Chapter III: THE ALGONKIN GROUP.--The present form of this group differs

from that which appears in the Archæologia Americana, by exhibiting larger dimensions. Nothing that was then placed within has since been subtracted from it; indeed, subtractions from any class of Gallatin's making are well-nigh impossible. In respect to additions, the case stands differently.

Addition of no slight importance have been made to the Algonkin group. The earliest was that of--

_The Bethuck._--The Bethuck is the native language of Newfoundland. In 1846, the collation of a Bethuck vocabulary enabled me to state that the language of the extinct, or doubtfully extant, aborigines of that island was akin to those of the ordinary American Indians rather than to the Eskimo; further investigation showing that, of the ordinary American languages, it was Algonkin rather than aught else.

A sample of the evidence of this is to be found in the following table; a table formed, not upon the collation of the whole MS., but only upon the more important words contained in it.

_English_, son.
Bethuck, _mageraguis_.
Cree, _equssis_.
Ojibbeway, _ninqwisis_}
---- _negwis_ } = my son.
Ottawa, _kwis_.
Micmac, _unquece_.
Passamaquoddy, _n'hos_.
Narragansetts, _nummuckiese_ = myson.
Delaware, _quissau_ = his son.
Miami, _akwissima_.
----, _ungwissah_.
Shawnoe, _koisso_.
Sack & Fox, _neckwessa_.
Menomeni, _nekeesh_.

_English_, girl.
Bethuck, _woaseesh_.
Cree, _squaisis_.
Ojibbeway, _ekwaizais_.
Ottawa, _aquesens_.
Old Algonkin, _ickwessen_.
Sheshatapoosh, _squashish_.
Passamaquoddy, _pelsquasis_.
Narragansetts, _squasese_.
Montaug, _squasses_.
Sack & Fox, _skwessah_.
Cree, _awâsis_ = child.
Sheshatapoosh, _awash_ = child.

_English_, mouth.
Bethuck, _mamadthun_.
Nanticoke, _mettoon_.
Massachusetts, _muttoon_.
Narragansetts, _wuttoon_.
Penobscot, _madoon_.
Acadcan, _meton_.
Micmac, _toon_.
Abenaki, _ootoon_.

_English_, nose.
Bethuck, _gheen_.
Miami, _keouane_.

_English_, teeth.
Bethuck, _bocbodza_.
Micmac, _neebeet_.
Abenaki, _neebeet_.

_English_, hand.
Bethuck, _maemed_.
Micmac, _paeteen_.
Abenaki, _mpateen_.

_English_, ear.
Bethuck, _mootchiman_.
Micmac, _mootooween_.
Abenaki, _nootawee_.

_English_, smoke.
Bethuck, _bassdik_.
Abenaki, _ettoodake_.

_English_, oil.
Bethuck, _emet_.
Micmac, _memaye_.
Abenaki, _pemmee_.

_English_, sun.
Bethuck, _keuse_.
Cree, &c., _kisis_.
Abenaki, _kesus_.
Mohican, _kesogh_.
Delaware, _gishukh_.
Illinois, _kisipol_.
Shawnoe, _kesathwa_.
Sack & Fox, _kejessoah_.
Menomeni, _kaysho_.
Passamaquoddy, _kisos_ = moon.
Abenaki, _kisus_ = moon.
Illinois, _kisis_ = moon.
Cree, _kesecow_ = day.
Ojibbeway, _kijik_ = day and light.
Ottawa, _kijik_ = ditto.
Abenaki, _kiseoukou_ = ditto,
Delaware, _gieshku_ = ditto.
Illinois, _kisik_ = ditto.
Shawnoe, _keeshqua_ = ditto.
Sack & Fox, _keeshekeh_ = ditto.

_English_, fire.
Bethuck, _boobeeshawt_.
Cree, _esquitti_, _scoutay_.
Ojibbeway, _ishkodai_, _skootae_.
Ottawa, _ashkote_.
Old Algonkin, _skootay_.
Sheshatapoosh, _schootay_.
Passamaquoddy, _skeet_.
Abenaki, _skoutai_.
Massachusetts, _squitta_.
Narragansetts, _squtta_.

_English_, white.
Bethuck, _wobee_.
Cree, _wabisca_.
----, _wapishkawo_.
Ojibbeway, _wawbishkaw_.
----, _wawbizze_.
Old Algonkin, _wabi_.
Sheshatapoosh, _wahpou_.
Micmac, _ouabeg_, _wabeck_.
Mountaineer, _wapsiou_.
Passamaquoddy, _wapiyo_.
Abenaki, _wanbighenour_.
----, _wanbegan_.
Massachusetts, _wompi_.
Narragansetts, _wompesu_.
Mohican, _waupaaeek_.
Montaug, _wampayo_.
Delaware, _wape_, _wapsu_, _wapsit_.
Nanticoke, _wauppauyu_.
Miami, _wapekinggek_.
Shawnoe, _opee_.
Sack & Fox, _wapeskayah_.
Menomeni, _waubish keewah_.

_English_, black.
Bethuck, _mandzey_.
Ojibbeway, _mukkudaiwa_.
Ottawa, _mackateh_.
Narragansetts, _mowesu_.
Massachusetts, _mooi_.

_English_, house.
Bethuck, _meeootik_.
Narragansetts, _wetu_.

_English_, shoe.
Bethuck, _mosen_.
Abenaki, _mkessen_.

_English_, snow.
Bethuck, _kaasussabook_.
Cree, _sasagun_ = hail.
Ojibbeway, _saisaigan_.
Sheshatapoosh, _shashaygan_.

_English_, speak.
Bethuck, _ieroothack_.
Taculli, _yaltuck_.
Cree, _alhemetakcouse_.
Wyandot, _atakea_.

_English_, yes.
Bethuck, _yeathun_.
Cree, _ahhah_.
Passamaquoddy, _netek_.

_English_, no.
Bethuck, _newin_.
Cree, _namaw_.
Ojibbeway, _kawine_.
Ottawa, _kauween_.

_English_, hatchet.
Bethuck, _dthoonanyen_.
Taculli, _thynle_.

_English_, knife.
Bethuck, _eewaeen_.
Micmac, _uagan_.

_English_, bad.
Bethuck, _muddy_.
Cree, _myaton_.
Ojibbeway, _monadud_.
----, _mudji_.
Ottawa, _matche_.
Micmac, _matoualkr_.
Massachusetts, _matche_.
Narragansetts, _matchit_.
Mohican, _matchit_.
Montaug, _mattateayah_.
Montaug, _muttadeeaco_.
Delaware, _makhtitsu_.
Nanticoke, _mattik_.
Sack & Fox, _motchie_.
----, _matchathie_.

_The Shyenne._--A second addition of the Algonkin class was that of the Shyenne language--a language suspected to be Algonkin at the publication of the Archæologia Americana. In a treaty made between the United States and the Shyenne Indians in 1825, the names of the chiefs who signed were Sioux, or significant in the Sioux language. It was not unreasonable to consider this a _primâ-facie_ evidence of the Shyenne tongue itself being Sioux. Nevertheless, there were some decided statements in the way of external evidence in another direction. There was the special evidence of a gentleman well-acquainted with the fact, that the names of the treaty, so significant in the Sioux language, were only translations from the proper Shyenne, there having been no Shyenne interpreter at the drawing-up of the document. What then was the true Shyenne? A vocabulary of Lieut. Abert's settled this. The numerals of this were published earlier than the other words, and on these the present writer remarked that they were Algonkin (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1847,--Transactions of the Sections, p. 123). Meanwhile, the full vocabulary, which was in the hands of Gallatin, and collated by him, gave the contemplated result:--"Out of forty-seven Shyenne words for which we have equivalents in other languages, there are thirteen which are indubitably Algonkin, and twenty-five which have affinities more or less remote with some of the languages of that family." (Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. cxi. 1848.)

_The Blackfoot._--In the same volume (p. cxiii), and by the same author, we find a table showing the Blackfoot to be Algonkin; a fact that must now be generally recognized, having been confirmed by later _data_. The probability of this affinity was surmised in a paper in the 28th Number of the Proceedings of the present Society.

_The Arrapaho._--This is the name of a tribe in Kansas; occupant of a district in immediate contact with the Shyenne country.

But the Shyennes are no _indigenæ_ to Kansas. Neither are the Arrapahos. The so-called Fall Indians, of whose language we have long had a very short trader's vocabulary in Umfreville, are named from their occupancy which is on the Falls of the Saskatshewan. The Nehethewa, or Crees, of their neighbourhood call them so; so that it is a Cree term of which the English is a translation. Another name (English also) is _Big-belly_, in French _Gros-ventre_. This has given rise to some confusion. _Gros-ventre_ is a name also given to the Minetari of the Yellow-stone River; whence the name Minetari itself has, most improperly, been applied (though not, perhaps, very often or by good authorities) to the Fall Indians.

The Minetari _Gros-ventres_ belong to the Sioux family. Not so the _Gros-ventres_ of the Falls. Adelung remarked that some of their words had an affinity with the Algonkin, or as he called it, Chippeway-Delaware, family, _e. g._ the names for _tobacco_, _arrow_, _four_, and _ten_.

Umfreville's vocabulary was too short for anything but the most general purposes and the most cautious of suggestions. It was, however, for a long time the only one known. The next to it, in the order of time, was one in MS., belonging to Gallatin, but which was seen by Dr. Prichard and collated by the present writer, his remarks upon it being published in the 134th Number of the Proceedings of this Society. They were simply to the effect that the language had certain miscellaneous affinities. An Arrapaho vocabulary in Schoolcraft tells us something more than this; viz. not only that it is, decidedly, the same language as the Fall Indian of Umfreville, but that it has definite and preponderating affinities with the Shyenne, and, through it, with the great Algonkin class in general.

ENGLISH. ARRAPAHO. SHYENNE.

_scalp_ mithash matake.
_tongue_ nathun vetunno.
_tooth_ veathtah veisike.
_beard_ vasesanon meatsa.
_hand_ mahchetun maharts.
_blood_ bahe mahe.
_sinew_ anita antikah.
_heart_ battah estah.
_mouth_ nettee marthe.
_girl_ issaha xsa.
_husband_ nash nah.
_son_ naah nah.
_daughter_ nahtahnah nahteh.
_one_ chassa nuke.
_two_ neis neguth.
_three_ nas nahe.
_four_ yeane nave.
_five_ yorthun noane.
_six_ nitahter nahsato.
_seven_ nisorter nisoto.
_eight_ nahsorter nahnoto.
_nine_ siautah soto.
_ten_ mahtahtah mahtoto.

ENGLISH. ARRAPAHO. OTHER ALGONKIN LANGUAGES.

_man_ enanetah enainneew, _Menom_. &c.
_father, my_ nasonnah nosaw, _Miami_.
_mother, my_ nanah nekeah, _Menom_.
_husband, my_ nash nah, _Shyenne_.
_son, my_ naah nah, _Shyenne_.
---- ---- nikwithah, _Shawnee_.
_daughter, my_ nahtahnah netawnah, _Miami_.
_brother, my_ nasisthsah nesawsah, _Miami_.
_sister, my_ naecahtaiah nekoshaymank, _Menom_.
_Indian_ enenitah ah wainhukai, Delaware.
_eye_ mishishi maishkayshaik, _Menom_.
_mouth_ netti may tone, _Menom_.
_tongue_ nathun wilano, _Delaware_.
_tooth_ veathtah wi pit, _Delaware_.
_beard_ vasesanon witonahi, _Delaware_.
_back_ nerkorbah pawkawmema, _Miami_.
_hand_ machetun olatshi, _Shawnee_.
_foot_ nauthauitah ozit, _Delaware_.
_bone_ hahunnah ohkonne, _Menom_.
_heart_ battah maytah, _Menom_.
_blood_ bahe mainhki, _Menom_.
_sinew_ anita ohtah, _Menom_.
_flesh_ wonnunyah weensama, _Miami_.
_skin_ tahyatch xais, _Delaware_.
_town_ haitan otainahe, _Delaware_.
_door_ tichunwa kwawntame, _Miami_.
_sun_ nishi-ish kayshoh, _Menom_.
_star_ ahthah allangwh, _Delaware_.
_day_ ishi kishko, _Delaware_.
_autumn_ tahuni tahkoxko, _Delaware_.
_wind_ assissi kaishxing, _Delaware_.
_fire_ ishshitta ishkotawi, _Menom_.
_water_ nutch nape, _Miami_.
_ice_ wahhu mainquom, _Menom_.
_mountain_ ahhi wahchiwi, _Shawnee_.
_hot_ hastah ksita, _Shawnee_.
_he_ enun enaw, _Miami_.
---- ---- waynanh, _Menom_.
_that_ (_in_) hinnah aynaih, _Menom_.
_who_ unnahah ahwahnay, _Menom_.
_no_ chinnani kawn, _Menom_.
_eat_ mennisi mitishin, _Menom_.
_drink_ bannah maynaan, _Menom_.
_kill_ nauaiut _osh_-nainhnay, _Menom_.

_Fitzhugh Sound forms in_-SKUM.--There is still a possible addition to the Algonkin group; though it is probable that it cannot be added to it without raising the value of the class. The exact value and interpretation of the following fact has yet to be made out. I lay it, however, before the reader. The language for the parts about Fitzhugh Sound seems to belong to a class which will appear in the sequel under the name Hailtsa or Haeetsuk. The numerals, however, have this peculiarity, viz. they end in the syllable -_kum_. And this is what, in one specimen, at least, two of the Black foot terms do,

_English_, two.
Fitzhugh Sound, _mal-skum_.
Hailtsuk, _maluk_.
Blackfoot, _nartoke-skum_.

_English_, three.
Fitzhugh Sound, _uta-skum_.
Hailtsuk, _yutuk_.
Blackfoot, _nahoke-skum_.

What, however, if this syllable-_skum_ be other than true Blackfoot; _i. e._ what if the numerals were taken from the mouth of a _Hailtsa_ Indian? The possibility of this must be borne in mind. With this remark upon the similarity of ending between _one specimen_ of Blackfoot numerals and the Hailtsa dialect of Fitzhugh Sound, we may take leave of the Algonkin class of tongues and pass on to--