Chapter IX: Preface (9)

_The Manillas._--The Isola de Negros testifies its population by its name. Hervas calls it the Papua of the Philippines. In Panay are the blackest of the Philippine Negritos. Rienzi would term them Melanopygmæi. In Bohol, Leyté and Samar, there are Negritos (Lafond Lurcy, ii. 182.); also in Cayagan (Lafond Lurcy, ii. 182.); also in Capul or Abac (Hervas). For the two main islands there are,--1st. In Mindanao, two wild tribes inhabiting the interior, the Bantschilen and the Hillunas. The proof of these two tribes being Negrito is the strongest for the Hillunas. They are the Negros del Monte of the Spaniards (Hervas, Catalogo delle Lingue; Adelung, i. 601). Near Marivèles are the Igorots or Ætas (Agtas of Hervas); and of these we have late and positive evidence, first to the fact of their being Negrito, and next to the difference of their language from the Tagal.--(Lafond Lurcy.) Secondly, in Luçon, the Zambalen of Adelung are Negrito. These are the Blacks of Pampango. The Blacks inhabiting the other parts of the island are called Ygelots; and Mount St. Mathew, near Manilla, is one of their well-known localities, and the Illoco mountains another. Here they were visited by Lafond Lurcy. They were all alike, and all under four feet six (French measure). Italonen, Calingas, and Maitim are the names under which the Philippine Blacks have been generally described. Agta and Maitim are said to be indigenous appellations.--Hervas.

_Formosa._--The Formosan language is Malay. In the interior, however, are, according to the Chinese accounts,--1, the Thoufan; 2, the Kia-lao; 3, the Chan tchaó chan; 4, the Lang Khiao,--aboriginal tribes with Negrito characters, each speaking a peculiar dialect.--Klaproth, Recherches Asiatiques.

_The Loochoo Islands._--The current Loochoo language is Japanese (Klaproth, Rech. Asiat.). But besides this, Adelung mentions from Père Gaubil and Gosier, that three other languages are spoken in the interior, neither Japanese nor Chinese; and we are now, perhaps, justified in considering that, in these quarters, the fact of a language being aboriginal, is _primâ facie_ evidence of its being Negrito.

_Java._--Here the evidence of an aboriginal population at all is equivocal, and that of Negrito aborigines wholly absent. For the Kalangs, see Raffles's History of Java. The dark complexions on the island Bali show the darkness, not of the Negrito, but of the Hindoo; such at least is the view of Raffles opposed to that of Adelung (Mith. i.). There is no notice of Blacks in Ende (otherwise Floris), in Sumbawa, or in Sandalwood Island.

_Savoo._--If the Savoo of modern geographers be the Pulo Sabatu of Dampier, then there were, in Dampier's time, Blacks in Savoo. The Savoo of Parkinson's Journal is Malay.

_Timor._--In this island Negritos were indicated by Peron. Freycinet describes them. Lafond Lurcy had a Timor black as a slave. Of their language he gives four words:--_manouc_, bird; _vavi_, woman; _lima_, five; _ampou_, ten. All these are Malay.

_Ombay._--In Freycinet's Voyage the natives of Ombay are described as having olive-black complexions, flattened noses, thick lips, and long black hair. In Arago[18] we find a short vocabulary, of which a few words are Malay, whilst the rest are unlike anything either in the neighbouring language of Timor (at least as known by Raffles's specimens), or in any other language known to the author. Upon what grounds, unless it be their cannibalism, the Ombaians have been classed with the New Zealanders, is unknown. The evidence is certainly not taken from their language.

[Footnote 18: Vide Note A.]

Between Timor and New Guinea we collect, either from positive statements or by inference, that, pure or mixed, there are Negritos in at least the following islands:--1, Wetta; 2, Kissa?; 3, Serwatty?; 4, Lette?; 5, Moa?; 6, Roma?; 7, Damma; 8, Lakor?; 9, Luan; 10, Sermatta; 11, Baba; 12, Daai; 13, Serua; 14, the Eastern Arroos; 15, Borassi. (Kollf's Voy.; Earl's Translation.)

The language of the important island of Timor-Laut is Malay. From a conversation with the sailor Forbes, who was on the island for sixteen years, the author learned that there are in Timor-Laut plenty of black slaves, but no black aborigines.

_Celebes._--In the centre of Celebes and in the north there are Negritos: the inhabitants call them Turajas, and also Arafuras: they speak a simple dialect and pass for aborigines. (Raffles, History of Java.) Of this language we have no specimen. Gaimard's Menada is the Menadu of Sir Stamford Raffles, and Raffles's Menadu is Malay. (Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 191.) The remark made by the collector of this Menadu Vocabulary was, that those who spoke it were _whiter_ than the true Bugis, and that they looked like South-Sea Islanders, a fact of value in a theory of the Dyacks, but of no value in the enumeration of the Negritos.

_Bourou_, _Gammen_, _Salawatty_, _Battenta_.--For each of these islands we have positive statements as to the existence of Negritos.

_Gilolo._--In Lesson's Natural History the inhabitants of Gilolo are classed with those of Gammen, Battenta, &c., as Negritos. The same is the case in the Mithridates, where the inference is, that in all the Moluccas, with the exception of Amboyna and Ternati, Negritos are to be found in the interior. For Guebé see the sequel.

_The Teetees._--The Teetee Islands of Meares, the Jauts or Aeauw of the Mithridates, sixteen in number, are Negrito. (Meares, Voyage, Adelung.)

_Oby._--According to Adelung this island is Negrito.

The object of what has gone before is less to state where Negritos are to be found than where they are to be looked for. Hence many of the above notices indicate the probable rather than the actual presence of them; and those statements concerning the Molucca localities that are taken from systematic books (and as such at secondhand) are all subject to one exception, viz. the fact that the tribes described as Arafura, although in current language Negrito, are not necessarily so. An instance of this has been seen in the so-called Arafura of Menadu. The same applies to the so-called Arafura of Ceram, (Handboek der Land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië. P. P. Roorda van Eysinga. Amsterdam 1841; indicated by Mr. Garnett,) which is Malay. In the quarters about to be given in detail the evidence is less exceptionable.

_New Guinea._--Here there is little except Negritos; and here we meet with the name _Papua_. What is said of the Papuas must be said with caution. Physical conformation being the evidence, there are in New Guinea two nations, if not more than two:--1. Those of the North, with curly hair, which are subdivided into the pure Papuas, and the Papuas that are looked upon as a cross with the Malay (Quoy, Gaimard and Lesson in the French Voyages). 2. Those of the South, with lank hair, called by the French naturalists Arafuras. The author was unable to determine who were meant by the Alfakis of Quoy (Durville's Voyage, iv. 746). To the language of these Alfakis are possibly referable the ten words of Lesson. These are the numerals, and, they are as might be expected, Malay. For the South of New Guinea we have not so much as a single vocabulary or a single word.

_Waigioo._--The Waigioo and New Guinea have been frequently confounded; we have therefore deferred speaking of the latter until we could also deal with the former. Without going into the conflicting evidence, we may state that there are two Vocabularies wherein _arm_ is _kapiani_, and three wherein _arm_ is _bramine_. Of the first division we have--1st, the Vocabularies of the Uranie and Physicienne Corvettes, under Freycinet, in 1817, 1818, 1819, as given in Arago's (the draughtsman's) Narrative, p. 275, English translation; and 2ndly, the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. Dentrecasteaux, whilst at Boni in Waigioo, saw some strangers who spoke a language very different from the inhabitants of that island; he considered that they came from New Guinea. Now this language is the Waigioo of Arago[19]; whilst the Waigioo of Dentrecasteaux is the Papua of Arago. Among the Vocabularies of the second class we have Gaimard's Rawak Vocabulary, stated especially (Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Philologie, vol. ii. p. 153.) to have been collected at Rawak in Waigioo in 1818: here _arm_ is _bramine_. Now a vocabulary (that will soon be mentioned) of the New Guinea Papuan of Port Dorey was collected during the expedition of the Astrolabe by the same naturalist, M. Gaimard. With this vocabulary Gaimard's Rawak coincides, rather than with Arago's Waigioo and Dentrecasteaux's Undetermined Vocabulary. This makes the third vocabulary for these islands. The fourth is Gaimard's Port Dorey Vocabulary (Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 146.). The fifth, Dentrecasteaux's (or La Billardière) Waigioo Vocabulary. This represents the same language as those last-mentioned, inasmuch as in it _arm_ is _bramine_ not _kapiani_. The sixth vocabulary is the Utanata, from Dutch authorities (vide Trans. Geogr. Soc). This akin to the Lobo Vocabulary.--Ibid. The next is Forest's Vocabulary. See Forest's Voyage to New Guinea. Such are the data for New Guinea and Waigioo. Dalrymple's Vocabulary will be noticed in the sequel.

[Footnote 19: See Note B.]

_Guebé._--The Guebé Vocabulary of the Astrolabe (Philologie, ii. 157) is the Guebé of Freycinet's Voyage in 1818, when it was collected by Gaimard, The Guebé of Arago (under Freycinet) also approaches the Guebé of Gaimard. According to D. Durville the Guebé is Papuan. The author however considers it Malay, though there was some resemblance to the Papuan, inasmuch as many Malay terms were common to both these dialects.

From New Guinea westward and southward the Negritos are no longer isolated. The following are Negrito Islands, or Negrito Archipelagos:--

1. New Britain; 2. New Hanover; 3. New Ireland; 4. Solomon's Islands; 5. Queen Charlotte's Archipelago; 6. Louisiade Archipelago; 7. Isles of Bougainville; 8. Bouka; 9. New Georgia; 10. Admirality Isles,--York, Sandwich, Portland; 11. Santa Cruz Archipelago; 12. Arsacides; 13. Espiritu Santo, or New Hebrides,--Mallicollo, Erromango, Tanna, Erronan, Annatom; 14. New Caledonia; 15. Warouka, Bligh's and Banks's Island.--Astrolabe. The Ticopian is not Negrito but Polynesian.--Voyage de l'Astrolabe.

_Fiji Islands._--In the Fiji Islands the physical character of the natives is half Negrito and half Polynesian. Here is the Negrito limit to the east; that is, of Negrito tribes as existing at the present moment.

The languages of the list just given are known to us through the following Vocabularies.

_New Ireland_ &c.--Gaimard's Carteret Harbour Vocabulary.--Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 143.

Durville's Port Praslin Vocabulary, incorporated with Gaimard's Carteret Bay Vocabulary.--Ibid.

Dalrymple's so-called New Guinea Vocabulary. The word _so-called_ was used because, unless there were natives of New Ireland on the coast of New Guinea, Dalrymple's Vocabulary is a representative of the Papuan. It coincides with those of Durville and Gaimard from New Ireland: it was collected by Schouten and Le Maire. It is also the New Guinea of De Brosses.

Vocabularies of four small islands are given by Dalrymple and De Brosses, viz. of Moses Island, Moa, Hoorn Island, and Cocos Island. These are the vocabularies of Reland (Diss. xi.), referred to by Adelung.

_Manicolo._--In Queen Charlotte's Archipelago, or perhaps among the Solomon Islands, lies an island in name resembling one of the New Hebrides. Durville called it Vanikoro, but Captain Dillon assures me that the true name is Manicolo. Of the language spoken here we have a vocabulary collected by Gaimard in three dialects; the Vanikoro, the Tanema, and the Taneanou. Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Philologie, ii. 164.

_Mallicollo._--Cook's Island is Mallicollo. A glossary occurs in Cook's Voyages.

_Tanna._--A single vocabulary in Cook's Voyages.

_New Caledonia._--A short vocabulary in Cook. A longer one in Dentrecasteaux and La Billardière.

Of the Fiji we have a few words by Cook, a long vocabulary by Gaimard (Astrol. Phil. ii. 136), Port regulations, and MS. Scripture translations, which afford us full and sufficient samples of the language. To deal with this as Negrito the Polynesian element must be eliminated.

In the way of Ethnography Madagascar is Asiatic; since its language, as has been known since the time of Reland, is Malay. For this island the evidence of physical character gives two or more races, but the evidence of language only one.

_Australia._--In this island we have vocabularies for the following localities: (1.) Murray Island; (2.) Caledon Bay; (3. 4.) Endeavour River; (5.) the Burrah Burrah tribe; (6.) Limestone Creek; (7.) Port Macquarie; (8.) Port Jackson; (9.) Menero Downs; (10.) Jervis Bay; (11.) Hunter's River, _vide_ Threlkeld's Grammar; (12, 13, 14, 15.) Adelaide,--one of these being Teichelmanns and Schürmann's Grammar; (16.) Gulf St. Vincent; (17, 18, 19, 20.) King George's Sound; (22.) Grey's Vocabulary; and a few others.

_Van Diemen's Land._--Here, as in Australia, everything is Negrito. In the way of Vocabularies, we have for the North,--(1.) Gaimard's Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, taken down from the mouth of a Van Diemen's Land woman at King George's Sound, with an Englishman as an interpreter.--Voy. Astr. Phil. ii. 9. In the South we have (2.) Cook's Vocabulary, collected in Adventure Bay, S. E. of Van Diemen's Land,--nine words. (3.) Dentrecasteaux's, or La Billardière's Vocabulary. (4.) Allan Cunningham's Vocabulary, collected in 1819 at Entrance Island. (5.) Dr. Lhotsky's Vocabulary, derived from Mr. M'Geary, and representing the language of Hobart's Town.--Journ. Geo. Soc. ix. Besides these, there is a Vocabulary procured by Mr. Robert Brown when in Australia. It nearly represents the same state of language as Dentrecasteaux's Vocabulary.

Besides these remarks, another class of facts should be indicated. In the south of Japan, and in the Marianne Isles, there are statements that Blacks _have been_:--Père Cantova (in Duperrey and Freycinet), and Adelung (Mithr. i.). From Rienzi also we learn a statement of Lütke's, viz. that in Pounipet, one of the Carolines, there are abundance of Blacks at this moment. These _may_ be indigenous. The hypothetical presence of Negritos may account also for certain peculiarities of the Polynesian of the Tonga Islands. There are traces of them in the Navigator's Archipelago. Crozet (see Pritchard's Phys. Hist.) mentions Negritos in New Zealand, and Cook speaks to a tradition of aboriginal Negritos in Tahiti.

Such are the notices of the Oceanic Negritos in respect to their distribution and the amount of evidence afforded by the specimens of their language. The current opinion is, that over a certain area Blacks of a certain race or races were aborigines. This opinion there is no reason to disturb or to refine upon; the general question is as to the unity or the multiplicity of these races; but the more specific object of the present paper is to ascertain how far that question is decided by the comparison of their languages. The safe way is to _ascend_ in the classification, and to begin with determining the uniformity of speech over limited areas, and within natural boundaries. The most convenient locality to begin with is--

_New Guinea._--That four out of the seven New Guinea Vocabularies (supposing them to have been collected independently of each other) represent either dialects of one language, or else languages closely allied, appears on the first comparison. These vocabularies are,--_a_) Gaimard's Rawak; _b_) Gaimard's Port Dorey; _c_) Arago's Papua; and _d_) Dentrecasteaux's Waigioo. To these Forest's Vocabulary (supposing always that his words have not been incorporated in the vocabularies that came after him) approaches more closely than to the other two.

ENGLISH. FOREST. DENTRECASTEAUX, &c.

_fish_ een iené, _Malay_?
_bird_ moorsankeen mazaukéhéné.
_man_ sononman snoné, _Malay_?
_woman_ binn biéné, _Malay_?
_fire_ for afor.
_water_ war ouar, _Malay_?
_sand_ yean iené.
_house_ rome rouma, _Malay_?
_hook_ sofydine sarfedinne.
_sun_ rass riass.

Of the two remaining vocabularies the Lobo comes nearer to Forest than the Utanata does. Neither, however, coincide with Forest, as Forest coincides with the first four: nor yet do they coincide so closely with each other.

ENGLISH. FOREST. LOBO.

_arrow_ ekay larakai.
_bird_ moorsankeen manoc.
_hog_ ben booi, _Malay_?
_island_ meossy nusu.
_sun_ rass orak.
_tree_ kaibus akajuakar.
_woman_ binn mawinna, _Malay_?
_water_ war malar.
_yes_ io oro.

ENGLISH. FOREST. UTANATA.

_bow_ myay amuré.
_I_ iya area.
_slave_ omini manoki.
_tree_ kaibus kai, _wood_.
_water_ war warani, _Malay_?
_yes_ io aroa.

Again:

ENGLISH. UTANATA. LOBO.

_basin_ pigani bingau.
_cheeks_ awamu wafiwiriongo.
_death_ namata namata, _Malay_?
_drink (to)_ nemuka makinu, and also _eat_.
_evening_ jauw aroă urwawa.
_eyes_ mamé matatongo, _Malay_?
_feathers_ wiegu wo eru, _Malay_?
_great_ napitteki nabitteki.
_hands_ toe mare nimango uta, _Malay_?
_hog_ oe booi, _Malay_?
_handsome_ nata nangewie.
_here_ aré inairi.
_head_ oepauw umun.
_iron_ puruti wurusesi.
_knife_ tai toeri, _for chopping_.
_lemons_ munda munda.
_little_ mimiti netie.
_long_ marawas marawas.
_lay (to)_ aïkai koekeimanse.
_man_ marowane marowane.
_mouth_ irie oriengo.
_noon_ kameti aroa oertoto, _evening_.
_plate_ pigani piring.
_rain_ komak komak.
_river_ warari napeteki walar nabetik, _water great_.
_rope_ warauw waras.
_sago_ kinani kakana.
_slave_ manoki mooi.
_seek_ matigati namitik.
_speak (to)_ iwari iwar.
_take away (to)_ namatorani motara.

_New Ireland._--As far as we have vocabularies for evidence, the language of New Ireland is one.

ENGLISH. PORT PRASLIN. CARTERET BAY. DALRYMPLE.

_beard_ katissendi kambissek incambesser, _M._
_arms_ limak pongliman, _M._
_bananas_ ounn tachouner, _M._
_belly_ balang bala.
_fish_ siss hissou.
_fire_ bia eef.
_forehead_ poussou nourou posson arong.
_buttocks_ kambali kabalik
_back_ ptarou tarouk
_eye_ matal matak _M._
_ear_ pala tignai pralenhek
_foot_ pekendi balankeki kekeign.
_finger_ lima oulimak cateling liman.
_hair_ epiou iouk _M._
_iron_ siner siner
_neck_ kindouroua kondarouak
_nose_ mboussou kamboussouk nisson.
_shoulder_ kamliman kamlima
_tooth_ ninissai insik ysangh, _M._
_water_ moloum maloum _M._
_moon_ calaug kalan.

For the affinities of the dialects of Moa, Moses Island, Cocos Island, Hoorn Island, to those of New Ireland, see Dalrymple's Island Voyages, _ad fin._ That the differences in Manicolo are those of dialect, may be seen from Gaimard's Vocabulary.

_Australia._--That the Australian languages are one, at least in the way that the Indo-European languages are one, is likely from hence-forward to be admitted. Captain Grey's statement upon the subject is to be found in his work upon Australia. His special proof of the unity of the Australian language is amongst the imprinted papers of the Geographical Society. The opinions of Threlkeld and Teichelmann go the same way. The author's own statements are as follows:--

(1.) For the whole round of the coast there is, generally speaking, no vocabulary of sufficient length that, in some word or other, does not coincide with the vocabulary of the nearest point, the language of which is known to us. If it fail to do this it agrees with some of the remoter dialects. Flinder's Carpentarian, compared with the two vocabularies of the Endeavour River, has seventeen words in common. Of these, three (perhaps) four coincide. Eye, _meal_, C.; _meul_, E. R.: hair, _marra_, C.; _morye_, E. R.: fingers, _mingel_, C.; _mungal bah_, E. R.: breast, _gummur_, C.: _coyor_, E. R.

_Endeavour River._--Two vocabularies.--Compared with the vocabularies generally of Port Jackson, and the parts south and east of Port Jackson:--Eye, _meul_, E. R.; _milla_, L. C.: nose, _emurda_, E. R.; _morro_, L. C.: ears, _mulkah_, E. R.; _moko_, P. Macquarie: hair, _morye_, E. R.; _mundah_, B. B.: breast, _coyor_, E. R.; _kowul_, P. J.: fingers, _mungal bah_, E. R.; _maranga_, B. B.: elbow, _yeerwe_, E. R.; _yongra_, Menero Downs: nails, _kotke_, E. R.; _karungun?_ P. J.: beard, _wollar_, E. R.; _wato_, Jervis's Bay; _wollak_, Port Maquarie. The number of words submitted to comparison was twenty-two.

Menero Downs (Lhotsky), and Adelaide (G. W. Earl).--Thirteen words in common, whereof two coincide.

_hand_ morangan, M. D. murra, Adel.
_tongue_ talang, taling.

Adelaide (G. W. Earl) and Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe).

_beard_ mutta, A. molda, G. S. V.
_ear_ iri, ioure,
_foot_ tinna, tenna,
_hair_ yuka, iouka,
_hand_ murrah, malla,
_leg_ irako, ierko,
_nose_ mula, mudla,
_teeth_ tial, ta.

Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe) and King George's Sound (Nind and Astrolabe); fifty words in common.

_wood_ kalla, G. S. V. kokol, K. G. S.
_mouth_ ta, taa,
_hair_ iouka, tchao,
_neck_ mannouolt, wolt,
_finger_ malla, mal,
_water_ kawe, kepe,
_tongue_ talein, talen,
_foot_ tenna, tchen,
_stone_ poure, pore,
_laugh_ kanghin, kaoner.

(2.) The vocabularies of distant points coincide; out of sixty words in common we have eight coincident.

ENGLISH. JERVIS'S BAY. GULF ST. VINCENT.

_forehead_ holo ioullo.
_man_ mika meio.
_milk_ awanham ammenhalo.
_tongue_ talen talein.
_hand_ maramale malla.
_nipple_ amgnann amma.
_black_ mourak pouilloul.
_nails_ berenou pere.

(3.) The most isolated of the vocabularies; e. g. the Carpentarian, if compared with the remaining vocabularies, taken as a whole, has certain words to be found in different and distant parts of the island.

ENGLISH. CARPENTARIAN.
_eye_ mail milla, L. C.
_nose_ hurroo morro, L. C.

The following is a notice of certain words coinciding, though taken from dialects far separated:

_lips_ tambamba, Men. D. tamande, G. S. V.
_star_ jingi, ditto tchindai, K. G. S.
_forehead_ ullo, ditto ioullo, G. S. V.
_beard_ yernka, Adel {arnga, }
{nanga, } K. G. S.
_bite_ paiandi, ditto badjeen, ditto.
_fire_ gaadla, ditto kaal, ditto.
_heart_ karlto, ditto koort, ditto.
_sun_ tindo, ditto djaat, ditto.
_tooth_} tia, ditto dowal, ditto.
_edge_ }
_water_ kauwe, ditto kowwin, ditto.
_stone_ pure, ditto boye, ditto.

In the way of grammatical inflection we find indications of the same unity. We find also differences upon which we should be careful against laying too much stress. The inflection of the number is an instance of the difference. In South Australian--_tinyara_, a boy; _tinyarurla_, two boys; _tinyar-anna_, boys. In Western Australia--_yago_, a woman; _yago-mun_, women; _goolang_, a child; _goolang-gurrah_, children (_gurra_, many); _doorda_, a dog; _doorda-goodjal_, two dogs; _doorda boula_, many dogs (_boula_, many). Here there is a difference where we generally find agreement, viz. in the inflectional (or quasi-inflectional) expression of the numbers. The difference, however, is less real than apparent. The Australian is one of those languages (so valuable in general philology) where we find inflections in the act of forming, and that from the agglutination not of affixes, suffixes and prefixes, but of words. In other terms, inflection is evolving itself out of composition. The true view then of different forms for the same idea is not that the inflections are unlike, but that the quasi-inflectional circumlocutions differ from each other in different dialects. There is no inflectional parallel between _two men_ in English and ἀνθρώπω in Greek.

_Van Diemen's Land, South._--For the south of Van Diemen's Land the language seems radically one. The following is what Cook has in common with Dentrecasteaux (or La Billardière) and Allan Cunningham.

ENGLISH. COOK. 1803. D. C. A. C.

_woman_ quadne cuani quani
_eye_ evera nubere nubere nammurruck.
_nose_ muidje mugid muigui meoun.
{cuegnilia}
_ear_ koidgi cuengi-lia {vaigui } gounreek.
{ouagui }

Lhotsky's Vocabulary stands more alone. With the Vocabulary of 1803 and Dentrecasteaux's Vocabulary, it has but three (or two) coincidences:--tongue, _mina_ Lh.; _mene_, Voc. of 1803: water, _lugana_, Lh.; _lia_, Voc. 1803: drink, _lugana_, Lh.; _laina_, Voc. 1803. With Allan Cunningham's Vocabulary it has fourteen words in common and three coincident:--nose, _minerana_, Lh.; _meoun_, A. C.: tongue, _mina_, Lh.; _mim_, A. C.: fire, _lope_, Lh.; _lope_. A. C.. Brown and Cunningham coincide a little more than Cunningham and Lhotsky. It is perhaps safe to say, that for the South of Van Diemen's Land the language, as represented by its vocabularies, is radically one.

_Van Diemen's Land, North._--In Lhotsky's Vocabulary seven words are marked W, four E, and one S, as being peculiar to the western, eastern and southern parts of the island. One of the four words marked E is found in the Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, being the only word common to the two, _e. g._ wood, _mumanara_, E.; _moumra_, Port Dalrymple. The coincidence of the North and South is as follows:--

ENGLISH. PORT DALRYMPLE. LHOTSKY.

_ear_ tiberatie pitserata.
_eye_ elpina lepina.
_leg_ langna langana, _foot_.
_hawk_ gan henen henen ingenana.
_posteriors_ wabrede wabrede.
_man_ lusuina looudouenne.
_night_ livore levira.
_sea_ legana lugana, _fresh water_.
_tooth_ iane yana.

ENGLISH. PORT DALRYMPLE. BROWN & D. C.

_belly_ magueleni lomongui.
_bird_ iola oille.
_kangaroo_ taramei tara.
_lips_ mona mogudilia.
_nose_ medouer mugid.
_stone_ lenn parene loine.
_tooth_ iane canan.
_arms_ regoula rilia.

About thirty-five words are common to Lhotsky and the Vocabularies of Brown and Dentrecasteaux. From the foregoing observations we may conclude that for the whole of Van Diemen's Land (as far as represented by the Vocabularies) the language is radically one.

Such are the groups as spread over limited areas and confined within natural boundaries. The affinity of speech between different islands is another question.

Preliminary to this we must eliminate the Malay from the Negrito. The full knowledge that this has been done imperfectly invalidates all that we have arrived at; so that, once for all, it may be stated, that what is asserted respecting the amount of words common to two localities is asserted subject to the condition of their being true Negrito and not Malay.

_Andaman and Samang._--Few words in common; one coincident, and that borrowed in all probability from a third language.

_New Guinea and Waigioo._ By Waigioo is meant the Waigioo of Arago, and the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. They have about forty words in common, and the following are coincident:--

ENGLISH. WAIGIOO? NEW GUINEA?

_hand_ cocani, D. konef.
_belly_ sgnani, A. sneouar.
_cheek_ ganga foni, A. gaiafoe.
_breast_ mansou, A. soussou.
_eyes_ tagueni, D. tadeni.
_eyelids_ inekarnei, A. karneou.
_foot_ courgnai, A. oekourae, _heel_.
_fire_ clap, A. ap, afor.
_hair_ senoumebouran, A. sonebrahene.
_knee_ capugi, A. one-pouer.
_rain_ mei, D. meker.
_sand_ saine, D. iene, _Malay_.
_nose_ {sauny, D.} soidon, _mouth_.
{soun, A. }
_stuff_ made }
(of bark }male, D. maran, _Malay_.
of tree), }

_New Guinea and New Ireland._--Forest and Dalrymple:--fish, _een_, F.; _hissou_, D. Mal.: fire, _for_, F.; _eeff_, D. Mal.: sand, _yean_, F., _coon_, D.: sun, _ras_, F.; _nass_, D: star, _mak_, F.; _maemetia_, D. Dalrymple and Utanata.--Upwards of twenty-five words in common:--Earth, _taar_, D.; _tiri_ Mal.; Ut.: eat, _nam nam_, D.; _nemuka_, Ut.: tongue, _hermangh_, D.; _mare_, Ut. _Dalrymple and Lobo_.--About thirty words in common:--arms, _pongliman_, D.; _nimango_, Ut., Mal: belly, _balang_, D.; _kanborongo_, Ut.: tongue, _hermangh_, D.; _kariongo_, Ut.

_Port Praslin and Carteret Bay_ (taken together), and _Utanata and Lobo_ (taken together).--For the sake of comparison, the whole of the words that the two (or four) Vocabularies have in common are exhibited, and by their side the equivalents in Latin and in Greek.

ENGLISH. UTAN. LOB. P. P. AND LATIN. GREEK.
C. B.
_arm_ nimango limak brachium ὠλἐνη.
_back_ tergum νῶτον.
_belly_ kan-borongo bala venter γαστήρ.
_beard_ barba πώγον.
_bud_ manok mani avis ὃρνις.
_breast_ pectus στῆθος.
_black_ ikoko guiam niger μέλας.
_cough_ wouru lou-koro tussis βήξ.
_dog_ wure poul canis κύων.
_dance_ salio χορεύομαι..
_eyes_ matatongo mata oculus ὃφθαλμος.
-- _brows_ wura pouli matandi supercilium ὀφρύς.
_ear_ auris ὀῦς.
_eat_ edo ἐσθίω.
_fish_ piscis ἰχθύς.
_foot_ kaingo balan keke pes πούς.
_finger_ nimango sori lima digitus δάκτυλος.
_fire_ ignis πῦρ.
_great_ magnus μέγας.
_hair_ crinis θριξ.
_hand_ manus χεῖρ.
_hog_ booi bouri porcus χοῖρος.
_head_ oepauw pouklouk caput κεφάλη.
_knee_ kairigo-woko {tangoulou }
{kekendi }genu γόνυ.
{pougaigi }
_mouth_ os στόμα.
_moon_ luna σελήνη.
_neck_ collum τράχηλος.
_nose_ nasus ρίς.
_no_ non οὐ.
_red_ napetiaro tara ruber ἐρυθρός.
_run_ curro τρέχω.
_sugar-cane_
_tongue_ kariongo kermea lingua γλῶσσα.
_thigh_ femur μηρός.
_teeth_ dens ὀδόυς.
_water_ {malar} moloum aqua ὕδωρ.
{waran}
_yes_ oro io imo ναιχί.

With thirty-seven words in common, the two Negrito languages have seventeen coincident; with thirty-seven words in common; the two classical languages have nine coincident. The evidence, therefore, of the affinity of the Papua and New Ireland is stronger than of the Latin and Greek, as determined from identical _data_.

_New Ireland and Manicolo._--The Port-Praslin and Carteret Bay Vocabularies being dealt with as one for New Ireland, and the three dialects being treated as one for Manicolo, we have, out of twenty-eight words in common, the following coinciding:--yes, _io_, P. P.; _io_, C. B.; _io_, Manic.: eye, _mata_, P. P.; _matak_, C. B.; _mala_, _maleo_, _mataeo_, Man., _Mal._: banana, _ounn_ C. B.; _pounha_, _ounra_, _ounro_, Man., _Mal._: canoe, _kouan_, C. B.; _naoure_, _goia_, _koure_, Manic, _Mal._: tooth, _ninissai_, P. P.; _insik_, C. B.; _indje_, Tanean: testes, _puen_, P. P.; _boua bouinini_, _boua ini_, Man.: beard, _kam-bissek_, C. B. (_incam besser_, Dalr.); _oungoumie_, _vingoumie_, Man., _Mal._: breast, _boroick_, C. B.; _berenhenham_, Man.; ear, _palalignai_, P. P.; _pralen_, C. B.; _manbalenhi_, Manic.; hair, _nihouge_, D.; _anaoko_, Man.

_Manicolo and Mallicollo._--Eighteen words in common, the following coincident:--Bread-fruit, _baloe_, Man.; _barabe_, Mall.: cocoa-nut, _venoure_, Man.; _naroo_, Mall.: eye, _mataeo_, Man.; _maitang_, Mall., _Mal._: ear, _tagnaini_, Man.: _talingan_, Mall., _Mal._: bird, _menouka_, Man.; _moero_, Mall., _Mal._: head, _batcha_, Man.; _basaine_, Mall.: hog, _boi boi_, Man.; _brrooas_, Mall., _Mal._: no, _tae_, Man.; _taep_, Mall.: water, _ouine_, Man.; _ergour_, Mall.: drink, _kanou_, _nanou_, Man.; _nooae_, Mall.

_Mallicollo and Tanna._--Sixteen words in common:--cocoa-nuts, _naroo_, Mall.; _nabooy_, Tann.: drink, _noaee_, Mall.; _nooee_, Tann., _Mal._: eye, _maitang_, Mall.; _manee maiuk_, Tann., _Mal._: ears, _talingan_, Mall.; _feeneenguk_, Tann., _Mal._: bird, _möeroo_, Mall.; _manoo_, Tann., _Mal._: hog, _brrooas_, Mall.; _boogas_, Tann., Mal.: navel, nemprtong, Mall.; _napeerainguk_, Tann.: teeth, _reebohn_, _warrewuk_, Mall.; _raibuk_, Tann.; water, _ergour_, Mall.; _namawarain_, Tann.: woman, _rabin_, Mall.; _naibraan_, Tann., _Mal._

_Tanna and Mallicollo_ (taken together) _and New Caledonia_.--Neither with Mallicollo or Tanna alone, nor with Mallicollo and Tanna taken together, as compared with New Caledonia, do we find more words coincident than the following:--Cocoa-nut, _naroo_, M.; _nabooy_, T.; _neeoo_, N. Cal., _Mal._: drink, _noaee_, M.; _nooee_, T.; _oondoo_, N. Cal.: head, _noogwanaium_, T.; _garmoin_ (Cook), _vangue_, (L. B.), N. Cal.: yams, _oofe_, Tann.; _oobe_, N. Cal., Mal.: yes, _eeo_, Tann.; _elo_, N. Cal.: no, _taep_, Mall.; _nda_, N. Cal.

Next in order comes the comparison between the Vocabularies of Van Diemen's Land and South Australia.

_Port Dalrymple and King Georges Sound_ (_Nind and Astrol._):--Wound, _barana_, P. D.; _bareuk_, N.: wood, _moumbra_, P. D.; _pourn_, N.: hair, _kide_, P. D.; _kaat_, N.: thigh, _degagla_, P. D.; _tawal_, N.: kangaroo, _taramei_, P. D.; _taamour_, N.: lips, _mona_, P. D.; _mele_, K. G. S.: no, _poutie_, P. D.; _poualt_, _poort_, K. G. S.: egg, _komeka_, P. D.; _kierkee_, K. G. S.: bone, _pnale_, P. D.; _nouil_, K. G. S. (bone of bird used to suck up water) N.: skin, _kidna_, P. D.; _kiao?_ K. G. S.: two _kateboueve_, P. D.; _kadjen_, K. G. S. (N.). Fifty-six words in common.

_Port Dalrymple and Gulf St. Vincent._--Mouth, _mona_, P. D.; _tamonde_, G. S. V. (a compound word, since _taa_ is mouth, in K. G. S.): drink, _kible_, P. D.; _kawe_, G. S. V.: arm, _anme_, P. D.; _aondo_ (also shoulder), G. S. V.: hawk, _gan henen henen_, P. D.; _nanno_, G. S. V.: hunger, _tigate_, P. D.; _takiou_, G. S. V.: head, _eloura_: P. D.; _ioullo_, G. S. V.: nose, _medouer_[20], P. D., _modla_, G. S. V.: bird, _iola_, _pallo_, G. S. V.: stone, _lenn parenne_, P. D.; _poure?_ G. S. V.: foot, _dogna_, P. D.; _tenna_, G. S. V.: sun, _tegoura_[21], P. D.; _tendo_, G. S. V. Seventy words in common.

[Footnote 20: Mula.]

[Footnote 21: Also Moon.]

_Port Dalrymple and Jervis's Bay._--Wound, _barana_, P. D.; _karanra_, J. B.: tooth, _iane_, P. D.; _ira_, J. B.: skin, _kidna_, P. D.; _bagano_, J. B.: foot, _dogna_, P. D.; _tona_[22], J. B.: head, _eloura_, P. D.; _hollo_, J. B. Fifty-four words in common. What follows is a notice of some miscellaneous coincidences between the Van Diemen's Land and the Australian.

[Footnote 22: Tjenne, tidna, jeena.]

ENGLISH. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. AUSTRALIA.

_ears_ cuengilia, 1803 gundugeli, Men. D.
_thigh_ tula, Lh. dara, Men. D.
{pure, Adel. }
_stone_ {voye, K. G. S.} lenn parene, P. D.
_breast_ pinenana, Lh. voyene, Men. D.
_skin_ kidna, P. D. makundo, Teichelman.
_day_ megra, Lh. nangeri, Men. D.
_run_ mella, Lh. monri, Men. D.
_feet_ perre, D. C. birre[23].
_little_ bodenevoued, P. D. baddoeen, Grey.
_lip_ mona, P. D. tameno (_upper lip_), ditto.
_egg_ komeka, P. D. muka, _egg_, _anything round_,
Teichel.
_tree_ moumra, P. D. worra (_forest_), Teichel.
_mouth_ }
_tongue_ }kamy, Cook.} {_speak._}
_tooth_ }kane, P. D.} kame {_mouth._} J. B.
_speak_ } {_cry._ }
_leg_ darra, P. J. lerai.
_knee_ gorook, ditto. ronga, D. C.
_moon_ tegoura, P. D. kakirra, Teichelman.
_nose_ medouer, P. D. {mudla, ditto.
{moolya, Grey.
_hawk_ gan henen henen, P. D. gargyre, ditto.
_hunger_ tegate, P. D. taityo, Teichelman.
_laugh_ pigne, P. D. mengk, Grey.
_moon_ vena, 1835. yennadah, P. J.
_day_ megra, 1835. karmarroo, ditto.
_fire_ une, 1803. yong, ditto.
_dew_ manghelena, _rain_ menniemoolong.
{neylucka, Murray, P. D.
_water_ boue lakade {bado, ditto.
{lucka, Carpentarian.

[Footnote 23: Generally toe-nail.]

Such is the similarity amongst the Negrito languages, as taken in their geographical sequence, and as divided into three groups. Between the Andaman and Samang there is no visible similarity or coincidence. From New Guinea to New Caledonia there is a series of coincidences; and there is also similarity between the Australian and Van Diemen's Land. But it is far from following that, because languages will form groups when taken in geographical succession, they will also form groups when the sequence or succession shall be interrupted. Tested by another method there is an affinity as follows:

ENGLISH. MANICOLO. NEW GUINEA.

_arms_ me, menini, maini nimango, L., _Mal._
_belly_ tchan-hane, tchaene {kanborongo, L.
{sgnani, W.
_bow_ ore amure, Ut.
_drink_ canou {makinu, L. }_Mal._
{quinenne, A.}
_eye_ mala, mateo mame, U.; matatongo, U., _Mal._
_sun_ ouioia jauw, U.
_tongue_ mia, mimeaeo mare, Ut.
_woman_ venime, vignivi {mawina. L.} _Mal._
{viene, A. }
_yes_ io aroa, U., oro, L.
_ear_ tagnaini, ragnengo {kanik, kananie, A.} _Mal._
{tantougni, W. }
_fish_ ane, gniene iene, A., _Mal._
_nose_ n-hele nony, A.
_water_ ouire {ouara, A., _Mal._
{war, F.
_teeth_ ongne oualini, analini, W.
_shoulders_ outalen-buien-hane poupouni, _Waig._

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA. NEW IRELAND.

_ant_ kinki akan, P. P.
_tooth_ inouan insik, C. B., _Mal._
_birth_ manou mane, C. B., Mal.
_cheeks_ poangue paring, D.
_eyebrows_ poutchie-banghie pouli-matandi, P. P.
_fire_ afi, hiepp bia.
_foot_ bakatiengue {kekeign, D.
{balankeke, C. P.
_knees_ bangueligha pougaigi, P. P.
_tongue_ coubmeigha, coumean kermea.
_moon_ ndan kalan, P. P.
_walk_ ouanem inan.
_rain_ oda ous, D., _Mal._
_nose_ mandee mboussou, P. P.
_sleep_ kingo heim, D.
_black_ ganne guiam.
_sun_ niangat naas, D.
_navel_ padan-bourigne, pamboran pouta, P. P., _Mal._
_sea_ dene dan (_water_), D., _Mal._
_weep_ ngot ignek, C. B.

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA. MANICOLO.

_back_ donnha dienhane diene.
_ear_ guening ragnengo.
_good_ kapareick kapai.
_head_ bangue batcha.
_moon_ manoc mele.
_no_ nda taie.
_testes_ {quienbeigha bona.
{yabingue bouenini.
_water_ oe ouire, _Mal._

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA, D. C. WAIGIOO, D. C., &C.

_ear_ guening guenani.
_fish_ ica icanne, _Mal._
_teeth_ inouan analiné, Undetermined, D. C.

* * * * *

Notwithstanding doubtful words certain, it seems that there is evidence of the most unlike of the languages between Waigioo and New Caledonia (inclusive) being not more unlike than the most dissimilar of the Indo-European tongues. That this statement may be enlarged seems probable by the following parallels:--

_feet_ {perre, V. D. L. }petiran, C. B.
{perelia (_nails_), do. }
_beard_ kongine, V. D. L. {gangapouni, _Waig._
{yenga, _Mal._
_bird_ mouta, V. D. L. manouk, _Mal._
_chin_ kamnena, V. D. L. gambape, _Waig._
_eye_ menl, Austr matta, _Pap._ and _Mal._
{canan} {gani, _mouth_, _Waig._, D.
_tooth_ {iane } V. D. L. {insik, _teeth_, P. P., _Mal._
{yane }
_forehead_ caberra, Port Jackson kabrani, _Waig._
_sand_ gune, V. D. L. coon, yean.
_wood_ }gui, V. D. L. kaibus, _Pap._ and _Mal._
_tree_ }
_hair_ {yoka } Australia nihouge, New Ir.
{rouka}
_sun_ jinji } Australia niangat, N. C.
_star_ tchindai}
_ear_ koyge, V. D. L. gaaineng, N. C.

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND,
ENGLISH. D. C. L. B. NEW CALEDONIA, D.C., L.B.

_mouth_ mougui wangue and mouanguia.
_arm_ houana, gouna pingue.
_shoulders_ {bagny} bouheigha.
{baguy}
_fire_ nuba afi, hiepp, nap, _Mal._
_knees_ {rangalia} banguiligha.
{rouga }
_dead_ mata mackie.
_no_ neudi nola.
_ears_ cuegni-lia guening.
_nails_ pereloigni pihingui.
_hair_ pelilogueni bouling, poun ingue.
_teeth_ pegui {penoungha.
{paou wangue.
_fingers_ beguia badouheigha.
_nose_ mongui mandec, vanding.
_sleep_ makunya kingo.

ENGLISH. ANDAMAN. MISCELLANEOUS.

_ear_ quaka {cuengi, V. D. L.
{gueening, N. C.
_hand_ gonie gong, Aust., or V. D. L.
_mouth_ morna mona, V. D. L.
_nose_ mellee {mudla } V. D. L.
{medouer}
_sun_ ahay jauw, Utan.
_thighs_ poye pengue paan, N. C.
_wood_ kiante tanghee, N. C.

The author concluded his paper with the following observations:--

1. For all that is known to the contrary, the Negrito tongues of Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, the Moluccas, Formosa and several smaller islands of whose languages we have no specimens; may be in any relation whatever to any other language, and to each other.

2. The Andamanee and Samang may be in any relation to any other Negrito tongue, or to each other, beyond that of mere dialect.

3. The languages hitherto known of New Guinea, New Ireland, the Solomon's Isles, New Caledonia, Tanna, and Mallicollo, are related to each other, _at least_ as the most different languages of the Indo-European tribe are related.

4. The known languages of Australian are related to each other, _at least_ in the same degree.

5. The Van Diemen's Land and Australian are similarly related.

6. Classified in divisions equally general with the Indo-European, the Negrito dialects (as far as they are known by their vocabularies) cannot fall into more than four, and may possibly be reducible to one; the data being up to a certain point sufficient to determine radical affinities, but nowhere sufficient to determine radical differences.

7. The ethnographical division, according to physical conformation, coincides with the ethnographical division according to language, only so far as the former avoids the details of classification. With the minute subdivisions of the French naturalists the latter coincides least.

8. The distinction between the Negritos and the Malays seems less broad when determined by the test of language, than it does when measured by physical conformation.

9. The notion of the hybridism of the Papuas, arising from the view of their physical conformation, is in a degree confirmed by the nature of their language; although even the physical evidence is not absolute, _i. e._ on a par with that respecting the hybridism of the Griquas and Confusos.

10. With two[24] (if not more) Negrito tribes, whereof the evidence of language is wholly wanting, physiological differences indicate a probability of difference of language, equal to the difference between any two Negrito languages of which we have specimens.

11. Even in the physiological classifications we are far from being sure that the whole number of Negrito tribes has been described.

[Footnote 24: The Blacks of the Philippines and the Blacks of the South of New Guinea.]

NOTE A.

[PART I]

ENGLISH. OMBAY. NEW ZEALAND. MALAY.
_Arago._ _Astrolabe._ _Astrolabe._

_nose_ imouni hihiou idong
_eyes_ inirko kanohi mata
_head_ imocila kadou, oupoko kapala
_mouth_ ibirka mangai moulout
_teeth_ vessi niho guiguit
_chin_ irakata kouai djengot
_hair_ inibatalaga oudou rambout
_ear_ iverlaka taringa kouping
_neck_ tameni ?kaki tengkok
_breast_ tercod ouma dada
_belly_ [25]tekapana kopore prout
_posteriors_ tissoukou ---- ----
_pudendum_ glessi ---- ----
_bosom_ ami ou pankou
_shoulders_ iklessine poko iwi bahou
_arm_ ibarana ---- ----
_hand_ ouine dinga tanghan
_finger_ tetenkilei ---- ----
_thumb_ setenkoubassi koro-matoua djempol
_thigh_ itêna owha paha
_leg_ irnka wae wae vetis
_knee_ icieibouka touri loukout
_foot_ makalata ---- kaki
_tail_ imbilitaka ikou bountot
_bow_ mossa ---- ----
_arrow_ dota ---- pana
_knife_ pisso koti koti pissau

[PART II]

ENGLISH. TICOPIA. TIMOR. SAVOO.
_Astrolabe._ _Raffles._ _Parkinson._

_nose_ issou enur swanga.
_eyes_ mata mata madda.
_head_ ordou ulu katow.
_mouth_ nhoutou ---- lara voulou.
_teeth_ nifo nehan ----
_chin_ kaoue ---- pagave.
_hair_ raoulou ---- row.
_ear_ tarinha ---- coodelou.
_neck_ teoua ---- lacoco.
_breast_ ou ---- ----
_belly_ mimi, laha kabon duloo.
_posteriors_ ---- ---- voorai.
_pudendum_ ---- ---- ----
_bosom_ fata fata ---- sousou.
_shoulders_ touaga oupoko ---- kooloogoono.
_arm_ ---- ---- ----
_hand_ rima ---- wulaba.
_finger_ ---- ---- ----
_thumb_ maikao ---- ----
_thigh_ faci ---- tooga.
_leg_ vae ---- aen-vaibo.
_knee_ poko touri ---- routou.
_foot_ vai ---- dureala.
_tail_ ---- ---- ----
_bow_ ten hassaou ---- ----
_arrow_ fana ---- ----
_knife_ koffe ---- bussee, _iron_.

[Footnote 25: Kibou, Mad., opou, Owhywhee.]

NOTE B.

_arm_ kapiani, A.; capiani, D.
_buttock_ seni and senidokaouri, A.; tiaugapoui, D.
_belly_ sgnani, A.; iani, D.
_back_ kouaneteni, A.; cateni, D.
_chin_ gambapi, A.; capapi, D.
_dugs_ mansou, A.; sou (_bosom_), D.
_eyes_ jadjiemouri, A.; taguini, D.
_fingers_ cantoulili, D.
-- _fore_ konkant-ili, A.
-- _middle_ kouanti-poulo, A.
-- _ring_ kouanti-ripali, A.
-- _little_ kouanti-lminki, A.
_foot_ kourgnai, A.; caloani, D.
_hair_ sénoumébouran, A.; pia, D.
_hand_ konk afaleni, A.; cocani, D.
_heel_ konk abiouli, A.
_knee_ konk-apoki, A.; capougui, D.
_leg_ konkanfai, A.; anga fuini, D.
_nose_ soun, A.; sauny, D.
_nails_ cambrene, A.; cabrene, D.
_teeth_ oualini, A.; analini, D.
_toe_, _great_ kouanti-hel, A.
--, _second and fourth_ kouanti-bipali, A.
--, _third_ kouanti-poulo, A.
--, _little_ kouanti-lminki, A.
_thigh_ affoloni, A.; enfoloni, or anfoloni, D.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA (1859).

_Andaman_--The _Andaman_ Language is monosyllabic, and allied to the Burmese of the opposite continent.

_Nicoaar_ &c.--The statement that there are Blacks in the _Nicobar Islands_ is inaccurate. The tribes further from the coast are the rudest. In the Nicobar vocabulary of the Voyage of the Galathea (_Steen Bille_--_Galathea's Reise omkring Jorden_), the language most especially represented is that of the island Terressa; the words from Nancovry being marked _N_, and those from Cariecobar _C. N._ No difference, beyond that of dialect, is recognized as existing between them. At the same time it is, by no means, certain, that every form of speech belonging to the Archipelago is known to us.

_Samang &c._--The statement that these are the Orang Udai is inaccurate. For further notice of the Samang see Newbold's Indian Archipelago; a work not known to me when my paper was written. The ethnology of the Orang Benua is fully illustrated in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago. They are all Malay.

_Sumatra._--This island gives us certain tribes ruder than others--not blacker; at any rate no Negritos.

The same applies to _Borneo_; where there is plenty of barbarism but nothing Negrito.

The same to the _Sulu_ Archipelago.

The _Manillas_.--Specimens of four of the so-called Negrito languages are to be found in Steen Bille's Voyage of the Galathea (Vol. III.); headed, (1) Umiray, (2) St. Miguel; (3) St. Matheo and (4) Dumagat. They evidently belong to the same group as the Tagal.

_Formosa and Loocho._--The criticism that applies to Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago applies here.

For _Timor_, _Ombay_ &c. see the next paper.

The language of the _Arru_ islanders is not mentioned; indeed in 1843 no specimens of their language had been published. Since, however, a good account of them has been given by Windsor Earl. Their language contains much in common with the languages of the islands to the west of them, whilst in physical appearance they approach the Papuans. They present, in short, transitional characters--_Journal of Indian Archipelago, and The Papua Races_.

_New Britain_ &c.--For Louisiade forms of speech see the next paper but one; for those of New Caledonia &c. see the fourth.

_The Fijis._--The language of the Fijis is Polynesian.

_Cocos Island._--The vocabulary of the island so-named seems to me to be that of Ticopia; and, as such, anything but Negrito.

In Braim's Australia we find specimens of five _Tasmanian_ forms of speech. The additions to the philology of Australia since 1843 are too numerous to find place in a notice like the present. The fundamental unity of all the languages of that continent is, now, generally recognized.

Of the _Micronesian_ Islanders (natives of the _Marianne_ and _Caroline_ Archipelagos) some tribes are darker than others. They chiefly occupy the coral, as opposed to the volcanic, formations. The same is the case with the supposed Negritos of Polynesia.

ON THE GENERAL AFFINITIES
OF THE
LANGUAGES OF THE OCEANIC BLACKS.