Chapter XII: Appendix: To Macgillivray's Voyage of the (2)

3. _The Nagail_--See _Mackenzie's Travels_.

4. _The Taculli_--See _Archæol. Americ._, ii. 305.

Such are the vocabularies for the Oregon Territory of North America. In number they amount to forty-one. Dealing with speech as the instrument of intercourse, it is highly probable that these vocabularies may represent as many as nineteen different languages, that is, modes of speech, mutually unintelligible. Dealt with, however, ethnologically, their number is evidently capable of being reduced.

In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to leave the Shoshonie language[31] unplaced. All that we possess of it is the vocabulary noticed above. It consists of only twenty-four words. Their affinities (such as they are) are miscellaneous

[Footnote 31: Since this statement was read, the author has been enabled, through the means of a Cumanche vocabulary, with which he was favoured by Mr Bollaert, to determine that these two languages are allied. (This was written in 1845. Since, then, the evidence that the Shoshoni and Cumanch belong to the same family has become conclusive.)]

English, _beaver_.
_Shoshonie_, hanish.
_Chenook_, eena.
_Haidah_, tzing.
_Cathlascou_, kanook.

English, _salmon_.
_Shoshonie_, augi.
_Haidah_, swaggan.

English, _horse_.
_Shoshonie_, bunko.
_Blackfoot_, pinnechometar.
pennakomet.

English, _woman_.
_Shoshonie_, wepee.
_Souriquois_, meboujou.
_Penobscot_, m'phenim.
_Micmac_, epit.
_Echemin_, apet.
_Pima_, uba.
_Calapooiah_, apomeik.

English, _friend_.
_Shoshonie_, hauts.
_Chetimacha_, keta.
_Onondago_, ottie.

English, _water_.
_Shoshonie_, pa.
_New Sweden_, bij.
_Algonkin_, ne-pi, passim.

English, _good_.
_Shoshonie_, saut.
_Shahaptan_, tautz.
_Pima_, tiuot.
_Chocta_, chito = _great_.
_Crow_, esah = _great_.
bassats = _many_.

English, _go_.
_Shoshonie_, numeraro.
_Kawitchen_, namilthla.

English, _come_.
_Shoshonie_, keemak.
_Nez Perces_, come.

English, _awl_.
_Shoshonie_, weeu.
_Ahnenin_, bay.

English, _no_.
_Shoshonie_, kayhee.
_Ahnenin_, chieu.
_Potowotami_, cho.
_Ojibbeway_, kaw.
_Ottawa_, kaween.
_Old Algonkin_, kah.
_Chetimacha_, kahie.

It is also advisable to deal cautiously with the Sussee language. Umfreville's vocabulary is short, and consisting almost exclusively of the names of articles of commerce. Lists of this sort are of little value in ethnography. Still, upon the whole, it confirms the current opinion as to the place of the Sussee language, viz. that it is[32] Athabascan. At any rate, it has certain miscellaneous affinities.

[Footnote 32: The evidence of this being the case has since become conclusive.--1859.]

English, _eye_.
_Sussee_, senouwoh.
_Kenay_, snaga.
_Taculli_, onow.
_Chipewyan_, nackhay.

English, _five_.
_Sussee_, coo.
_Chipewyan_, coun.

English, _kettle_.
_Sussee_, usaw.
_Taculli_, osa.

English, _axe_.
_Sussee_, chilthe.
_Taculli_, chachil.

English, _knife_.
_Sussee_, marsh.
_Illinois_, mariesa.
_Minitari_, matse.

English, _shoes_.
_Sussee_, siscau.
_Taculli_, kiscot.

English, _one_.
_Sussee_, uttegar.
_Eskimo_, attowseak.
adaitsuk.
adoajak.
atamek.

English, _three_.
_Sussee_, tauky.
_Kenai_, tohchke.
_Taculli_, toy.
_Chipewyan_, taghy.

English, _four_.
_Sussee_, tachey.
_Kenai_, tenki.
_Taculli_, tingkay.
_Chipewyan_, dengky.

English, _seven_.
_Sussee_, checheta.
_Mohawk_, chahtahk.
_Onondago_, tschoatak.
_Seneca_, jawdock.
_Oneida_, tziadak.
_Nottoway_, ohatay.

English, _ten_.
_Sussee_, cuneesenunnee.
_Chipewyan_, canothna.

Laying these two languages aside, and reserving the Blackfoot for future inquiries, the other vocabularies are referrible to two recognized groups. The Nagail and Taculli are what Gallatin calls _Athabascan_. All the[33] rest are what Prichard calls _Nootka-Columbian_. Respecting the former class, the evidence is unequivocal, and the fact generally admitted. Respecting the latter, the statement requires consideration.

[Footnote 33: The Umqua has since been shewn to be the Athabaskan--1859.]

At first glance, Mr Tolmie's vocabularies differ materially from each other; and only a few seem less unlike each other than the rest. Such are the Kliketat and Shahaptan, the Calapooiah and Yamkallie, the Kawitchen and Tlaoquatch, the Chenook and Cathlascou. Besides this, the general difference between even the allied vocabularies is far more visible than the general resemblance. Finally, the numerals and the fundamental terms vary in a degree beyond what we are prepared for, by the study of the Indo-European tongues.

Recollecting, however, the compound character of the most fundamental words, characteristic of all the American language; recognising, also, as a rule of criticism, that in the same class of tongues the evidence of the numerals is unimportant in the determination of _differences_, and comparing the sixteen Oregon vocabularies of Mr Tolmie with each other, we may satisfy ourselves as to the radical unity of the group. To these lists, and to the accompanying paper of Dr. Scouler, reference is accordingly made. The _value_ of these groups (the Athabascan and the Nootka-Columbian) is a different and a more difficult question. The _maximum_ difference between any two known languages of the Athabascan group is that between English and German. The _maximum_ difference between the most unlike languages of the Nootka-Columbian group is that between the modern Greek and Portuguese, _i. e._ the most distant tongues of the classical stock of the Indo-European tribe. Hence, the terms in question are equivalent to the more familiar terms, _Gothic_, _Celtic_, _Slavonic_, &c. All this, however, is illustration, rather than absolute arrangement; yet it serves to give definitude to the current opinions upon the subject.

To the current views, however, the writer takes exception. He considers that the groups in question have too high a value; and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of _stocks_ like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves. Still less can they have a higher and more exaggerated value, and be dealt with as equivalent to groups like the _Indo-European_.

Hence, the differences between the Athabascan languages of the Oregon and the Nootka-Columbian languages of the Oregon, are the differences between the Latin and Greek, the Welsh and Gaelic, the German and Icelandic, rather than those between the German and Russian, the Latin and Persian, the Greek and Lithuanic, &c.

In determining the higher and more comprehensive class, we must take in a third group of languages. These are those of Russian America. They have generally been referred to two groups of uncertain value, viz. the Kolooch and the Eskimo; the former, for the part about Sitca, or Norfolk Sound, the latter for the parts about the Island of Cadiack, and the Peninsula of Aliaska.

Now, the Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo; a fact stated by the writer, at the meeting of the British Association at York, and founded upon the comparison of the Athabascan vocabularies of Mackenzie and Dobbs, on the one side, with the Western Eskimo ones, on the other.

And the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan. This may be seen by reference to Lisiansky's vocabularies, and a comparison between the Sitca and Cadiack.

ENGLISH. SITCA. CADIACK.

_Cry_ kaáh keyya
_Drink_ itanna tanha
_Hail_ katelst koudat
_Knee_ kakeek chiskoohka
_Lake_ aaka nanoak
_Lips_ kahaka hlukha
_Man_ chakleyh shook
_Spark_ heeklya chatalahi
_Wind_ keelhcha kyaeek

Now, by taking in the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands, this list might be doubled; and by dealing with the Kenay as Eskimo, it might be trebled.

Again, by attempting to fix the points whereat the Eskimo language ceases, and the Kolooch tongue begins, we may get further evidence that the difference between them is exaggerated; since the languages passed by gradual transitions into each other.

What follows, moreover, is cumulative evidence towards the same conclusion.

Over and above the vocabularies collected by Mr Tolmie that have already been dealt with, there is a seventeenth, viz. the _Tunghaas_. This is stated in Dr Scouler's accompanying paper to be the most northern dialect with which the Hudson's Bay traders come in contact. It is also stated to be Sitcan; and that truly.

ENGLISH. TUNGHAAS. SITCA.

_Sea-otter_ youchtz youtch
_River-otter_ coostah kooshta
_Bear_ hooctch hoots
_Whale_ yioagh yaaga
_Woman_ shewat shavvot
_Summer_ kootaan kootaan
_He_ yout youta
_Good_ ahkeh tooake

On the other hand, the Tonghaas has affinities with the Haidah of Queen Charlotte's Island, and through it with the so-called Nootka-Columbian languages in general.

Cumulative, in the way of evidence to this, is the statement, with the verification of which we shall conclude, viz., that, besides the Athabascan, the other languages of the Oregon Territory have affinities with the Eskimo. With the Oonalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and with Mr Tolmie's vocabularies (with Cook's occasionally) _en masse_ on the other, we have at least the following words common to the two groups.

English, _sky_.
_Cook's Nootka_, eenaeel nas.
_Tlaoquatch_, naase.
_Oonalashka_, anneliak = _day_.

English, _sky_.
_Haidah_, shing.
_Billechoola_, skoonook = _day_.
_Haidah_, yen = _clouds_.
_Haeeltzuk_, unnowie.
_Oonalashka_, youyan = _sky_.
innyak = _sky_.

English, _moon_.
_Billechoola_, tlooki.
_Cadiack_, yaalock.

English, _snow_.
_Haeeltz_, naie.
_Calapooah_, anoopeik.
_Yamkallie_, kanopeik.
_Cadiack_, annue.
_Oonalashka_, kannue.

English, _hail_.
_Haidah_, dhanw = _snow_.
_Oonalashka_, tahenem dahskeeto.

English, _water_.
_Cook's Nootka_, chauk.
_Tlaoquatch_, tchaak.
_Cadiack_, kooyk = _river_.

English, _river_.
_Tloaquatch_, aook.
_Cadiack_, alaook = _sea_.

English, _rain_.
_Calapooiah_, tochtocha.
_Cadiack_, kedoh.
_Oonalashka_, chetak.

English, _sand_.
_Haidah_, il kaik.
_Oonalashka_, choohok.

English, _mountain_.
_Kliketat_, pannateet
_Cadiack_, poonhokanlie.

English, _house_.
_Kliketat_, needh.
_Shahaptan_, eneedh.
_Cadiack_, naa.

English, _song_.
_Cook's Nootka_, oonook.
_Oonalashka_, oonoohada = _sing_.

English, _go_.
_Cook's Nootka_, cho.
_Oonalashka_, icha.

English, _cleave_, _cut_.
_Cook's Nootka_, tsook.
_Cadiack_, chaggidzu.
_Oonalashka_, toohoda.

English, _crow_.
_Cook's Nootka_, kaenne.
_Cadiack_, kalnhak.

English, _fire_.
_Cook's Nootka_, eeneek.
_Cadiack_, knok.
_Oonalashka_, keynak.

English, _skull_.
_Cook's Nootka_, koometz.
_Oonalashka_, kamhek.

English, _teeth_.
_Cook's Nootka_, cheecheetsh.
_Cadiack_, hoodeit.

English, _middle finger_.
_Cook's Nootka_, taeeai.
_Cadiack_, teekha.

English, _how much_.
_Haeeltzuck_, kinshook.
_Kawitchen_, quien.
_Noosdalum_, quien.
_Oonalashka_, kannahen.
_Cadiack_, kouhcheen.

English, _mat_.
_Chenook_, swussak.
_Shahaptan_, tooko.
_Oonalashka_, sootok.

English, _bow_.
_Okanagan_, tsukquenuk.
_Oonalashka_, saeheek.

English, _house_.
_Squallyamish_, aalall.
_Oonalashka_, oolon.

English, _iron_.
_Squallyamish_, kumnuttin.
_Cadiack_, komlyahook.

English, _sea-otter_.
_Billechoola_, qunnee.
_Oonalashka_, cheenatok.

English, _bear_.
_Haidah_, tan.
_Oonalashka_, tanhak.

To this list a previous statement applies more especially. By treating the Sitca and Kenay vocabularies as Eskimo, the number of coincidences might have been doubled.

Besides this, it must be remembered that, in Tolmie's vocabularies, no terms expressive of the different parts of human body are given; and that several names of the commonest objects are wanting, _e. g._ _fire_, &c.

Neither have the vocabularies of Wrangell for the varied dialects of Russian America been made use of.

As the lists, however, stand, the author considers that he has shewn reason for believing that the Athabascan, the Kolooch, the Nootka-Columbian, and the Cadiack groups are subordinate members of one large and important class--the Eskimo; a fact which, coinciding with all his other inquiries in American Ethnology, breaks down, further than has hitherto been done, the broad and trenchant line of demarcation between the circumpolar and the other Indians of the Western Continent.

NOTES.

NOTE 1.

In a valuable paper On the Tribes inhabiting the N. W. Coast of America read a few weeks afterwards by Dr. J. Scouler the following-tables shewed--

1. The fact that the Nutka forms of speech were to be found on the Continent;

2. That the Wallawalla was Sahaptin.

a.

ENGLISH. TLAOQ. & NOOTKA. COLUMBIA.

_Plenty_ Aya, Haya
_No_ Wik, Wake
_Water_ Tehaak, Chuck
_Good_ Hooleish, Closh
_Bad_ Peishakeis, Peshak
_Man_ Tehuckoop, Tillieham
_Woman_ Tlootsemin, Clootchamen
_Child_ Tanassis, Tanass
_Now_ Tlahowieh, Clahowiah
_Come_ Tchooqua, Sacko
_Slave_ Mischemas, Mischemas
_What are you doing?_ Akoots-ka-mamok, Ekta-mammok
_What are you saying?_ Au-kaak-wawa, Ekta-wawa?
_Let me see_ Nannanitch, Nannanitch
_Sun_ Opeth, Ootlach
_Sky_ Sieya, Saya
_Fruit_ Chamas, Camas
_To sell_ Makok, Makok
_Understand_ Commatax, Commatax

b.

ENGLISH. SHAHAPTAN. WALLAWALLA. KLIKETAT.

_Man_ Nama Winsh Wins
_Boy_ Naswae Tahnutshint Aswan
_Woman_ Aiat Tilahi Aiat
_Girl_ Piten Tohauat Pitiniks
_Wife_ Swapna Asham Asham
_Child_ Miahs Isht Mianash
_Father_ Pishd Pshit Pshit
_Mother_ Pika Ptsha Ptsha
_Friend_ Likstiwa Hhai Hhai
_Fire_ Ala Sluksh Sluks
_Water_ Tkush Tshush Tshaush
_Wood_ Hatsin Slukas Slukuas
_Stone_ Pishwa Pshwa Pshwa
_Ground_ Watsash Titsham Titsham
_Sun_ Wishamtuksh Au An
_Moon_ ---- Ailhai Ailhai
_Stars_ Witsein Haslu Haslo
_Clouds_ Spalikt Pashst ----
_Rain_ Wakit Sshhauit Tohtoha
_Snow_ Maka Poi Maka
_Ice_ Tahask Tahauk Toh
_Horse_ Shikam Kusi Kusi
_Dog_ Shikamkan Kusi Kusi Kusi Kusi
_Buffalo_ Kokulli Musmussin Musmussin
_Male Elk_ Wawakia Wawakia Winat
_Female Elk_ Taship Tashipka Winat
_Grey Bear_ Pahas Wapantle ----
_Black Bear_ Jaka Saka Analmi
_House_ Snit Snit Snit
_Gun_ Timuni Tainpas Tuilpas
_Body_ Silaks Waunokshash ----
_Head_ Hushus Tilpi Palka
_Arm_ Atim Kamkas ----
_Eyes_ Shilhu Atshash Atshash
_Nose_ Nathnu Nathnu Nosnu
_Ears_ Matsaia Matsiu ----
_Mouth_ Him Em Am
_Teeth_ Tit Tit ----
_Hands_ Spshus Spap Alla
_Feet_ Ahwa Waha Waha
_Legs_ Wainsh Tama ----
_Mocassens_ Ileapkat Shkam Shkam
_Good_ Tahr Skeh Shoeah
_Bad_ Kapshish Milla Tshailwit
_Hot_ Sakas Sahwaih Sahweah
_Cold_ Kenis Kasat Tewisha Kasat
_Far_ Waiat Wiat Wiat
_Near_ Keintam Tsiwas Tsa
_High_ Tashti Hwaiam Hweami
_Low_ Ahat Smite Niti
_White_ Naihaih Koik Olash
_Black_ Sunuhsimuh Tshimuk Tsimuk
_Red_ Sepilp Sutsha Sutsa
_Here_ Kina Tshna Stshiuak
_There_ Kuna Kuna Skone
_Where?_ Minu? Mina? Mam
_When?_ Mana? Mun? Mun?
_What?_ Mish? Mish? Mish?
_Why?_ Manama? Maui? ----
_Who?_ Ishi? Skiu? Skiu?
_Which?_ Ma? Mam? ----
_How much?_ Mas? Milh? Milh?
_So much_ Kala Kulk Skulk
_How far?_ Miwail? Maal? ----
_So far_ Kewail Kwal ----
_How long?_ Mahae? Maalh ----
_To long_ Kohae Kwalk ----
_This_ Ki Tshi Tshi
_That_ Joh Kwa Skwa
_I_ Su Su Suk
_You_ Sui Sui Suik
_He, she, it_ Ipi Ipin Pink
_We_ Nun Nama Nemak
_Ye_ Ima Ena Imak
_They_ Ema Ema Pamak
_To go_ Kusha Winasha Winasha
_To see_ Hakesha Hoksha ----
_To say_ Heisha Nu Nu
_To talk_ Tseksa Siniwasa Sinawasa
_To walk_ Wenasa Winashash ----
_To read_ Wasasha Wasasha Wasasha
_To eat_ Wipisha Kwatashak ----
_To drink_ Makosha Matshushask ----
_To sleep_ Pinimiksha Pinusha ----
_To wake_ Waksa Tahshisask Tahshasha
_To love_ Watanisha Tkeshask Tkehsha
_To take_ Paalsa Apalashask ----
_To know_ Lukuasa Ashakuashash Shukuasha
_To forget_ Titolasha Slakshash ----
_To give_ Inisha Nishamash ----
_To seize_ Inpisha Shutshash Wanapsha
_To be cold_ Iswaisa Sweashash Iswaiska
_To be sick_ Komaisa Painshash Painsha
_To hunt_ Tukuliksa Salaitisas Nistewasa
_To lie_ Mishamisha Tshishkshash Tshiska
_To steal_ Pakwasha Pakwashash Pakwasha

NOTE 2.

This, along with the paper on the Ethnology of Russian America, was the development of a communication laid before the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at York in the previous September, to the effect that the "line of demarcation drawn between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant"; wherein it was stated.--

1. That the true affinities of the Chipewyan were with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay and Sitka forms of speech.--

2. That the Ugalents (Ugyalyachmutsi of Resanoff), although separated from the neigbouring Eskimo tongues so as to cause the appearance of a discontinuity in the Eskimo area could, when we dealt with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay, and Sitka vocabularies as the representatives of a single language be shown to be Eskimo.--

3. That affinities of a more general kind were to be found even further southward.

4. 5. That the Atna of Mackenzie was the Noosdalum, and the Friendly Village vocabulary the Billechoola, of Mr Tolmie.

(_Transactions of the Sections p. 78._--_On the Southern Limits of the Eskimo race in America._)

ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN
AMERICA.

READ
BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY

19TH FEBRUARY 1845.

The paper submitted to the Society is upon the Ethnography of Russian America. For a variety of reasons, the tribes in these parts are of paramount importance. Inhabiting the most north-western extremity of America on the coast of Behring's Straits, they are divided from Asia only by that channel, so that of all the nations of the New World they are most in contact with those of the Old. This circumstance alone puts them prominently forward in ethnology; since the _primâ facie_ theory, as to the population of America, must certainly be in favour of the passage having taken place through Behring's Straits.

The limits of the Russian possessions in America, or of the geographical area which we are considering, are not very definitely determined: at least, the line of demarcation is, in a great degree, a political rather than a natural one. From Mount St Elias to the southernmost extremity of Prince of Wales Island, the territory in question consists of a strip of sea-coast, and islands, with the British possessions of New Norfolk and New Hanover at the back; whilst from Mount St Elias northward, as far as the Arctic Sea, the line of division is imaginary, coinciding with the 141° W. long. It can scarcely be expected, that a frontier so determined can coincide with any important divisions, either in physical or ethnographical geography. Still the area in question is a convenient one.

Considering the remote situation of these extensive and inhospitable tracts, the knowledge we possess of them is creditable to the government of Russia. From the time of Behring downward, the coasts have been accurately described; whilst the communications of the officials of the Russian American Company exhibit far more than an average amount of intelligence. For such portions of the present paper as are not purely philological, the author has drawn upon Baer's _Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten_, &c. Of a Russian settlement in New California, although American, no notice is taken. On the other hand, a nation inhabiting the extreme promontory of Asia (the Tshuktshi) are, for reasons that will make themselves apparent, dealt with as American. On the southern extremity of Russian America, the native tribes are known to their neighbours of New Caledonia, the Oregon country, and to the Hudson's Bay Company, under the names of Colooches, Tunghaases, Atnas, Coltshanies, Ugalentses, Konagis, Cadiacks, Tchugatches, and Kenays. For the north, and the shores of the Arctic Sea, they are dealt with (and that truly) as members of the great Esquimaux family. Further investigation multiplies the names of these tribes, so that we hear of Inkalites, Inkulukhlaites, Kiyataigmutis, Agolegmutes, Pashtolegmutis, Magmutis, &c. &c. To these divisions may be added the different varieties of the natives of the Aleutian islands. In the classification of these numerous tribes, it is considered that much remains to be done.

For the tribes on the shore of the Northern Ocean, and for the parts immediately south of Behring's Straits, the general character, both physical and moral, seems to be Esquimaux. The enormous line of coast over which this nation is extended has long been known. The language and manners of Greenland have been known to us since the times of the earliest Danish missionaries; so that details, both physical and moral, of no savages are better understood than those of the Greenlanders. With this knowledge, it is easy to trace the extension of the race. The shores of Hudson's Bay are inhabited by the same stock. So also is the coast of Labrador. The three forms of speech are but dialects of one language: a fact that has long been known. Hence the Esquimaux and Greenlanders have long been recognised as identical. From Hudson's Bay, northward and westward, the whole line of seacoast, as far as Mackenzie's River, is Esquimaux; and that with but little variety of type; either in physical conformation, manners, or language. The interpreter to Captain Franklin was an Esquimaux from Hudson's Bay, yet he had no difficulty in understanding the dialects west of Mackenzie's River, 137° W. Long. (See _Archœologica Americana_, ii. 11.) Three degrees westward, however, a change in the Esquimaux characteristics takes place; although the inhabitants of the quarters in question by no means cease to be Esquimaux. The tribes already noticed may be called the Eastern, those about to be mentioned the Western Esquimaux. The dividing line is fixed by Captain Franklin at 140° W. long. The tribes on each side of this line have _at first a great difficulty in understanding each other_. Now the line between the subdivisions of the Esquimaux language coincides very nearly with the boundary line of Russian America. Hence the ethnography of that territory begins with the Western Esquimaux.

It is no refinement to state, that, with the Western Esquimaux, we find a change in the social and moral type, exhibiting itself in a greater appreciation of the articles of civilized life, both as means of home use, and as instruments of commercial barter. They resort annually to the eastern boundary, and exchange articles of Russian manufacture of seals-skins, oil, and furs. This intercourse is of late date.--_Archæologia Americana_, ii., 11.

To Kotzebue's Sound and Behring's Straits the same race, with similar characters, is continued. Of Behring's Straits it occupies _both_ sides, the Asiatic as well as the American. From Behring's Straits to the Peninsula of Aliaska, and from thence to Cook's Inlet (or Kenay Bay), every thing is unequivocally Esquimaux, and has long been recognized as such.

That a statement lately made was no refinement, may be proved from the third chapter of Baer's work, where he determines the character of the Esquimaux trade, and gives it as a measure of the intercourse between Asia and America. It seems referable to two centres, viz., the parts about Behring's Straits, and the parts about Cook's Inlet. For the first, the market extends from Icy Cape to the Promontory of Aliaska, and has for its stations the islands of Behring's Straits. The second district comprises the Aleutian islands, Cadiack, and the line of the sea-coast as far south as Queen Charlotte's Island. Now, whatever may be the amount of Russian civilization, in determining some of the characteristics of the Western Esquimaux, it is certain that the tribes of that race now inhabiting Asia, were occupants of their present localities, anterior to the Russian Conquest of Kamshatka.

A second deviation from the Esquimaux type, we find in the island Cadiack, and the coast of the continent opposite. The early Russian discoverers speak of a continual warfare between opposing tribes of the same stock; whilst another tribe, the Inkalite, is said to uphold itself bravely against the more numerous nation of the Kuskokwims. As a general rule, warfare, except as a defence against tribes of a different race, is as foreign to the typical Esquimaux of Greenland as to the Laplander of Europe.

Measured by another test, and that of the psychological sort (viz., the capacity for religious instruction), the Western Esquimaux coincides with the Esquimaux of Greenland. With the exception, perhaps, of the Negro, the race, in general, is the most docile in respect to the influences of Christianity. The religious history of extreme points of the Aleutian Islands and Greenland verifies this statement.

The extent to which a mixed breed has been propagated under the government of Russia, may be collected from the following tables. In New Archangel the population is as follows:--

Europeans, 406
Creoles or half-breeds, 307
Aleutians, 134

In the remaining part of the territory it is as follows:--

Europeans, 246
Half-breeds, 684
Natives, 8882

Of places of trust in New Archangel, a very large proportion is held by Half-breeds. We find them as overseers, police-officers, clerks, watchmakers, medical students.

Such seem the most remarkable points connected with the Russian Esquimaux in general. They are few in number, because it is the plan of the writer not so much to exhibit the whole details of the race to which they belong, as to put forward prominently such characteristics as are differential to them and the Esquimaux of Greenland and Labrador.

It is now proper to give a brief notice of the more important tribes, these being mentioned separately.

1. _The Tshuktshi._--This is the name of the Esquimaux of Asia. It is generally accompanied by the epithet _sedentary_, so that we speak of these people as the _sedentary_ or _settled_ Tshuktshi. This distinguishes them from the so-called _Reindeer Tshuktshi_, a tribe of the Koriak family. For either one or the other of these tribes the name of Tshuktshi should be abolished. It is my impression that the differences between the Esquimo of Asia and America do not represent more than a few centuries of separation.

2. _The Kuskokwim._--This tribe, which occupies the banks of the river from which it takes its name, may stand as the representative for the tribes between Cape Rodney and the Peninsula of Aliaska. Its numbers are estimated at upwards of 7000. Transitional in character to the tribes of the coast and interior, its manners coincide with its geographical position. In the use of certain so-called ornaments, it agrees with the other Esquimaux tribes; as it agrees with the Esquimaux and Finn tribes in the use of the sweating-bath. The Kuskoquimers count distance by the number of _nights_ requisite for the journey. Of the constellation they have a detailed knowledge, founded upon observations. The most prominent of their institutions is the _Kahim_; a building found in every village; erected like an amphitheatre, capable of containing all the males of the place, and which, over and above many peculiar domestic purposes connected with its erection, serves as a council-hall for the males of the population.

3. _The Tshugatsh._--Natives of Prince William's Sound, and closely allied to the islanders of Cadiack, with whom they agree in language. Their historical traditions are, that they came from the coast, and from the north; their mythological ones, that they are descended from the Dog.

These three divisions are not only indubitably Esquimaux, but have also been recognised as such.

Those that follow are generally referred to another ethnological group. In the parts about Cook's Inlet (Bay of Kenay) and Mount St Elias, a second race is said to make its appearance, and this is generally separated from the Esquimaux by a broad line of demarcation. It is called the Kolooch race or family, and is generally placed in contrast with the Esquimaux. Isolated tribes akin to the Kolooches, and worthy of special notice, are the following:--

1. _The Ugalyachmusti_ or Ugalentses, consisting of about 38 families.--They change their localities with the season, and are Kolooch in manners and conformation. Living around Mount St. Elias they are frontier tribes to the Tshugatshes.

2. _The Kenays_, inhabiting the coast of Cook's Inlet, 460 families strong.--Historically, they assert that their origin is from the hills of the interior, from whence they descended coastward. Their mythological and ultimate origin is from the _raven_, connected with which they have a complex cosmogony. Descent from the _raven_, or descent from the _dog_, is considered, for these tribes we are speaking of, as an instrument in ethnological criticism. Like the Ugalentses, they are in contact with Tshugatsh Esquimaux.

3. _The Atnahs_, dwelling on the Copper River, 60 families strong, hunters of rein-deer, and workers in iron as well as copper.--They coincide with the typical Kolooches in burning their dead, in ascribing the origin of their race to the _raven_, and in most other particulars.

These three tribes are unequivocally connected closely with each other, and with the other members of the Kolooch group. The position of the following is less definite:--

1. _The Kolshani._--These represent the natives of the interior. They fall into two divisions, whereof the nearer can make itself intelligible to the Atnas and Kenays. The more distant one is savage, inhospitable, unintelligible. Cannibalism is one of their real or accredited characteristics.

2. _The Inchulukhlaites_, dwelling on the Chulitna River.--They are stated to be akin to the Magimuts, who are allied with,

3. _The Inkalites._--In one village alone they are 700 strong. Their language is said to be a mixture of the Kenay, Unalashkan, and Atna.

It is hoped that the true character of the ethnological difficulty involved in the classifications of the tribes enumerated, along with several others in the same territory, has suggested itself to the mind of the reader: viz. the position of the undetermined tribes, and the relations of the Esquimaux and the Kolooch groups to each other. These problems seem capable of being solved by means of the evidence of languages. Previous, however, to the enumeration of our data upon this point, it must be observed, that members of a _third_ ethnographical division, in all probability, form part of the native population of Russian America. From the Lake Athabasca, as a centre, to the Atlantic on one hand, and to the Pacific on the other, languages of this group are spoken; so that the Athabascan area in its extension from east to west, is second only to the Esquimaux. Now both the Kolooch and Esquimaux languages have fundamental affinities with the Athabascan, and _vice versa_; whilst it is generally the case in Ethnology, that two languages radically connected with a third, are also radically connected with each other. With this premise, we may enumerate in detail, our data in the way of philology. This method will introduce new names and new localities, since we have often vocabularies where we have nothing else besides.

1. _Beechey's Esquimaux._--The most northern specimen of the western Esquimaux. Spoken in Kotzebue's Sound.

2. The Aglimut vocabulary of the Altas Ethnographique.

3. The Esquimaux of the Island of St Lawrence.--_Ibid._

4. The Asiatic Esquimaux of the Tshuktshi of Tshuktshi-Noss. Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta.

5. The Asiatic Esquimaux of the Tshuktshi of the mouth of the river Anadyr.--_Ibid._

6. The Esquimo of Norton Sound.--Cook's Voyages.

7. The Kuskokwimer vocabulary of Baer's Beiträge.

8. A vocabulary of the Island of Nuniwock in the Atlas Ethnographique, is unequivocally Esquimo. So also are the dialects of the Peninsula of Aliaska. Having seen, however, no vocabulary, I am unable to state whether they most resemble those of the Aleutian Islands, (a prolongation of its western extremity), or of those of the Island Cadiack on its south-eastern side. At any rate, the languages akin to the Cadiack, and the languages of the Aleutian group, form separate divisions of sub-dialects. Beginning with the Aleutian class, we have the following materials:--

9. Unalashkan vocabularies by Lisiansky, Wrangell, Resanoff, and others.

10. The Andreanowsky Isles.--Robeck's vocabulary.--See Mithridates.

There is external evidence that the language for the whole Aleutian group is radically one, the differences, however, being, as dialectal differences, remarkable. The natives of Atchu and Unalashka have difficulty in understanding each other.--Mithridates.

11. Cadiack vocabularies by Resanoff, Lisiansky, and Wrangell.

12. Tshugatshi vocabularies by Resanoff and Wrangell.

13. The Lord's Prayer in Jakutat, by Baranoff.--Mithridates.

Notwithstanding the statement that only 19 words out of 1100 are common to the Unalashkan and Cadjak, the affinity of these languages to each other, and their undoubted place in the Esquimaux class, has long been recognised.

14. _The Inkuluklaities._--This tribe is akin to the Magimut and the Inkalaite. We possess a few words of the language, which are sufficient to prove that although its definite place is undetermined, it has miscellaneous affinities to the Atna, Kenay, and Esquimaux.

15. The Ugalyachmutsi of the Mithridates.

16. The Ugalents of Wrangell.--See Baer's Beiträge. These two vocabularies represent the same language. The Ugalyachmutsi, although left by Resanoff as an isolated language, is unequivocally stated by Baer to be Kolooch. Its contrast with the Esquimaux of the Tshugatshes, has always been insisted on.

17. Kenay vocabularies by Davidoff, Resanoff, Lisiansky, and Wrangell; also an anonymous one from a native. Gallatin, in the Archæologia Americana, goes so far as to separate the Kenay even from the Kolooch language.

18. The Atna of Wrangell.--See Baer's Beiträge. Now, another American language, spoken some hundred miles south of the Copper River, of which we find a vocabulary in Sir Alexander Mackenzie's Travels, is called _Atna_. It has no direct affinity with the present tongue. A hypothetical solution of this coincidence lies in the fact, that in the Athabascan languages the root _d-n_, or _t-n_ = _man_. That the Kenay call themselves _Tnai_, or _Tnaina_ = _men_, is specially stated by Baer, p. 103.

19. The Koltshany vocabulary of Wrangell.--See Baer's Beiträge. The tables of the work in question shew the language to be undoubted Kolooch.

20. The Sitca vocabularies--numerous. Cook's Norfolk Sound; the Sitca of Lisiansky; the Sitca of Davidoff (see Archæologia Americana); the Sitca of Wrangell. According to Captain Bryant, it is spoken from N. lat. 59° to 5° S. by twenty tribes. The number of individuals who speak it reckoned by Mr Green, an American missionary, at 6500--see Archæologia Americana. The standard Kolooch is that of Sitca or Norfolk Sound.

21. The Tunghaase of Mr Tolmie. Of this, the most southern dialect of Russian America, we find a short vocabulary in the Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society. It is truly stated to be closely allied to the Sitca.

That there are no more than two groups required for the classification of the above-mentioned languages, and that these are the Esquimaux and the Kolooch, seems evident. That these groups are of no high value may be shewn. It is undoubtedly true, that if we only compare isolated vocabularies with each other we shall find little but points of contrast. And we find less than might be expected even when we compare groups of vocabularies.

1. The tables of Baer, exhibiting three languages for the Esquimaux and five for the Kolooch group, give scarcely half a dozen words common to the two.

2. The table of Lisiansky, with the Unalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and the Kenay and Sitca on the other, presents but little more.

3. The earliest language with which the Ugalyatmutsi was compared were Esquimaux, and the contrast was insisted upon from the first.

It is only when we apply what may be called the _indirect_ method that the true value of the Esquimaux group becomes recognised.

1. Each has affinities with the Athabascan tongues, and perhaps equal affinities.

2. Each has affinities with the Oregon languages, and each perhaps equally.

3. Each has definite affinities with the languages of New California, and each perhaps equal ones.

4. Each has miscellaneous affinities with all the other tongues both of North and South America.

These facts that connect the Esquimaux languages with those spoken to the south of them involve, as may be easily seen, a theory of much higher importance than the position of groups like the Kolooch. They are taken along with the geographical position of the Esquimaux race in respect to Asia, and point to the parts in question as the starting-points for the population of the New World. Upon this latter I can only say at present, that I find Esquimaux words in the following languages:--

1. The Koriack.

2. The Kamskadale.

3. The Aino of the Curulian Isles. In respect to this last group, it is remarkable that whilst I only find two words (the names for _house_ and _eye_) common to the _Western_ Esquimaux vocabularies of Lisiansky and the Aino ones of Langgsdorf, I find between the latter and the _Eastern_ Esquimaux of Parry a considerable number.

4. The Corean.

5. The Japanese.

This is in the way of direct evidence. The Oregon and Kolooch languages have similar and equal affinities; whilst the Asiatic languages enumerated have themselves affinities in the Old World known and recognised.

From what has been laid before the Society, it may be seen of how great importance it is to determine, whether the languages of Russian America pass into each other gradually, or are divided by trenchant lines of demarcation.

MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF NORTH
AMERICA.

READ
BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

JANUARY 24, 1845.

The present state of American Ethnography is the excuse for the miscellaneous character of the following notices. What remains just now to be done consists chiefly in the addition of details to an outline already made out. Such communications, however, are mainly intended to serve as isolated points of evidence towards the two following statements:--

1. That no American language has an isolated position when compared with the other tongues _en masse_, rather than with the languages of any particular class.

2. That the affinity between the languages of the New World, as determined by their _vocabularies_, is not less real than that inferred from the analogies of their _grammatical structure_.

Modifications of the current doctrines, as to the value of certain philological groups and classifications, are involved in the positions given above.

_The Sitca and Kenay Languages._--That these languages are Esquimaux may be seen by reference to the comparative vocabularies in Lisiansky's Voyages and Baer's Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten, &c.

_The Ugalyachmutsi._--In the work last quoted this language is shown to be akin to the Kenay. It is termed _Ugalenz_, and is spoken in Russian America, near Mount St. Elias. It has hitherto been too much disconnected from the Esquimaux group.

_The Chipewyan and Nagail._--That these were Esquimaux was stated by the author in the Ethnological subsection of the British Association at York. The Taculli is also Esquimaux. The Sussee, in the present state of our knowledge, is best left without any absolute place. It has several miscellaneous affinities.

The bearing of these notices is to merge the groups called _Athabascan_ and _Kolooch_ in the Esquimaux.

It has been communicated to the Ethnological Society, that a majority of the languages of Oregon and New Caledonia are akin to each other and to the Esquimaux; a statement applying to about forty-five vocabularies, amongst which are the three following, hitherto considered as isolated:--

1. _The Friendly Village vocabulary of Mackenzie._ See Travels.--This is a dialect of the Billechoola.

2. _The Atna of Mackenzie._--This is a dialect of the Noosdalum.

3. _The Salish of Duponceau._ See Archæologia Americana.--This is the Okanagan of Mr Tolmie. See Journal of Geographical Society.

_The Ahnenin._--In this language, as well as in two others hereafter to be noticed (the Blackfoot and Crow), I have had, through the courtesy of Dr. Prichard, an opportunity of using valuable vocabularies of Gallatin's, collected by Mr Mackenzie, an agent for the American fur-company on the Yellow-stone river; by whom also were drawn up the shorter vocabularies, in Mr. Catlin's work on the American Indians, of the Mandan, Riccaree and other languages. The table also of the Natchez language is chiefly drawn from the comparative catalogues of Mr. Gallatin. That the MS. vocabulary of the Ahnenin represents the language of the Fall Indians of Umfreville, and one different from that of the true Minetares (with which it has been confounded), may be seen from the following comparison.

ENGLISH. FALL-INDIAN OF UMFREVILLE. AHNENIN. MINETARE.

_eye_ nunnecsoon araythya ishtah.
_knife_ warth wahata matzee.
_pipe_ pechouon einpssah eekeepee.
_tobacco_ cheesouon kitchtawan owpai.
_dog_ hudther ahttah matshuga.
_fire_ usitter ---- beerais.
_bow_ bart ---- beerahhah.
_arrow_ utcee ---- eetan.
_one_ karci ---- lemoisso.
_two_ neece nethiyau noopah.
_three_ narce ---- namee.
_four_ nean yahnayau topah.
_five_ yautune ---- cheehoh.
_six_ neteartuce ---- acamai.
_seven_ nesartuce ---- chappo.
_eight_ narswartuce ---- nopuppee.
_nine_ anharbetwartuce ---- nowassappai.
_ten_ mettartuce netassa peeraga.

The Ahnenin language, without being at present referable to any recognized group, has numerous miscellaneous affinities.

English _God_.
_Ahnenin_ esis--_sun_.
_Sheshatapoosh_ shayshoursh.
_Passamaquoddy_ saisos.

English _hair_.
_Ahnenin_ betamnita.
_Caddo_ baat.
_Taculli_ pitsa--_head_.
_Uche_ pseotan--_head_.

English _ear_.
_Ahnenin_ etah.
_Esquimaux_ heutinga.
---- tsheeutik.
---- shudik.
_Knistenaux_ otowegu.
_Ojibbeway_ ottowug.
_Micmac_ hadowugan.
_Massachusetts_ wehtoughh.
_Narragansets_ wuttowwog.
_Delaware_ wittauk.
_Miami_ tawakeh.
_Shawnoe_ towakah.
_Omohaw_ neetah.
_Osage_ naughta.
_Quappa_ nottah.

English _nose_.
_Ahnenin_ husi.
_Old Algonkin_ yash.
_Massachusetts_ wutch.

English _mouth_.
_Ahnenin_ ockya.
_Osage_ ehaugh.
_Natchez_ heche.

English _fingers_.
_Ahnenin_ naha.
_Onondagos_ eniage.

English _blood_.
_Ahnenin_ barts.
_Caddo_ baaho.

English _hand_.
_Ahnenin_ ikickan.
_Pawnee_ iksheeree.
_Muskoge_ innkke.
_Catawba_ eeksapeeah.
_Mohawk_ oochsoochta.

English. _leg_.
_Ahnenin_ nunaha.
_Sack and Fox_ nenanah.
_Caddo_ danuna--_foot_.

English _man_.
_Ahnenin_ neehato--_white man_.
---- watamahat--_black? man_.
_Tuscarora_ aineehau.
_Nottoway_ eniha.
_Seneca_ ungouh.
_Wyandot_ aingahon.
_Mohawk_ oonguich.
_Dacota_ weetschahskta.

English _girl_.
_Ahnenin_ wahtah.
_Dacota_ weetsheeahnah.
_Yancton_ weetchinchano.
_Yancton_ weetachnong--_daughter_.
_Osage_ wetongah--_sister_.

English _wife_.
_Ahnenin_ etha.
_Kenay_ ssióo.

English _water_.
_Ahnenin_ nitsa.
_Quappa_ nih.
_Uche_ tsach.

English _sun_.
_Ahnenin_ esis.
_Algonkin_ kesis.
_Choctaw_ hashe.
_Ohikkasaw_ husha.
_Muskoge_ hahsie.

English _rock_.
_Ahnenin_ hannike.
_Winebago_ eenee.
_Dacota_ eeang.
_Yancton_ eeyong.
_Mohawk_ oonoyah.
_Onondago_ onaja.

English _wood_.
_Ahnenin_ bess.
_Passamaquoddy_ apass--_tree_.
_Abenaki_ abassi--_tree_.

English _bear_.
_Ahnenin_ wussa.
_Quappa_ wassah.
_Osage_ wasauba.
_Omahaw_ wassabai.

English _dog_.
_Ahnenin_ ahttah.
---- hudther.
_Sheshatapoosh_ attung.
_Abenaki_ attie.
_Tuscarora_ tcheer.
_Nottoway_ cheer.

English _elk_.
_Ahnenin_ wussea.
_Miami_ musuoh--_deer_.
_Illinois_ mousoah--_deer_.

English _bad_.
_Ahnenin_ wahnatta.
_Mohawk_ wahpateku.
_Onondagos_ wahethe.
_Oneida_ wahetka.

English _good_.
_Ahnenin_ etah.
_Caddo_ hahut--_handsome_.

English _me_, _mine_.
_Ahnenin_ nistow.
_Blackfoot_ niste--_I_.

English _you_.
_Ahnenin_ ahnan.
_Kenay_ nan.

English _to-day_.
_Ahnenin_ wananaki.
_Mohawk_ kuhhwanteh.
_Onondagos_ neucke.

English _to-morrow_.
_Ahnenin_ nacah.
_Tchuktchi_ unako.
---- unniok.
_Choctaw_ onaha.

English _many_.
_Ahnenin_ ukaka.
_Mohawk_ awquayakoo.
_Seneca_ kawkuago.

English _drink_.
_Ahnenin_ nahbin.
_Osage_ nebnatoh.

English _sleep_.
_Ahnenin_ nuckcoots.
_Abenaki_ nekasi.
_Mohawk_ yihkootos.
_Onondagos_ agotawi.
_Seneca_ wanuhgoteh.

English _two_.
_Ahnenin_ neece.
_Passamaquoddy_ nes.
_Abenaki_ niss.
_Massachusetts_ neese.
_Narragansets_ neesse.
_Mohican_ neesoh.
_Montaug_ nees.
---- neeze.
_Adaize_ nass.

English _three_.
_Ahnenin_ narce.
_Abenaki_ nash.
_Narragansets_ nish.

English _four_.
_Ahnenin_ nean.
---- yahnayau.
_Ojibbeway_ newin.
_Ottawa_ niwin.
_Knistenaux_ nayo.
_Old Algonkin_ neyoo.
_Sheshatapoosh_ naou.
_Massachusetts_ yaw.
_Narragansets_ yoh.

English _six_.
_Ahnenin_ nekitukujan.
_Knistenaux_ negotoahsik.
_Ojibbeway_ gotoasso.
---- nigouta waswois.
_Ottawa_ ningotowaswi.
_Abenaki_ negudaus.
_Montaug_ nacuttah.

_The Blackfoot._--Of this language we have three vocabularies; a short one by Umfreville, a short one in Mr. Catlin's work, and the longer and more important one in Mr. Gallatin's manuscripts. The three vocabularies represent the same language. Its affinities are miscellaneous; more however with the Algonkin tongues than with those of the other recognized groups.

English _woman_.
_Blackfoot_ ahkeya.
_Old Algonkin_ ickweh.
_Ottawa_ uque.
_Delaware_ okhqueh.
---- khqeu.
_Nanticoke_ acquahique.
_Illinois_ ickoe.
_Shawnoe_ equiwa.
_Sauki_ kwoyikih.
_Cherokee_ ageyung.
_Woccoon_ yecauau.

English _boy_.
_Blackfoot_ sacoomahpa.
_Upsaroka_ skakkatte.

English. _girl_.
_Blackfoot_ ahkaquoin.
_Catawba_ yahwachahu.

English _child_.
_Blackfoot_ pokah.
_Upsaroka_ bakkatte.

English _father_.
_Blackfoot_ onwa.
_Seneca_ hanee.

English _husband_.
_Blackfoot_ ohmah.
_Esquimaux_ oemah.

English _daughter_.
_Blackfoot_ netan.
_Knistenaux_ netannis.
_Ojibbeway_ nindanis.
---- nedannis.
_Ottawa_ tanis.
_Massachusetts_ nutannis.
_Narragansets_ nittannis.
_Illinois_ tahana.
_Sack and Fox_ tanes.
_Uche_ teyunung.

English _brother_.
_Blackfoot_ nausah.
_Passamaquoddy_ nesiwas.
_Abenaki_ nitsie.

English _head_.
_Blackfoot_ otoquoin.
_Old Algonkin_ oostiquan.
_Sheshatapoosh_ stoukoan.
_Ojibbeway_ oostegwon.
_Knistenaux_ istegwen.
---- ustequoin.

English _nose_.
_Blackfoot_ okissis.
_Menomeni_ oocheeush.

English _neck_.
_Blackfoot_ ohkokin.
_Miami_ kwaikaneh.
_Sack and Fox_ nekwaikaneh.

English _hand_.
_Blackfoot_ okittakis.
_Esquimaux_ iyuteeka.
---- tikkiek--_fingers_.

English _leg_.
_Blackfoot_ ohcat.
_Ojibbeway_ okat.
_Knistenaux_ miskate.
_Sheshatapoosh_ neescatch.
_Massachusetts_ muhkout.
_Menomeni_ oakauut.

English _feet_.
_Blackfoot_ oaksakah.
_Wyandot_ ochsheetau.
_Mohawk_ oochsheeta.
_Onondago_ ochsita.
_Seneca_ oochsheeta.
_Oneyda_ ochsheecht.
_Nottoway_ seeke--_toes_.

English _bone_.
_Blackfoot_ ohkinnah.
_Knistenaux_ oskann.
_Ojibbeway_ okun.
_Ottawa_ okunnum.
_Miami_ kanih.
_Massachusetts_ uskon.
_Narragansets_ wuskan.
_Shawnoe_ ochcunne.
_Sack and Fox_ okaneh.
_Menomeni_ okunum.

English _kettle_.
_Blackfoot_ eske.
_Knistenaux_ askick.
_Ojibbeway_ akkeek.

English _shoes_.
_Blackfoot_ atsakin.
_Mohawk_ ohtaquah.
_Seneca_ auhtoyuawohya.
_Nottoway_ otawgwag.

English _bread_.
_Blackfoot_ ksaquonats.
_Mohican_ tauquauh.
_Shawnoe_ taquanah.

English _spring_.
_Blackfoot_ motoe.
_Osage_ paton.

English _summer_.
_Blackfoot_ napoos.
_Knistenaux_ nepin.
_Ojibbeway_ neebin.
---- nipin.
_Ottawa_ nipin.
_Sheshatapoosh_ neepun.
_Micmac_ nipk.
_Abenaki_ nipéné.
_Massachusetts_ nepun.
_Narragansets_ neepun.
_Mohican_ nepoon.
_Delaware_ nipen.
_Miami_ nipeenueh.
_Shawnoe_ nepeneh.
_Sack and Fox_ neepenweh.
_Menomeni_ neeaypeenaywaywah.

English _hail_.
_Blackfoot_ sahco.
_Knistenaux_ sasagun.
_Ojibbeway_ sasaigan.
_Sheshatapoosh_ shashaygan.

English _fire_.
_Blackfoot_ esteu.
_Mohican_ stauw.

English _water_.
_Blackfoot_ ohhkeah.
_Chikkasaw_ uckah.
_Attacapa_ ak.

English _ice_.
_Blackfoot_ sacoocootah.
_Esquimaux_ sikkoo.
_Tchuktchi_ tshikuta.

English _earth_.
_Blackfoot_ ksahcoom.
_Knistenaux_ askee.
_Ojibbeway_ ahkee.
_Ottawa_ aki.
_Old Algonkin_ ackey.
---- ackwin.

English _lake_.
_Blackfoot_ omah sekame.
_Knistenaux_ sakiegun.
_Ojibbeway_ sahgiegun.
_Shawnoe_ mskaque.

English _island_.
_Blackfoot_ mane.
_Upsaroka_ minne--_water_.
---- minneteekah--_lake_.
---- minnepeshu--_island_.
_Knistenaux_ ministick.
_Ojibbeway_ minnis.
_Old Algonkin_ minis.
_Passamaquoddy_ muniqu.
_Abenaki_ menahan.
_Mohican_ mnauhan.
_Delaware_ menokhtey.
---- menatey.
_Miami_ menahanweh.
_Menomeni_ meenayish.

English _rock, stone_.
_Blackfoot_ ohcootoke.
_Nottoway_ ohhoutahk.

English _tree_.
_Blackfoot_ masetis.
_Ojibbeway_ metik.
_Old Algonkin_ metiih.
_Sheshatapoosh_ mistookooah.
_Massachusetts_ mehtug.

English _grass_.
_Blackfoot_ mahtooyaase.
_Miami_ metahkotuck.
_Quappa_ montih.

English _leaf_.
_Blackfoot_ soyapoko.
_Massachusetts_ wunnepog.
_Narragansets_ wunnepog.
_Mohican_ wunnepok.
_Miami_ metshipakwa.
_Sack and Fox_ tatapacoan.
_Menomeni_ ahneepeeoakunah.

English _beaver_.
_Blackfoot_ kakestake.
_Esquimaux_ keeyeeak.

English _wolf_.
_Blackfoot_ mahcooya.
_Esquimaux_ amaok.
_Knistenaux_ myegun.
_Ojibbeway_ mieengun.
---- maygan.
_Old Algonkin_ mahingan.
_Massachusetts_ muckquoshin.
_Narragansets_ muckquashin.
_Miami_ muhkwaiauch.

English _bird_.
_Blackfoot_ pakesa.
_Massachusetts_ psukses.
_Narragansets_ peasis.

English _egg_.
_Blackfoot_ ohwas.
_Taculli_ ogaze.
_Kenay_ kquasa.
_Cherokee_ oowatse.
_Salish_ ooseh.

English _goose_.
_Blackfoot_ emahkiya.
_Menomeni_ mckawk.

English _partridge_.
_Blackfoot_ katokin.
_Nanticoke_ kitteawndipqua.

English _red_.
_Blackfoot_ mohisenum.
_Massachusetts_ misqueh.

English _yellow_.
_Blackfoot_ ohtahko.
_Esquimaux_ toongook.
---- tshongak.
_Knistenaux_ asawwow.
_Ojibbeway_ ozawa.
---- ojawa.
_Old Algonkin_ oozao.
_Sack and Fox_ ossawah.
_Menomeni_ oashahweeyah.

English _great_.
_Blackfoot_ ohmohcoo.
_Micmac_ mechkilk.
_Mohican_ makauk.

English _small_.
_Blackfoot_ enahcootse.
_Upsaroka_ ecat.

English _strong_.
_Blackfoot_ miskappe.
_Knistenaux_ mascawa.
_Ojibbeway_ machecawa.
_Old Algonkin_ masshkawa.
_Nanticoke_ miskiu.

English _warm_.
_Blackfoot_ kazetotzu.
_Knistenaux_ kichatai.
---- kisopayo.
_Ojibbeway_ kezhoyah.
_Ottawa_ keshautta.
_Old Algonkin_ akishattey.
_Passamaquoddy_ kesipetai.
_Massachusetts_ kussutan.
_Narragansets_ kssetauwou.

English _I_.
_Blackfoot_ nisto.
_Chipewyan_ ne.
_Knistenaux_ nitha.
---- neya.
_Ojibbeway_ neen, nin.
_Old Algonkin_ nir.
_Sheshatapoosh_ neele.
_Micmac_ nil.
_Illinois_ nira.
_Ahnenin_ nistow.

English _thou_.
_Blackfoot_ christo.
_Knistenaux_ kitha.
_Ojibbeway_ keen, kin.
_Old Algonkin_ kir.
_Micmac_ kil.
_Illinois_ kira.

English _this_, _that_.
_Blackfoot_ kanakha.
_Upsaroka_ kinna.
_Nanticoke_ youkanna.

English _to-day_.
_Blackfoot_ anookchusiquoix.
_Knistenaux_ anoutch.
_Onondago_ neuchke.

English _yesterday_.
_Blackfoot_ mahtone.
_Dacota_ tanneehah.

English _drink_.
_Blackfoot_ semate.
_Upsaroka_ smimmik.

English _speak_.
_Blackfoot_ apooyatz.
_Upsaroka_ bidow.

English _sing_.
_Blackfoot_ anihkit.
_Knistenaux_ necummoon.
_Ojibbeway_ nugamoo.
_Sheshatapoosh_ nekahmoo.
_Illinois_ nacamohok.
_Menomeni_ neekaumeenoon.

English _sleep_.
_Blackfoot_ okat.
_Mohawk_ yihkootos.
_Onondago_ agotawi.
_Seneca_ wanuhgoteh.

English _kill_.
_Blackfoot_ enikke.
_Abenaki_ nenirke.

The Blackfoot numerals, as given by Mackenzie and Umfreville, slightly differ. The termination in-_um_ runs through the numerals of Fitz-Hugh Sound, an Oregon language.

ENGLISH. BLACKFOOT OF BLACKFOOT OF FITZ-HUGH
UMFREVILLE. MACKENZIE. SOUND.

_one_ tokescum sa nimscum.
_two_ nartokescum nahtoka malscum
_three_ nohokescum nahhoka utascum.
_four_ nesweum nasowe moozcum.
_five_ nesittwi nesitto thikaescum.
_six_ nay nowwe kitliscum.
_seven_ kitsic akitsecum atloopooscum.
_eight_ narnesweum nahnissowe malknaskum.
_nine_ picksee pakeso nanooskim.
_ten_ keepey kepo highio.

2. nekty, _Tuscarora_; tiknee, _Seneca_; teghia, _Oneida_; dekanee, _Nottoway_; tekini, _Otto_.

3. noghoh, _Mohican_; nakha, _Delaware_.

5. nthsysta, _Mohawk_; sattou, _Quappa_; satta, _Osage_, _Omahaw_; sata, _Otto_; sahtsha, _Minetare_.

7. tzauks, _Kawitchen_, _Noosdalum_.

10. kippio, _Chimmesyan_.

_The Crow and Mandan Languages._--Of the important language of the Upsarokas or Crows the Archæologia Americana contains only thirty words. Of the Mandan we have, in the same work, nothing beyond the names of ten chiefs. In Gallatin's classification these tribes are dealt with as subdivisions of the Minetare nation. Now the Minetare are of the Sioux or Dacota family.

Between the Mandan vocabulary of Mr. Catlin and the Crow vocabulary of Gallatin's MSS. there are the following words in common. The affinity seems less close than it is generally stated to be: still the two languages appear to be Sioux. This latter point may be seen in the second table.

ENGLISH. MANDAN. CROW.

_God_ mahhopeneta sakahbooatta.
_sun_ menakha a'hhhiza.
_moon_ esto menakha minnatatche.
_stars_ h'kaka ekieu.
_rain_ h'kahoost hannah.
_snow_ copcaze makkoupah--_hail_.
_river_ passahah ahesu.
_day_ hampah maupah.
_night_ estogr oche.
_dark_ hampaheriskah chippusheka.
_light_ edayhush thieshe.
_woman_ meha meyakatte.
_wife_ moorse moah.
_child_ sookhomaha bakkatte.
_girl_ sookmeha meyakatte.
_boy_ sooknumohk shakkatte.
_head_ pan marshaa.
_legs_ doka buchoope.
_eyes_ estume meishta.
_mouth_ ea ea.
_nose_ pahoo buppa.
_face_ estah esa.
_ears_ nakoha uppa.
_hand_ onka buschie.
_fingers_ onkaha buschie.
_foot_ shee busche.
_hair_ hahhee masbeah.
_canoe_ menanko maheshe.
_fish_ poh booah.
_bear_ mahto duhpitsa.
_wolf_ haratta chata.
_dog_ mones waroota biska.
_buffalo_ ptemday bisha.
_elk_ omepah eitchericazzse.
_deer_ mahmanacoo ohha.
_beaver_ warrappa biruppe.
_shoe_ hoompah hoompe.
_bow_ warraenoopah bistuheeah.
_arrow_ mahha ahnailz.
_pipe_ ehudka ompsa.
_tobacco_ mannasha hopa.
_good_ shushu itsicka.
_bad_ k'hecush kubbeek.
_hot_ dsasosh ahre.
_cold_ shincehush hootshere.
_I_ me be.
_thou_ ne de.
_he_ e na.
_we_ noo bero.
_they_ eonah mihah.
1 mahhannah amutcat.
2 nompah noomcat.
3 namary namenacat.
4 tohha shopecat.
5 kakhoo chihhocat.
6 kemah ahcamacat.
7 koopah sappoah.
8 tatucka noompape.
9 mahpa ahmuttappe.
10 perug perakuk.

English _God_.
_Mandan_ mahhoppeneta.
_Winebago_ mahahnah.
_Minetare_ manhopa.
_Algonkin_ marutoo.

English _sun_.
_Mandan_ menahka.
_Omahaw_ meencajai.
_Caddo_ manoh--_light_.

English _star_.
_Mandan_ h'kaka.
_Quappa_ mihcacheh.
_Otto_ peekahhai.
_Omahaw_ meecaai.
_Minetare_ eekah.

English _day_.
_Mandan_ hampah eriskah.
_Winebago_ haunip.
---- haumpeehah.
_Dacota_ anipa.
_Yancton_ aungpa.
_Osage_ hompaye.
_Otto_ hangwai.
_Omahaw_ ombah.
_Minetare_ mahpaih.

English _woman_.
_Mandan_ meha.
_Yancton_ weeah.
_Omahaw_ waoo.
_Minetare_ meeyai.
_Ioway_ mega.

English _child_.
_Mandan_ sookhomaha.
_Quappa_ schehjinka.
_Otto_ cheechingai.
_Omahaw_ shingashinga.

English _head_.
_Mandan_ pan.
_Dacota_ pah.
_Yancton_ pah.
_Quappa_ pahhih.
_Omahaw_ pah.

English _arms_.
_Mandan_ arda.
_Minetare_ arrough.
_Pawnee_ heeeeru.

English _leg_.
_Mandan_ doka.
_Quappa_ jaccah.
_Osage_ sagaugh.

English _eyes_.
_Mandan_ estume.
_Dacota_ ishta.
_Yancton_ ishtah.
_Quappa_ inschta.
_Otto &c._ ishta.

English _mouth_.
_Mandan_ ea.
_Sioux passim_ ea.

English _nose_.
_Mandan_ pahoo.
_Sioux passim_ pah.

English _face_.
_Mandan_ estah.
_Dacota_ eetai.
_Yancton_ eetai.
_Minetare_ etah.

English _ears_.
_Mandan_ nakoha.
_Winebago_ nahchahwahhah.
_Yancton_ nougkopa.
_Osage_ naughta.

English _hands_.
_Mandan_ onka.
_Nottoway_ nunke.
_Tuscarora_ ohehneh.
_Menomeni_ oanah.
_Miami_ enahkee.

English _fingers_.
_Mandan_ onkahah.
_Onondago_ eniage.
_Wyandot_ eyingia.
_Tchuktchi_ ainhanka.

English _foot_.
_Mandan_ shee.
_Sioux_ sih.
_Pawnee_ ashoo.
_Tuscarora_ uhseh.

English _hair_.
_Mandan_ pahhee.
_Sioux_ pahee.

English _fish_.
_Mandan_ poh.
_Minetare_ boa.
_Sioux_ ho, hough.

English _beaver_.
_Mandan_ warappah.
_Minetare_ meerapa.
_Otto_ rawaiy.

English _deer_.
_Mandan_ mahmanaco.
_Yancton_ tamindoca.

English _house_.
_Mandan_ ote.
_Ioway_ tshe.

English _bow_.
_Mandan_ warraenoopah.
_Minetare_ beerahhah.
_Tuscarora_ awraw.

English _arrow_.
_Mandan_ mahha.
_Sioux_ mong, ma.

English _shoe_.
_Mandan_ hoompah.
_Dacota_ hanipa.
_Quappa_ honpeh.
_Minetare_ opah.

English _bad_.
_Mandan_ k'hecush.
_Dacota_ sheecha.

English _cold_.
_Mandan_ shineekush.
_Winebago_ seeneehee.
_Sioux_ snee.

English _no_.
_Mandan_ megosh.
_Tuscarora_ gwush.

English _I_.
_Mandan_ me.
_Dacota_ meeah.
_Minetare_ meeee.
_Quappa_ vieh.
_Osage_ veca.

English _thou_.
_Mandan_ ne.
_Winebago_ ney.
_Dacota_ neeah.
_Minetare_ nehe.

English _he_.
_Mandan_ e.
_Dacota_ eeah.

English _we_.
_Mandan_ noo.
_Winebago_. neehwahkiaweeno.
_Onondago_ ni.
_Knistenaux_ neou.

English _one_.
_Mandan_ mahhannah.
_Osage_ minche.
_Omahaw_ meeachchee.

English _two_.
_Mandan_ nompah.
_Sioux_ nompa, noopa.
_Uche_ nowah.

English _three_.
_Mandan_ namary.
_Minetare_ namee.

English _four_.
_Mandan_ tohha.
_Sioux_ topah, tuah.

English _five_.
_Mandan_ kakhoo.
_Minetare_ cheehoh.
_Muskoge_ chahgkie.

English _six_.
_Mandan_ kemah.
_Minetare_ acamai.

English _seven_.
_Mandan_ koopah.
_Minetare_ chappo.

English _eight_.
_Mandan_ tatucka.
_Seneca_ tikkeugh.
_Mohawk_ sohtayhhko.

English _ten_.
_Mandan_ perug.
_Minetare_ peragas.

_The Riccaree Language._--In Balbi and in the Mithridates, the Riccaree is stated to be a dialect of the Pawnee; but no words are given of it: hence the evidence is inconclusive. Again, the term Pawnee is equivocal. There are tribes called Pawnees on the river Platte, and tribes called Pawnees on the Red river of Texas. Of the last nation we have no vocabulary; they appear however to be different from the first, and are Pawnees _falsely so called_.

Of the Riccaree we have but one vocabulary (Catlin's North American Indians, vol. ii.); it has the following words common with the _true_ Pawnee list of Say in the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii.

ENGLISH. PAWNEE. RICAREE.

_God_ thouwahat tewaroohteh.
_devil_ tsaheekshkakooraiwah kakewaroohteh.
_sun_ shakoroo shakoona.
_fire_ tateetoo tekieeht.
_moon_ pa wetah.
_stars_ opeereet saca.
_rain_ tatsooroo tassou.
_snow_ toosha tahhau.
_day_ shakoorooeeshairet shacona.
_night_ ceraishnaitee eenahgt.
_light_ shusheegat shakoonah.
_dark_ eeraishuaite tekatistat.
_hot_ toueetstoo towarist.
_cold_ taipeechee teepse.
_yes_ nawa neecoola.
_no_ kakee kaka.
_bear_ koorooksh keahya.
_dog_ ashakish hohtch.
_bow_ teeragish nache.
_arrow_ leekshoo neeche.
_hut_ akkaroo acare.
_woman_ tsapat sapat.
_boy_ peeshkee weenatch.
_girl_ tchoraksh soonahtch.
_child_ peeron pera.
_head_ pakshu pahgh.
_ears_ atkaroo tickokite.
_eyes_ keereekoo cheereecoo.
_hair_ oshu pahi.
_hand_ iksheeree tehonare.
_fingers_ haspeet parick.
_foot_ ashoo ahgh.
_canoe_ lakohoroo lahkeehoon.
_river_ kattoosh sahonnee.
_I_ ta nanto.
1 askoo asco.
2 peetkoo pitco.
3 touweet towwit.
4 shkeetish tcheetish.
5 sheeooksh tcheetishoo.
6 sheekshabish tcheetishpis.
7 peetkoosheeshabish totchapis.
8 touweetshabish tochapiswon.
9 looksheereewa totchapisnahhenewon.
10 looksheeree nahen.
20 petouoo wetah.
30 luksheereewetouoo sahwee.
100 sheekookshtaroo shontan.

The special affinities of the Riccaree are not very decided. It is anything rather than an isolated language; and will, probably, be definitely placed when we obtain vocabularies of the Indian languages of Texas.

English _evil spirit_.
_Riccaree_ kakewaroohteh.
_Catawba_ yahwerejeh.

English _sun_.
_Riccaree_ shakoona.
_Caddo_ sako.
_Salish_ skokoleel.
_Delaware_ gishukh.
_Mohican_ kesogh.
_Esquimaux_ sukkenuk.
_Tchuktchi_ shekenak.

English _stars_.
_Riccaree_ aca.
_Caddo_ tsokas.

English _night_.
_Riccaree_ enaght.
_Esquimaux_ oonooak.
---- unjuk.
_Massachusetts_ nukon.

English _dark_.
_Riccaree_ tekatistat.
_Attacapa_ tegg--_night_.
_Natchez_ toowa--_night_.
_Mohawk_ tewhgarlars.
_Oneida_ tetincalas.

English _snow_.
_Riccaree_ tahhau.
_Adaize_ towat.
_Natchez_ kowa.
_Uche_ stahae.

English _fire_.
_Riccaree_ tekieeht.
_Onondagos_ yotecka.
_Ioway_ tako.
_Ugalenz_ takgak.
_Kenay_ taze.

English _cold_.
_Riccaree_ teepse.
_Attacapa_ tsamps.

English _bad_.
_Riccaree_ kah.
_Mandan_ k'hecush.
_Sioux_ sheecha.

English _boy_.
_Riccaree_ weenatch.
_Nottoway_ aqueianha.
_Esquimaux_ einyook.
_Winebago_ eeneek--_son_.
_Oneida_ yungh.

English _head_, _hair_.
_Riccaree_ pahgh, pahi.
_Sioux_ pah, pan.
_Massachusetts_ puhkuk.
_Choctaw_ eebuk.
_Chiccasaw_ skoboch.

English _eye_.
_Riccaree_ cheereeco.
_Tuscarora_ ookawreh.
_Esquimaux_ eerruka.

English _foot_.
_Riccaree_ ahgh.
_Choctaw_ iya.
_Chiccasaw_ eaya.

English _arms_.
_Riccaree_ arrai.
_Mandan_ arda.
_Tuscarora_ orungjai.

English _bear_.
_Riccaree_ keahya.
_Seneca_ yucwy.
_Tchuktchi_ kainga.

English _shoes_.
_Riccaree_ hooche.
_Sioux_ hongha.

English _arrow_.
_Riccaree_ neeche.
_Choctaw_ oski noki.
_Chiccasaw_ nucka.

English _hut_.
_Riccaree_ acane.
_Mohawk_ canuchsha.
_Onondago_ ganschsaje.
_Oneida_ kaunoughsau.
_Tuscarora_ yaukuhnugh.

English _canoe_.
_Riccaree_ lahkeehoon.
_Taculli_ allachee.
_Salish_ 'tlea'yh.

English _yes_.
_Riccaree_ neecoola.
_Adaize_ cola.

English _no_.
_Riccaree_ kaka.
_Chetimacha_ kahie.
_Algonkin_ kah.
_Kenay_ kukol.

English _I_.
_Riccaree_ nanto.
_Algonkin_ neen.

English _you_.
_Riccaree_ kaghon.
_Algonkin_ keen.

English _one_.
_Riccaree_ asco.
_Wyandot_ scat.
_Mohawk_ huskat.
_Onondayo_ skata.
_Seneca_ skaut.

English _two_.
_Riccaree_ pitco.
_Caddo_ behit.

English _four_.
_Riccaree_ tcheetish.
_Attacapa_ tsets.

English _thirty_.
_Riccaree_ sahwee.
_Cherokee_ tsawaskaw.

_The Creek and Choctaw Languages._--That the question as to the affinity between the Creek and the Choctaw languages is a question of classification rather than of fact, may be seen from the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 405; where it is shown that out of six hundred words, ninety-seven are common to the two languages.

_The Caddo._--That this language has affinities with the Mohawk, Seneca, and the Iroquois tongues in general, and that it has words common to the Muskoge, the Catawba, the Pawnee, and the Cherokee languages may be seen from the tables of the Archæologia Americana. The illustrations however of these languages are to be drawn from a knowledge of the dialects of Texas and the Oregon districts, tracts of country whereon our information is preeminently insufficient.

_The Natchez._--This language has the following miscellaneous affinities, insufficient to give it a place in any definite group, but sufficient to show that it is anything rather than an isolated language.

English _man_.
_Natchez_ tomkuhpena.
_Cochimi_ tamma.
_St. Xavier_ tamma.
_Loretto_ tamma.
_St. Borgia_ tama.
_Othomi_ dame.
_Shahaptan_ hama.

English _woman_.
_Natchez_ tamahl.
_Huasteca_ tomol.

English _girl_.
_Natchez_ hohlenoo.
_Noosdalum_ islanie.
_Squallyamish_ islanie.
_Kawitchen_ islanie.

English _head_.
_Natchez_ tomme apoo.
_Dacota_ pah.
_Yancton_ pah.
_Quappa_ pahih.
_Omahaw_ pah.

English _hair_.
_Natchez_ etene.
_Mixteca_ dzini.

English _eye_.
_Natchez_ oktool.
_Mexican_ ikhtelolotli.

English _nose_.
_Natchez_ shamats.
_Huasteca_ zam.

English _mouth_.
_Natchez_ heche.
_Poconchi_ chi.
_Maya_ chi.

English _tooth_.
_Natchez_ int.
_Calapooiah_ tinti.
_Mexican_ tentli--_lip_.
_Cora_ tenita.

English _moon_.
_Natchez_ kwasip.
_St. Antonio_ tatsoopai.
_Kawitchen_ quassin--_stars_.
_Noosdalum_ quassin--_stars_.

English _star_.
_Natchez_ tookul.
_St. Antonio_ tatchhuanilh.
_Cathlascou_ tukycha napucha.
_Caddo_ tsokas.

English _river_.
_Natchez_ wol.
_Pima_ vo--_lake_.
_Cathlascou_ emalh.

English _hill_.
_Natchez_ kweyakoopsel.
_St. Juan Capistrano_ kahui.
_Kliketat_ keh.
_Dacota_ khyaykah.
_Yancton_ haiaca.

English _maize_.
_Natchez_ hokko.
_Adaize_ ocasuck.

English _tree_.
_Natchez_ tshoo.
_Choctaw_ itte.
_Chikkasaw_ itta.
_Muskoge_ ittah.