Chapter XIII: Appendix: To Macgillivray's Voyage of the (3)

English _flesh_.
_Natchez_ wintse.
_Algonkin_ wioss.

English _deer_.
_Natchez_ tza.
_Winebago_ tcha.
_Quappa_ tah.
_Muskoge_ itzo.
_Caddo_ dah.

English _buffalo_.
_Natchez_ wastanem.
_Uche_ wetenenvuenekah.

English _fish_.
_Natchez_ henn.
_Chimmesyan_ hone kustamoane--_salmon_.
_Kliketat_ tkinnat.
_Shahaptan_ tkinnat.
_Mohawk_ keyunk.
_Seneca_ kenyuck.
_Oneida_ kunjoon.
_Nottoway_ kaintu.
_Yancton_ hohung.

English _white_.
_Natchez_ hahap.
_Shahaptan_ hipi.
_Attacapa_ cobb.
_Old Algonkin_ wabi.
_Delaware_ wape.
_Shawnoe_ opee.

English _black_.
_Natchez_ tsokokop.
_Narragansets_ suckesu.
_Long Island_ shickayo.

English _bad_.
_Natchez_ wattaks.
_Mohawk_ wahhatekuh.
_Onondago_ wahethe.
_Oneida_ wahetka.

English _cold_.
_Natchez_ tzitakopana.
_Kliketat_ tsoisah.
_Shahaptan_ tsoisah.

English _hot_.
_Natchez_ wahiloohie.
_Muskoge_ hahiye.
_Attacapa_ alliu.

English _I_.
_Natchez_ tukehah.
_Adaize_ hicatuck.
_Chetimacha_ uticheca.

English _thou_.
_Natchez_ ukkehah.
_Kliketat_ yuke.

English _arm_.
_Natchez_ ish.
_Dacota_ ishto.
_Yancton_ isto.

English _blood_.
_Natchez_ itsh.
_Choctaw_ issish.
_Chikkasaw_ issish.

English _town_.
_Natchez_ walt.
_Pawnee_ kwat.

English _house_.
_Natchez_ hahit.
_Dacota_ tea.
_Yancton_ teepee.
_Quappa_ tih.
_Osage_ tiah.
_Omahaw_ tee.
_Minetare_ attee.

English _friend_.
_Natchez_ ketanesuh--_my_.
_Chetimacha_ keta.

English _boat_.
_Natchez_ kwagtolt.
_Chimmesyan_ waigh--_paddle_.
_Caddo_ haugh.

English _sky_.
_Natchez_ nasookta.
_Chimmesyan_ suchah.
_Tlaoquatch_ naase.
_Muskoge_ sootah.
_Choctaw_ shutik.

English _sun_.
_Natchez_ wah.
_Noosdalum_ kokweh.
_Squallyamish_ thlokwahl.
_Poconchi_ quih.
_Yancton_ oouee.

English _night_.
_Natchez_ toowa.
_Chetimacha_ timan.
_Attacapa_ tegg.

English _summer_.
_Natchez_ amehika.
_Billechoola_ awmilk.

English _winter_.
_Natchez_ kwishitshetakop.
_Mohawk_ koosilkhuhhuggheh.
_Oneida_ koashlakke.
_Tuscarora_. koosehhea.
_Nottoway_ goshera.

English _thunder_.
_Natchez_ pooloopooloolunluh.
_Chimmesyan_ killapilleip.

English _snow_.
_Natchez_ kowa.
_Billechoola_ kai.

English _sea_.
_Natchez_ kootshel.
_St. Diego_ khasilk.
_Choctaw_ okhuttah.

English _bear_.
_Natchez_ tsokohp.
_Uche_ ptsaka.

English _snake_.
_Natchez_ wollah.
_Esquimaux_ malligooak.

English _bird_.
_Natchez_ shankolt.
_Uchee_ psenna.
_Tascarora_ tshenu.

English _eat_.
_Natchez_ kimposko.
_Muskoge_ humbiischa.

English _run_.
_Natchez_ kwalneskook.
_Shahaptan_ willnikit.

English _kill_.
_Natchez_ appawe.
_Choctaw_ uhbe.

English _walk_.
_Natchez_ naktik.
_Adaize_ enacoot.

_The Uche_, _Adaize_, &c.--See Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 306. For these languages, tables similar to those of the Natchez have been drawn up, which indicate similar affinities. The same can be done for the Chetimacha and Attacapa.

_New Californian Languages._--The dialects of this district form no exception to the statements as to the unity of the American languages. In the Journal of the Geographical Society (part 2. vol. ii.) we find seven vocabularies for these parts. Between the language of the diocese of San Juan Capistrano and that of San Gabriel, the affinity is palpable, and traces of a regular letter change are exhibited, viz. from _l_ to r:

ENGLISH. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. SAN GABRIEL.

_moon_ mioil muarr.
_water_ pal paara.
_salt_ engel ungurr.

Between the remaining vocabularies, the resemblance by no means lies on the surface; still it is unquestionable. To these _data_ for New California may be added the Severnow and Bodega vocabularies in Baer's _Beiträge_ &c. These two last, to carry our comparison no further, have, amongst others, the following terms in common with the Esquimaux tongues:

English _white_.
_Severnow_ kalle.
_Esquimaux_ kowdlook, kowlook.

English _hand_.
_Bodega_ talu.
_Esquimaux_ tadleek, dallek--_arm_.

English _beard_.
_Bodega_ ymmy.
_Esquimaux_ oomich.

English _sky_.
_Severnow_ kalu.
_Cadeack_ kilik.

English _moon_.
_Severnow_ kalazha.
_Kenay_ golshagi.

English _water_.
_Severnow_ aka.
_Bodega_ duka.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ kai.

English _ice_.
_Severnow_ tnlash.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ thlesh.
_Bodega_ kulla.
_Fox Island_ klakh.

English _day_.
_Severnow_ madzhu.
_Cadeack_ matsiak--_sun_.

English _night_.
_Bodega_ kayl.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ khatl.

English _star_.
_Severnow_ karnau.
_Greenland_ kaumeh--_moon_.

English _head_.
_St. Barbara_ nucchu.
_Greenland_ niackoa.

English _winter_.
_Severnow_ komua.
_Tchuktchi_ ukiumi.

The concluding notices are upon languages which have already been placed, but concerning which fresh evidence is neither superfluous nor misplaced.

_Sacks and Foxes._--Cumulative to evidence already current as to the tribes of the Sacks and Foxes belonging to the Algonkin stock, it may be stated that a few words collected by the author from the Sack chief lately in London were Algonkin.

_The Ojibbeways._--A fuller vocabulary, taken from the mouth of the interpreters of the Ojibbeway Indians lately exhibited, identifies their language with that represented by the vocabularies of Long, Carver, and Mackenzie.

_The Ioway._--Of the Ioway Indians, Mr. Gallatin, in 1836, writes as follows:--"They are said, _though the fact is not fully ascertained_, to speak the same dialect," _i. e._ with the Ottoes. Again, he writes, "We have not that [the vocabulary] of the Ioways, but nineteen words supplied by Governor Cass seem to leave no doubt of its identity with the Ottoes."--_Archæolog. Amer._ ii. 127, 128. Cass's vocabulary is printed in p. 377.

In 1843, however, a book was published in the Ioway language, bearing the following title page, "An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language, with an English Translation, by Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvine, under the direction of the B. F. Miss; of the Presbyterian Church: J. B Roy, Interpreter; Ioway and Sac Mission Press, Indian Territory, 1843." In this book the orthographical principles are by no means unexceptionable; they have the merit however of expressing simple single sounds by simple single letters; thus _v_ = the _a_ in _fall_; _x_ = the _u_ in _tub_; _c_ = the _ch_ in _chest_; _f = th_; _g_ = _ng_; _j_ = _sh_. _Q_ however is preserved as a double sound = _qu_. From this alphabet it is inferred that the Ioway language possesses the rare sound of the English _th_. With the work in question I was favoured by Mr. Catlin.

Now it is only necessary to pick out from this little work the words selected by Balbi in his Atlas Ethnographique, and to compare them with the corresponding terms as given by the same author for the Sioux, the Winebago, the Otto, the Konza, the Omahaw, the Minetare, and the Osage languages, to be convinced the Ioway language belongs to the same class, coinciding more especially with the Otto.

English _head_.
_Ioway_ nanthu.
_Winebago_ nahsso.
_Otto_ naso.
_Minetare_ antu.

English _nose_.
_Ioway_ pa.
_Sioux_ paso.
_Winebago_ pah.
_Otto_ peso.
_Konza_ pah.
_Omahaw_ pah.
_Minetare_ apah.
_Sioux_ pah--_head_.
_Omahaw_ pah--_head_.

English _mouth_.
_Ioway_ e.
_Sioux_ ei.
_Winebago_ i.
_Otto_ i.
_Konza_ yih, ih.
_Minetare_ iiiptshappah.
_Omahaw_ ihah.
_Osage_ ehaugh.

English _hand_.
_Ioway_ nawæ.
_Sioux_ nape.
_Winebago_ nahpön.
_Otto_ naue.
_Omahaw_ nombe.
_Osage_ nomba.

English _feet_.
_Ioway_ the.
_Sioux_ siha.
_Winebago_ si.
_Otto_ si.
_Konza_ sih.
_Omahaw_ si.
_Minetare_ itsi.
_Osage_ see.

English _tongue_.
_Ioway_ ræthæ.
_Otto_ reze.
_Sioux_ tshedzhi.
_Konza_ yeezah.
_Minetare_ theysi.

English _teeth_.
_Ioway_ he.
_Sioux_ hi.
_Winebago_ hi.
_Otto_ hi.
_Konza_ hih.
_Omahaw_ ei.
_Minetare_ ii.

English _fire_.
_Ioway_ pæchæ.
_Sioux_ peta.
_Winebago_ pytshi.
_Otto_ pede.
_Omahaw_ pede.
_Osage_ pajah.

English _water_.
_Ioway_ ne.
_Sioux_ mini.
_Winebago_ ninah, nih.
_Otto_ ni.
_Omahaw_ ni.
_Minetare_ mini.
_Osage_ neah.

English _one._
_Ioway_ eyungkæ.
_Otto_ yonke.
_Sioux_ wonchaw,
---- ouonnchaou.

English _two._
_Ioway_ nowæ.
_Sioux_ nopa.
---- nonpa.
_Winebago_ nopi.
_Otto_ noue.
_Konza_ nompah.
_Minetare_ noopah.
_Osage_ nombaugh.

English _three._
_Ioway_ tanye.
_Winebago_ tahni.
_Otto_ tana.

English _four._
_Ioway_ towæ.
_Sioux_ topah.
_Winebago_ tshopi.
_Otto_ toua.
_Konza_ tohpah.
_Omahaw_ toba.
_Minetare_ topah.
_Osage_ tobah.

English _five._
_Ioway_ thata.
_Sioux_ zapta.
_Winebago_ satsch.
_Otto_ sata.
_Konza_ sahtah.
_Omahaw_ satta.
_Osage_ sattah.

English _six._
_Ioway_ shaqæ.
_Sioux_ shakpe.
_Winebago_ kohui.
_Otto_ shaque.
_Konza_ shappeh.
_Omahaw_ shappe.
_Osage_ shappah.

English _seven._
_Ioway_ shahma.
_Otto_ shahemo.
_Minetare_ tshappo.

English _eight._
_Ioway_ krærapane.
_Otto_ krærabene.
_Omahaw_ perabini.

English _nine._
_Ioway_ ksangkæ.
_Otto_ shanke.
_Konza_ shankkoh.
_Omahaw_ shonka.
_Osage_ shankah.

English _ten._
_Ioway_ kræpana.
_Winebago_ kherapon.
_Otto_ krebenoh.
_Konza_ kerebrah.
_Omahaw_ krebera.
_Osage_ krabrah.

With the book in question Cass's vocabulary coincides.

HAMILTON AND IRVINE. CASS.

_fire_ pæchæ pedge.
_water_ ne ni.
_one_ eyungkæ iengki.
_two_ nowæ noe.
_three_ tanye tahni.
_four_ towæ toe.
_five_ thata satahng.
_six_ shagæ shangwe.
_seven_ shahma shahmong.
_eight_ kræræpane krehebni.
_nine_ ksangkæ shange.
_ten_ kræpanæ krebnah.

ON A SHORT VOCABULARY OF THE
LOUCHEUX LANGUAGE.

BY J. A. ISBISTER.

READ
BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
JANUARY 25TH 1850.

This notice, being communicated by myself, and making part of the subject illustrated by both the papers that precede and the papers that follow, is here inserted.

The Digothe, or Loucheux, is the language of the North American Indians of the lower part of the river Mackenzie, a locality round which languages belonging to three different classes are spoken--the Eskimo, the Athabaskan, and the Koluch (Kolosh) of Russian America.

To which of these classes the Loucheux belongs, has hitherto been unascertained. It is learned with equal ease by both the Eskimo and Athabascan interpreters; at the same time an interpreter is necessary.

The following short vocabulary, however, shows that its more probable affinities are in another direction, _i. e._ with the languages of Russian America, especially with the Kenay of Cook's Inlet; with which, whilst the pronouns agree, the remaining words differ no more than is usual with lists equally imperfect, even in languages where the connexion is undoubted.

ENGLISH. LOUCHEUX. KENAY.

_white man_ manah-gool-ait.
_Indian_ tenghie[34] teena = _man_.
_Eskimo_ nak-high.
_wind_ etsee.
_head wind_ newatsee.
_fair wind_ jeatsee.
_water_ tchon[35] thun-agalgus.
_sun_ shethie channoo.
_moon_ shet-sill tlakannoo.
_stars_ kumshaet ssin.
_meat_ beh kutskonna.
_deer_ et-han.
_head_ umitz aissagge.
_arm_ tchiegen skona.
_leg_ tsethan.
_coat_ chiegee.
_blanket_ tsthee.
_knife_ tlay kissaki.
_fort_ jetz.
_yes_ eh.
_no_ illuck-wha.
_far_ nee-jah.
_near_ neak-wha.
_strong_ nehaintah.
_cold_ kateitlee ktckchuz.
_long_ kawa.
_enough_ ekcho, ekatarainyo.
_eat_ beha.
_drink_ chidet-leh.
_come_ chatchoo.
_go away_ eenio.
_I_ see su.
_thou_ nin nan.
(_my_) _father_ (se) tsay stukta.
(_my_) _son_ (se) jay _ssi_-ja.

[Footnote 34: The _g_ is sounded _hard_.]

[Footnote 35: As the French _n_ in _bon_.]

NOTES.

The notices upon the American languages at the British Association between the date of the last paper but one and the next were:

That the Bethuk of Newfoundland was American rather than Eskimo--_Report for 1847_. _Transactions of the Section p. 115._

That the Shyenne numerals were Algonkin--Report for 1847. _Transactions of Sections p. 123._

That neither
The Moskito, nor
The Botocudo language were isolated.--_Ibid._

ON THE LANGUAGES OF NEW
CALIFORNIA.

READ
BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
MAY 13TH 1853.

The languages of the south-western districts of the Oregon territory are conveniently studied in the admirable volume upon the Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition, by Mr Hale. Herein we find that the frontier between that territory and California is most probably formed by the Saintskla, Umkwa, and Lutuami languages, the Saintskla being spoken on the sea-coast, the Umkwa lying to the east of it, and the Lutuami east of the Umkwa. All three, in the present state of our knowledge, belong to different philological divisions. It is unnecessary to add, that each tongue covers but a small geographical area.

The Paduca area extends in a south-eastern direction in such a manner as to lap round the greater part of California and New Mexico, to enclose both of those areas, and to prolong itself into Texas; and that so far southwards as almost to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, except at the south and the north-west, the Californian languages (and indeed the New Mexican as well) are cut off and isolated from the other tongues of America by means of this remarkable extension of the Paducas. The Paduca tongues dip into each of these countries as well as lap round them. It is convenient to begin with a Paduca language.

The _Wihinast_ is, perhaps, an Oregon rather than a Californian language; though at the same time it is probably common to the two countries. It can be shown to be Paduca by its vocabulary in Mr. Hale's work, the Shoshoni being the language to which it comes nearest; indeed Mr. Gallatin calls the Wihinast the Western Shoshoni. Due east of the Wihinast come the Bonak Indians, currently believed to be Paduca, but still requiring the evidence of a vocabulary to prove them so.

The true Shoshoni succeed; and these are, probably, Oregon rather than Californian. At any rate, their language falls within the study of the former country. But the Uta Lake is truly a part of the great Californian basin, and the Uta language is known to us from a vocabulary, and known to be Paduca:

ENGLISH. UTA[36] COMANCH[37]

_sun_ tap taharp.
_moon_ mahtots mush.
_star_ quahlantz táarch.
_man_ tooonpayah tooavishchee.
_woman_ naijah wyapee.
_boy_ ahpats tooanickpee.
_girl_ mahmats wyapeechee.
_head_ tuts páaph.
_forehead_ muttock ----
_face_ kooelp koveh.
_eye_ puttyshoe nachich.
_nose_ mahvetah moopee.
_mouth_ timp teppa.
_teeth_ tong tahnee.
_tongue_ ahoh ahako.
_chin_ hannockquell ----
_ear_ nink nahark.
_hair_ suooh parpee.
_neck_ kolph toyock.
_arm_ pooir mowa.
_hand_ masseer mowa.
_breast_ pay toko.
_foot_ namp nahap.
_horse_ kahvah teheyar.
_serpent_ toeweroe noheer.
_dog_ sahreets shardee.
_cat_ moosah ----
_fire_ coon koona.
_food_ oof ----
_water_ pah pahar.

[Footnote 36: Reports of the Secretary of War, with Reconnaissances of route from San Antonio to El Paso. Washington, 1850. (Appendix B.)]

[Footnote 37: From a Nauni Vocabulary, by R. S. Neighbour; Schoolcraft's History, &c., Pt. ii.]

The Uta being thus shown to be Paduca, the evidence in favour of other tribes in their neighbourhood being Paduca also is improved. Thus--

The Diggers are generally placed in the same category with the Bonaks, and sometimes considered as Bonaks under another name.

The Sampiches, lying south of the Uta, are similarly considered Uta. Special vocabularies, however, are wanting.

The Uta carry us from the circumference of the great basin to an angle formed by the western watershed of the Rio Grande and the rivers Colorado and Gila; and the language that comes next is that of the Navahos. Of these, the Jecorillas of New Mexico are a branch. We have vocabularies of each of these dialects tabulated with that of the Uta and collected by the same inquirer.

Mr. Hale, in the "Philology" of the United States Exploring Expedition, showed that the Tlatskanai and Umkwa were outlying languages of the great Athabaskan family.

It has since been shown by Professor Turner that certain Apatch languages are in the same interesting and important class, of which Apatch languages the Navaho and Jecorilla are two.

Now follows a population which has stimulated the attention and excited the wonder of ethnologists--the Moqui. The Moqui are they who, occupants of some of the more favoured parts of the country between the Gila and Colorado, have so often been contrasted with the ruder tribes around them--the Navaho and Uta in particular. The Moqui, too, are they whose ethnological relations have been looked for in the direction of Mexico and the semi-civilized Indians of Central America. Large towns, regular streets, stone buildings, white skins, and European beards have all been attributed to these mysterious Moqui. They seem, however, to be simply Indians whose civilization is that of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. The same table that gives us the Uta and Navaho vocabularies, gives us a Moqui one also. In this, about eight words in twenty-one are Uta.

Languages allied to the Uta, the Navaho, and the Moqui, may or may not fill up nine-tenths of what an Indian would call the Doab, or a Portuguese the Entre Rios, _i. e._ the parts between the two rivers Gila and Colorado. Great as has been the activity of the American surveyors, the exploration is still incomplete. This makes it convenient to pass at once to the head of the Gulf of California. A fresh language now presents itself, spoken at the head of the peninsula (or Acte) of _Old_ California. The vocabulary that has longest represented this tongue is that of the Mission of Saint Diego on the Pacific; but the language itself, extended across the head of the _Acte_, reaches the mouth of the Colorado, and is prolonged, to some distance at least, beyond the junction of the Gila.

Of the Dieguno language--for such seems to be the Spanish name for it--Dr. Coulter has given one vocabulary, and Lieut. Whipple (U. S. A.) another. The first is to be found in the Journal of the Geographical Society, the second is the second part of Schoolcraft's "History, &c. of Indian Tribes." A short but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory, of the language of the Cocomaricopas Indians, was known to Gallatin. This is closely allied to the Dieguno.

A Paternoster in Mofras belongs to the Mission of San Diego. It has not been collated with the vocabularies, which are, probably, too scanty to give definite results; there is no reason, however, to doubt its accuracy:--

Nagua anall amai tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca amaibo, mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau naguagui ñañacachon ñaguin ñipil meñeque pachís echeyuchap oñagua quexuíc ñaguaich ñacaquaihpo ñamechamec anipuchuch-guelichcuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlich-cuíatpo-ñamat. Napuija.

A _third_ branch, however, of this division, constituted by a language called the Cuchañ, of which a specimen is given by Lieut. Whipple (_vide supra_), is still nearer to the latter of those two forms of speech.

There can be but little doubt that a combination of sounds expressed by the letters _t'hl_ in the Dieguno tongue, represents the sound of the Mexican _tl_; a sound of which the distribution has long drawn the attention of investigators. Common in the languages of Mexican, common in the languages of the northern parts of Oregon, sought for amongst the languages of Siberia, it here appears--whatever may be its value as a characteristic--as Californian. The names of the Indians whose language is represented by the specimens just given are not ascertained with absolute exactitude. Mofras mentions the Yumas and Amaquaquas.

The Mission of San Luis _Rey de Francia_ (to be distinguished from that of San Luis _Obispo_) comes next as we proceed northwards.

Between 33-1/2° and 34°, a new language makes its appearance. This is represented by four vocabularies, two of which take the designation from the name of the tribe, and two from the Mission in which it is spoken. Thus, the Netela language of the United States Exploring Expedition is the same as the San Juan Capistrano of Dr. Coulter, and the San Gabriel of Dr. Coulter the same as the Kij of the United States Exploring Expedition.

The exact relation of these two languages to each other is somewhat uncertain. They are certainly languages of the same group, if not dialects of the same language. In the case of _r_ and _l_, a regular letter-change exists between them. Thus Dr. Coulter's tables give us

ENGLISH. SAN GABRIEL. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO.

_moon_ muarr mioil.
_water_ paara pal.
_earth_ ungkhur ekhel.
_salt_ ungurr engel.
_hot_ oro khalek.

whilst in the United States Exploring Expedition we find--

ENGLISH. KIJ. NETELA.

_moon_ moar moil.
_star_ suot suol.
_water_ bar pal.
_bear_ humar hunot.

Of these forms of speech the San Gabriel or Kij is the more northern; the San Juan Capistrano or Netela being the nearest to the Dieguno localities. The difference between the two groups is pretty palpable. The San Gabriel and San Juan numerals of Mofras represent the Netela-Kij language.

It is remarked in Gallatin's paper that there were certain coincidences between the Netela and the Shoshoni. There is no doubt as to the existence of a _certain amount_ of likeness between the two languages.

Jujubit, Caqullas, and Sibapot are the names of San Gabriel tribes mentioned by Mofras. The Paternoster of the three last-named missions are as follows:--

_Langue de la Mission de San Gabriel._--Y Yonac y yogin tucu pugnaisa sujucoy motuanian masarmí magin tucupra maīmanó muísme milléosar y ya tucupar jiman bxi y yoné masaxmí mitema coy aboxmi y yo mamaínatar momojaích milli y yakma abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxmea main itan momosaích coy jama juexme huememes aích. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Mission de San Juan Capistrano._--Chana ech tupana ave onench, otune a cuachin, chame om reino, libi yb chosonec esna tupana cham nechetepe, micate tom cha chaom, pepsum yg cai caychame y i julugcalme cai ech. Depupnn opco chame chum oyote. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Mission de San Luiz Rey de Francia._--Cham na cham meg tu panga auc onan mo quiz cham to qai ha cua che nag omreina h vi hiche ca noc ybá heg gá y vi an qui gá topanga. Cham na cholane mim cha pan pitu mag ma jan pohi cala cai qui cha me holloto gai tom chama o gui chag cay ne che cal me tus so lli olo calme alla linoc chame cham cho sivo. Amen. Jésus.

The following is the Paternoster of the Mission of San Fernando. It is taken from Mofras:--

Y yorac yona taray tucúpuma sagoucó motoanian majarmi moin main monó muismi miojor y iactucupar. Pan yyogin gimiarnerin majarmi mi fema coyó ogorná yio mamarimy mii, yiarmá ogonug y yoná, y yo ocaynen coijarmea main ytomo mojay coiyamá huermí. Parima.

The Mission of San Fernando lies between that of San Gabriel and Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara's channel (between 34° and 34-1/2° N. L.) runs between the mainland and some small islands. From these parts we have two vocabularies, Revely's and Dr. Coulter's. The former is known to me only through the Mithridates, and has only three words that can be compared with the other:--

ENGLISH. REVELY'S. COULTER'S.

_one_ pacà paka.
_two_ excò shko_ho_.
_three_ mapja _ma_sekh.

The Mission of Santa Ines lies between that of Santa Barbara and that of San Luis Obispo, in 35-2/3 N. L.; which last supplies a vocabulary, one of Dr. Coulter's:--

ENGLISH. SAN LUIS OBISPO. SANTA BARBARA.

_water_ to oh.
_stone_ tkeup kheup.
_three_ misha masekh.
_bow_ takha akha.
_salt_ tepu tipi.

This is the amount of likeness between the two forms of speech--greater than that between the Netela and Dieguno, but less than that between the Netela and Kij.

Dr. Coulter gives us a vocabulary for the Mission of San Antonio, and the United States Exploring Expedition one from San Miguel, the latter being very short:

ENGLISH. SAN MIGUEL.

_man_ luai, loai, logua.
_woman_ tlene.
_father_ tata.
_mother_ apai.
_son_ paser, pasel.
_daughter_ paser, pasel.
_head_ to-buko.
_hair_ te-asakho.
_ears_ te-n-tkhito.
_nose_ te-n-ento.
_eyes_ t-r-ugento.
_mouth_ t-r-eliko (lak-um, _St. Raph._)

With the San Antonio it has six words in common, of which two coincide: _e. g._ in San Antonio _man_ = _luah_, _mother_ = _epjo_. Besides which, the combination _tr_, and the preponderance of initials in _t_, are common to the two vocabularies. San Antonio is spoken about 36-1/2° N. L. The numerals, too, are very similar, since the _ki_-and _ka_-in the San Antonio numeration for _one_, _two_, seems non-radical:--

ENGLISH. SAN MIGUEL. SAN ANTONIO.

_one_ tohi ki-tol.
_two_ kugsu ka-kishe.
_three_ tlubahi klap'hai.
_four_ kesa kisha.
_five_ oldrato ultraoh.
_six_ paiate painel.
_seven_ tepa te'h.
_eight_ sratel shaanel.
_nine_ tedi-trup teta-tsoi.
_ten_ trupa tsoeh.

It is safe to say that these two vocabularies represent one and the same language.

About fifty miles to the north-west of St. Miguel lies La Soledad, for which we have a short vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:--

ENGLISH. LA SOLEDAD.

_man_ mue.
_woman_ shurishme.
_father_ ni-ka-pa.
_mother_ ni-ka-na.
_son_ ni-ki-nish.
_daughter_ ni-ka
_head_ tsop.
_hair_ worokh.
_ears_ otsho.
_nose_ us (oos, _Castano_).
_eyes_ hiin (hin, _Talatui_).
_mouth_ hai.

The word _nika_, which alone denotes _daughter_, makes the power of the syllabic _ka_ doubtful. Nevertheless, it is probably non-radical. In ni-k_i_-n_i_sh, as opposed to ni-k_a_-n_a_, we have an apparent accommodation (_umlaut_); a phenomenon not wholly strange to the American form of speech.

Is this the only language of these parts? Probably not. The numerals of language from this Mission are given by Mofras, and the difference between them and those of Mr. Hale is as follows:--

ENGLISH. MOFRAS SOL. HALE'S SOL.

_one_ enkala himitna.
_two_ oultes utshe.
_three_ kappes kap-kha.
_four_ oultezim utjit.
_five_ haliizon paruash.
_six_ hali-skakem iminuksha.
_seven_ kapka-mai uduksha.
_eight_ oulton-mai taitemi.
_nine_ pakke watso.
_ten_ tam-chakt matsoso.

There is some affinity, but it is not so close as one in another quarter; _i. e._ one with the Achastli and Ruslen.

Between 36° and 37° N. L. lies the town of Monterey. For this neighbourhood we have the Ruslen east, and the Eslen west, the latter being called also Ecclemachs. Bourgoing and De La Manon are the authorities for the scanty vocabularies of these two forms of speech, to which is added one of the Achastli. The Achastli, the Ruslen, and the Soledad of Mofras seem to represent one and the same language. The converse, however, does not hold good, _i. e._ the Soledad of Hale is not the Eslenes of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon. This gives us four languages for these parts:--

1. The one represented by the San Miguel and San Antonio vocabulary.

2. The one represented by the Soledad of Hale.

3. The one represented by the Soledad of Mofras, the Achastli of De La Manon, and the Ruslen of Bourgoing.

4. The one represented by the Eslen of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon, and also by a vocabulary yet to be noticed, viz. that of the Mission of Carmel of Mofras.

ENGLISH. CARMEL. ESLEN. SOLEDAD RUSLEN.
(_of Mofras_).

_one_ pek pek enkala enjala.
_two_ oulhaj ulhaj oultes ultis.
_three_ koulep julep kappes kappes.
_four_ kamakous jamajus oultizim ultizim.
_five_ pemakala pemajala haliizon hali-izu.
_six_ pegualanai peguatanoi halishakem hali-shakem.
_seven_ kulukulanai julajualanei kapkamai kapkamai-shakem.
_eight_ kounailepla julep jualanei oultonmai ultumai-shakem.
_nine_ kakouslanai jamajas jualanei pakke packe.
_ten_ tomoila tomoila tamchakt tamchait.

We now approach the parts of California which are best known--the Bay of San Francisco in 38° N. L. For these parts the Mission of Dolores gives us the names of the following populations:--1. Ahwastes. 2. Olhones (Costanos or Coastmen). 3. Altahmos. 4. Romonans. 5. Tulomos.

For the same parts we have vocabularies of four languages which are almost certainly mutually unintelligible. Two are from Baer's _Beiträge_; they were collected during the time of the Russian settlement at Ross. One represents the language of certain Indians called _Olamentke_, the other that of certain Indians called _Khwakhlamayu_. The other two are from the second part of Schoolcraft. One is headed Costano = the language of the Indians of the coast; the other Cushna. The language represented by the Cushna vocabulary can be traced as far inland as the Lower Sacramiento. Here we find the Bush_umni_ (or Pujuni), the Sec_umni_, the Yas_umni_, the Yale_sumni_, the Nemshaw, the Kiski, the Huk, and the Yukae tribes, whose languages, or dialects, are represented by three short vocabularies, collected by Mr. Dana, viz. the Pujuni, the Sekumne, and the Tsamak.

The following extract shows the extent to which these three forms of speech agree and differ:--

ENGLISH. PUJUNI. SEKUMNE. TSAMAK.

_man_ çune mailik mailik.
_woman_ kele kele kule.
_child_ ---- maidumonai ----
_daughter_ ---- eti ----
_head_ tçutçúl tsol tçultçul.
_hair_ oi ono oi.
_ear_ onó bono orro.
_eye_ watça il hil.
_nose_ henka suma ----
_mouth_ moló sim ----
_neck_ tokotók kui kulut.
_arm_ ma wah kalut.
_hand_ tçapai ma tamsult _or_ tamtçut.
_fingers_ tçikikup biti tcikikup.
_leg_ pai podo bimpi.
_foot_ kat_u_p pai pai.
_toe_ ta_p_ biti ----
_house_ hē hē ----
_bow_ ōlumni ---- ----
_arrow_ huiā ---- ----
_shoes_ ---- sol_u_m ----
_beads_ ---- haw_ū_t ----
_sky_ hibi ---- ----
_sun_ oko oko ----
_day_ oko eki ----
_night_ ---- po ----
_fire_ ça sa ça.
_water_ momi, mop mop momi.
_river_ lókolók mumdi munti.
_stone_ o o ----
_tree_ tça tsa ----
_grapes_ ---- muti ----
_deer_ wil kut kut.
_bird_ ---- tsit ----
_fish_ ---- pala ----
_salmon_ mai mai ----
_name_ ---- ianó ----
_good_ huk wenne huk.
_bad_ ---- tçoç maidik.
_old_ ---- hawil ----
_new_ ---- be ----
_sweet_ ---- sudúk ----
_sour_ ---- oho ----
_hasten_ ---- iewa ----
_run_ tshel gewa ----
_walk_ iye wiye ----
_swim_ pi ---- ----
_talk_ wiwina enun ----
_sing_ ---- tsol ----
_dance_ ---- paio ----
_one_ ti wikte ----
_two_ teene pen ----
_three_ shupui sapui ----
_four_ pehel tsi ----
_five_ mustic mauk ----
_six_ tini, o (_sic_) tini, a (_sic_) ----
_seven_ tapui pensi (?) _sic_. ----
_eight_ petshei tapau (?) _sic_. ----
_nine_ matshum mutsum ----
_ten_ tshapanaka aduk ----

On the Kassima River, a tributary of the Sacramiento, about eighty miles from its mouth lives a tribe whose language is called the Talatui, and is represented by a vocabulary of Mr. Dana's. It belongs, as Gallatin has suggested, to the same class with the language of San Raphael, as given in a vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:--

ENGLISH. TALATUI. SAN RAPHAEL.

_man_ sawe lamantiya.
_woman_ esuu kulaish.
_father_ tata api.
_daughter_ tele ai.
_head_ tikit molu.
_ear_ _alok_ _alokh_.
_eye_ wilai shuta.
_nose_ _uk_ _huke_.
_mouth_ hube lakum.
_hand_ _iku_ _akue_.
_foot_ subei koio.
_sun_ _hi_ _hi_.
_day_ _hi_ umu _hi_.
_night_ ka-_wil_ _wal_ay uta.
_fire_ _wike_ _waik_.
_water_ _kik_ _kiik_.
_stone_ sawa lupoii.
_bird_ lune, ti kakalis.
_house_ _kodja_ _koitaya_.
_one_ _kenate_ _kenai_.
_two_ _oyo_-ko _oza_.
_three_ _teli_-ko _tula_-ka.
_four_ oiçu-ko wiag.
_five_ kassa-ko kenekus.
_six_ temebo patirak.
_seven_ kanikuk (?) _sic_ semlawi.
_eight_ kauinda wusuya.
_nine_ ooi umarask.
_ten_ ekuye kitshish.

North of San Francisco, at least along the coast, we have no vocabularies of any language undoubtedly and exclusively Californian. Thus, the Lutuami, the Shasti and Palaik are, in all probability, common to California and Oregon. Of each of these languages Mr. Hale has given us a vocabulary. The Lutuami live on the headwaters of the river and lake Tlamatl, or Clamet, conterminous on the south-east with the Palaiks, and on the south-west with the Shasti. The affinity between the Palaik and Lutuami seems to be somewhat greater than that between the Lutuami and Shasti.

And now we have gone _round_ California; for, conterminous, on the east, with the Lutuami and Shasti are the Wihinast and Paduca with whom we began, and it is only by the comparatively narrow strip of country occupied by the three tribes just enumerated that the great Paduca area is separated from the Pacific. How far the Shasti and Palaik areas extend in the direction of the head-waters of the Sacramiento is uncertain. A separate language, however, seems to be represented by a vocabulary, collected by Mr. Dana from the Indians who lie about 250 miles from its mouth. From the Lutuami, the Shasti, the Palaik, and Jakon, northwards, and from the Pujuni, Talatui and other dialects lower down the river, it seems distinct. It is just more like the Jakon than any other form of speech equally distant. Neither is it Shoshoni:--

ENGL. U. SACR.

_sun_ sas.
_fire_ po.
_water_ meim. momi _Puj._ _Tsam._ mop _Sek._
_hair_ to-moi.
_eye_ tu-mut.
_arm_ keole.
_finger_ tsemut. tamtçut = hand _Tsam._
_leg_ tole. kolo _Talat._
_foot_ ktamoso.
_knee_ huiuk.
_deer_ nop.
_salmon_ monok.
_nose_ tsono. tusina _Jakon_. suma _Sek._
_mouth_ kal. khai _Jakon_. hai _Soledad_.
_chin_ kentikut.
_forehead_ tei.
_knife_ kelekele.
_iron_ kelekele.
_grape_ uyulu.
_rush_ tso.
_eat_ ba, bas.
_see_ wila.
_go_ hara.

Slight as is this preponderance of affinity with the Jakon, it is not to be ignored altogether. The displacements between the two areas have been considerable and though the names of as many as five intermediate tribes are known, we have no specimens of their languages. These tribes are--

1. The Kaus, between the rivers Umkwa and Clamet, and consequently not far from the head-waters of the Sacramiento.

2. 3. The Tsalel and Killiwashat, on the Umkwa.

4. The Saintskla between these and the Jakon, the Jakon being between the Tlatskanai and Umkwa.

Now as these last are Athabaskan, there must have been displacement. But there are further proofs. North of the isolated and apparently intrusive Tlatskanai lie the Nsietshawus--isolated and apparently intrusive also; since they belong to the great Atna stock of Frazer's River.

The Jakon, then, and the Indians of the Upper Sacramiento may belong to the same stock--a stock which will be continuous in its area in case intermediate tribes prove referable to it, and interrupted in its area if they do not. At any rate, the _direction_ of the Jakons is important.

The following Paternosters from Mofras, referable to the parts about San Francisco, require fixing. They can probably be distributed among the languages ascribed to that district--not, however, by the present writer:--

_Langue de la Mission de Santa Clara._--Appa macréne mé saura saraahtiga elecpuhmem imragat, sacan macréne mensaraah assuevy nouman ourun macari pireca numa ban saraahiga poluma macréne souhaii naltis anat macréne neéna, ia annanet macréne meena, ia annanet macréne macrec équetr maccari noumbasi macro annan, non maroté jessember macréne in eckoué tamouniri innam tattahné, icatrarca oniet macréne equets naccaritkoun och á Jésus.

_Langue de la Mission de Santa Ines._--Dios caquicoco upalequen alapa, quiaenicho opte; paquininigug quique eccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup caneche alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisahue. Picsiyug equepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, canechequique quisagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug peux hoyug quie utie lex ulechop santequiyung ilautechop. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Vallée de Los Tulares._--Appa macquen erignimo, tasunimac emracat, jinnin eccey macquen unisínmac macquen quitti éné soteyma erinigmo: sumimac macquen hamjamú jinnan guara ayei; sunnun maquen quit ti enesunumac ayacma; aquectsem unisimtac nininti equetmini: junná macquen equetmini em men.

_Langue Giuluco de la Mission de San Francisco._--Allá-igamé mutryocusé mi zahuá on mi yahuatail cha usqui etra shon mur tzecali Ziam pac onjinta mul zhaiíge Nasoyate chelegua mul znatzoitze tzecali zicmatan zchütülaa chalehua mesqui pihuatzite yteima omahuá. Emqui. Jesus.

_Langue Chocouyem du Rio del Sacramento._--Api maco su lileco ma nénas mi aués omai mácono mi taucuchs oyópa mi tauco chaquenit opú neyatto chequenit opu liletto. Tu maco muye genum ji naya macono sucuji sulia mácono mácocte, chaue mat opu ma suli mayaco. Macoi yangia ume omutto, ulémi mácono omu incapo. Nette esa Jesus.

_Langue Joukiousmé de la Mission de San Raphael._--Api maco sa líleto manénas mi dues onía mácono michauka oiopa mitauka chakenit opu negata chàkenit opu lilèto, tumako muye quenunje naya macono sucuji snlia macóno masojte chake mat opu ma suli mayaco maco yangìa ume omut ulemi macono omu in capo. Netenti Jesus.

The numerals given by Mofras are as follows:--

SAN LUIS SAN JUAN
ENGL. (OBISPO). CAPISTRANO. SAN GABRIEL.
_one_ tchoumou soupouhe poukou.
_two_ eschiou houah guèpé.
_three_ micha paai pagi.
_four_ paksi houasah quatcha.
_five_ tizeoui maha makai.
_six_ ksoukouia pomkalilo pabai.
_seven_ ksouamiche chouchoui quachacabia.
_eight_ scomo ouasa-kabia quequacha.
_nine_ scoumo-tchi ouasa-maha majai-cayia.
_ten_ touymile ouikinmaha quejemajai.

ADDENDUM.--(Oct. 14, 1853.)

Since the previous paper was read, "Observations on some of the Indian dialects of Northern California, by G. Gibbs," have appeared in the 3rd Part of Schoolcraft (published 1853) (_vide_ pp. 420-445).

The vocabularies, which are given in a tabulated form, are for the following twelve languages:--

1. Tchokoyem. 2. Copeh. 3. Kulanapo. 4. Yukai. 5. Choweshak. 6. Batemdakaiee. 7. Weeyot. 8. Wishok. 9. Weitspek. 10. Hoopah. 11. Tahlewah. 12. Ehnek.

Besides which three others have been collected, but do not appear in print, viz.:--

1. The Watsa-he-wa,--spoken by one of the bands of the Shasti family.

2. The Howteteoh.

3. The Nabittse.

Of these the Tchokoyem = the _Chocouyem_ of the Sacramiento, and the _Joukiousme_ or San Raphael of Mofras; also Gallatin's San Raphael, and (more or less) the Talatui.

The Copeh is something (though less) like the short Upper Sacramiento specimen of the preceding paper.

The Yukai is, perhaps, less like the Pujuni, Sekume, and Tsamak vocabularies than the Copeh is to the Upper Sacramiento. Still, it probably belongs to the same class, since it will be seen that the Huk and Yukai languages are members of the group that Mr. Dana's lists represent. The Kulanapo has a clear preponderance of affinities with the Yukae.

The Choweshak and Batemdakaiee are allied. So are--

The Weeyot and the Wishok; in each of which the sound expressed by _tl'_ occurs. These along with the Weitspek take _m_ as the possessive prefix to the parts of the human body, and have other points of similarity.

ENGLISH. WEEYOT. WISHOK.

_hair_ pah'tl paht'l.
_foot_ welhh'tl wehlihl.

The Hoopah is more interesting than any. The names of the parts of the human body, when compared with the Navaho and Jecorilla, are as follows:--

ENGLISH. HOOPAH. NAVAHO. JECORILLA.

_head_ okheh hut-se it-se.
_forehead_ hotsintah hut-tah pin-nay.
_face_ haunith hun-ne ----
_eye_ huanah hunnah pindah.
_nose_ huntchu hutchin witchess.
_teeth_ howwa howgo egho.
_tongue_ sastha hotso ezahte.
_ear_ hotcheweh hutchah wickyah.
_hair_ tsewok hotse itse.
_neck_ hosewatl huckquoss wickcost.
_arm_ hoithlani hutcon witse.
_hand_ hollah hullah wislah.

Here the initial combination of _h_ and some other letter is (after the manner of so many American tongues) the possessive pronoun--alike in both the Navaho and Hoopah; many of the roots being also alike. Now the Navaho and Jecorilla are Athabaskan, and the Hoopah is probably Athabaskan also.

The Tahlewah and Ehnek are but little like each other, and little like any other language.

Although not connected with the languages of California, there is a specimen in the volume before us of a form of speech which has been already noticed in these Transactions, and which is by no means clearly defined. In the 28th Number, a vocabulary of the _Ahnenin_ language is shown to be the same as that of the _Fall-Indians_ of Umfreville. In Gallatin this _Ahnenin_ vocabulary is quoted as _Arapaho_, or _Atsina_. Now it is specially stated that these _Arapaho_ or _Atsina_ Indians are those who are also (though inconveniently or erroneously) called the _Gros Ventres_, the _Big Bellies_ and the _Minitares_ of the Prairie--all names for the Indians about the Falls of the Saskachewan, and consequently of Indians far north.

But this was only one of the populations named Arapaho. Other Arapahos are found on the head-waters of the Platte and Arkansas. Who were these? Gallatin connected them at once with those of the Saskachewan--but it is doubtful whether he went on better grounds than the name. A vocabulary was wanted.

The volume in question supplies one--collected by Mr. J. S. Smith. It shows that the two Arapahos are really members of one and the same class--in language as well as in name.

Upon the name itself more light requires to be thrown. In an alphabetical list of Indian populations in the same volume with the vocabulary, from which we learn that the new specimen is one of the _southern_ (and not the _northern_) Arapaho, it is stated that the word means "_pricked_" or "_tattooed_." In what language? Perhaps in that of the Arapaho themselves; perhaps in that of the Sioux--since it is a population of the Sioux class which is in contact with _both_ the Arapahos.

Again--if the name be native, which of the two divisions uses it? the northern or the southern? or both? If both use it, how comes the synonym Ahnenin? How, too, comes the form _Atsina_? Is it a typographical error? The present writer used the same MS. with Gallatin and found the name to be _Ahnenin_.

To throw the two Arapahos into one and the same class is only one step in our classification. Can they be referred to any wider and more general division? A Shyenne vocabulary is to be found in the same table; and Schoolcraft remarks that the two languages are allied. So they are. Now reasons have been given for placing the Shyenne in the great Algonkin class (_Philolog. Trans., and Transactions of the American Ethnological Society_, vol. ii. p. cxi.).

There are similar affinities with the _Blackfoot_. Now, in the paper of these Transactions already referred to, it is stated that the affinities of the Blackfoot "are miscellaneous; more, however, with the Algonkin tongues than with those of any recognized group[38]." Gallatin takes the same view (_Transactions of American Ethnol. Soc._ vol. ii. p. cxiii.).

[Footnote 38: No. 28. vol. ii. p. 34. Jan. 24, 1845.]

This gives as recent additions to the class in question, the Blackfoot--the Shyenne--the Arapaho.

The southern Arapaho are immigrants, rather than _indigenæ_, in their present localities. So are the Shyennes, with whom they are conterminous.

The original locality of the southern Arapahos was on the Saskachewan; that of the Shyennes on the Red River. Hence, the affinity between their tongues represents an affinity arising out of their relations anterior to their migration southward.

ON CERTAIN ADDITIONS TO THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL
PHILOLOGY OF CENTRAL
AMERICA, WITH REMARKS UPON THE
SO-CALLED ASTEK CONQUEST
OF MEXICO.

READ
BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MAY 12, 1854.

In Central America we have two points for which our philological _data_ have lately received additions, viz. the parts about the Lake Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Darien.

For the parts about the Lake of Nicaragua, the chief authority is Mr. Squier; a writer with whom we differ in certain points, but, nevertheless, a writer who has given us both materials and results of great value. The languages represented, for the first time, by his vocabularies are four in number, of which three are wholly new, whilst one gives us a phenomenon scarcely less important than an absolutely fresh form of speech; viz. the proof of the occurrence of a known language in a new, though not unsuspected, locality.

To these four a fifth may be added; but; as that is one already illustrated by the researches of Henderson, Cotheal and others, it does not come under the category of new material. This language is that of the

_Indians of the Mosquito coast._--Respecting these Mr. Squier commits himself to the doctrine that they are more or less Carib. They may be this in physiognomy. They may also be so in respect to their civilization, or want of civilization; and perhaps this is all that is meant, the words of our author being, that "upon the low alluvions, and amongst the dense dank forests of the Atlantic coast, there exist a few scanty, wandering tribes, maintaining a precarious existence by hunting and fishing, with little or no agriculture, destitute of civil organization, with a debased religion, and generally corresponding with the Caribs of the islands, to whom they sustain close affinities. A portion of their descendants, still further debased by the introduction of negro blood, may still be found in the wretched Moscos or Mosquitos. The few and scattered Melchoras, on the river St. Juan, are certainly of Carib stock, and it is more than probable that the same is true of the Woolwas, Ramas, Toacas, and Poyas, and also of the other tribes on the Atlantic coast, further to the southward, towards Chiriqui Lagoon, and collectively denominated Bravos."--_Central America and Nicaragua_, ii. pp. 308-309.

Nevertheless, as has been already stated, the language is other than Carib. It is other than Carib, whether we look to the Moskito or the Woolwa vocabularies. It is other than Carib, and admitted by Mr. Squier to be so. The previous extract has given us his opinion; what follows supports it by his reasons. "I have said that the Indians of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua, the Moscos and others, were probably of Carib stock. This opinion is founded not only upon the express statements of Herrara, who says that 'the Carib tongue was much spoken in Nicaragua,' but also upon their general appearance, habits and modes of life. Their language does not appear to have any direct relationship with that of the Southern Caribs, but is, probably, the same, or a dialect of the same with that spoken around what is now called Chiriqui Lagoon, near the Isthmus of Panama, and which was originally called Chiribiri or Chraibici, from which comes Gomera's Caribici, or Carib." In a note we learn that "thirteen leagues from the Gulf of Nicoya, Oviedo speaks of a village called Carabizi, where the same language was spoken as at Chiriqui," &c.

Of the Melchora we have no specimens. For each and every tribe, extant or extinct, of the Indians about the Chiriqui Lagoon we want them also. The known vocabularies, however, for the parts nearest that locality are other than Carib.

Let us, however, look further, and we shall find good reasons for believing that certain populations of the parts in question are called, by the Spaniards of their neighbourhood, Caribs, much in the same way that they, along with nine-tenths of the other aborigines of America, are called _Indians_ by us. "The region of Chantales," writes Mr. Squier, "was visited by my friend Mr. Julius Froebel, in the summer of this year (1851). He penetrated to the head-waters of the Rio Mico, Escondido, or Blue-fields, where he found the Indians to be agriculturalists, partially civilized, and generally speaking the Spanish language. They are called Caribs by their Spanish neighbours," &c. But their language, of which Mr. Froebel collected a vocabulary, published by Mr. Squier, is, like the rest, _other than Carib_.

It may, then, safely be said, that the Carib character of the Moskito Indians, &c. wants confirmation.

_Nicaragua._ A real addition to our knowledge is supplied by M. Squier concerning the Nicaraguans. The statement of Oviedo as to the tribes between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific, along with the occupants of the islands in the lake itself, being _Mexican_ rather than indigenous, he confirms. He may be said to prove it; since he brings specimens of the language (_Niquiran_, as he calls it), which is as truly Mexican as the language of Sydney or New York is English.

The Mexican character of the Nicaraguan language is a definite addition to ethnographical philology. It may now be considered as settled, that one of the languages of the parts under notice is intrusive, and foreign to its present locality.

The remaining vocabularies represent four indigenous forms of speech; these (three of them of Mr. Squier's own earliest publication, and one known before) being--

1. The Chorotegan or Dirian of Squier--This was collected by the author from the Indians of Masaya, on the northern frontier of the Niquiran, Nicaraguan, Mexican or Astek area.

2. The Nagrandan of Squier--This was collected by the author from the Indians of Subtiaba, in the plain of Leon, to the _north_ of the Niquiran or Mexican area.

3. The Chontales, or Woolwa, of Froebel; Chontal being the name of the district, Woolwa, of the tribe.

4. The Mosquito (or Waikna) of the coast.

To these four indigenous tongues (the Mexican of Nicaragua being dealt with as a foreign tongue), what have we to say in the way of classification?

It is safe to say that the Nagrandan, Dirian, and Woolwa, are more like each other than they are to the Mosca, Mosquito, or Waikna. And this is important, since, when Froebel collected the Woolwa vocabulary, he found a tradition of their having come originally from the shores of Lake Managua; this being a portion of the Dirian and Nagrandan area. If so; the classification would be,--

_a._ Dirian, Nagrandan, and Chontal, or Woolwa (Wúlwa)

_b._ Mosquito, or Waikna.

The value of these two divisions is, of course, uncertain; and, in the present state of our knowledge, it would be premature to define it. Equally uncertain is the value of the subdivisions of the first class. All that can be said is, that out of four mutually unintelligible tongues, three seem rather more allied to each other than the fourth.

Besides the vocabulary of the Nagrandan of Mr. Squier, there is a grammatical sketch by Col. Francesco Diaz Zapata.

_Veragua_--We pass now from the researches of Mr. Squier in Nicaragua to those of Mr. B. Seemann, Naturalist to the Herald, for the Isthmus of Panama. The statement of Colonel Galindo, in the Journal of the Geographical Society, that the native Indian languages of Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, and Costarica, had been replaced by the Spanish, has too implicitly been adopted; by no one, however, more so than the present writer. The same applies to Veragua.

Here, Dr. Seemann has supplied:--

1. The Savaneric, from the northernmost part of Veragua.

2. The Bayano, from the river Chepo.

3. The Cholo, widely spread in New Grenada. This is the same as Dr. Cullen's Yule.

Specimens of the San Blas, or Manzanillo Indians, are still desiderated, it being specially stated that the number of tribes is not less than four, and the four languages belonging to them as different.

All that can at present be said of the specimens before us is, that they have miscellaneous, but no exact and definite affinities.

_Mexicans of Nicaragua._ From the notice of these additions to our _data_ for Central America in the way of raw material, we proceed to certain speculations suggested by the presence of the Mexicans of Nicaragua in a locality so far south of the city of Mexico as the banks and islands of the lake of that name.

First as to their designation. It is not _Astek_ (or _Asteca_), as was that of the allied tribes of Mexico. Was it native, or was it only the name which their neighbours gave them? Was it a word like _Deutsch_ (applied to the population of Westphalia, Oldenburg, the Rhine districts, &c.), or a word like _German_ and _Allemand_? Upon this point no opinion is hazarded.

Respecting, however, the word _Astek_ (_Asteca_) itself, the present writer commits himself to the doctrine that it was _no_ native name at all, and that it was a word belonging to the _Maya_, and foreign to the Mexican, class of languages. It was as foreign to the latter as _Welsh_ is to the language of the British Principality; as _German_ or _Allemagne_ to the High and Low Dutch forms of speech; as _barbarus_ to the languages in contact with the Latin and Greek, but not themselves either one or the other.

On the other hand, it was a Maya word, in the way that _Welsh_ and _German_ are English, and in the way that _Allemand_ is a French one.

It was a word belonging to the country into which the Mexicans intruded, and to the populations upon which they encroached. These called their invaders _Asteca_, just as the Scotch Gael calls an Englishman, a _Saxon_.

_a._ The form is Maya, the termination-_eca_ being common whereever any form of the Maya speech is to be found.

_b._ It is too like the word _Huasteca_ to be accidental. Now, _Huasteca_ is the name of a language spoken in the parts about Tampico; a language separated in respect to its geographical position from the other branches of the Maya family, (for which Guatemala and Yucatan are the chief localities) but not separated (as is indicated in the _Mithridates_) from these same Maya tongues philologically. Hence _Huasteca_ is a Maya word; and what _Huasteca_ is, _Asteca_ is likely to be.

The isolation of the _Huasteca_ branch of the Maya family indicates invasion, encroachment, conquest, displacement; the invaders, &c. being the Mexicans, called by themselves by some name hitherto undetermined, but by the older occupants of the country, _Astek_.

It is believed, too, though this is more or less of an _obiter dictum_, that nine-tenths of the so-called Mexican civilization, as indicated by its architecture, &c., was Maya, _i. e._ was referable to the old occupants rather than to the new invaders; standing in the same relation to that of the Mexicans, strictly speaking, as that of Italy did to that of the Goths and Lombards.

Whence came these invaders? The evidence of the _phonetic_ part of the language points to the parts about Quadra and Vancouver's Island, and to the populations of the Upper Oregon--populations like the Chinuk, the Salish, the Atna, &c. Here, for the first time, we meet with languages where the peculiar phonesis of the Mexican language, the preponderance of the sound expressed by _tl_, reappears. For all the intermediate parts, with one or two exceptions, the character of the phonesis is Maya, _i. e._ soft, vocalic, and marked by the absence of those harsh elements that characterize the Mexican, the Chinuk, and the Atna equally. The extent to which the glossarial evidence agrees with the phonetic has yet to be investigated, the doctrine here indicated being a suggestion rather than aught else.

So is the doctrine that both the Nicaraguan and Mexican invasions were _maritime_. Strange as this may sound in the case of an ordinary American population, it should not do so in the case of a population deduced from the Chinuk and Salish areas and from the archipelago to the north of Quadra's and Vancouver's Island. However, it is not the fact itself that is of so much value. The principle involved in its investigation is weightier. This is, that the distribution of an allied population, _along a coast_, _and at intervals_, is _primâ facie_ evidence of the ocean having been the path along which they moved.

NOTE (1859).

For exceptions to the doctrine here suggested see Notes on the last paper.

NOTE UPON A PAPER OF THE
HONOURABLE CAPTAIN FITZROY'S ON
THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA,

PUBLISHED
IN THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL
GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

NOVEMBER 25. 1850.

_On the Language of Central America._

In Yucatan the structure and details of the language are sufficiently known, and so are the ethnological affinities of the tribes who speak it. This language is the Maya tongue, and its immediate relations are with the dialects of Guatemala. It is also allied to the Huasteca spoken so far N. as the Texian frontier, and separated from the other Maya tongues by dialects of the Totonaca and Mexican. This remarkable relationship was known to the writers of the Mithridates.

In South America the language begins to be known when we reach the equator; _e. g._ at Quito the Inca language of the Peruvian begins, and extends as far south as the frontier of Chili.

So much for the extreme points; between which the whole, intermediate space is very nearly a _terra incognita_.

In Honduras, according to Colonel Galindo, the Indians are extinct; and as no specimen of their language has been preserved from the time of their existence as a people, that state is a blank in philology.

So also are San Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica; in all of which there are native Indians, but native Indians who speak Spanish. Whether this implies the absolute extinction of the native tongue is uncertain: it is only certain that no specimens of it are known.