori, Saint, preference for Equiprobabilism, 696, 697, 698; on obligation of judge when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951 c.

Ambiguous Answers, lawfulness of, 2402.

Ambition, as incentive to envy, 1330; vice against greatness of soul, 2450 b.

Amendment, Resolution of, 2736.

American Law on Bankruptcy, 1788.

Amusements, forbidden to Clerics, 2603 c.

Anarchists, condemned by Church, 947 b.

Anger, 269; immediate cause of fighting, 1431; a cause of contumely, 2017 c; definition, 2546; gravity of the sin of anger, 2547; anger compared with hatred and envy, 2548; one of the seven capital vices, 2549.

Annuities, 1749 b.

Anti-Nationalism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Anti-Tutiorism, 672 b.

Apology, as reparation for contumely, 2023 b; manner of apologizing, 2024.

Apostasy, definition, 835; comparative gravity of sins of apostasy, 837; objectively speaking, no reason can justify apostasy, 838; apostasy to non-Catholic and anti-Catholic sects, 839.

Appeal, right of accused, 1982.

Appetites, Sensible, 46.

Appetites, Sensitive, as subject of sin, 231.

Appetites, Spiritual, 46.

Arianism, 822 c.

Art, intellectual virtue, 146 b; one of the two practical virtues of intellect, 1627 a.

Assent, External and Internal, 760 a, b; objects, 761 d.

Assistant Priest, special duties of, 2607 c.

Astrology, a form of divination, 2285 c.

Astuteness, a form of evil prudence, 1651 a.

Attrition, see Contrition.

Augury, a form of divination, 2285 d.

Auspice, a form of divination, 2285 d.

Austerity, nature and kinds, 2468.

Authority, can supply indirect certitude, 652; kind necessary to make opinion solidly probable, 707.

Avarice, 269; opposed to liberality, 2426; comparison of avarice and prodigality, 2429.

Backbiting, see Defamation.

Bailments, 1749.

Bankruptcy in American Law, 1788.

Baptism, Sacrament of, faith necessary for adult candidate, 791; the most necessary Sacrament, 2686; effect is regeneration, 2686 a; material element of Baptism, 2686 b; formal element, 2686 c; Solemn Baptism, 2637 a; Private Baptism, 2687 b; duties of pastors, 2688; duties of parents and guardians, 2689; sponsors required by Church from very early times, 2690; requirements for validity and lawfulness of sponsors, 2690 a, b; duties of sponsors, 2691; duties of adult recipients of Baptism, 2692; duties of minister of Baptism, 2693.

Barter, 1749 c.

Beatitudes, 159 c, 164, 1662; rewards promised, 165; Third, 811; First, 1058; Seventh, 1619; Sixth, 1662; Fourth and Fifth, 2433; Eighth, 2457; Second, 2571.

Beneficence, external effect of charity, 1211 sqq.; regulated by the order of charity, 1213-15; sins against, 1444 sqq. See Scandal; Obscenity; Seduction; Cooperation.

Benefices, Ecclesiastical, 1758; institution of benefices, 2185 h.

Bestiality, form of impurity, 2534 d.

Betrothal, duties of persons engaged to marry, 2627; duties imposed by engagement to marry, 2628; courtship, 2628; duty to manifest defects, 2628 b; fidelity during the engagement, 2628 c; right to manifest affection, 2628 c; formal promise to marry imposes duty of marriage within a reasonable time, 2628 d; breaking of engagement, 2628 d; duty of restitution in breach of promise, 2628 d; signs of affection between engaged persons, 2629.

Bills, unjust refusal to pay, 1794.

Birth-Control, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Bishop, interpreter of diocesan laws, 486; special duties, 2607 a.

Blackstone, on purely penal character of civil laws, 570 b.

Blasphemy, Sin of, 887 sqq.; heretical and non-heretical, 889; interpreting cases of doubtful blasphemy, 894; sinfulness of blasphemy, 895; the greatest sin against faith, 895 b; species of blasphemy, 897; circumstances which aggravate, 897 d; blasphemies against the Three Divine Persons, 898; despair and presumption as blasphemy, 899 a; sin against Holy Ghost, 900; state of malicious sin, 901; remedies against blasphemy, 902; absolution, 903.

Blessed Sacrament, Confraternities of, 955 a.

Bluntness, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Bonaventure, Saint, on obligation of judge when evidence is contrary to his personal knowledge, 1951 c.

Bond, definition of, 1886 a.

Bonds, purchase by clerics, 2605 e.

Books, when obscene, 1456 e; forbidden, see Writings, Forbidden.

Booty, obligation to make restitution, 1414.

Borrowing, Sinful, 1879 b.

Brahmanism, 822 a.

Breach of Promise, damages resultant on, 1888 a.

Bribery, Judicial, see Judge.

Broth, use forbidden on Friday, 2586 c.

Buddhism, 822 a.

Buying and Selling, 1749 b.

Calumny, definition, 2030 e; worst kind of defamation, 2032 d. See also Defamation.

Candidates for Public Office, lawfulness of revelations about, 2071.

Capital Vices, Seven, 269 sqq.

Carbonari, forbidden by Church, 947 h.

Cardinal Virtues, 150. See also Prudence; Justice; Fortitude; Temperance.

Carelessness, caused by sloth, 1324, 1326 c, 1327.

Casuistic Method, in Moral Theology, 13.

Catholic Daughters of America, 955 b.

Caution, integral part of prudence, 108 b.

Celibacy, origin and obligation, 2602 a.

Censorship, Government, not desirable, 1458 e.

Censures, by the Church, 761 c.

Ceremonial Law, see Law, Mosaic.

Certainty, of knowledge, 1630; certainty of practical truth, 1630.

Certitude, necessary for prudence, 1630.

Certitude of Conscience, necessity, 641-642; kinds, 643 sqq.; metaphysical, physical and moral, 644 sqq.; speculative and practical, 647; demonstrative and probable, 649; direct and indirect, 651; principle of authority and reflex principles supply indirect certitude, 652.

Charity, theological virtue of, 151; compared with faith and hope, 157; remains in the blessed, 158; Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; definition, 1105; charity and natural love, 1106 sqq.; true friendship with God, 1112; uncreated and created charity, 1113-1114; excellence of, 1115; charity and beatific vision, 1116; production of charity, 1121; origin, 1122; may be increased, 1124; perfect charity, 1129; three degrees, 1130; decline of charity, 1131; loss of, 1132; object of, 1133; love of creatures not always charity, 1134; sinful, natural and supernatural self-love, 1136; friendship and charity, 1137-1141; love of neighbor, 1139; charity for sinners, 1142-1147; for enemies, 1148 sqq.; common signs of charity, 1154; refusal of greeting a lack of charity, 1157; general order of charity, 1158; character of love of God, 1160 sqq.; sacrifice of spiritual goods for neighbor’s sake, 1163; love of the body, 1164; order of charity between neighbors, 1171 sqq.; order of charity between relations, 1176 sqq.; acts of, 1183 sqq.; exercise of act, 1184; internal effects of charity, 1103; joy, 1194; peace, 1195 sqq.; reconciliation with God effected by charity, 1196; what reconciliation with enemies demands, 1198; manner and time of seeking reconciliation, 1202 sqq.; external effects of charity, 1210; beneficence (q.v.), 1211; almsgiving (q.v.), 1216; fraternal correction (q.v.), 1258 sqq.; hate (q.v.), 1295 sqq.; sins against peace, 1347 sqq.; opposition between schism and charity, 1371; schism greatest sin against neighbor, 1372; duty of owner towards one in dire need, 1925 a.

Charity, Commandments of, in Old Testament, 1547 a; in New Testament, 1547 b; precepts of secondary acts of charity, 1551; prohibitions of uncharitableness, 1552; commandment of love of God, 1553 sqq.; modes of performing act of love of God, 1554-1555; must be subjectively and objectively great, 1556; actual and habitual, 1557; degrees of perfection of this act, 1560; commandment of love of self, 1561; pursuit of supernatural, intellectual and corporal goods, 1563-1564; care of the mind, 1564; commandment of love of neighbor, 1579 sqq.; conditions, 1582; fulfillment of the commandments of charity, 1585 sqq.; various ways of fulfillment, 1586; external acts must be accompanied by internal love, 1588; internal act must be explicit, 1589; proper intention, 1590; obligation is universal, 1592; times when the precepts of charity oblige, 1593 sqq.; ignorance as excuse for omission, 1596; cases when love of neighbor must be explicit, 1603; necessity of habit of charity, 1604; order of charity is also commanded, 1606.

Chastity, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163; subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition of chastity, 2486; fruit of Fear of the Lord, 2571 c; vow and virtue of chastity, 2612 b.

Chauvinism, sin against piety, 2349 a.

Children, compensation of, 2631; sex education of children, 2632; duties of children, charity and piety, 2633; special love of parents, 2633 a; respect and assistance owed to parents, 2633 b.

Chiromancy, form of divination, 2285 b.

Christian Doctrine, Confraternities of, 955 a.

Christian Science, 823 b; refusal of medicine or hygienic care, 2304.

Circumspection, 1638 b.

Clairvoyance, form of divination, 2285 a.

Clemency, definition, 2551; vices opposed to clemency, 2552 a.

Clergy, duty of charity to the poor, 2608 a; disposition of superfluous wealth by beneficed clergy, 2609 a. See also Clerics.

Clerics, special duties of, 2596; duties before entering clerical state, 2596 a; duties after entering clerical state, 2596 b; internal vocation, 2597 a; external vocation, 2597 b; sinfulness of disregarding vocation, 2598 a; positive duties of clerics, 2599 a; obligation of Divine Office, 2600 a; excuses from the obligation of Divine Office, 2601 a; precept of clerical celibacy, 2602 a; negative duties of clerics, 2603; forbidden acts, 2603 a; forbidden occupations, 2603 b; forbidden amusements, 2603 c; prohibition against trading, 2604 a; clerics and purchase and sale of stocks and bonds, 2605 a; duties of clerical superiors, 2606 a; special duties of those who have care of souls, 2607 a.

Clients, duties to lawyers, 2651 b.

Coercion, as obstacle to consent, 40; effect on voluntariness of acts, 52.

Coition, Unnatural, form of impurity, 2534 b.

Commandments, natural and supernatural, 330; of faith, 913 sqq.; hope, 1092 sqq.; charity, 1547 sqq.; prudence, 1657; justice, 2434-2436; fortitude, 2458-2460; temperance, 2572.

Commandments, Ten, 2436 sqq.

_Commodatum_, 1749 a.

Communication, Dangerous, 882 sqq.; civil and religious communication, 882; when non-religious communication is sinful, 883; when religious communication is sinful, 884; communication in worship, 956 sqq.; private and public, 956; participation of non-Catholics in Catholic worship, 957-958; restriction of this participation, 959; performance of Catholic rites by non-Catholics, 960.

Communion, Holy, minister, 2703; recipient of the Eucharist, 2704; persons who may receive Communion, 2704 a; persons who must receive Communion, 2704 b; requirements in candidates for First Communion, 2704 b; dispositions for worthy Communion, 2705; confession, preparation and thanksgiving, 2705 a; Rite in which Communion may be received, 2705 a; dispositions of body (Eucharistic fast and external reverence), 2705 b; necessary dispositions for frequent Communion, 2706 a; useful dispositions for frequent Communion, 2706 b; duties of parents, pastors and confessors in reference to Communion, 2707. See also Eucharist, Holy.

Commutations, involuntary, 1748 a; voluntary, 1748 b.

Commutative Justice, see Justice.

Compensation, various kinds of, 1927; lawfulness of occult compensation, 1928; unlawful occult compensation and restitution, 1929; conditions required by commutative justice for occult compensation, 1930; occult compensation in doubt of law, 1931 b; where there is strict right to compensation, 1932; where there is no right to compensation, 1933; compensation of children and employees, 1934; conditions required by legal justice for occult compensation, 1935; conditions required by charity for occult compensation, 1936; lawfulness of open compensation, 1937.

Compensationism, 731 sqq. See also Systems, Moral.

Complaint, duty of making complaint about private wrongs, 1967; persons in whose favor one may denounce a private wrong, 1971. See also Accusation, Judicial.

Complicity, see Cooperation.

Concupiscible Passions, 118-119. See also Passions.

Condemnations, of error by the Church, 761 b.

Condign Merit, see Merit.

Condiments, not forbidden on Friday, 2586 c.

Confession, see Penance, Sacrament of.

Confessors, duties of, regarding obligation of restitution, 1760; need of prudence, 1650 a. See also Penance, Sacrament of.

Confirmation, Sacrament of, 2694; remote and proximate matter, 2694 a; form, 2694 b; minister of Confirmation, 2695; recipient of Confirmation, 2696; sponsors in Confirmation, 2697; qualifications and duties of sponsors, 2697 a, b; duties of pastor in reference to Confirmation, 2698.

Confucianism, 822 a.

Congruous Merit, see Merit.

Conscience, and Moral Theology, 2; definition, 575; variously divided, 576; true or false, 577; good (right) or bad (wrong), 578 a; certain or uncertain, 578 b; obligation of, 580; authority not unlimited, 581; no autonomous morality, 581 a; when conscience must be followed, 582; erroneous and doubtful conscience, 585; results of following erroneous conscience, 588; results of disobeying erroneous conscience, 589-591; a good conscience, 593 sqq.; antecedent and consequent conscience, 594; vigilant, tender and timorous conscience, 595; scrupulous conscience, 596; lax conscience, 596 sqq.; malicious or non-malicious laxity (reprobate or weak conscience), 598; partial or entire laxity, 599-600; Pharisaic conscience, 600; inculpable and culpable laxity, 601; causes of a lax conscience, 601; dangers of lax conscience, 602; rules regarding sins due to lax conscience, 603-604; opinion as state of conscience, 662 sqq.; remedies for lax conscience, 605; scrupulous differs from strict (tender) conscience, 607 a; scrupulous conscience differs from scrupulosity, 607 b; rules regarding scrupulous conscience and sins, 608; dangers of scrupulous conscience, 609; perplexed conscience, 611 sqq.; directions of St. Alphonsus regarding perplexed conscience, 612; scrupulosity, 614 sqq.; distinct from scrupulous conscience, 614 a; from a tender conscience, 614 b; from anxious, doubtful or guilty conscience, 614 c; chief subjects of scruples, 615; signs of scrupulosity, 616; internal causes of scrupulous conscience, 617; external causes, 618; sometimes tolerated by God, 619; dangers of scrupulosity, 620; rules for the scrupulous, 621; qualities necessary for successful direction of scrupulous, 625; scrupulous and past confessions, 626; scrupulous and present confessions, 627; scrupulous and performance of duties, 628; scrupulous and commission of sin, 630; remedies for scruples, 632 sqq.; signs of a good conscience, 638; certain conscience, 640 sqq.; kinds of certitude, 643 sqq.; uncertain conscience, 654-655; doubt and suspicion, 656; presumption, 658; reflex principles to settle doubts, 657 sqq.; opinion, 662 sqq.; accusing or excusing, 668 a; forbidding or permitting, 668 b; the moral systems, 672 sqq.; Tutiorism, 676 sqq.; Laxism, 680 sqq.; Probabiliorism, 683 sqq.; Equiprobabilism, 688 sqq.; Probabilism, 701 sqq.; Compensationism, 731 sqq.; respective merits and use of the rival systems of conscience, 740 sqq.; use by confessors, 741.

Conscience, Systems of, see Systems, Moral, and Conscience.

Consent, act of will, 59; consent of the will, condition of mortal sin, 178, 184, 196; obstacles to, see Obstacles to Consent; qualities necessary for valid consent, 1883; defects that invalidate consent, 1884.

Consolations, Spiritual, differ from devotion, 2151 b.

Contention, definition, 1355; sinfulness, 1357; causes, 1362.

Continence, potential part of temperance, 2465 c; nature of, 2544.

Continency, fruit of Fear of the Lord, 163, 2571 c.

Contraception, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Contract, forms of, 1749; gratuitous contracts, 1749 a; contract as title to private ownership, 1892 b; elements of contract, 1877; subject-matter of contract, 1878; when contracts are immoral, 1878 a; sinful contracts, 1879; qualities necessary for valid consent, 1833; defects that invalidate consent, 1884; when fear invalidates consent to contract, 1884 c; form of contract, 1885; accidentals of a contract, 1886; conditions added to contract, 1886 c; modes of contract, 1886 d; obligation of entering into contract, 1887 a; obligation of valid contract, 1888; quality of obligation in onerous and gratuitous contracts, 1588 a; quantity of obligation in onerous and gratuitous contracts, 1888 b; objects of obligation of contract, 1888 d; obligation of quasi-contract, 1888 d; cessation of obligation, 1889; unilateral and bilateral contracts, 1749 a; onerous contracts, 1749 b, c; subsidiary contracts, 1749 d; immoral contracts, 1878 d; sinful contracts, 1879; illegal contracts, 1880; unenforceable contracts, 1880 a; voidable contracts, 1880 c; contracts _ipso facto_ void, 1880 d; qualities necessary in the parties contractant, 1881; legal privileges of minors in connection with contracts, 1882; principles obligatory in all forms of contracts, 2137; gratuitous contracts, 2137 a; onerous contracts, 2137 b; aleatory contracts, 2137 c; fraudulent contracts, 2138.

Contractor’s Agreement, 1749 b.

Contrition, the first act of the penitent, 2729; perfect contrition, 2730 a; imperfect contrition or attrition, 2730 b; attrition based solely on fear of punishment, 2731; servile fear of God, 2731 b; slavish fear, 2731 b; attrition in the Sacrament of Penance, 2732; disinterested love not required in Penance, 2732 b; interested love necessary in Penance, 2732 e; conditions for valid contrition and attrition, 2733; internal sorrow; 2733 a; supernatural sorrow, 2733 b; universal sorrow, 2733 c; sovereign sorrow, 2733 d; properties of contrition, 2735.

Contumely, definition, 2010; various forms of, 2012; manner of confessing contumely in Sacrament of Penance, 2013; sinfuless of contumely, 2014; gravity of matter in contumely, 2015; causes of contumely, 2017; duty of bearing with contumely, 2018; reasons for resistance to contumely or detraction, 2019; duty of one who answers contumely or detraction, 2020; duty of restitution for contumely, 2021; what kind of reparation should be made, 2023; method of apologizing for contumely, 2024; cessation of obligation of restitution, 2026; the differences between defamation and contumely, 2029.

Cooperation, and restitution, 1775; positive cooperators in injury, 1779; negative cooperators, 1780; distinction between cooperators as equal or unequal causes of injury, 1782; cooperation in suicide, 1855; cooperation in defamation, 2076 sqq.; cooperation in sinful oaths, 2252; cooperation in divination or other form of superstition, 2296; cooperation in the sin of drunkenness, 2483 a; cooperation and restitution, see Restitution. See also Cooperation in Sin.

Cooperation in Religious Activities, 976 sqq.; immediate and mediate, 976 sqq.; lawfulness of material cooperation, 978; most usual cases of cooperation, 980; contributions to false worship, 981; building of houses of false worship, 983-984; preparing for non-Catholic services, 985-986; resemblance to scandal, 1460 b.

Cooperation in Sin, definition, 1506; how it differs from complicity, 1507; formal or material, 1508 a; positive or negative, 1508 b; occasional or effective, 1509 a; immediate or mediate, 1509 b; indispensable or not indispensable, 1509 c; unjust or unlawful, 1510; explicit or implicit, 1511; proximate or remote, 1512; sinfulness, 1513; lawfulness of material cooperation, 1515; gravity of reasons necessary for cooperation, 1520 sqq.; lawfulness of immediate cooperation, 1526; special cases, 1528; formal cooperation with evil reading matter, 1529; with evil dances or plays, 1531; material cooperation with evil dances or plays, 1532; cooperation by manufacture of sinful objects, 1533 sqq.; cooperation in supplying food and drink, 1537-1539; in renting houses, rooms, etc., 1540-1541; lawful and unlawful cooperation of employees, 1542; duties of confessors, 1545-1546.

Correction, Fraternal, definition, 1258; distinct from judicial correction and censure of vice, 1258 a, e; includes prevention of sin, 1258 d; duty, 1259-1261, 1282, 1284; when advisable and inadvisable, 1262-1263; doubtful cases, 1264; sin committed by omission or delay, 1265-1266; when person not a superior should make correction, 1267; obligation of inquiring into suspected wrongdoing, 1269; private spying uncharitable, 1269 c; faults that call for correction, 1270 sqq.; correction of vincibly and invincibly ignorant, 1273 sqq.; past sins do not demand correction, 1276; persons to be corrected, 1277; correction of superior, 1278; persons to administer correction, 1279; persons excused from duty, 1283; manner of correction, 1285-1291; secret and public corrections, 1286; obligation of reporting an occult sin, 1287; duties of superior when subject is reported for fraternal correction, 1292-1293; obligations for private individuals summarized, 1294.

Council of Trent, Catechism of the, points about which explicit faith is required, 765.

Counsel, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 a.

Counsels of New Testament, 7, 364 sqq.; the three chief, 368; superiority of, 366.

Counterclaim, definition, 1927 a.

Courage, inferior to justice, 1716 a.

Courtship, see Betrothal.

Cowardice, caused by sloth, 1324; sin against fortitude, 2446 b.

Creditors, order of preference among, 1787.

Credulity, 847.

Creed, knowledge of necessary, 920.

Creeds, summarize formulas of Christian teaching, 767; what articles deal with, 767; Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, 769; Summary of teaching of Apostles’ Creed, 770 sqq.

Cremation, societies for the promotion of, forbidden by Code, 946 b; cremation of corpses, 2595 b.

Criticism, when sinful, 2038; when injustice is committed by professional critics, 2075.

Cruelty, vice opposed to clemency, 2552 a.

Culpability, see Guilt.

Cunning, 1651 a.

Curiosity, compared with impurity, 2492 a.

Cursing, definition, 2111; when cursing is not sinful, 2112; sinfulness of cursing, 2113; gravity of sin of cursing, 2114; circumstances that change moral species of cursing, 2115; numerical multiplication in sins of cursing, 2116; cursing of evil, 2117; unlawful cursing of an irrational creature, 2119.

Custom, effect on law, 391 sqq.; kinds of, 392. See also Customs in Canon Law.

Customs in Canon Law, 506 sqq.; may interpret, abrogate or introduce law, 506; kinds of, 507; origin of, 508 a; legal force of, 508 b; time required for acquisition of legal force, 511; cessation of, 513.

_Damnum_, definition, 1724 b.

Dances, when obscene, 1456 d; evil, formal cooperation with, 1531; evil, material cooperation with, 1532.

Danger, of formal sin, 675 a, 678; of material sin, 675 b.

Dangerous Reading, see Reading, Dangerous.

Debates on Religion, generally inexpedient, 998.

Debt, moral and legal debt, 1692, 2141-43; moral degrees of, 2143.

Debt, Conjugal, 2614-17.

Decalogue, invincible ignorance of generally impossible, 321; Laws of the First and Second Tables, 338; the precepts contained in the Decalogue, 2436.

Deceit, form of lying, 2391 b.

Decency, subjective part of temperance, 2465 a; definition of decency, 2486 b.

Decision, Wise, potential part of prudence, 1646 b.

Defamation, definition, 2028; self-defamation, 2028 e; different forms of defamation, 2030; differences between defamation and contumely, 2029; implicit and explicit defamation, 2030 b; direct and indirect defamation, 2030 d; examples of indirect defamation, 2031; examples of direct defamation, 2032; defamation by innuendo, 2033 a; defamation by plain speech, 2033 b; sinfulness of detraction, 2036; right to true and false reputation, 2037; sinfulness of gossip or criticism about real and known defects, 2038; moral species of defamation, 2039; species of sins of defamation, 2040; numerical multiplication of defamations, 2041; theological species of defamation, 2042; harm done by defamation, 2043; comparison of defamation with other injuries against neighbor, 2044; rule for determining seriousness of defamation, 2046; harm done by reason of defects revealed, 2047; revelation of secret faults, 2048; harm done by reason of person defamed, 2049; meaning of the expression “infamous in a certain place,” 2051 sqq.; revelation about a person juridically in disrepute elsewhere, 2054; revelation about a person actually in disrepute elsewhere, 2055; notoriety in a closed community, 2057; revelation about a person formerly in disrepute, 2058; when the name of person defamed is not given, 2059; defamation of deceased and legal persons, 2060; harm done by reason of person of defamer, 2061; defamation at second hand, 2062; harm done by reason of listeners, 2063; detraction to one discreet person, 2065; belittling a person to himself, 2066; disclosing matters detrimental to third party, 2067; rights that have precedence over false reputation, 2068; unlawful attack on another’s false reputation, 2069; conditions that justify revelation of another’s defects, 2070; revelations about public officials or candidates for public office, 2071; revelations about historical personages, 2072; revelations about persons who figure in news of day, 2074; injustice in professional critics, 2075; cooperation in defamation, 2076; direct consent to defamation, 2077; persons who listen to defamation from curiosity, 2078; sinfulness of indirect consent to defamation, 2079; guilt of superior who consents to defamation, 2080; circumstances which lessen guilt of indirect consent, 2082; inaction in face of defamation, 2083; ways of opposing defamation made in one’s presence, 2084; restitution for defamation, 2085; gravity of obligation of restitution, 2086; conditions which entail duty of restitution, 2087; cooperators and restitution, 2088; circumstances of restitution, 2089; persons by whom restitution must be made, 2089, 2090; persons to whom restitution must be made, 2001; responsibility of defamer for spread of defamation, 2092; first way of making restitution, 2093; other methods of making restitution, 2094; legal reparation for defamation, 2095; time when restitution for defamation is to be made, 2096; cessation of duty of restitution, 2097; excuses from restitution, 2098 sqq.; right of defamed person to condone injury, 2101. See also Derision; Tale-Bearing; Reputation.

Defects, Natural, of fallen man, 283.

Defendant, definition, 1975; duties of defendant in civil cases, 1976; duties in criminal cases, 1977; duty of accused to plead guilty, 1978; rights and duties of accused in conducting own defense, 1980; rights and duties of accused who has been found guilty, 1982.

Defense of Self, see Self-Defense.

Definitions of the Church, solemn and ordinary, 761 b; by the Church, 761 c.

Defloration, definition, 2529.

Deism, 847 b.

Deliberation, Wise, potential part of prudence, 1646 a.

Delight, 119.

Demerit, definition, 107.

Demon, The, 284.

Denunciation, see Accusation, Judicial; Complaint.

Deposit, 1749 a.

Derision, definition, 2106; distinction between derision and jesting, 2107; sinfulness of derision, 2109.

Desire, 119; sinful, 237 sqq.

Desires, Evil, 232, 240 sqq.

Desires, Impure, see Impurity.

Despair, definition, 1061; despondency, 1062; pusillanimity and spiritual sloth, 1064; despair of unbelief, 1065; signs indicating despair, 1057; malice of despair, 1068; despair compared with other sins, 1070; causes of despair, 1071; remedies for, 1074; caused by sloth, 1324.

Detraction, reasons for resistance to contumely or detraction, 2019; duty of one who answers contumely or detraction, 2020; definition, 2030 c. See also Defamation.

Devotion, definition of, 2150; differs from emotion, 2151 e; from spiritual consolations, 2151 b; external and internal cause of devotion, 2152.

Devotions, different forms of, 2151 c.

Discord, 1347 sqq.; definition, 1348; sinfulness of intentional and unintentional, 1350-1351; origin, 1354; prohibition against, 1552.

Disobedience, see Obedience.

Dispensation from Law, 401; who may be dispensed? 403.

Dispensations, in the strict or wide sense, 309, 524 sqq.; differ from privileges, 524; persons who can grant dispensations, 525-530; manner of seeking, 531; how invalidated, 533; when dispensation is refused, 534; interpretation of faculty of dispensing, 536-537; cessation of, 537-541.

See also Matrimony, Sacrament of; Vows.

Distractions, see Prayer.

Distributive Justice, see Justice.

Divination, see Religion, Sins against.

Divining Rods, and divination, 2284 c.

Divorce, books in favor of divorce forbidden, 855 b. See also Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Docility, integral part of prudence, 1637 b.

Doctors, as source of Moral Theology, 10.

Domicile, true and quasi-domicile, 436.

Double Result, effect on imputability of acts, 103 sqq.

Doubt, 655 sqq.; positive or negative, 655; as state of conscience, 656 sqq.; reflex principles for solution of doubt, 657 sqq.; cases of negative doubt to be settled in favor of obligation, 661; negative doubt of law, 709 a; of fact, 709 b-c; rash doubts, 1743; supervening doubt of possessor in doubtful faith, 1776; antecedent doubt of possessor in doubtful faith, 1777.

Doubt, Sin of, 840 sqq.; methodical and real, 840-841; involuntary, indeliberate, unwelcome and ignorant, 842; negative, 844; positive, 845; passing and permanent, 846.

Dress, when lascivious, 1456 b; modesty in, 2569 a.

Druggists, duties of, 2651 c.

Drunkenness, sin against sobriety, 2476 b; passive drunkenness, 2477 a; degrees of the sin of drunkenness, 2479 a; malice of the sin, 2480 a; drunkenness compared with other sins, 2481 a; responsibility of drunkard for sins committed while intoxicated, 2482 a; cooperation in the sin of drunkenness, 2483.

Duelling, books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; definition, 1435; morality of, 1436; fallacy of arguments for, 1437; penalties against, 1438.

Dulia, species of reverence, 2325 c; obligation of religious cult of dulia, 2354.

Duties, with regard to habits, 140; of man, 744 sqq.

Easter Communion, obligation of, 2592 sqq.

Eastern Star, among societies forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Education, neglect a sin against self, 1565.

Effects of Omissions, may be directly and indirectly voluntary, 38-39.

Egoism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Election, act of will, 59.

Embezzlement, definition, 1893 a.

Emotion, differs from devotion, 2151 a.

Employees, duties in justice and charity, 2648. See also Employers.

Employers, duties in justice and charity, 2647; duties of, 2648; labor disputes, 2649; obligation of giving employment, 2650.

Emulation, distinct from envy, 1331 a, 1339; when it is a sin, 1332.

Enemies, charity towards, 1148; general and special love of, 1151.

Enfeeblement, definition, 1866 c.

Engagement to Marry, see Betrothal.

Enjoyment, see Relaxation.

Envy, 269; sin against charity, 1328 sqq.; definition, 1328; objects of, 1329; subjects of, 1330; distinct from emulation, fear and indignation, 1331; lawful and unlawful emulation, 1332; lawful and unlawful jealousy, 1333; lawful and unlawful grief at another’s prosperity, 1334-1337; envy by nature a mortal sin, 1338; degrees of gravity, 1341; one of capital vices, 1342; how preeminent among sins, 1344; useful considerations and practices against envy, 1345-1346; as origin of discord, 1354; origin of contention, 1362; prohibition against, 1552.

Epieikeia, 358; in human laws, 385, 411 sqq.; definition, 412; limits on use, 414 sqq.; use in determining obligation of ecclesiastical laws, 503; a. subjective part of justice, 2144. See also Equity.

Equiprobabilism 688 sqq. See also Systems, Moral.

Equity, subjective part of justice, 2430; greatness of legal equity, 2432; definition of equity, 2431.

Error, resembles ignorance, 32; practical and speculative, effect on gravity of sin, 249; may diminish theological guilt, 1764 b.

Escape from Prison, when licit, 1982 b.

Espousals, see Betrothal.

Ethics, and Moral Theology, 2.

Eucharist, Holy, 2699; the chief Sacrament of the Church, 2699; matter and form of the Eucharist, 2700; qualities of the bread, 2700 a; qualities of the wine, 2700 b; grave precept of Church regarding the form, 2700 c; minister of consecration, 2701; duties of minister as regards valid consecration, 2701 b; confession as preparation for consecration, 2701 c; effect on consecration of inadvertent neglect of grave liturgical precept, 2702; reservation of the Blessed Sacrament, 2708; duty of custody, 2708 a; duty of renewal of hosts, 2708 b; duty of worship, 2708 c; visits to the Blessed Sacrament, 2708 c; Forty Hours’ Devotion, 2708 c. See also Communion, Holy; Mass, Sacrifice of the.

Eugenical Sterilization, 1869 c.

Euthanasia, definition, 2485.

Eutrapelia, virtue, 2421 e, 2567.

Exaggeration, form of defamation, 2032 c.

Executioners, become irregular by Canon Law, 1825.

Exorcisms, use of, 2267.

Extreme Unction, see Unction, Extreme.

Faith, Theological Virtue of, and Moral Theology, 2; definition, 151; compared with charity, 157; ceases in the blessed, 158; excellence, 747; utility, 748-749; meaning, 750; St. Paul’s definition, 751; St. Chrysostom’s definition, 751 a; St. Thomas’ definition, 751 b; definition by Vatican Council, 798; material and formal objects, 754; divine and Catholic faith, 755; divine and ecclesiastical faith, 756; private revelations, 757; human faith, 758 d; external and internal assent, 760; solemn and ordinary definitions of Church, 761 b; condemnations of error, 761 b; definitions and censures, 761 c; religious assent, 761 d; explicit and implicit, 763 sqq.; obligation of explicit faith, 928; points about which explicit faith is required by Catechism of Council of Trent, 765; faith is necessary for salvation, 766; formulas summarized in Creeds, 767; increase in articles of faith, 768; Apostles/ Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, 769; summary of teaching of Apostles’ Creed, 770 sqq.; internal and external acts of faith, 782 sqq.; supernatural and natural truths to which assent must be given, 784; act of faith necessary, 785 sqq.; what must be believed with implicit and explicit faith, 786; mysteries that must be believed, 787 sqq., 918, 920; substantial and scientific knowledge of mysteries, 790; faith necessary for absolution, 792; merit of the act of faith; assent of credibility, 795 a; preambles of faith, 795 b; habit of faith, 797; properties of faith, 799; living and dead faith, 800; persons who have or had faith, 801; persons who have not faith, 802; how faith must be supreme, 803 a; faith must be universal but not necessarily explicit, 803 b; growth and decline of faith, 804-805; cause of faith, 806; effects, 807; internal and external dangers to, 848; dangerous reading, 849 sqq.; dullness of understanding as sin, 912; blindness of mind as sin, 912; Commandments of, 913 sqq.; commandment of knowledge, 914; means of communicating knowledge, 915; degree of knowledge necessary, 919; knowledge of Creed, Decalogue, virtues, Sacraments, duties of one’s state, Lord’s Prayer, 920; means for retention of knowledge, 922; memorizing of Catechism, 923; commandment of internal acts of faith, 925; primary and secondary truths of revelation, 927; obligation of affirmative commandment, 929; when and how often act of faith should be made, 933-935; formal and virtual act of faith, 936; commandment of external profession, 938 sqq.; denial of faith, 939; ways of denying faith, 941; commandment of external profession, 987 sqq.; divine precept of profession, 989; secret, private and public profession, 992 sqq,; obligation to give instruction on matters of faith and morals, 1001; ecclesiastical precept of profession, 1003; flight to avoid profession, 1005; when concealment of one’s faith is lawful, 1007; sins of unbelief, see Unbelief, Sin of. See also Unbelief; Heresy; Apostasy; Doubt; Credulity; Rationalism.

Fame, see Reputation.

Fare, travelling without paying, 1907.

Fasting, excellence of, 2409 a. See also Abstemiousness.

Favoritism, sinfulness declared by Revelation, 1805; sinfulness declared by reason, 1806; gravity of sin of favoritism, 1807; favoritism in spiritual matters, 1809; favoritism in secular matters, 1812; favoritism in marks of esteem or honor, 1813; favoritism in judges, umpires, arbitrators and the like, 1814 a.

Fear, as obstacle to consent, 40, 44; acts done with and through fear, 43; two moral species (fear of the world and of God), 1043; habitual and actual fear, 1044; worldly fear as sin, 1045; servile and filial fear of God, 1048 sqq.; initial and perfected fear, 1055; divine commandments concerning fear, 1103; compared with envy, 1331 b, 1339.

Fear of the Lord, Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 b; perfects hope, 1041; distinct from other kinds of fear, 1042; corresponds to First Beatitude and Fruits of modesty, continency and chastity, 1058; complement of temperance, 2571 a.

Fecundation, Artificial, 2618 c.

Fees, in connection with administration of sacred rites, 2185 b.

Feigning of Defects, form of lying, 2406 b.

Fenians, Society forbidden by Church, 947 b.

Fidelity, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163. See also Truthfulness.

Fighting, definition, 1428; kinds, 1429; sinfulness, 1430; causes, 1431; hatred as cause of fighting, 1432; frequent occasions, 1433; evil consequences, 1434.

First-Fruits, and tithes, 2185 b.

Fitness, the right standard for distributive justice, 1804 c.

Flattery, vice opposite to modesty, 2566 b.

Flesh Meat, 2586 sqq.

Foolhardiness, sin against fortitude, 2466 b.

Foolishness, sin of, opposed to Gift of Wisdom, 1621; description of sin, 1624; causes, 1625; cause of contumely, 2017 b.

Foresight, 1638 b.

Forgetfulness, resembles ignorance, 32.

Form, Sacramental, see Sacrament. Formal Sin, 248.

Fornication, definition, 2543; sinfulness of fornication, 2534; fornication compared with other sins, 2525 a; circumstances of fornication, 2526 a; fornication of engaged person, 2526 b; forms of fornication, 2527; the State and places of prostitution, 2528.

Fortitude, 150; golden mean in, 154 a, 157 b; Gift of the Holy Ghost, 160 b; rank among moral virtues, 2437; definition of fortitude, 2439; two acts of fortitude, 2440; excellence, 2441; sins opposed to fortitude, 2446; integral and potential parts of fortitude, 2447; differs from patience, 2453 b; complements of fortitude, 2457; Gift of Fortitude, 2457 a; fortitude and the Eighth Beatitude, 2457 b; fortitude and the Fruits of Patience and Longsuffering, 2457 c; commandments of fortitude, 2458; subjects of fortitude, 2460. See also Martyrdom.

Franchise, Electoral, see Voting.

Fraternal Correction, see Correction, fraternal.

Fraud, invalidates consent of contract, 1884 b; injustice in voluntary commutations, 2121; definition of fraud, 2122; two kinds of injustice in sales, 2123; injustice regarding price, 2124; criteria of a just price, 2125; obligation of observing prices settled by law or custom, 2126; when market price may be disregarded without injustice, 2127; unjust sales based on ignorance of real value, 2129; obligation of restitution on account of unjust price, 2130; injustice regarding thing sold, 2131; defects in the thing sold, 2132.

Free Love, definition, 2527 c.

Freemasonry, 823 b; books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; Society forbidden by Code, 947 a.

Friday Abstinence, 2586 c.

Friendship, 1110; friendship of utility, pleasure and virtue, 1111; five marks of true friendship, 1137; human friendship not a distinct virtue, 1140; virtue of friendship, 2143 b.

Fruition, as act of will, 58.

Fruits of the Holy Ghost, 159 b; twelve in number, 163, 811, 1058, 1619, 1662, 2433, 2457, 2571.

Gambling, sinful, 1879 d; gambling forbidden to clerics, 2603 c.

Geomancy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Gift, sinful, 1879 a; when are free gifts to judges permissible? 1945 d.

Gifts of the Holy Ghost, 159 a; intellectual, 160 a; appetitive, 159, 160, 160 b; Understanding and Knowledge, 808-810; Fear of the Lord, 1041-1057; Wisdom, 1609 sqq.; Counsel, 1662; Piety, 2433; Fortitude, 2457; Fear of the Lord, 2571.

Gluttony, 269; sin opposed to abstemiousness, 2470 b; ways of committing gluttony, 2471; sinfulness of gluttony, 2472 a; gluttony as capital sin, 2473 11.

Gnome, part of judgment, 2432 d.

Gnosticism, 822 c.

Gnostics, 823 b.

God, belief in His existence and providence necessary for salvation, 787.

Golden Mean, in virtues, 153-154.

Good, Common. 285 c.

Goods, external, not last end of man, 20; of the body, not last end of man, 20; of the soul, not last end of man, 20; when temporal goods should be surrendered to avoid scandal, 1483.

Goods, Abandoned, when they may be occupied, 1873 e; when vacant goods may be occupied, 1873 f.

Good Templars, Independent Order of, forbidden by Church, 946 b.

Good Will, Fruit of the Holy Ghost, 163.

Gossip, sinfulness of, 2038.

Grace, 284.

Gratitude, virtue of, 2143 a; definition of virtue, 2373; two kinds of gratitude, 2374; circumstances of gratitude, 2376; sins against gratitude, 2377; moral species of ingratitude, 2378; theological species of ingratitude, 2379; is it right to confer favors on the ungrateful? 2380.

Grave Matter, absolute and relative standards, 1899; opinions on the amounts that are grave matter, 1900 a.

Greatness of Deed, integral part of fortitude, 2447 b; definition of virtue, 2452.

Greatness of Soul, integral part of fortitude, 2447 b; definition of virtue, 2448; greatness of soul and humility, 2449; vices opposed to, 2450 sqq.

Grief, at another’s prosperity, when lawful and unlawful, 1334-1337.

Guaranty, 1749 d.

Guilt, formal guilt, 248; material guilt, 248; causes that remove or diminish theological guilt, 1764 a.

Habits, as obstacle to voluntariness of acts, 40, 53; definition, 53; antecedent and consequent, 53; in general, 132 sqq.; definition, 133; entitative and operative, 134 a; good and evil, 134 b; infused and acquired, 134 c, 135-136; strengthening and weakening of, 137 sqq.; exercise great influence on morality, 140; our duties regarding, 141. See also Virtue; Vice.

Half-Truths, form of lying, 2030 c.

Haruspicy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Hate, 119 (see also Passions, concupiscible); sin against charity, 1295; definition and kinds, 1296; hatred of God, 1297; interpretative and formal hatred, 1299, 1315; hatred of God as a special sin, 1300; gravity of this sin, 1301; degrees of malice, 1303; hatred of creatures, 1304; dislike of self, 1305, 1307; may one wish evil to self or others? 1308; wish for death or spiritual evil, 1310-1311; gravity of sin of hatred of neighbor, 1312; comparison with other sins, 1313; hatred not a capital vice, 1314; species of sin, 1317; manner of confessing sin, 1318-1319; as cause of fighting, 1432; prohibition against, 1552.

Health, Injury to, a form of injustice, 1871.

Heresy, 822 c, 826 sqq.; as a sin and canonical crime, 827; positive and negative, 828 a; internal and external, 828 b; occult and public, 828 c; material and formal, 828 d, 829-830; sinfulness of, 831; circumstances that modify guilt, 832; penalties, 833; books in favor of, forbidden, 855 b; heresy compared with schism, 1370.

Hibernians, Ancient Order of, 955 b.

Hire of Labor, form of onerous contract, 1 749 b.

Historical Personages, lawfulness of revelations about, 2072.

Holy Ghost, Fruits of, see Fruits of the Holy Ghost.

Holy Ghost, Gifts of, see Gifts of the Holy Ghost.

Homicide, definition, 1816; when homicide is lawful, 1819; unlawful killing of offenders, 1823; lawfulness of tyrannicide, 1824 a; homicide in self-defense, 1826; killing of the innocent, 1844 sqq.; unintentional killing of the innocent, 1847; destruction of the unborn, 1848 sqq.; canonical penalties for, 1851 a; accidental homicide, 1862; moral and legal guilt of homicide, 1865. See also Punishment, Capital, 1820.

Honor, definition, 2010 b; persons who are deserving of honor, 2011; species of honor, 2352; obligation of showing honor, 2353; honor due to superiors, 2636 a.

Honors, Pursuit of, sometimes demanded by charity to self, 1574.

Hope, Theological Virtue of, 151, 157, 158, 1009 sqq.; definition, 1009-1012; supernatural and natural hope, 1013; animated and inanimated hope, 1016; disinterested and interested hope, 1017 b, 1033; object of, 1018; excellence of, 1027; comparison with faith, 1029; with charity, 1030; pseudo-hope (egotistical, Epicurean, and utilitarian), 1032; hope overcomes spiritual discouragement and aridity, 1034; means for growth in hope, 1035; subject of hope, 1036; certainty of, 1040; perfected by Fear of the Lord (q.v.), 1041; sins against hope, 1059 sqq.; despair (q.v.), 1061 sqq.; spiritual desolations, 1064; pusillanimity and spiritual sloth, 1064; presumption (q.v.), 1075 sqq,; commandments of hope, 1092; acts of hope obligatory, 1093; unlawful to surrender beatitude, 1094; when the commandment of hope obliges, 1095 sqq.

Horror, 119. See also Passions, concupiscible.

Houses of Study, courses of theology must follow St. Thomas Aquinas, 10.

Human Acts, see Acts, Human.

Humanitarianism, sin against piety, 2349 b.

Humility, greatness of soul and humility, 2449; potential part of temperance, 2465 c; definition, 2553; the three acts of humility, 2554 a; two requirements of humility, 2555; excellence of humility, 2556 a.

Hunting, forbidden to clerics, 2603 c.

Husbands, see Matrimony, Sacrament of.

Hussism, 822 c.

Hydromancy, form of divination, 2284 c.

Hyperdulia, species of reverence, 2352 c.

Hypocrisy, form of lying, 2391 b; sinfulness of hypocrisy, 2405.

Iconoclasm, 822 c.

Idleness, 1326 e.

Idolatry, see Religion, Sins against.

Ignorance, various kinds, 24 sqq.; concomitant, consequent and antecedent, 26, 29; vincible and invincible, 27, 30; influence on voluntariness of acts, 28; effect on sin, 249; sins of ignorance, see Ignorance, Sin of; invincible, in relation to Natural Law, 320; of Christian Law, possibility of, 356; confessors should examine penitents who show signs of ignorance, 924.

Ignorance, Sin of, 250 b, 904 sqq,; culpable ignorance as distinct sin, 907. See also Ignorance.

Images, when obscene, 1456 a.

Immoderation, vice opposed to temperance, 2464 b.

Immorality, see Impurity.

Impatience, vice opposed to patience, 2455 b.

Impediments, simple impediments to reception of Holy Orders, 2784 b; matrimonial impediments, 2804 sqq.

Imperfections, Moral, 185; when they become sin, 186.

Impossibility, Physical, 361 a; moral, 361 b.

Impurity, definition, 2492; sensuality, luxury and curiosity, 2492 n; kinds of impurity, 2493 a; gravity of sin, 2494 a; one of the capital vices, 2494 c; evil fruits of impurity, 2495; when venial and mortal, 2496 a; when directly willed, 2496 b; when indirectly willed, 2496 c; temptations to impurity, 2497; resistance to internal temptations, 2498; what opposition to temptation is sufficient, 2499; insufficient, harmful and unnecessary opposition, 2500; weapons against carnal temptations, 2501; sinfulness of negligence in resisting temptations, 2502; non-consummated sins of impurity, 2504; impure thoughts, 2505; malice of impure thoughts, 2506 a; impure rejoicing, 2507; impure desires, 2508; malice of impure desires, 2509; sins of lewdness, 2510; consummated sins of impurity, 2520; comparative malice of the sins of consummated lust, 2521 a; multiplication of sins of lust, 2522; fornication, 2523; incest, 2532; carnal sacrilege, 2533; unnatural lust, 2534; pollution, 2535; non-sinful pollution, 2536; unimputable pollution, 2537; proximate and remote occasions of pollution, 2538; theological malice of sinful pollution, 2539; moral species of sinful pollution, 2541; canonical penalties for immorality, 2542. See also Lewdness; Fornication.

Imputability of Acts, 97 sqq.

Inadvertence, resembles ignorance, 32.

Incest, definition, 2531.

Inconvenience, degrees of, 1520.

Index of Forbidden Books, 862 c.

Indifferentism, 823 a.

Indignation, differs from envy, 1331 c, 1339.

Indolence, 1326 d.

Infamy, 2051 sqq.

Infidelity, 822 ff.

Ingratitude, see Gratitude.

Inhabitant, definition, 437; when subject to laws, 438.

Inheritance, title of private ownership, 1872 b.

Inhibition, of passions, 131.

_Injuria_, definition, 1724 b.

Injuries, Bodily, a form of injustice, 1866.

Injustice, definition, 1719; species of legal and particular injustice, 1720; theological species of legal and particular injustice, 1721; when injury to private or public right is mortal sin, 1722 a, b; moral species of injustice, 1723; profitable and unprofitable injustice, 1724 c; when injury is no injustice, 1725; internal injustice, 1726; distributive injustice alone does not oblige to restitution, 1754; cooperators in injustice and restitution, 1778 sqq.; mandator of act of injustice, 1779 a; advisor of act of injustice, 1779 b; protector in act of injustice, 1779 d; consenter in act of injustice, 1779 e; partaker in injustice, 1779 f; sin of injustice, 1866 s; judicial injustice, 1939; principal sins of verbal injustice, 2009.

Injustice in Buying and Selling, see Fraud.

Innocent, unintentional killing of, 1847.

Insensibility, sin against fortitude, 2446 b; vice opposed to temperance, 2464.

Insurance, 1749 c.

Intellect, art and prudence the two practical virtues of, 1627.

Intention, as act of will, 58. See also Prayer.