Chapter XIV: THE YUMA LANGUAGES.--At the junction of the Gila and Colorado (2)

_man_ husttkin payyahnah.
_woman_ estsanni etsunni.
_head_ betsi
_hair_ tchlit setzezil.
_ear_ tshar sitzchar.
_eye_ ninnar tshindar.
_nose_ nitchi chinchi.
_hand_ shilattaete chicon.
_feet_ t'ki sitzkay.
_sun_ dacos yaheye.
_moon_ 'tsadi ílsonsayed.
_star_ olcheec ailsonsatyou.
_fire_ 'tchou
_water_ 'thu to.
_earth_ klish tlia.
_stone_ tseek tshaier.

V. _The Kitunaha language._--The Kitunaha, Kútani, or Cootanie vocabulary of Mr. Hall was obtained from a Cree Indian, and is not to be depended on. This being the case it is fortunate that it is not the only specimen of the language. There is an earlier one of Mr. Howse's, published in the Transactions of the Philological Society. It is as follows.

ENGLISH. KÚTANI.

_one_ hook cain.
_two_ ass.
_three_ calle sah.
_four_ had sah.
_five_ yea co.
_six_ in ne me sah.
_seven_ whist taw lah.
_eight_ waw ah sah.
_nine_ ky yie kit to.
_ten_ aye to vow.
_an Indian_ ah quels mah kin nic.
_a man_ te te calt.
_a woman_ balle key.
_a shoe_ cath lend.
_a gun_ tah vow.
_I_ cah min.
_thou_ lin coo.
_he_ nin co is.
_we_ (_thou and I_) cah min nah lah.
_this Indian_ in nai ah quels mah kin nic.
_that Indian_ co ah quels mah kin nic.
_these Indians_ wai nai ah quels mah
kin nic nin tie.
_which man?_ cath lah te te calt?
_which Indians?_ cah lah ah quels mah
kin nic nin tie.
_which gun?_ cah lah tah vow?
_who_ cath lah.
_my son_ cah mah hat lay.
_his son_ hot lay is.
_he is good_ sook say.
_it is good_ sook kin nai.
_he is arrived_ swan hah.
_I love him_ hones sclah kilt.
_he loves me_ sclah kilt nai.
_I see him_ hones ze caught.
_I see his son_ hones ze caught ah calttis.
_he sees me_ ze caught tene.
_he steals_ i in ney.
_I love him_ hones sclah kilt ney.
_I do not love him_ cah sclah kilt nai.
_my husband_ can no claw kin nah.
_he is asleep_ come ney ney.
_I am a man_ te te calt ne ne.
_I am a woman_ balle key ne ne.
_where?_ cass kin?
_where is my gun?_ cass kin cah tah vow?
_where is his gun?_ cass kin tah vow is?
_a lake_ ah co co nook.
_how much?_ cack sah?
_it is cold weather_ kis caw tit late.
_a tent_ ah caw slah co hoke.
_my tent_ cah ah kit lah.
_thy tent_ ah kit lah nis.
_his tent_ ah kit lah is.
_our (thy and my) tent_ cah ah kit lah nam.
_yes_ ah ah.
_no_ waw.
_men_ te te calt nin tie.
_women_ balle key nin tie.
_girl_ (_in her teens_) nah oh tit.
_girls_ (_in their teens_) nah oh tit nin tie.
_boy_ stalt.
_boys_ stalt nin tie.
_little boy_ stalt nah nah.
_child_ cah mo.
_children_ cah mo nin tie.
_father_ (_by the sons_) cah de doo.
_father_ (_by the daughters_) cah sous.
_mother_ cah mah.
_brother, eldest_ cah tat.
_brother, youngest_ (_by brothers_) cats zah.
_brother, youngest_ (_by sisters_) cah ze ah.
_sister, eldest_ cats sous.
_sister, youngest_ cah nah nah.
_uncle_ cath ah.
_aunt_ cah tilt tilt.
_grandfather_ cah papa.
_grandmother_ cah de de.
_thy husband_ in claw kin nah nis.
_my wife_ cah tilt nah mo.
_thy wife_ tilt nah mo nis.
_son_ can nah hot lay _or_ ah calt.
_daughter_ cass win.
_come here_ clan nah.
_go away_ cloon no.
_take care_ ill kilt we ín.
_get out of the way_ you vaw.
_come in_ tie cath ah min.
_go out_ sclah nah ah min.
_stop_ mae kaek.
_run_ sin nack kin.
_slowly_ ah nis cah zin.
_miserly_ o per tin.
_beggarly_ coke co mae kah kan.
_I give_ hone silt ah mah tie sis ney.
_thou givest_ kin nah mah tie zey.
_he gives_ selah mah tie zey.
_he gave_ cah mah tie cates.
_I beat_ hone cah slah tea.
_thou beatest_ kin cah slah leat.
_he beats_ kis kilt cone slah leat.
_give me_ ah mah tie kit sous.
_he gave me_ nah mah tie kit sap pe ney.
_I love you_ hone selah kilt ney.
_he loves_ selah kilt.
_do you love me?_ kin selah slap?
_I hate you_ hone cah selah kilt ney.
_thou hatest_ kin cah selah kilt.
_he hates_ cah selah kilt.
_I speak_ hones ah ney.
_thou speakest_ kins ah.
_he speaks_ kates ah.
_we speak_ hones ah nah slah.
_you speak_ talk e tea leat.
_they speak_ seals ah.
_I steal_ hone i he ne.
_I sleep_ hone come ney ney.
_we sleep_ hone come ney nah lah ney.
_I die_ hones alt hip pe ney.
_thou diest_ kins alt hip.
_we die_ hone ah o co noak nah slah ney.
_give me to eat_ he shoe.
_eat_ he ken.
_my gun_ cah tah vow.
_thy gun_ tah vow nis.
_his gun_ tah vow is.
_mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_.
_rocky mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_ nook key.
_snowy mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_ ac clo.
_road or track_ ac que mah nam.
_large river_ cath le man me took.
_small river_ hah cack.
_creek_ nis cah took.
_large lake_ will caw ac co co nook.
_small lake_ ac co co nook nah nah.
_rapid_ ah cah hop _cle it_.
_fall_ wheat taw hop _cle it_.
_shoals_ ah coke you coo nook.
_channel_ hah cath slaw o weak.
_wood or trees_ ah kits slah in.
_red pine_ he mos.
_cedar_ heats ze natt.
_poplar_ ac cle mack.
_aspin_ ac co co zle mack.
_fire_ ah kin ne co co.
_ice_ ah co wheat.
_charcoal_ ah kits cah kilt.
_ashes_ ah co que me co.
_kettle_ yeats skime.
_mat tent_ tah lalt ah kit lah nam.
_head_ ac clam.
_eyes_ ac cack leat.
_nose_ ac conn.
_mouth_ ac cait le mah.
_chin_ ac cah me zin ne cack.
_cheeks_ ac que ma malt.
_hair_ ac coke _que slam_.
_body_ ac co no cack.
_arms_ ac sglat.
_legs_ ac sack.
_belly_ ac co womb.
_back_ ac cove cah slack.
_side_ ac kin no cack.
_ears_ ac coke co what.
_animals_ yah mo.
_horse_ kilt calt law ah shin.
_stallion_ cass co.
_mare_ st_ou_galt.
_bull_ neel seek.
_cow_ slouke copo.
_calf_ ah kin co malt.
_tiger_ s'vie.
_bears of all kinds_ cap pe tie.
_black or brown bears_ nip pe co.
_grizzle bear_ kit slaw o slaw.
_rein deer_ neats snap pie co.
_red deer_ kilt caw sley.
_moose deer_ snap pe co.
_woolvereen_ ats po.
_wolf_ cack kin.
_beaver_ sin nah.
_otter_ ah cow oh alt.
_mink_ in new yah.
_martin_ nac suck.
_musquash_ an co.
_small grey plain wolf_ skin koots.
_birds_ to coots cah min nah.
_blue jay_ co quis kay.
_crow_ coke kin.
_raven_ nah nah key.
_snakes_ (_rattlesnake_) wilt le malt.
_garter snake_ ah co new slam.
_roots_ (_camass_) hap pey.
_bitter root_ nah cam me shou.
_tobacco root_ mass mass.
_sweet potatoes_ ah whis sea.
_moose berry_ ac co mo.
_strawberry_ ac co co.
_pipe_ couse.
_pipe stem_ ac coot lah.
_axe_ ah coot talt.
_tobacco_ yac ket.
_flesh_ ah coot lack.

VI. _The Atna group._--The numerous vocabularies that represent the dialects and sub-dialects of this large class are the following--Atna Proper or Shushwap, Kullelspelm (Pend d'oreilles), Spokan, Kettlefall dialects of the Selish; Okanagan; Skitsuish (Cœur d'alène); Piskwaus; Nusdalum; Squallyamish; Kawichen; Cathlascou; Cheeheeli; Tsihaili; Kwaintl; Kwenaiwitl; Kowelitz; Nsietshawus or Killamuk. To this, the present writer adds the Billechúla.

XI. The query as the likelihood of the Straits of Fuca vocabulary having been Mozino's finds place here. The two are different: though both may have been collected by Mozino. Each is to be found in Buschmann, who, exaggerating the isolation of Wakash, Nútka, and Tlaoquatch forms of speech, separates them too decidedly. Out of nineteen words compared nine are not only alike but admitted by him to be so.

_The Billechula._--This lies intermediate to the Hailtsa and Atna groups; being (apparently) more akin to the latter than the former. Of the Atna dialects, it seems most to approach the Piskwaus.

_The Chinuk._--The Chinuk of which the Watlala of Hale is variety is more like the Nsietashawus or Killamuk than aught else.

_The Kalapuya._--The harshness of the Kalapuya is an inference from its orthography. It is said, however, to be soft and flowing _i. e._ more like the Sahaptin and Shoshoni in sound than the Chinuk, and Atna.

_The Jakon._--This has affinities with the Chinuk on one side, and the Lutuami on the other; _i. e._ it is more like these two languages than any other. The likeness, however, is of the slightest.

MISCELLANEOUS AFFINITIES.

_English_ man.
Jakon _kalt._
Selish _skalt-amekho._
Skitsuish _skailt-emukh._
Piscous _skaltamikho._

_English_ woman.
Jakon _tklaks._
Wallawalla _tilaki._
Watlala _tklkakilak._
Chinook _tklakel._
Cayoose _pin-tkhlaiu._
Molele _longi-tklai._
Killamuk _sui-tklats._
Shushwap _somo-tklitçk._
Cootanie _pe-tklki._

_English_ boy.
Jakon _tklom-kato._
Kizh _kwiti._
Cowelitz _kwaiitkl._

_English_ girl.
Jakon _tklaaksawa._
Kizh _takhai._
Satsikaa _kokwa._
Watlala _tklaleq._
Chinook _waleq._
Chickaili _khaaq._
Skwale _stkllatkl-adai._
Muskoghe _okulosoha._

_English_ child.
Jakon _mohaite._
Shahaptin _miaots._

_English_ mother.
Jakon _tkhla._
Chinook _tkhlianaa._

_English_ husband.
Jakon _sonsit._
Chikaili _çineis._
Cowelitz _skhon._
Killamuck _ntsuon._
Umpqua _skhon._
-- do. _çhanga._

_English_ wife.
Jakon _sintkhlaks._
Cayuse _intkhlkaio._
Molele _longitkhlai._

_The Sahaptin._--The Sahaptin, Shoshoni and Lutuami groups are more closely connected than the text makes them.

_The Shoshoni (Paduca) group._--The best general name for this class is, in the mind of the present writer, Paduca; a name which was proposed by him soon after his notification of the affinity between the Shoshoni and the Comanch, in A.D. 1845. Until then, the two languages stood alone; _i. e._ there was no class at all. The Wihinast was shewn to be akin to the Shoshoni by Mr. Hale; the Wihinast vocabulary having been collected by that indefatigable philologue during the United States Exploring Expedition. In Gallatin's Report this affinity is put forward with due prominence; the Wihinast being spoken of as the Western Shoshoni.

In '50 the Report of the Secretary at War on the route from San Antonio to El Paso supplied an Utah vocabulary; which the paper of May '53 shews to be Paduca.

In the Report upon the Indian Tribes &c. of '55, we find the Chemehuevi, or the language of one of the _Pah-utah_ bands "for the first time made public. It agrees" (writes Professor Turner) "with Simpson's Utah and Hale's East Shoshoni."

Carvalho (I quote from Buschmann) gives the numerals of the Piede (Pa-uta) of the Muddy River. They are nearly those of the Chemehuevi.

ENGLISH. PIEDE.

_one_ soos.
_two_ weïoone.
_three_ pioone.
_four_ wolsooing.
_five_ shoomin.
_six_ navi.
_seven_ navikavah.
_eight_ nanneëtsooïn.
_nine_ shookootspenkermi.
_ten_ tomshooïn.

For the Cahuillo see below.

Is the Kioway Paduca? The only known Kioway vocabulary is one published by Professor Turner in the Report just alluded to. It is followed by the remark that "a comparison of this vocabulary with those of the Shoshoni stock does, it is true, show a greater degree of resemblance than is to be found in any other direction. _The resemblance, however, is not sufficient to establish a radical affinity, but rather appears to be the consequence of long intercommunication._"

For my own part I look upon the Kioway as Paduca--_the value of the class being raised_.

ENGLISH. KIOWAY.

_man_ kiani.
_woman_ mayi.
_head_ kiaku.
_hair_ ooto.
_face_ caupa.
_forehead_ taupa.
_ear_ taati.
_eye_ taati.
_nose_ maucon.
_mouth_ surol.
_tongue_ den.
_tooth_ zun.
_hand_ mortay.
_foot_ onsut.
_blood_ um.
_bone_ tonsip.
_sky_ kiacoh.
_sun_ pai
_moon_ pa.
_star_ tah.
_fire_ pia.
_water_ tu.
_I_ no.
_thou_ am.
_he_ kin.
_we_ kime.
_ye_ tusa.
_they_ cuta.
_one_ pahco.
_two_ gia.
_three_ pao.
_four_ iaki.
_five_ onto.
_six_ mosso.
_seven_ pantsa.
_eight_ iatsa.
_nine_ cohtsu.
_ten_ cokhi.

XIII. _The Capistrano group._--Buschmann in his paper on the Netela and Kizh states, after Mofras, that the Juyubit, the Caguilla, and the Sibapot tribes belong to the Mission of St. Gabriel. Turner gives a Cahuillo, or Cawio, vocabulary. The district from which it was taken belonged to the St. Gabriel district. The Indian, however, who supplied it had lived with the priests of San Luis Rey, until the break-up of the Mission. Whether the form of speech he has given us be that of the Mission in which he lived or that of the true Cahuillo district is uncertain. Turner treats it as Cahuillo; at the same time he remarks, and shews, that it is more akin to the San Luis Rey dialect than to any other.

But it is also akin to the Chemeuevi, which with it is tabulated; a fact which favours the views of Hale respecting its San Capistrano affinities rather than those of Buschmann--Hale making them Paduca.

A vocabulary, however, of the unreclaimed Cahuillo tribes--the tribes of the mountains as opposed to the missions--is still wanted.

ENGLISH. CHEMUHUEVI. CAHUILLO.

_man_ tawatz nahanes.
_woman_ maruqua nikil.
_head_ mutacowa niyuluka.
_hair_ torpip piiki.
_face_ cobanim nepush.
_ear_ nancaba nanocka.
_eye_ puoui napush.
_nose_ muvi nemu.
_mouth_ timpouo netama.
_tongue_ ago nenun.
_tooth_ towwa netama.
_hand_ masiwanim nemohemosh.
_foot_ nampan neik.
_bone_ maiigan neta.
_blood_ paipi neo.
_sky_ tuup tuquashanica.
_sun_ tabaputz tamit.
_moon_ meagoropitz menyil.
_star_ putsih chehiam.
_fire_ cun cut.
_water_ pah pal.
_one_ shuish supli.
_two_ waii mewi.
_three_ paii mepai.
_four_ watchu mewitchu.
_five_ manu nomequadnun.
_six_ nabai quadnunsupli.
_seven_ moquist quanmunwi.
_eight_ natch quanmunpa.
_nine_ uwip quanmunwichu.
_ten_ mashu nomachumi.

P. 353. Now comes the correction of a statement in p. 353--"_the language of San Luis El Rey which is Yuma, is succeeded by that of San Luis Obispo, which is Capistrano_."--This is an inaccuracy; apparently from inadversion. A reference to the Paternosters of _pp._ 304-305 shews that the San Luis Rey, and the San Juan Capistrano forms of speech are closely allied. Meanwhile, the San Fernando approaches the San Gabriel, _i. e._ the Kizh.

See also Turner, _p._ 77--where the name _Kechi_ seems, word for word, to be _Kizh_. The _Kizh_, however is a _San Gabriel_ form of speech.

XIV. _The Yuma group._--Turner gives a Mojave, or Mohavi vocabulary; the first ever published. It is stated and shewn to be Yuma. The Yabipai, in the same paper, is inferred to be Yuma; containing, as it does, the word

_hanna_ = _good_ = _hanna_, _Dieguno_.
_n'yatz_ = _I_ = _nyat_, _do_.
_pook_ = _beads_ = _pook_, _Cuchan_.

The Mohave vocabulary gives the following extracts,

ENGLISH. MOHAVE. CUCHAN. DIEGUNO. COCOMANCOPA.

_man_ ipah ipatsh aykutshet ipatshe.
_woman_ sinyax sinyak sín sinchayaixhutsh.
_head_ cawawa umwhelthe estar ----
_hair_ imi ocono ---- ----
_face_ ihalimi edotshe wa ----
_forehead_ yamapul iyucoloque ---- ----
_ear_ esmailk smythl hamatl ----
_eye_ idotz edotshii awuc ayedotsh.
_nose_ ihu ehotshi hu yayyayooche.
_mouth_ ia iyuquaofe ah izatsh.
_tongue_ ipailya epulche ---- ----
_tooth_ ido aredoche ---- ----
_hand_ ---- isalche sithl ----
_arm_ isail ---- ---- ----
_foot_ imilapilap imetshshpaslapyah hamilyah ----
_blood_ niawhut awhut ---- ----
_sky_ amaiiga ammai ---- ----
_sun_ nyatz nyatsh nyatz ----
_moon_ hullya huthlya hullash ----
_star_ hamuse klupwataie hummashish ----
hutshar
_fire_ awa aawo ---- ahúch.
_water_ aha aha aha ----
_I_ nyatz nyat nyat inyatz.
_thou_ mantz mantz ---- mantz.
_he_ pepa habuisk pu ----
_one_ setto sin hini ----
_two_ havika havik hawuk ----
_three_ hamoko hamok hamuk ----
_four_ pinepapa chapop chapop ----
_five_ serapa serap serap ----
_six_ sinta humhúk ---- ----
_seven_ vika pathkaie ---- ----
_eight_ muka chiphuk ---- ----
_nine_ pai hummamuk ---- ----
_ten_ arapa sahhuk ---- ----

We leave California with the remark that in Ludwig's Literature of the American Aboriginal Languages Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies for California bear the following titles.

1. Dieguno or Comeyei,
2. Kechi,
3. San Luis Obispo,
4. H'hana }
5. Tehama }
6. Coluz } from the drainage of the Sacrament,
7. Noana }
8. Diggers }
9. Diggers of Napa Valley.
10. Makaw of Upper California.

See _Californians_.

There is also a Piros vocabulary for the parts about El Paso: also a notice (under the word) that the MUTSUNES Indians speak a dialect of the Soledad.

_Old California._--As a general rule, translations of the Pater Noster shew difference rather than likeness: in other words, as a general rule, rude languages are more alike than then Pater Nosters make them. The reasons for this lie in the abstract nature of many of the ideas which it is necessary to express; but for the expression whereof the more barbarous forms of speech are insufficient.

This creates the necessity for circumlocutions and other expedients. In no part of the world is this more manifest than in Old California; a district for which our _data_ are of the scantiest. I think, however, that they are sufficient to shew that the Northern forms of speech, at least, are Yuma.

ENGLISH. O. CALIFORNIAN. YUMA.

_man_ (_homo_) tama epatsh.
_man_ (_vir_) uami ----
_woman_ wuctu seenyack.
---- wakoe sinyax.
---- huagin seen.
_child_ whanu hailpit.
---- wakna ----
_father_ iham lothmocul.
---- kakka niquioche.
---- keneda nile.
---- kanamba ----
_mother_ nada tile.
_son_ uisaiham homaie.
_sister_ kenassa amyuck.
_head_ agoppi estar.
_eye_ aribika ayon.
_tongue_ _mabela_ _ipailya--Mohave._
_hand_ nagana sith'l
_foot_ agannapa hameelyay.
_sky_ _ambeink_ _ammaya--Mohave._
_earth_ _amet_ _omut--Cuchan._
---- ---- _ammartar--Mohave._
_water_ _kahal_ _aha--Dieguno._
---- ---- _ahha--Mohave._
_fire_ _usi_ _house--Cocomaricopa._
_sun_ ibo nyatz.
_day_ ibo nomasup.
_moon_ gomma hullya.
---- ganehmajeie ----

_The Pima group._--One of Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies is of the Opata form of speech. (_Ludwig._)

_Tequima_, according to the same authority is another name for the same language: in which there is a vocabulary by Natal Lombardo; Mexico. 1702, as well as an _Arte de la Lengua Tequima, vulgarmente llamada Opata_.

A _Vocabulario de las Lenguas Pima, Eudeve, y Seris_ is said, by De Souza, to have been written by Fr. Adamo Gilo a Jesuit missionary in California.--DITTO--_v._ PIMA.

Exceptions, which the present writer overlooked, are taken in the Mithridates to the statement that the Opata and Eudeve Pater-nosters represent the Pima Proper. They agree with a third language from the Pima country--but this is not, necessarily, the Pima. Hence, what applies to the _Pimerian_ may or may not apply to the Pima Proper.

Nevertheless, the Pima belongs to the same class--being, apparently, more especially akin to the Tarahumara. I have only before me the following Tarahumara words (_i. e._ the specimens in the Mithridates) through which the comparison can be made. They give, however, thus much in way of likeness and difference.

ENGLISH. TARAHUMARA. PIMA.

_man_ rehoje orter.
---- tehoje cheeort.
---- ---- huth.
_woman_ muki oo-oove.
---- ---- hahri.
_wife_ _upi_ _oo-if._
_head_ _moóla_ _mouk._
_eye_ pusiki oupewe.
_tongue_ tenila neuen.
_hair_ quitshila moh.
---- ---- ptmuk.
_foot_ tala tetaght.
_fire_ naiki tahi.
_sun_ _taiea_ _tahs._
---- ---- _tasch._
_moon_ _maitsaca_ _mahsa._
---- ---- _massar._
_I_ nepe ahan.
_two_ _guoca_ _coka._
---- _oca_ _kuak._

Buschmann connects the Pima with the Tepeguana.

Another complication.--In Turner's Extract from a MS. account of the Indians of the Northern Provinces of New Spain I find that Opa (Opata?) is another name for the Cocomaricopas _whose language is that of the Yuma_. This is true enough--but is the Opata more Yuma than the text (which connects it with the Hiaqui &c.) makes it?

_The Pima, Hiaqui, Tubar, Tarahumara, and Cora as a class._--An exception to the text is indicated by the footnote of page 357. The Mithridates connects the Cora and Tarahumara with the Astek and with each other. The Astek elements of the Hiaqui, as indicated by Ribas are especially alluded to. So are the Tarahumara affinities of the Opata. All this is doing as much in the way of classification as is done by the present author--as much or more.

As much, or more, too is done by Buschmann; who out of the Cora, Tarahumara, Tepeguana and Cahita (the latter a representation of the section to which the Yaqui belongs) makes his _Sonora Class--Sonorischer Sprachstamm_. As a somewhat abnormal member of this he admits the Pima.

Of the Guazave there is a MS. _Arte_ by P. Fernando Villapane--_Ludwig_.

That the _data_ for the Tepeguana are better than the text makes them has already been suggested. Buschmann has used materials unknown to the present writer.

See Ludwig _in voc. Tepeguana_.

_Pirinda and Tarasca._--The statement that there is a Pirinda grammar is inaccurate. There is one of the Tarasca; to which the reader is referred.

But this is not all. Under the title PIRINDA in Ludwig we find that De Souza says of Fr. Juan Bravo, the author of a grammar of the Lengua Tarasca "_fue maestro peritissimo de la lengua Pirinda llamada Tarasca_." This makes the two languages much more alike than the present paper makes them. The present paper, however, rests on the Pater-nosters. How inconclusive they are has already been indicated.

¶ The following table, the result of a very limited collation gives some miscellaneous affinities for the Otomi.

_English_ man.
Otomi _nanyehe._
Maya &c. _uinic._
Paduca _wensh._

_English_ woman.
Otomi _danxu._
Maya _atan = wife._

_English_ woman.
Otomi _nsu._
Talatui _essee._

_English_ hand.
Otomi _ye._
Talatui _iku._

_English_ foot.
Otomi _qua._
Maya &c. _oc._

_English_ blood.
Otomi _qhi._
Maya &c. _kik._

_English_ hair.
Otomi _si._
S. Miguel _te-asa-kho._

_English_ ear.
Otomi _gu._
S. Miguel _tent-khi-to._

_English_ tooth.
Otomi _tsi._
Attacapa _ods_.

_English_ head.
Otomi _na._
Sekumne _ono = hair._

_English_ fire.
Otomi _tzibi._
Pujune _ça._

_English_ moon.
Otomi _tzona._
Kenay _ssin = star._

_English_ stone.
Otomi _do._
Cumanch _too-mepee._

_English_ winter.
Otomi _tzaa._
Cumanch _otsa-inte._
S. Gabriel _otso._

_English_ fish.
Otomi _hua._
Maya &c. _cay._

_English_ bird.
Otomi _ttzintzy._
Maya &c. _tchitch._

_English_ egg.
Otomi _mado._
Poconchi _molo._

_English_ lake.
Otomi _mohe._
Pima _vo._

_English_ sea.
Otomi _munthe._
U. Sac. &c. _muni = water._

_English_ son.
Otomi _tsi._
---- _ti._
---- _batsi._
---- _iso._
Natchez _tsitsce = child._

_English_ meat.
Otomi _nhihuni._
---- _ngoe = flesh._
Mexican _nacatl = flesh._

_English_ eat.
Otomi _tsa._
Talatui _tsamak._

_English_ good.
Otomi _manho._
Sekumne _wenne._

_English_ rabbit.
Otomi _qhua._
Huasteca _coy._

_English_ snake.
Otomi _qqena._
Maya _can._

_English_ yes.
Otomi _ha._
Cumanch _haa._

_English_ three.
Otomi _hiu._
Mexican _yey._
Huasteca _okh._

The other two are as follows.

(2.)

_The Otomi with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse._

_English_ man.
Otomi _nanyche._
Kuanchua _nan._
Canton _nam._
Tonkin _nam._

_English_ woman.
Otomi _nitsu._
---- _nsu._
Kuanchua _niu._
Canton _niu._
Tonkin _nu._

_English_ son.
Otomi _batsi._
---- _iso._
Kuanchua _dsu._
Canton _dzi._
Mian _sa._
Maplu _possa._
Play _aposo._
---- _naputhœ._
Passuko _posaho._

_English_ hand.
Otomi _ye._
Siuanlo _he._
Cochin China _ua = arm._

_English_ foot.
Otomi _gua._
Pey _ha = leg._
Pape _ha, ho = do._
Kuanchua _kio._
Canton _koh._
Moitay _kcho._

_English_ bird.
Otomi _ttzintey._
Maya _chechetch._
Tonkin _tcheni._
Cochin China _tching._

_English_ sun.
Otomi _hiadi._
Canton _yat._

_English_ moon.
Otomi _rzana._
Siuanlo _dzan._
Teina _son._

_English_ star.
Otomi _tze._
Tonkin _sao._
Cochin China _sao._
Maplu _shia._
Play _shâ._
---- _sha._
Passuko _za._
Colaun _assa._

_English_ water.
Otomi _dehe._
Tibet _tchi._
Mian _zhe._
Maplu _ti._
Colaun _tui._

_English_ stone.
Otomi _do._
Cochin China _ta._
Tibet _rto._

_English_ rain.
Otomi _ye._
Chuanchua _yu._
Canton _yu._
Colaun _yu._

_English_ fish.
Otomi _hua._
Chuanchua _yu._
Canton _yu._
Tonkin _ka._
Cochin China _ka._
Play _ya._
Moan _ka._

_English_ good.
Otomi _manho._
Teilung _wanu._

_English_ bad.
Otomi _hing._
---- _hio._
Chuanchua _o._
Tonkin _hu._
Play _gyia._

_English_ great.
Otomi _nah._
---- _nde._
---- _nohoc._
Chinese _ta, da._
Anam _dai._
Play _do, uddo._
Pey _nio._

_English_ small.
Otomi _ttygi._
Passuko _tcheka._

_English_ eat.
Otomi _tze tza._
Chinese _shi._
Tibet _shie._
Mian _tsha._
Myamma _sa._

_English_ sleep.
Otomi _aha._
Chuanchua _wo, uo._

(2.)

_The Maya, with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse._

_English_ son.
Maya _lakpal._
---- _palal = children._
Myamma _lugala._
Teilung _lukwun._

_English_ head.
Maya _pol, hool._
Kalaun _mollu._

_English_ mouth.
Maya _chi._
Chuanchua _keu._
Canton _hou._
Tonkin _kau._
Cochin China _kau._
Tibet _ka._

_English_ hand.
Maya _cab._
Huasteca _cubac._
Maplu _tchoobah = arm._
Play _tchoobah = do._
Passuko _tchoobawh = do._

_English_ foot.
Maya _uoc, oc._
Chuanchua _kio._
Canton _kon._
Moitay _cho._

_English_ sun.
Maya _kin._
Colaun _koni._
Moan _knua._
Teiya _kawan._
Teilung _kangun._
Pey _kanguan._

_English_ moon.
Maya _u._
Chuanchua _yue._

_English_ star.
Maya _ek._
Mean _kie._
Miamma _kyi._

_English_ water.
Maya _ha._
Miamma _ya._

_English_ rain.
Maya _chaac._
Maplu _tchatchang._
Passuko _tatchu._

_English_ small.
Maya _mehen._
Tonkin _mon._

_English_ eat.
Maya _hanal._
Tonkin _an._
Play _ang._

_English_ bird.
Maya _chechitch._
Tonkin _tchim._

_English_ fish.
Maya _ca._
Tonkin _ka._

_English_ great.
Maya _noh._
Pey _nio._

_The Acoma._--Two vocabularies from a tribe from the Pueblo of San Domingo, calling themselves Kiwomi, and a third of the Cochitemi dialect, collected by Whipple, are compared, by Turner, with the Acoma, of which they are dialects. Turner proposes the names Keres for the group. Buschmann, writing after him, says, "I name this form of speech _Quera_"--"_ich nenne dies Idiom Quera_."

The notice of the "outward signs" is not so clear as it should be. It means that two of the languages, the Taos and Zuni, run into polysyllabic forms--probably (indeed almost certainly) from composition or inflexion; whereas the Tesuque (which is placed in _contrast_ with the Zuni) has almost a monosyllabic appearance. This phenomenon appears elsewhere; _e. g._ in the Attacapa, as compared with the tongues of its neighbourhood. Upon the whole, the Zuni seems to be most aberrant of the group--saving the Moqui, which has decided Paduca affinities. They are all, however, mutually unintelligible; though the differences between them may easily be over-valued.

ENGLISH. ACOMA. COCHETIME. KIWOMI.

_man_ hahtratse hachthe hatshthe.
_woman_ cuhu coyoni cuyauwi.
_hair_ hahtratni ---- hatre.
_head_ nushkaine ---- nashke.
_face_ howawinni ---- skeeowa.
_eye_ hoonaine ---- shanna.
_nose_ ouisuine ---- wieshin.
_mouth_ ouicani ---- chiaca.
_tongue_ watchhuntni ---- watshin.
_one_ ---- ishka isk.
_two_ ---- kuomi 'tuomi.
_three_ ---- chami tshabi.
_four_ ---- kiana kiana.
_five_ ---- tama taoma.
_six_ ---- chisa chisth.
_seven_ ---- maicana maichana.
_eight_ ---- cocomishia cocumshi.
_nine_ ---- maeco maieco.
_ten_ ---- 'tkatz cahtz.

_Texas._--_p._ 101.--"Ini and Tachi are expressly stated to be Caddo, &c. as it is from the name of the last that the word _Texas_ is derived &c."--The name _Teguas_ is a name (other than native) of the population which calls itself Kiwomi. Word for word, this may (or may not) be Taos. It is only necessary to remember the complication here indicated. The exact tribe which gave the name to Texas has yet to be determined.

_The Witshita._--Allied to one another the Kechis and Wacos (Huecos) are, also, allied to the Witshita.--_See Turner, p. 68._

ENGLISH. KICHAI. HUECO.

_man_ caiuquanoquts todekitz.
_woman_ chequoike cahheie.
_head_ quitatso atskiestacat.
_hair_ itscoso ishkesteatz.
_face_ itscot ichcoh.
_ear_ atikoroso ortz.
_eye_ quideeco kidik.
_nose_ chuscarao tisk.
_mouth_ hokinnik ahcok.
_tongue_ hahtok hotz.
_tooth_ athnesho ahtk.
_hand_ ichshene ishk'ti.
_foot_ usinic os.
_fire_ yecenieto hatz.
_water_ kiokoh kitsah.
_one_ arishco cheos.
_two_ chosho witz.
_three_ tahwithco tow.
_four_ kithnucote tahquitz.
_five_ xs'toweo ishquitz.
_six_ nahitow kiash.
_seven_ tsowetate kiowhitz.
_eight_ naikinukate kiatou.
_nine_ taniorokat choskitte.
_ten_ x'skani skittewas.

Turner makes these three languages Pawni. In the present text the Witshita is made Caddo. It is made so on the strength of the numerals--perhaps overhastily.

That a language may be Pawni without ceasing to be Caddo, and Caddo without losing its place in the Pawni group is suggested in the beginning of the paper. Turner's table (p. 70), short as it is, encourages this view.

The truth is that the importance of the Caddos and Pawnis, from an ethnological point of view, is inordinately greater than their importance in any other respect. They are, however, but imperfectly known.

In Gallatin's first paper--the paper of the Archæologia Americana--there is a Caddo vocabulary and a Pawni vocabulary; and all that be said of them is that they are a little more like each other, than they are to the remaining specimens.

When the paper under notice was published the Riccaree was wholly unknown. But the Riccaree, when known, was shewn to be more Pawni than aught else. This made the Pawni a kind of nucleus for a class.

¶ Somewhat later the Caddo confederacy in Texas took prominence, and the Caddo became a nucleus also.

The true explanation of this lies in the highly probable fact that both the Caddo and Pawni are members of one and the same class. At the same time I am quite prepared to find that the Witshita (though compared with the Caddo by myself) is more particularly Pawni.

That the nearest congeners of the Caddo and Pawni class were the members of the Iroquois, Woccoon, Cherokee, and Chocta group I believed at an early period of my investigations; at a time (so to say) before the Riccarees, and the Californian populations were invented. If this doctrine were true, the Caddo (Pawni) affinities would run eastwards. They may do this, and run westwards also. That they run eastwards I still believe. But I have also seen Caddo and Pawni affinities in California. The Caddo numeral _one_ = _whiste_; in Secumne and Cushna _wikte_, _wiktem_. Again the Caddo and Kichie for _water_ = _koko_, _kioksh_. Meanwhile kik is a true Moquelumne form. This I get from a most cursory inspection; or rather from memory.

Upon the principle that truth comes out of error more easily than confusion I give the following notice of the distribution or want of distribution of the numerous Texian tribes.

1. *Coshattas--Unknown.

2. Towiach--Pawni (?).

3. Lipan--Athabaskan (?).

4. *Alish, or Eyish--Caddo (?).

5. *Acossesaw--Unknown.

6. Navaosos--Navahos (?).

7. *Mayes--Attacapa (?).

8. *Cances--Unknown.

9. Toncahuas--Are these the Tonkaways, amounting, according to Stem,
to 1152 souls? If so, a specimen of their language should be obtained.
Again--are they the Tancards? Are they the Tunicas? If so, they may
speak Choctah.

10. Tuhuktukis--Are these the Topofkis, amounting to 200 souls? If so a
specimen of their language, _eo nomine_, is attainable.

11. Unataquas, or Andarcos--They amount, according to Stem, to 202
souls. No vocabulary, _eo nomine_, known. Capable of being obtained.

12. Mascovie--Unknown.

13. Iawani or Ioni--Caddo? Amount to 113 souls. Specimen of language,
_eo nomine_, capable of being obtained.

14. Waco--Wico?--Pawni.

15. *Avoyelle--Unknown.

16. 17. Washita--Kiche--Pawni.

18. *Xaramene--Unknown.

19. *Caicache--Unknown.

20. *Bidias--Unknown.

21. Caddo--Caddo.

22. Attacapa--Attacapa.

23. Adahi--Adahi.

24. Coke--Carackahua.

25. Carankahua--Attacapa (?).

26. Towacano--Numbering 141 souls. Is this Towiach?

27. Hitchi--Kichi (?).

28. *Nandako. }
} Caddo (?).
29. *Nabadaches. }

30. *Yatassi.

31. *Natchitoches. }
}
32. *Nacogdoches. } Adahi (?).
}
33. Keyes. }

These last may belong as much to Louisiana as to Texas--as, indeed, may some of the others. Those marked * are apparently extinct. At any rate, they are not found in any of the recent notices.

Finally, Mr Burnett mentions the San Pedro Indians.

The previous list shews that the obliteration of the original tribes of Texas has been very great. It shews us this at the first view. But a little reflection tells us something more.

Like Kanzas and Nebraska, Texas seems to have scarcely any language that is peculiar to itself; in this respect standing in strong contrast to California. The Caddo belongs to the frontier. The Pawni forms of speech occur elsewhere. The Adahi is probably as much the property of Louisiana as of Texas. The Cumanch, Chocta &c. are decidedly intrusive. The nearest approach to a true Texian form of speech is the Attacapa. No wonder it is isolated.

The Adahi, is has, at least the following affinities.

_English_ man.
Adahi _haasing_.
Otto _wahsheegae_.
Onondago _etschinak_.
Abenaki _seenanbe_ = _vir_.
Abenaki _arenanbe_ = _homo_.

_English_ woman.
Adahi _quaechuke_.
Muskoge _hoktie_.
Choctah _hottokohyo_.
Osage _wako_.
Sack and Fox _kwyokih_.
Ilinois _ickoe_.
Nanticoke _aequahique_.
Delaware _okhqueh_.
Algonkin. &c. _squaw_.
Taculli _chaca_.

_English_ girl.
Adahi _quoâtwistuck_.
Chikkasaw _take_.
Choctah _villa tak_.
Caddo _nuttaitesseh_.
Oneida _caidazai_.
Micmac _epidek_.

_English_ child.
Adahi _tallahening_.
Adahi _tallahache_ = _boy_.
Omahaw _shinga shinga_.
Otto _cheechinga_.
Quappa _shetyïnka_.

_English_ father.
Adahi _kewanick_.
Chetimacha _kineghie_.
Chikkasaw _unky_.
Choctah _aunkke_.

_English_ mother.
Adahi _amanic_.
Caddo _ehneh_.
Sioux _enah_, _eehong_.
Tuscarora _ena_.
Wyandot _aneheh_.
Kency _anna_.
Eskimo _amama_.

_English_ husband.
Adahi _hasekino_.
Chetimacha _hichehase_.
Winebago _eekunah_.
Taculli _eki_.
Tchuktchi _uika_.

_English_ wife.
Adahi _quochekinok_.
Adahi _quaechuke_ = _woman_.
Tuscarora _ekening_ = _do_.
Cherokee _ageyung_ = _woman_.
Chetimacha _hichekithia_.
Chetimacha _hichehase_ = _man_.

_English_ son.
Adahi _tallehennie_.
Caddo _hininshatrseh_.
Omahaw _eeingyai_.
Minetare _eejinggai_.
Winebago _eeneek_.
Oneida _yung_.

_English_ brother.
Adahi _gasing_.
Salish _asintzah_
Ottawa _sayin_ = _elder_.
Ojibbeway _osy aiema_.

_English_ head.
Adahi _tochake_.
Caddo _dachunkea_ = _face_.
Caddo _dokundsa_.

_English_ hair.
Adahi _calatuck_.
Chippewyan _thiegah_.
Kenay _szugo_.
Miami _keelingeh_ = _face_.

_English_ face.
Adahi _annack_.
Chetimacha _kaneketa_.
Attacapa _iune_.
Eskimo _keniak_.

_English_ ear.
Adahi _calat_.
Cherokee _gule_.
Passamaquoddy _chalksee_.

_English_ nose.
Adahi _wecoocal_.
Montaug _cochoy_.
Micmac _uchichun_.

_English_ beard.
Adahi _tosocat_.
Attacapa _taesh_ = _hair_.
Natchez _ptsasong_ = _hair_.
Chetimacha _chattie_.

_English_ arm.
Adahi _walcat_.
Taculli _olâ_.
Chippewyan _law_.

_English_ nails.
Adahi _sicksapusca_.
Catawba _ecksapeeah_ = _hand_.
Natchez _ispehse_ = _hand_.

_English_ belly.
Adahi _noeyack_.
Winebago _neehahhah_.
Eskimo _neiyuk_.

_English_ leg.
Adahi _ahasuck_ = _leg_.
Chetimacha _sauknuthe_ = _feet_.
Chetimacha _saukatie_ = _toes_.
Chetimacha _sau_ = _leg_.
Osage _sagaugh_.
Yancton _hoo_.
Otto _hoo_.
Pawnee _ashoo_ = _foot_.
Sioux _see, seehuh_ = _do_.
Nottoway _saseeke_ = _do_.
Dacota _seehukasa_ = _toes_.
Nottoway _seeke_ = _do_.

_English_ mouth.
Adahi _wacatcholak_.
Chetimacha _cha_.
Attacapa _katt_.
Caddo _dunehwatcha_.
Natchez _heche_.
Mohawk _wachsacarlunt_.
Seneca _wachsagaint_.
Sack and Fox _wektoneh_.
Mohican _otoun_.

_English_ tongue.
Adahi _tenanat_.
Chetimacha _huene_.
Uché _cootincah_.
Choctah _issoonlush_.
Knistenaux _otayenee_.
Ojibbeway _otainani_.
Ottawa _tenanian_.

_English_ hand.
Adahi _secut_.
Adahi _sicksapasca_ = _nails_.
Choctah _shukba_ = _his arm_.
Chikkasaw _shukbah_ = _do_.
Muskoge _sakpa_ = _do_.
Kenay _skona_.
Attacapa _nishagg_ = _fingers_.
Omahaw _shagai_.
Osage _shagah_.
Mohawk _shake_.
Yancton _shakai_ = _nails_.
Otto _shagai_ = _do_.

_English_ blood.
Adahi _pchack_.
Caddo _baaho_.
Passamaquoddy _pocagun_.
Abenaki _bagakkaan_.
Mohican _pocaghkan_.
Nanticoke _puckcuckque_.
Miami _nihpeekanueh_.

_English_ red.
Adahi _pechasat_.
Natchez _pahkop_.

_English_ feet.
Adahi _nocat_.
Micmac _ukkuat_.
Miami _katah_.
Taculli _oca_.
Chippewyan _cuh_.
Ilinois _nickahta_ = _leg_.
Delaware _wikhaat_ = _do_.
Massachusetts _muhkout_ = _do_.
Ojibbeway _okat_ = _do_.

_English_ bone.
Adahi _wahacut_.
Otto _wahoo_.
Yancton _hoo_.
Dacota _hoohoo_.
Ojibbeway _okun_.
Miami _kaanih_.
Eskimo _heownik_.
Eskimo _oaecyak_.

_English_ house.
Adahi _coochut_.
Nachez _hahit_.
Muskoge _chookgaw_.
Choctah _chukka_.
Catawba _sook_.
Taculli _yock_.

_English_ bread.
Adahi _okhapin_.
Chetimacha _heichepat chepa_.

_English_ sky.
Adahi _ganick_.
Seneca _kiunyage_.

_English_ summer.
Adahi _weetsuck_.
Uché _waitee_.

_English_ fire.
Adahi _nang_.
Caddo _nako_.
Eskimo _ignuck_.
Eskimo _eknok_.
Eskimo _annak_.

_English_ mountain.
Adahi _tolola_.
Taculli _chell_.

_English_ stone, rock.
Adahi _ekseka_.
Caddo _seeeeko_.
Nachez _ohk_.

_English_ maize.
Adahi _ocasuck_.
Nachez _hokko_.

_English_ day.
Adahi _nestach_.
Muskoge _nittah_.
Chikkasaw _nittuck_.
Choctah _nittok_.

_English_ autumn.
Adahi _hustalneetsuck_.
Choctah _hushtolape_.
Chikkasaw _hustillomona_.
Chikkasaw _hustola_ = _winter_.

_English_ bird.
Adahi _washang_.
Choctah _hushe_.
Sack and Fox _wishkamon_.
Shawnoe _wiskiluthi_.

_English_ goose.
Adahi _nickkuicka_.
Chetimacha _napiche_.
Ilinois _nicak_.
Ojibbeway _nickak_.
Delaware _kaak_.
Shawnoe _neeake_.

_English_ duck.
Adahi _ahuck_.
Eskimo _ewuck_.

_English_ fish.
Adahi _aesut_.
Cherokee _atsatih_.

_English_ tree.
Adahi _tanack_.
Dacota _tschang_.
Ilinois _toauane_.
Miami _tauaneh_ = _wood_.

_English_ grass.
Adahi _hasack_.
Chikkasaw _hasook_.
Choctah _hushehuck_.
Uché _yahsuh_ = _leaf_.
Chikkasaw _hishe_ = _do_.

_English_ deer.
Adahi _wakhine_.
Uché _wayung_.

_English_ squirrel.
Adahi _enack_.
Sack and Fox _aneekwah_.
Nanticoke _nowekkey_.
Abenaki _anikesses_.
Knistenaux _annickochas_.

_English_ old.
Adahi _hansnaie_.
Caddo _hunaisteteh_.
Nottoway _onahahe_.

_English_ good.
Adahi _awiste_.
Dacota _haywashta_.
Yancton _washtai_.

_English_ I.
Adahi _nassicon_.
Cherokee _naski_.

_English_ kill.
Adahi _yoeick_.
Caddo _yokay_.
Catawba _eekway_.

_English_ two.
Adahi _nass_.
Algonkin, &c. _nis_, _ness_, _nees_.

_Mexico-Guatemala._--The details of the languages of Mexico and Guatemala that are neither Mexican Proper (Astek) or Maya are difficult. Availing myself of the information afforded by my friend Mr. Squier, and the bibliographical learning of Ludwig, I am inclined to believe

1. That all the following forms of speech are Maya; viz. Chiapa, Tzendal (Celdal), Chorti, Mam, Pocoman (Poconchi), Populuca, Quiche, Kachiquel, Zutugil (Yutukil), Huasteca.

2. That the Zoque, Utlateca, and Lacondona may or may not be Maya.

3. That the Totanaca; and

4. The Mixteca are other than Maya.

5. That, if the statement of Hervas be correct, the Zapoteca, the Mazateca, the Chinansteca, and the Mixe are in the same category.

The Tlapaneka according to Humboldt is a peculiar language.--_Ludwig in voc._

I have done, however, little or nothing, in the way of first hand work with the languages to the South of Sinaloa and the West of Texas. I therefore leave them--leave them with a reference to Ludwig's valuable Bibliotheca Glottica, for a correction of my statement respecting the non-existence of any Indian forms of speech in New Grenada. The notices under _v. v._ ANDAQUIES, COCONUCOS, CORREQUAJES, GUAQUES, INGANOS, will shew that this is far from being the case.

The present paper has gone over so large a portion of North America that it is a pity not to go over the remainder. The ethnology of the Canada, and the British possessions akin to Canada contains little which is neither Eskimo or Algonkin, Iroquois or Athabaskan. Of new forms of speech like those of which Oregon and California have given so many instances it exhibits none. Everything belongs to one of the four above-named classes. The Bethuck of Newfoundland was Algonkin, and so were the Blackfoot, the Shyenne and Arrapaho. Indeed, as has been already stated, the Eskimo and Athabaskan stretch across the Continent. The Blackfoot touches the Rocky Mountains. Of the Sioux class the British possessions shew a sample. The Red River district is Assineboin; the Assineboins being Sioux. So are a few other British tribes.

Upon the whole, however, five well-known families give us all that belong to British America to the East of the Rocky Mountains. As the present paper is less upon the Algonkin, Sioux and like classes than upon the distribution of languages over the different areas of North America this is as much as need be said upon the subject.

For the Northern two-thirds of the United States, _East of the Mississippi_, the same rule applies. The Sioux area begins in the West. The Algonkin class, of which the most Northern branch belongs to Labrador, where it is conterminous with the Eskimo, and which on the west contains the Blackfoot reaches as far south as South Carolina--the Nottoways being Algonkin. The enormous extent of this area has been sufficiently enlarged on. Meanwhile, like islands in an Ocean, two Iroquois district shew themselves. To the north the Iroquois, Hurons and others touch the Lakes and the Canadians frontier, entirely separated from the Tuscaroras who give a separate and isolated area in California. Whether the Iroquois area, once continuous, has been broken-up by Algonkin encroachments, or whether the Iroquois &c. have been projected into the Algonkin area from the South, or, whether _vice versa_, the Tuscaroras are to be considered as offsets from the North is a matter for investigation. The present writer believes that south of N. L. 45. (there or there about) the Algonkins are intrusive.

N. L. 35. cuts the Cherokee, the Woccoon, the Catawba, and the Chocta area--to the west of which lies of the Mississippi.

Between the frontier of Texas, the aforesaid parallel, and the Ocean we have Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Now here the displacement has been considerable. The part played by the Algonkins, Iroquois, and (it may be added) the Sioux is here played by the Cherokees, the Choctahs, and the Creeks. Whatever is other than Creek, Choctah, and Cherokee is in a fragmentary form. The details of what we know through vocabularies are as follows:--

1. _The Woccon_--extinct, and allied to----

2. _The Catawba_--also extinct. These belonged to the Carolinas. The Woccon and Catawba vocabularies are mentioned in the Mithridates.

3. _The Tinqua_--see Ludwig.

4. _The Timuacuana_--see p. 377.

5. _The Uche_--of this we find a specimen in the Archæologia Americana. The tribe belongs to the Creek confederacy and must be in a very fragmentary state.

6. _The Natchez_--on the Mississippi, facing the Caddos, Adahi.

7. _The Chetimacha._--In Louisiana. Vocabulary in _Archæologia Americana_.

In the way of internal evidence (_i.e._ the evidence of specimens of language) this is all we have what may be called the _fragmentary_ languages of the South Eastern portion of the United States. Of the Choctah, Creek, Chikkasah, and Cherokee we have an abundance, just as we have of the Algonkin and Eskimo. It is, however, the fragmentary tribes, the probable representatives of the aboriginal population, which we more especially seek.

As may be expected the fragmentary languages are (comparatively speaking) isolated. The Woccon and Catawba, indeed, are thrown into the same class in the Mithridates: but the Natchez and Uche are, by no means, closely akin. Why should they be? Such transitional forms as may once have existed have been obliterated. Nevertheless, both have miscellaneous affinities.

So much for the languages represented by specimens. In the way of external evidence I go no further than the Mithridates, and the Archæologia.

With the exception of the Woccons the Catawba and a few words from the Timuacana, the Mithridates, gives no specimens--save and except those of the Choctah, Cherokees, and Chikkasah. These two last it looks upon as the representative languages and calls them _Mobilian_ from Mobile. Hence, the question which was put in Texas is, _mutatis mutandis_, put in Florida. What languages are Mobilian? What other than Mobilian?

The Woccons are either only or chiefly known through a work of Lawson's. They were conterminous with the Algonkin Pamticoughs (intrusive?), and the Cherokees.

The Catawba lay to the south of the Woccon. Their congeners are said to be

1. The Wataree;

2. The Eeno--Compare this name with the Texian Ini;

3. The Chowah, or Chowan;

4. The Congaree;

5. The Nachee--Compare with Natchez; word for word;

6. The Yamassee;

7. The Coosah--Compare (word for word) Coosada, and Coshatta.

In the South lay the Timuacana--of which a few words beyond the numerals are given.

In West Florida and Alabama, the evidence (I still follow the Mithridates) of Dr. Pratz scarcely coincides with that of the account of Alvaz Nuñez de Vaca. This runs thus.

In the island of Malhado were spoken languages of

1. The Caoques;
2. The Han.

On the coast--

3. The Choruico--Cherokee?
4. The Doguenes.
5. The Mendica.
6. The Quevenes.
7. The Mariames.
8. The Gualciones.
9. The Yguaces.
10. The Atayos--Adahi? This seems to have been a native name--"_die
sich Atayos nennen_."
11. The Acubadaos.
12. The Quitoles.
13. The Avavares--Avoyelles?
14. The Muliacone.
15. The Cutalchiche.
16. The Susola.
17. The Como.
18. The Camole.

Of migrants from the East to the West side of the Mississippi, the Mithridates gives--

1. The Pacana, conterminous with the Attacapas.
2. The Pascagula.
3. The Biluxi.
4. The Appalache.

The Taensa are stated to be a branch of the Natchez.

The Caouitas are, perhaps, word for word the Conchattas; also the Coosa, Coosada, Coshatta.

The _Stincards_ are, word for word, the Tancards = _Tuncas_ = _Tunicas_.

Dr. Sibley gives us _Chetimacha_ as a name; along with specimens of the Chetimacha, Uche, Natchez, Adahi, and Attacapa as languages.

Word for word, _Chetimacha_ seems to _Checimeca_; _Appelusa_, _Apalach_; _Biluxi_ (perhaps the same); _Pascagoula_, _Muscogulge_. How, however, did _Chichimeca_ get so far westwards?

We are scarcely, in the condition to speculate much concerning details of the kind. It is sufficient to repeat the notice that the native languages of the parts in question are in a fragmentary condition; the Uche being the chief representative of them. Whether it were _Savaneric_[49], or not, is uncertain. It is, certainly, _not_ Shawanno, or Shawno, _i. e._ Algonkin. On the contrary it is, as is to be expected, from the encroachments and displacements of its neighbourhood a very isolated language--not, however without miscellaneous affinities--_inter alia_ the following.

[Footnote 49: More languages than one are thus named. See _p._ 375 for a Savaneric in Veragua.]

_English_ sky.
Uche _haipoung_.
Chiccasaw _abbah_.
Catawba _wahpeeh_.

_English_ day.
Uche _uckkah_.
Attacapa _iggl_.
Cherokee _ikah_.
Muskoje _hiyiaguy_ = _light_.
Cherokee _egah_ = _do_.
Catawba _heakuh_ = _do_.
Delaware _wakheu_ = _do_.
Narrag _wequai_ = _do_.
Mapach _do_ = _do_.

_English_ summer.
Uche _waitee_.
Adaize _weetsuck_.

_English_ winter.
Uche _wishtuh_.
Natchez _kwishitsetakop_.
Chiccasaw _hustolah_.
Seneca _oushat_.

_English_ wind.
Uche _ahwitauh_.
Caddo _houeto_.
Muskoje _hotalleye_.

_English_ rain.
Uche _chaah_.
Chetimacha _kaya_.
Attacapa _caucau_.
Caddo _cawiohe_.

_English_ river.
Uche _tauh_.
Salish _saiulk_.
Catawba _eesauh_.

_English_ tree.
Uche _yah_.
Caddo _yako_.
Attacapa _kagg_.
Catawba _yup_.
Quappa _yon_.
Esquimaux _keiyu_ = _wood_.
Yancton _cha_ = _wood_.
Catawba _yay_ = _oak_.

_English_ leaf.
Uche _yahsuh_.
Muskoghe _ittohise_ = _hair of tree_ = _itta tree_.
Chiccasaw _hoshsha_.
Choctah _itte hishe_.

_English_ deer.
Uche _wayung_.
Adahi _wakhine_.
Cherokee _ahwhih_.

_English_ bear.
Uche _ptsaka_.
Natchez _tsokohp_.

_English_ bird.
Uche _psenna_.
Caddo _bunnit_.
Tuscar _tcheenuh_.
Ilinois _pineusen_.
Ottawa _bennaisewug_.
Ojibbwa _pinaisi_.

_English_ fish.
Uche _potshoo_.
Caddo _batta_.
Minetari _boa_.

Such our sketch of the details. They give us more affinities than the current statements concerning the _glossarial_ differences between the languages of the New World suggest. It is also to be added that they scarcely confirm the equally common doctrine respecting their _grammatical_ likeness. Doing this, they encourage criticism, and invite research.

There is a considerable amount of affinity: but it is often of that miscellaneous character which baffles rather than promotes classification.

There is a considerable amount of affinity; but it does not, always, shew itself on the surface. I will give an instance.

One of the first series of words to which philologues who have only vocabularies to deal with have recourse, contains the numerals; which are, in many cases, the first of words that the philological collector makes it his business to bring home with him from rude countries. So generally is this case that it may safely be said that if we are without the numerals of a language we are, in nine cases out of ten, without any sample at all of it. Their value as samples for philological purposes has been noticed in more than one paper of the present writer's here and elsewhere; their value in the way of materials for a history of Arithmetic being evident--evidently high.

But the ordinary way in which the comparisons are made between the numerals gives us, very often, little or nothing but broad differences and strong contrasts. Take for instance the following tables.

ENGLISH. ESKIMO. ALEUTIAN. KAMSKADALE.

_one_ atamek attakon kemmis.
_two_ malgok alluk nittanu.
_three_ pinajut kankun tshushquat.
_four_ istamat thitshin tshashcha.
_five_ tatlimat sshang koomdas.

No wonder that the tongues thus represented seem unlike.

But let us go farther--in the first place remembering that, in most cases, it is only as far as _five_ that the ruder languages have distinct numerals; in other words that from _six_ onwards they count upon the same principle as _we_ do after ten, _i. e._ they join together some two, or more, of the previous numerals; even as we, by adding _seven_ and _ten_, make _seven-teen_. The exact details, of course, differ; the general principle, however, is the same viz.: that after _five_ the numerals become, more or less, compound, just as, with us, they become so after _ten_.

With this preliminary observation let us ask what will be the Kamskadale for _seven_ when _nittanu_ = _two_, and _kumdas_ = _five_. The answer is either _nittanu-kumdas_ or _kumdas-nittanu_. But the Kamskadale happens to have a separate word for _six_, viz. _kiekoas_. What then? The word for _seven_ may be one of two things: it may be either = 6 + 1, or 5 + 2. The former being the case, and _kemmis_ = _one_, the Kamskadale for _seven_ should be either _kemmis-kilkoas_ or _kilkoas-kemmis_. But it is neither one nor the other. It is _ittakh-tenu_. Now as _eight_ = _tshok-tenu_ we know this word to be compound. But what are its elements? We fail to find them amongst the simpler words expressive of _one_, _two_, _three_, _four_, _five_. We fail to find them amongst these if we look to the Kamskadale only--not, however, if we go farther. The Aleutian for _one_ = _attak-on_; the Aleutian for _six_ = _attu-on_. And what might be the Aleutian for _seven_? Even _attakh-attun_, little more than _ittakh tenu_ in a broader form.

The Jukahiri gives a similar phenomenon.

Such is the notice of the care with which certain comparisons should be made before we venture to commit ourselves to negative statements.

There is an affinity amongst the American languages, and (there being this) there are also the elements of a classification. The majority, however, of the American languages must be classified according to _types_ rather than _definitions_. Upon the nature of this difference, as well as upon the cause I have written more fully elsewhere. It is sufficient for present purposes to say that it applies to the languages of North America in general, and (of these) to those of the parts beyond the Rocky Mountains more especially. Eskimo characteristics appear in the Athabaskan, Athabaskan in the Koluch forms of speech. From these the Haidah leads to the Chimmesyan (which is, nevertheless, a very outlying form of speech) and the Hailtsa, akin to the Billechula, which, itself, leads to the Atna. By slightly raising the value of the class we bring in the Kutani, the Nutkan and the Chinuk.

In the Chinuk neighbourhood we move _via_ the Jakon, Kalapuya, Sahaptin, Shoshoni, and Lutuami to the languages of California and the Pueblos; and thence southwards.

In American languages simple comparison does but little. We may test this in two ways. We may place, side by side, two languages known to be undoubtedly, but also known to be not very closely, allied. Such, for instance, are the German and Greek, the Latin and Russian, the English and Lithuanic, all of which are Indo-European, and all of which, when placed in simple juxta-position, by no means show themselves in any very palpable manner as such. This may be seen from the following table, which is far from being the first which the present writer has compiled; and that with the special view of ascertaining by induction (and not _a priori_) the value of comparisons of the kind in question.

ENGLISH. LATIN. CAYUSE. WILLAMET.

man homo yúant atshánggo.
woman mulier pintkhlkaiu pummaike.
father _pater_ píntet sima.
mother _mater_ penín sinni.
son filius wái tawakhai.
daughter filia wái tshitapinna.
head _caput_ talsh tamutkhl.
hair crinis tkhlokomot amutkhl.
ear _auris_ taksh pokta.
eye _oculus_ hăkamush kwalakkh.
nose _nasus_ pitkhloken unan.
mouth os sumkhaksh mandi.
tongue _lingua_ push mamtshutkhl.
tooth _dens_ tenif púti.
hand manus epip tlakwa.
fingers digiti épip alakwa.
feet _pedes_ tish puüf.
blood sanguis tiweush méëuu.
house domus nisht hammeih (--fire).
axe securis yengthokinsh khueshtan.
knife culter shekt hekemistāh.
shoes calcei taitkhlo ulumóf.
sky cœlum adjalawaia amiank.
sun _sol_ huewish ampiun.
moon _luna_ katkhltóp utap.
star _stella_ tkhlikhlish atuininank.
day _dies_ eweiu umpium.
night _nox_ ftalp atitshikim.
fire ignis tetsh hamméih.
water aqua iskkainish mampuka.
rain pluvia tishtkitkhlmiting ukwíï.
snow _nix_ poi nukpeik.
earth terra lingsh hunkhalop.
river _rivus_ lushmi mantsal.
stone lapis ápit andi.
tree arbor lauik huntawatkhl.
meat caro pithuli umhók.
dog canis náapang mantal.
beaver castor pieka akaipi.
bear ursa limeaksh alotufan.
bird avis tianiyiwa pōkalfuna.
great magnus yaúmua pul.
cold frigidus shunga pángkafiti.
white albus tkhlaktkhláko kommóu.
black niger shkupshkúpu maieum.
red ruber lakaitlakaitu tshal.
I _ego_ ining tshii.
thou _tu_ niki máha.
he ille nip kak.
one _unus_ na wáän.
two _duo_ leplin kéën.
three _tres_ matnin upshin.
four _quatuor_ piping táope.
five _quinque_ táwit húwan.
six _sex_ nóiná taf.
seven _septem_ nóilip pshinimua.
eight _octo_ nōimát kēëmúa.
nine _novem_ tanáuiaishimshin wanwaha.
ten _decem_ ningitelp tínifia.

Again--the process may be modified by taking two languages known to be _closely_ allied, and asking how far a _simple_ comparison of their vocabularies exhibits that alliance on the surface, _e. g._:--

ENGLISH. BEAVER INDIAN. CHIPPEWYAN.

one it la day ittla hē.
two onk shay day nank hay.
three ta day ta he.
four dini day dunk he.
five tlat zoon e de ay sa soot la he.
six int zud ha l'goot ha hé.
seven ta e wayt zay tluz ud dunk he.
eight etzud een tay l'goot dung he.
nine kala gay ne ad ay itla ud ha.
ten kay nay day hona.
a man taz eu dinnay you.
a woman iay quay tzay quay.
a girl id az oo ed dinna gay.
a boy taz yuz é dinnay yoo azay.
interpreter nao day ay dinnay tee ghaltay.
trader meeoo tay ma kad ray.
moose-deer tlay tchin tay tunnehee hee.
rein-deer may tzee ed hun.
beaver tza tza.
dog tlee tlee.
rabbit kagh kagh.
bear zus zus.
wolf tshee o nay noo nee yay.
fox e yay thay nag hee dthay.

The difference is great: but the two forms of speech are mutually intelligible. On the other hand, the Cayuse and Willamet are more alike than the English and Latin.

Next to the details of our method, and the principles of our classification, the more important of the special questions command attention. Upon the relations of the Eskimo to the other languages of America I have long ago expressed my opinion. I now add the following remarks upon the prevalence of the doctrine which separated them.

Let us imagine an American or British ethnologist speculating on the origin and unity of the European populations and arriving, in the course of his investigations, at Finmark, or any of those northern parts of Scandinavia where the Norwegian and Laplander come in immediate geographical contact. What would be first? Even this--close geographical contact accompanied by a remarkable contrast in the way of the ethnology: difference in habits, difference in aptitudes, difference in civilisation, difference of creed, difference of physical form, difference of language.