Chapter XIV: THE YUMA LANGUAGES.--At the junction of the Gila and Colorado (1)

stands Fort Yuma, in the district of the Yuma Indians. They occupy each side of the Colorado, both above and below its junction with the Gila. How far they extend northwards is unknown, probably more than 100 miles. They are also called _Cuchans_, and are a fierce predatory nation, encroaching equally on tribes of their own language and on aliens.

From these _Yuma_ Indians I take the name for the group now under notice. It contains, besides the Yuma Proper, the Dieguno of San Diego and the Coco-maricopa.

The Coco-maricopa Indians are joint-occupants of certain villages on the Gila; the population with which they are associated being _Pima_. Alike in other respects, the Pima and Coco-maricopa Indians differ in language, as may be seen from the following table, confirmatory of the testimony of numerous trustworthy authorities to the same effect.

ENGLISH. PIMA. CUCHAN. COCOMARICOPA. DIEGUNO.

_man_ huth epatsh apatch {àycutcht.
{epatch.
_woman_ hahri sinyak seniact sun.
_Indian_ huup metepaie ---- ----
{ecoutsucherowo}
_head_ mouk { and } ---- estar.
{umwelthoocouo }
_hair_ ptmuk eetche ---- hiletar.
_ear_ ptnahauk smythl ---- ----
_nose_ tahnk ---- ---- hu.
_mouth_ chinits ---- ---- ah.
_tongue_ neuen epulche ---- ----
_tooth_ ptahan aredoche ---- ----
_beard_ chinyo yahboineh ---- ----
_hand_ mahahtk eesalche issalis selh.
_foot_ tetaght emetchslipaslapya ametche hamulyay.
_sky_ ptchuwik amma ---- ----
_sun_ tahs nyatch ---- ----
_moon_ mahsa huthlya ---- ----
_star_ uon klupwalaie ---- ----
_snow_ chiah halup ---- ----
_fire_ tahi aawoh house ----
_water_ suntik aha haache kha.
_I_ ahan nyat ---- nyah.
_he_ yeutah habritzk ---- ----
_one_ yumako sin sandek hina.
_two_ kuak havick haveka hawue.
_three_ vaik hamuk hamoka hamuk.
_four_ kiik chapop champapa chapop.
_five_ puitas serap sarap suap.

San Diego lies in 32-1/2° north latitude, a point at which the philology diverges--in one direction into Old California, in another into Sonora. I first follow it in the direction of

OLD CALIFORNIA.

San Diego, as has just been stated, lies in 32-1/2° north latitude. Now it is stated in the Mithridates that the most northern of the Proper _Old_ Californian tongues, the _Cochimi_, is spoken as far north as 33°. If so, the Dieguno may be _Old_ Californian as well as _New_; which I think it is; believing, at the same time, that _Cochimi_ and _Cuchan_ are the same words. Again, in the following Paternoster the word for _sky_ = _ammai_ in the Cuchan vocabulary.

COCHIMI OF SAN XAVIER.

_father sky_
Pennayu make,nambà yaa ambayujui miyà mo;

_name men confess and love all_
Buhu mombojua tamma gkomendà hi nogodoño demuejueg gkajim;

_and sky earth_
Pennayùla bogodoño gkajim, gui hi ambayujup maba yaa ke,amete

_favour_
decuinyi mo puegiñ;

_sky earth_
Yaa m blihula mujua ambayup mo dedahijua, amet ê nò guìlugui hi pagkajim;

_this day day_
Tamadà yaa ibo tejueg quiluguiqui pe,mijich ê mòu ibo yanno puegiñ;

_and man evil_
Guihi tamma yaa gambuegjula ke,pujui ambinyijua pennayala dedaudugùjua,
giulugui pagkajim;

_and although and_
Guihi yaa tagamuegla hui ambinyijua hi doomo puhuegjua, he doomo
pogonunyim;

_and earth bless evil_
Tagamuegjua guihi usimahel ke,ammet è decuinyimo, guihi yaa hui ambinyi
yaa gambuegpea pagkaudugum.

Lastly, in 33° north latitude; the language of[40] San Luis El _Rey_, which is Yuma; is succeeded by that of San Luis _Obispo_, which is Capistrano.

[Footnote 40: For an exception to this statement see the Remarks at the end of the Volume. (1859.)]

I conclude, then, that the Yuma language belongs to the southern parts of _New_ and the northern part of _Old_ California.

Of recent notices of any of the languages of Old California, _eo nomine_, I know none. In the Mithridates the information is pre-eminently scanty.

According to the only work which I have examined at first-hand, the _Nachrichten von der Americanischen Halbinsel Californien_ (Mannheim, 1772; in the Mithridates, 1773), the anonymous author of which was a Jesuit missionary in the middle parts of the Peninsula, the languages of Old California were--

1. The _Waikur_, spoken in several dialects.

2. The _Ushiti_.

3. The _Layamon_.

4. The _Cochimi_, north, and

5. The _Pericu_; at the southern extremity of the peninsula.

6. A probably new form of speech used by some tribes visited by Linck.

This is what we learn from what we call the Mannheim account; the way in which the author expresses himself being not exactly in the form just exhibited, but to the effect that, besides the Waikur with its dialects, there were five others.

The Waikur Proper, the language which the author under notice was most especially engaged on, and which he says that he knew sufficiently for his purposes as a missionary, is the language of the middle part of the peninsula. How far the Utshiti, and Layamon were dialects of it, how far they were separate substantive languages, is not very clearly expressed. The writer had Utshis, and Utshipujes, and Atschimes in his mission, "thoroughly distinct tribes--_lauter verschiedene Völcklein_." Nevertheless he always speaks as if the Waikur tongue was sufficient for his purposes. On the other hand, the Utshiti is especially mentioned as a separate language. Adelung makes it a form of the Waikur; as he does the Layamon, and also the Cora and Aripe. Then there comes a population called _Ika_, probably the Picos or Ficos of Bagert, another authority for these parts. Are these, the sixth population of the Mannheim account, the unknown tribes visited by Linck? I think not. They are mentioned in another part of the book as _known_.

To the names already mentioned

1. Ika,
2. Utshi,
3. Utshipuje,
4. Atschime,

add

5. Paurus,
6. Teakwas,
7. Teengúabebes,
8. Angukwares,
9. Mitsheriku-tamais,
10. Mitsheriku-tearus,
11. Mitsheriku-ruanajeres,

and you have a list of the tribes with which a missionary for those parts of California where the Waikur languages prevailed, came in contact. Altogether they gave no more than some 500 individuals, so miserably scanty was the population.

The occupancies of these lay chiefly within the Cochimi area, which reached as far south as the parts about Loretto in 26° north latitude; the Loretto language being the Layamon. This at least is the inference from the very short table of the Mithridates, which, however little it may tell us in other respects, at least informs us that the San Xavier, San Borgia, and Loretto forms of speech were nearer akin to each other than to the Waikur.

ENGLISH. ST. XAVIER. S. BORGIA. LORETTO. WAIKUR.

_sky_ ambayujub ambeink ---- terereka-datemba.
_earth_ amet amate-guang ---- datemba.
_fire_ ---- usi ussi ----
_man_ tämma tama tamma ti.
_father_ käkka iham keneda ----
_son_ ---- uisaham ---- tshanu.

The short compositions of Hervas (given in the Mithridates) show the same.

THE WAIKUR.--This is the language of what I have called the Mannheim account, namely the anonymous work of a Jesuit missionary of the Waikur country published at Mannheim.

It gives us the following specimens--Waikur and German:

Kepè-dáre tekerekádatembi dai;
_unser Vater gebogene Erd du bist;_

ei-rì akatuikè-pu-me;
_dich o das erkennen alle werden;_

tshakárrake-pu-me ti tschie;
_loben alle werden Leut und;_

ecùn gracia-ri acúme carè tekerekadatembi tschie;
_dein gratia o dass haben werden wir gebogene Erd und;_

eiri jebarrakemi ti pu jaupe datemba
_dir o dass gehorsamen werden Menschen alle heer Erd,_

pae ei jebarrakere aëna kéa;
_wie dir gehorsamen droben seynd;_

kepecun bu. kepe ken jatúpe untairi;
_unser Speis uns gebe dieser tag;_

catè kuitscharakè tei tschie kepecun atacamara
_uns verzehe du und unser Böses;_

paè kuitscharrakère catè tschie cavape atukiàra keperujake;
_wie verzehen wir auch die Böses uns thun;_

catè tikakambà têi tschie;
_uns helfe du und;_

cuvumerà catè uè atukiàra;
_wollen werden Nicht wir etwas Böses;_

kepe kakunja pe atacara tschie. Amen.
_uns beschutze von Bösen und. Amen._

The compound _tekereka-datembi = bent land = sky = heaven_.

To this very periphrastic Paternoster we may add the following fragments of the Waikur conjugation:--

Bè } {_ego ludo._
Ei } {_tu ludis._
Tutâu } amukirere = {_ille ludit._
Catè } {_nos ludimus._
Petè } {_vos luditis._
Tucáva} {_illi ludunt._

Bè } {_ego lusi_.
Ei } {_tu lusisti_.
Tutâu } amukiririkeri = {_ille lusit_.
Catè } {_nos lusimus_.
Petè } {_vos lusistis_.
Tucáva} {_illi luserunt_.
Amukirimè = _ludere_.

Amukiri tei = _lude_.
Amukiri tu = _ludite_.

Bè-ri } {_I wish I had not played._
Ei-ri } {_Thou &c._
Tutâu-ri } amukiririkarikara = {_He &c._
Catè-ri } {_We &c._
Petè-ri } {_Ye &c._
Tucáva-ri} {_They &c._

Of the _Pericu_ spoken at the south extremity of the peninsula, I know no specimens.

We now turn to that part of the Yuma area which lies along the course of the Gila, and more especially the parts along the Cocomaricopa villages, of which one portion of the occupants speak a language belonging to the Yuma, the other one belonging to the Pima class.

This latter leads us to the languages of the northern provinces of Mexico--

SONORA AND SINALOA.

For these two provinces, the languages for which we have specimens fall into five divisions:-

1. THE PIMA.
2. THE HIAQUI.
3. THE TUBAR.
4. THE TARAHUMARA.
5. THE CORA.

That the Pima group contains the Pima Proper, the Opata, and the Eudeve, may be seen from the Mithridates. That the language of the Papagos, or Papago-cotam, is also Pima, rests upon good external evidence. Whether the speech of the Ciris, and population of the island of Tiburon and the parts opposite, be also Pima, is at present uncertain; though not likely to be so long, inasmuch as I believe that Mr. Bartlett, the Boundary Commissioner, is about to publish samples, not only of this, but of the other languages of Sonora.

West of the Pima lies the Tarahumara, and south of it the Hiaqui, succeeded by the Tubar and Cora of Sinaloa.

The following Paternosters of these four languages may be compared with the Opata dialect of the Pima. The words that, by appearing in more than one of them, command our attention and suggest the likelihood of a closer relationship than is indicated in the Mithridates, or[41] elsewhere, are in italics.

[Footnote 41: This conveys an inadequate notion. Buschmann has thrown the Cora and Tarahumara (connected by Adelung) into the same class with the Tepeguana and Yaque, represented by the Cahia.--_See Note_ (1859).]

OPATA.

_Tamo_ mas _tegui_acachigua _cacame_;
_Amo_ tegua santo à;
_Amo_ reino _tame_ macte;
Hinadeia iguati _terepa ania_ teguiacachivèri;
Chiama _tamo_ guaco veu _tamo mac_;
Guatame neavere _tamo_ cai naideni acà api tame neavere _tomo_opagua;
Gua cai _tame_ taotitudare;
Cai naideni chiguadu--Apita cachià.

HIAQUI.

_Itom_-achai _teve_-capo _catecame_;
Che-chevasu yoyorvva;
Itou piepsana _em_ yaorahua;
_Em harepo_ in buyapo _annua_ amante (_tevecapo?_) vecapo _annua_ beni;
Machuvei_tom_-buareu yem _itom_ a_mi_ca-i_tom_;
Esoc alulutiria ca-aljiton-anecau itepo soc alulutiria ebeni _itom_
veherim;
Cai_tom_ butia huenacuchi cativiri betana;
Aman _itom_-yeretua.

TUBAR.

_Ite_-cañar _teg_muicarichua _catemat_;
_Imit teg_muarac milituraba teochiqualac;
_Imit_ huegmica carinite bacachin assifaguin;
_Imit_ avamunarir echu nañagualac imo cuigan amo nachic
_teg_muecaricheri;
_Ite_ cokuatarit, essemer taniguarit, iabbe _mi_cam;
_Ite_ tatacoli ikiri atzomua ikirirain _ite_ bacachin cale kuegma
naĩ egua cantem;
Caisa _ite_ nosam bacatatacoli;
Bacachin ackiro muetzerac _ite_.

TARAHUMARA.

_Tami_ nonò, mamù reguì guamí gatiki;
_Tami_ noinéruje mu regua;
Telimea rekijena;
_Tami_ neguaruje mu jelaliki henná, guetshiki, mapu hatschibe reguega
guami;
Tami nututuge hipeba;
_Tami_ guecanje _tami_ guikeliki, matamé hatschibe reguega tami
guecanje putse tami guikejameke;
Ke ta _tami_ satuje;
Telegatigemeke mechka hulà. _Amen._

CORA.

_Ta_ yaoppe _tap_ahoa pethebe;
Cherihuaca eiia teaguarira;
Chemeahuabeni _tahemi_ (to us) eiia chianaca;
Cheaquasteni eiia jevira iye (as) chianacatapoan tup up _tap_ahoa;
Eii ta hamuit (_bread_) eu te huima tahetze rej rujeve ihic (_to-day_)
ta taa;
Huatauniraca ta xanacan tetup itcahmo tatahuatauni titaxanacante;
Ta vaehre teatcai havobereni xanacat hetze huabachreaca tecai tahemi
rutahuaga teh eu ene.
Che-enhuatahua.

With these end our _data_[42], but not our lists of dialects; the names Maya, Guazave, Heria, Sicuraba, Xixime, Topia, Tepeguana, and Acaxee all being, either in Hervas, or elsewhere, as applied to the different forms of speech of Sonora and Sinaloa; to which may be added the Tahu, the Tacasca, and the Acasca, which is probably the same word as Acaxee, as Huimi is the same as Yuma, and Zaque as Hiaqui. Of the Guazave a particular dialect is named as the Ahome. Add also the Zoe and Huitcole, probably the same as the Huite.

[Footnote 42: For a notice of _Matlacinga_ see Ludwig: who mentions an _Arte_ and Dictionary. I have seen no specimens of it. (1859).]

That some of these unrepresented forms of speech belong to the same class with the Pima, Hiaqui, &c., is nearly certain. How many, however, do so is another question; it may be that _all_ are in the same predicament; it may be only a few.

The languages of

MECHOACAN.

These are--

1. THE PIRINDA.
2. THE TARASCA.
3. THE OTOMI.

The last will be considered at once, and dismissed. More has been written on the Otomi than any other language of these parts; the proper Mexican not excepted. It was observed by Naxera that it was _monosyllabic_ rather than _polysynthetic_, as so many of the American languages are, with somewhat doubtful propriety, denominated. A Mexican language, with a Chinese characteristic, could scarcely fail to suggest comparisons. Hence, the first operation on the Otomi was to disconnect it from the languages of the New, and to connect it with those of the Old World. With his accustomed caution, Gallatin satisfies himself with stating what others have said, his own opinion evidently being that the relation to the Chinese was one of analogy rather than affinity.

Doubtless this is the sounder view; and one confirmed by three series of comparisons made by the present writer.

The first shows that the Otomi, as compared with the monosyllabic languages of Asia, _en masse_, has several words in common. But the second qualifies our inferences, by showing that the Maya, a language more distant from China than the Otomi, and, by means inordinately monosyllabic in its structure, has, there or thereabouts, as many. The third forbids any separation of the Otomi from the other languages of America, by showing that it has the ordinary amount of miscellaneous affinities.

In respect to the Chinese, &c., the real question is not whether it has _so many affinities with the Otomi_, but whether it has _more affinities with the Otomi than with the Maya or any other American language_; a matter which we must not investigate without remembering that _some_ difference in favour of the Otomi is to be expected, inasmuch as two languages with short or monosyllabic words will, from the very fact of the shortness and simplicity of their constituent elements, have more words alike than two polysyllabic forms of speech.

The fact, however, which most affects the place of the Otomi language is the monosyllabic character of other American languages, _e. g._ the Athabaskan and the Attacapa.

As these are likely to be the subject of some future investigation, I lay the Otomi, for the present, out of consideration; limiting myself to the expression of an opinion, to the effect that its philological affinities are not very different from what its geographical position suggests.

Of the[43] Pirinda and Tarasca we have grammars, or rather grammatical sketches; abstracts of which, by Gallatin, may be found in his Notes on the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America, in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society. The following are from the Mithridates.

[Footnote 43: Only of the Tarasca (1859).]

PIRINDA PATERNOSTER.

Cabutumtaki ke exjechori pininte;
Niboteachatii tucathi nitubuteallu;
Tantoki hacacovi nitubutea pininte;
Tarejoki nirihonta manicatii ninujami propininte;
Boturimegui dammuce tupacovi chii;
Exgemundicovi boturichochii, kicatii pracavovi kue,entumundijo
boturichochijo;
Niantexechichovi rumkue,entuvi innivochochii;
Moripachitovi cuinenzimo tegui.
Tucatii.

TARASCA PATERNOSTER.

Tata uchàveri tukire hacahini avàndaro;
Santo arikeve tucheveti hacangurikua;
Wetzin andarenoni tucheveti irecheekua;
Ukuareve tucheveti wekua iskire avandaro, na humengaca istu umengave
ixu excherendo.
Huchaeveri curinda hanganari pakua intzcutzini yaru;
Santzin wepovacheras huchaeveri hatzingakuareta, izki huchanac
wepocacuvanita haca huchàveri hatzingakuaechani;
Ca hastzin teruhtazema teruniguta perakua himbo. Isevengua.

It now becomes convenient to turn to the parts to the east of California, viz.

UTAH AND NEW MEXICO.

In Utah the philology is simple, all its forms of speech being

1. Athabaskan;
2. Paduca; or
3. Pueblo.

1. The Navaho, along with the Jecorilla of New Mexico, the Hoopah of California, and Apatch of California, New Mexico and Sonora, is Athabaskan.

ENGLISH. NAVAHO. APATCH.

_man_ tennai ailee.
_woman_ estsonnee eetzan.
_head_ (_my_) _hu_tzeetsin _see_zee.
_hair_ (_my_) _hu_tzee _see_sga.
_face_ (_my_) _hu_nnee streenee.
_ear_ (_my_) _hu_tjah _see_tza.
_eye_ (_my_) _hu_nnah sleeda.
_nose_ (_my_) _hu_tchih _see_tzee.
_mouth_ (_my_) _huz_zai _shee_da.
_tongue_ (_my_) _hut_tso _shee_dare.
_tooth_ (_my_) _hur_go _shee_go.
_sky_ eeyah eah.
_sun_ chokonoi skeemai.
_moon_ klaihonoi clanai.
_star_ sonh suns.
_day_ cheen-_go_ eeska.
_night_ klai-_go_ cla.
_light_ hoascen-_go_ skee.
_rain_ naheltinh nagostee.
_snow_ yas zahs.
_hail_ neelo heeloah.
_fire_ konh kou.
_water_ tonh toah.
_stone_ tsai zeyzay.
_one_ tlahee tahse.
_two_ nahkee nahkee.
_three_ tanh tau.

The Utah with its allied dialects is Paduca, _i. e._ a member of the class to which the Shoshoni, Wihinast, and Cumanch languages belong.

3. The Moqui is one of the languages of

THE PUEBLO INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO.

The comparative civilization of the Pueblo Indians has always attracted the attention of the ethnologist. Until lately, however, he had but a _minimum_ amount of trustworthy information concerning either their habits or their language. He has now a fair amount of _data_ for both. For philological purposes he has vocabularies for six (probably for all) of them.

Of the Pueblo languages two belong to the drainage of the Rio Colorado and four to that of the Rio Grande. Of these two divisions the former lies the farthest west, and, of the two Colorado Pueblos, the most western is that of

_The Moqui._--The Moqui vocabulary was procured by Lieut. Simpson from a Moqui Indian who happened to be at Chelly.

_The Zuni_ country lies in 35° north latitude, to the south and east of the Moqui, and is probably divided by the Sierra de Zuni from

_The Acoma, or Laguna_, the most southern of the Pueblos of the Rio Grande. North of the Acoma area lies that of

_The Jemez_, on the San Josef.

The two that still stand over lie on the main stream of the Rio Grande itself. They are--

_The Tesuque_; and

_The Taos or Picuri._--The northern boundaries of the Tesuque seem to be the southern ones of Taos. Connect these _Pueblos_ with the town of Taos, and the Tesuque with Santa Fé, and the ordinary maps give us the geography.

The philological affinities of the Pueblo languages scarcely coincide with the geographical relations. The Moqui lies far west. Laying this then out of the question, the three that, in their outward signs, most strike the eye in tables, as agreeing with each other, are the Laguna, the Jemez, and the Tesuque. The other two that thus outwardly agree are the Taos and the Zuni,--two that are not in the most immediate geographical juxtaposition.

What is meant by the "outward signs that most strike the eye on tables"? This is shown in the following tables:--

ENGLISH. ZUNI. TESUQUE.

_head_ oshoqui_nnee_ pto.
_hair_ tiya_hwee_ po.
_ear_ lahjo_tinnee_ oyez.
_eye_ tona_hwee_ tzie.
_nose_ nohah_hunee_ heu.
_mouth_ ahwah_tinnee_ so.
_tongue_ honi_nnee_ hae.
_tooth_ oahna_hwee_ muai.

The following are some of the most patent miscellaneous affinities:--

_English_, sun.
Tesuque, _pah_.
Jemez, _pah_.

_English_, moon.
Tesuque, _poyye_.
Jemez, _pahah_.
Taos, _pannah_.
Moqui, _muyah_.

_English_, man.
Tesuque, _sayen_.
Jemez, _tahhanenah_.

_English_, woman.
Tesuque, _ker_.
Zuni, _ocare_.

_English_, wife.
Tesuque, _naveso_.
Jemez, _neohoy_.

_English_, boy.
Tesuque, _onne_.
Jemez, _annoh_.

_English_, forehead.
Tesuque, _siccovah_.
Laguna, _cophay_.

_English_, face.
Tesuque, _chaay_.
Laguna, _kowah_.

_English_, eye.
Tesuque, _chay_.
Jemez, _saech_.

_English_, teeth.
Tesuque, _muah_.
Taos, _moen-nahenhay_.
Moqui, _moah_ = mouth.

_English_, chin.
Tesuque, _shabbok_.
Taos, _claybonhai_.

_English_, hand.
Tesuque, _mah_.
Jemez, _mahtish_.
Moqui, _moktay_.
Moqui, _mahlatz_ = finger.

_English_, breast.
Tesuque, _peah_.
Laguna, _quaist-pay_.
Taos, _pahahkaynaynemay_.
Jemez, _pay-lu_.
Utah, _pay_.

_English_, deer.
Tesuque, _pahye_.
Jemez, _pahah_.

_English_, rattlesnake.
Tesuque, _payyoh_.
Taos, _pihoown_.

_English_, cat.
Tesuque, _musah_.
Laguna, _mus_.
Taos, _museenah_.
Jemez, _moonsah_.
Zuni, _musah_.

_English_, fire.
Tesuque, _tah_.
Jemez, _twaah_.

The Moqui, which is not to be separated from the other Pueblo languages, has, out of twenty-one words compared, eight coinciding with the Utah.

Neither are there wanting words common to the Pueblo languages and those of the Athabaskan Navahos, Jecorillas and Apatches.

_English_, deer.
Navaho, _payer_.
Jecorilla, _payah_.
Jemez, _pahah_.

_English_, cat.
Navaho, _muse_.
Jecorilla, _mussah_.
Tesuque, _musah_.
Laguna, &c.[44], _mus_.

_English_, earth.
Navaho, _ne_.
Jecorilla, _nay_.
Tesuque, _nah_.

_English_, man.
Navaho, _tennay_.
Jecorilla, _tinlay_.
Tesuque, _sayen_.
Jemez, _tahhanenah_.

_English_, mouth.
Navaho, _hu-zzay_.
Jecorilla, _hu-zzy_.
Tesuque, _sho_.

[Footnote 44: The Utah is _musah_.]

Of these the first two may be borrowed. In

KANZAS

the languages are _Arapaho_, and _Shyenne_, already noticed; and _Cumanch_, which is Paduca.

For the _Kioway_ we want specimens. In

NEBRASKA

they are _Sioux_, already noticed, and _Pawni_, allied to the _Riccaree_. Kanzas leads us to

TEXAS.

It is convenient in a notice of the languages of the State of Texas to bear in mind its early, as well as its present relations to the United States. In a country where the spread of the population from the other portions of the Union has been so rapid, and where the occupancy is so complete, we are prepared to expect but a small proportion of aborigines. And such, upon the whole, is the case. The displacement of the Indian tribes of Texas has been great. Even, however, when Mexican, Texas was not in the category of the older and more original portions of Mexico. It was not brought under the _régime_ of the missionaries, as we may see by turning to that portion of the Mithridates which treats of the parts west of the Mississippi. The references here are to Dupratz, to Lewis and Clarke, to Charlevoix, to French and English writers rather than to the great authority for the other parts of Spanish America--Hervas. And the information is less precise and complete. All this is because Texas in the earlier part of its history was, in respect to its exploration and description, a part of Louisiana, (and, as such, French) rather than a part of Mexico, and (as such) Spanish.

The notices of Texas, in the Mithridates, taken along with our subsequent _data_, are to the effect that (_a_) the _Caddo_, (_b_) the _Adaize_ or _Adahi_, (_c_) the _Attakapa_, and (_d_) the _Choktah_ are the prevailing languages; to which may be added a few others of minor importance.

The details as to the distribution of the subordinate forms of speech over these four leading languages are as follows:--

_a._ The Nandakoes, Nabadaches, Alich (or Eyish), and Ini or Tachi are expressly stated to be _Caddo_; and, as it is from the name of the last of these that the word Texas is derived, we have satisfactory evidence that _some_ members, at least, of the Caddo family are _truly and originally_ Texian.

_b._ The Yatassi, Natchitoches, _Adaize_ (or _Adaye_), Nacogdoches, and Keyes, belong to the Caddo confederacy, but without speaking the Caddo language.

_c._ The Carancouas, the _Attacapas_, the Apelusas, the Mayes speak dialects of the same language.

_d._ The Tunicas speak the same language as the Choctahs.

Concerning the philology of the Washas, the Bedies, the Acossesaws, and the Cances, no statements are made.

It is obvious that the information supplied by the Mithridates is measured by the extent of our knowledge of the four languages to which it refers.

Of these, the Choktah, which Adelung calls the Mobilian, is the only one for which the Mithridates itself supplies, or could supply, specimens; the other three being unrepresented by any sample whatever. Hence, to say that the Tachi was Caddo, that the Yatassi was Adahi, or that the Carancoua was Attacapa, was to give an instance, in the way of explanation, of the _obscurum per obscurius_. Since the publication of the Mithridates, however, we have got samples of all three--Caddo, Adahi, and Attacapa--so that our standards of comparison are improved. They are to be found in a tabulated form, and in a form convenient for collation and comparison in both of Gallatin's papers. They were all collected before the annexation of Texas, and they appear in the papers just referred to as Louisiana, rather than truly Texian, languages; being common to the two areas.

Of the works and papers written upon Texas since it became a field of observation for English and American, as opposed to French and Spanish observers, the two on which the present writer, when he treated of the subject in his work on the Varieties of Mankind, most especially, and perhaps exclusively relied, were the well-known work of Kennedy on Texas, and a MS. with which he was favoured by Mr. Bollaert, specially limited to the ethnology of the State. Of this MS. a short abstract is to be found in the Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the year 1846, made by Mr. Bollaert himself.

The later the notice of Texas the greater the prominence given to a tribe of which nothing is said in the Mithridates; viz. the _Cumanch_. As late as 1844 we had nothing beyond the numerals and a most scanty MS. list of words to tell us what the Cumanch language really was. These, however, were sufficient to show that its affinities were of a somewhat remarkable kind, viz. with the Shoshoni, or Snake, tongues of the southern parts of Oregon[45]. In Mr. Bollaert's notice the Cumanches are divided into three sections: (1) the Cumanch or Jetan, (2) the Lemparack, and (3) the Tenuha, and a list of no less than thirty-five other tribes follows this division, some of these being said to be wholly extinct, some partially so; some to be more or less Cumanch, some to be other than Cumanch.

[Footnote 45: "On the Languages of the Oregon Territory." By R. G. Latham. M. D. Read before the Ethnological Society, Dec. 1844.--_Note._]

The tendency of the Mithridates is to give prominence to the Caddo, Attacapa, and Adahi tongues, and to incline the investigator, when dealing with the other forms of speech, to ask how far they are connected with one of these three. The tendency of the writers last-named is to give prominence to the Cumanch, and to suggest the question: How far is this (or that) form of speech Cumanch or other than Cumanch?

Working with the Mithridates, the MS. of Mr. Bollaert, and Mr. Kennedy's volume on Texas before me, I find that the list of Texian Indians which these authorities justified me in publishing in 1848, contained (1) Coshattas, (2) Towiachs, Towakenos, Towecas, and Wacos, (3) Lipans or Sipans, (4) Aliche or Eyish, (5) Acossesaws, (6) Navaosos, (7) Mayes, (8) Cances, (9) Toncahuas, (10) Tuhuktukis, (11) Unataquas or Anadarcos, (12) Mascovie, (13) Tawanis or Ionis, (14) Wico,? Waco, (15) Avoyelles, (16) Washitas, (17) Ketchi, (18) Xaramenes, (19) Caicaches, (20) Bidias, (21) Caddo, (22) Attacapa, (23) Adahi; besides the Carankahuas (of which the Cokes are made a branch) classed with the Attacapa, and not including certain Cherokees, Choctahs, Chikkasahs, and Sioux.

A _Washita_ vocabulary, which will be referred to in the sequel, concludes the list of Texian languages known by specimens.

At present, then, the chief question respecting the philology of Texas is one of distribution. Given as centres to certain groups

1. The Choctah,
2. The Caddo,
3. The Adahi,
4. The Attakapa,
5. The Cumanch, and
6. The Washita languages,

how do we arrange the tribes just enumerated? Two works help us here:--1. A letter from the Ex-president Burnett to Schoolcraft on the Indians of Texas. Date 1847. 2. A Statistical Notice of the same by Jesse Stem. Date 1851.

Stem's statistics run thus:--

TRIBES. NUMBERS.
Towacarros 141 }
Wacos 114 } 293
Ketchies 38 }
Caddos 161 }
Andarcos 202 } 476
Ioni 113 }
Tonkaways 1152
Wichitas 100
Lipans 500
Comanches 20,000

giving us several of the names that have already appeared; giving also great prominence to the Cumanches--numerally at least.

In Mr. Burnett's Letter the term _Caddo_ is prominent; but whether it denote the Caddo _language_, or merely the Caddo _confederation_, is uncertain. Neither can I find from the context whether the statements respecting the Indians of the Caddo connexion (for this is what we must call it at present) are made on the personal authority of the writer, or whether they are taken, either directly or indirectly, from the Mithridates. The term that Burnett uses is _stock_, his statement being that the Waco, the Tawacani, the Towiash, the Aynic, the San Pedro Indians, the Nabaducho, and the Nacodocheets are all both Texian in origin and Caddo in _stock_.

His other tribes are--

1. The _Ketchi_: a small tribe on Trinity River, hated by the Cumanches as sorcerers, and, perhaps, the same as--

2. The _Hitchi_, once a distinct tribe, now assimilated with their neighbours.

3. The _Tonkaways_, a separate tribe, of which, however, the distinctive characters are not stated.

Whatever may be the exact details of the languages, dialects, and subdialects of Texas, the general outline is simple.

The _Choctah_ forms of speech are anything but native.

They are of foreign origin and recent introduction. So are certain Sioux and other dialects spoken within the Texian area.

The _Cumanch_ is in the same predicament; though not, perhaps, so decidedly. It belongs to the Paduca class, and its affinities are with the Shoshoni and Wihinast of Oregon.

The _Caddo_ Proper is said to be intrusive, having been introduced so late as 1819 from the parts between the great Raft and the Natchitoches or Red River. I hold, however, that _some_ Caddo forms of speech must be indigenous.

The _Witchita_ is probably one of these:--

ENGLISH. CADDO. WITCHITA.

_head_ cundo etskase.
_hair_ beunno deodske.
_eye_ nockkochun kidahkuck.
_nose_ sol dutstistoe.
_mouth_ nowoese hawkoo.
_tongue_ ockkotunna hutskee.
_tooth_ ockkodeta awk.
_one_ whiste cherche.
_two_ bit mitch.
_three_ dowoh daub.
_four_ peaweh dawquats.
_five_ dissickka esquats.
_six_ dunkkee kehass.
_seven_ bissickka keopits.
_eight_ dowsickka keotope.
_nine_ pewesickka sherchekeeite.
_ten_ binnah skedorash.

The _Adahi_ has already been noticed as being a comparatively isolated language, but, nevertheless, a language with numerous miscellaneous affinities.

The _Attacapa_ is one of the pauro-syllabic languages of America, by which I mean languages that, if not monosyllabic after the fashion of the languages of south-eastern Asia, have the appearance of being so. They form a remarkable class, but it is doubtful whether they form a natural one, _i. e._ whether they are more closely connected with each other in the other elements of philological affinity than they are with the tongues not so characterized. They deserve, however, what cannot be given in the present paper, a special consideration.

For the north-eastern districts of Mexico, New Leon, Tamaulipas, &c., _i. e._ for the ports between the Rio Grande and Tampico, no language is known to us by specimens. It is only known that the Cumanch dips deeply into Mexico. So does the Apatch.

A tribe, lately mentioned, that of the Lipans, is, _perhaps_, Apatsh. Burnett states that they agree with the Mescalero and Seratics of the parts about the Paso del Norte. For these, however, we still want vocabularies _iis nominibus_.

Be the Lipan affinities what they may, it is clear that both the Cumanch and Apatsh languages belong to a class foreign to a great part of the areas over which they are spread--foreign, and (as such) intrusive--intrusive, and (as such) developed at the expense of some native language.

That the original area of the latter is that of the Navahos, Jecorillas, Hoopahs, Umkwas, Tlatskanai, and that these occupy the parts between the Algonkin and Eskimo frontiers--parts as far north as the Arctic circle--has already been stated. No repetition, however, is superfluous that gives definitude and familiarity to the very remarkable phænomena connected with the geographical distribution of the Athabaskans.

Neither are the details of the Paduca area--the area of the Wihinast, Shoshoni, Utah, and Cumanch forms of speech--without interest. To the north of California, the Wihinast, or Western Shoshonis, are separated from the Pacific by a thin strip of Jacon and Kalapuya country, being succeeded in the direction of Utah by the Shoshonis Proper. Then follow the Bonaks and Sampiches; the Shoshoni affinities of which need not be doubted, though the evidence of them is still capable of improvement. The Utah of the parts about Lake Utah is known to us by a vocabulary; and known to be Cumanch or Shoshoni--call it which you will. I call them all _Paduca_, from a population so named by Pike.

Now, out of twenty-one words common to the Utah and Moqui, eight are alike.

Again, the Shoshoni and Sahaptin have several words in common, and those out of short vocabularies.

Thirdly, the Shoshoni and Wihinast, though spoken within (comparatively) narrow limits, differ from each other more than the several forms of the Cumanch, though spread over a vast tract of land.

The inference from this is, that the Paduca forms of South Oregon and Utah are _in situ_; those of New Mexico, Texas, and New Leon, &c. being intrusive. In respect to these, I imagine that a line drawn from the south-eastern corner of the Utah Lake to the source of the Red or Salt Fork branch of the River Arkansas, would pass through a country nearly, if not wholly, Paduca; a country which would lie partly in Utah, partly in New Mexico, and partly in Kansas. It would cross the Rocky Mountains, or the watershed between the drainages of the Colorado and the Missouri. It would lie along a high and barren country. It would have on its west the Navaho, Moqui, and Apatsh areas; on its east certain Sioux tribes, and (further south) the Arapahos and Shyennes. It would begin in California and end in the parts about Tampico[46].

[Footnote 46: For a full notice of Texas see Buschmann's Supplementary Volume; first published within the present year (1859).]

MEXICO.--GUATIMALA.

The Cumanches, on the very verge, or within the tropics, vex by their predatory inroads the Mexican states of Zacatecas and Durango. Along with the Lipans they are the sparse occupants of the Bolson de Mapimi. Along with the Apaches they plunder the traders and travellers of Chihuhua.

For the parts about Tampico the language belongs to the Huasteca branch of

THE MAYA.--The Maya succeeds the language just enumerated on the _east_. On the _west_, the Otomi, Pirinda, and Tarasca are succeeded by

THE MEXICAN PROPER.--But the Maya and Mexican Proper are languages of such importance, that the present paper will merely notify their presence in Mexico and Central America.

The languages that, from their comparative obscurity, claim the attention of the investigator, are those which are _other than_ Maya and _other than_ Mexican Proper.

Of these, the first succeeds the Huasteca of Huastecapan, or the parts about Tampico; which it separates, or helps to separate, from the northern branches of the Maya Proper, being

THE TOTONACA of Vera Cruz, of which the following is the Paternoster; the German being that of the Mithridates.

TOTONACA.

_Unser Vater o im Himmel steht_
Quintlatcané nac tiayan huil;

_gemacht hoch werde dein Nahme_
Tacollalihuacahuanli ò mi maocxot;

_komme dein_ (_reich?_)
Niquiminanin ò mintacacchi

_gethan werde dein Wille_
Tacholahuanla ò min pahuat

_wie wie im Himmel_
Cholei ix cacnitiet chalchix nac tiayan;

_unser Brot,_
O quin chouhcan lacalliya

_uns gib heute_
niquilaixquiuh yanohue;

_uns vergib unsre Sünde_
Caquilamatzancaniuh quintacallitcan

_wie wir vergeben_
Chonlei ò quitnan lamatzancaniyauh

_unsern Schuldigern_
ò quintalac allaniyan;

_Und nicht uns lasse_
Ca ala quilamactaxtoyauh

_damit wir stehen in Versuchung_
Nali yojauh naca liyogni

_gethan werde_
Chontacholacahuanla.

_The same from Hervas._

Kintaccan ò natiayan huill;
Tacotllali huacahuanla o min paxca maocxot
Camill omintagchi,
Tacholaca huanla ixcagnitiet ot
skiniau chon cholacan ocnatiayan;
Alyanohue nikila ixkiu ki lacali chaocan;
Kilamatzancaniau kintacagllitcan
Kintalacatlanian ochonkinan iclamatzan--
Caniau kintalacatlanian;
Nikilamapotaxtou ala nicliyolau
lacotlanacatalit nikilamapotexto
lamatzon lacacoltana.
Chontacholacahuanla.

Cross the watershed from Vera Paz to Oaxaca, and you come to the area of

THE MIXTECA.--In the ordinary maps, Tepezcolula, on the boundaries of Oaxaca and Puebla, is the locality for its chief dialect, of which there are several.

MIXTECA PATERNOSTER.

Dzutundoo, zo dzicani andihui;
Naca cuneihuando sasanine;
Nakisi santoniisini;
Nacahui ñuuñaihui saha yocuhui inini dzahuatnaha yocuhni andihui;
Dzitandoo yutnaa tasinisindo hiutni;
Dzandooni cuachisindo dzaguatnaha yodzandoondoondi hindo suhani sindoo;
Huasi kihui ñahani nucuctandodzondo kuachi;
Tahui ñahani ndihindo sahañavvhuaka dzahua;
Nacuhui.

The Mixteca succeeds the Mexican Proper, itself being other than Mexican, just as the Totonaca suceeded the Huasteca, which was Maya, the Totonaca being other than Maya.

The Mixteca is the language of Northern,

The ZAPOTECA that of Southern, Oaxaca.

Hervas writes, that the Zapoteca, Mazateca, Chinanteca, and Mixe were allied. The Mixe locality is the district around Tehuantepec.

South of the areas of the three languages just enumerated comes the main division of the Maya--the Maya of Guatemala and Yucatan, as opposed to the Huasteca of the parts about Tampico. This, however, we pass over _sicco pede_, for

HONDURAS AND SAN SALVADOR.

Limiting ourselves to the districts that undeniably belong to those two States, we have samples of four dialects of

The LENCA language; these being from the four Pueblos of Guajiquiro, Opatoro, Intibucá, and Sirmlaton, those of the last being shorter and less complete than the others. They are quite recent, and are to be found only in the Spanish edition of Mr. Squier's Notes on Central America. The English is without them.

ENGLISH. GUAJIQUIRO. OPATORO. INTIBUCA.

_man_ ---- taho amashe.
_woman_ ---- move napu.
_boy_ ---- guagua hua.
_head_ toco tohoro cagasi.
_ear_ yang yan yangaga.
_eye_ saing saringla saring.
_nose_ napse napseh nepton.
_mouth_ ingh ambeingh ingori.
_tongue_ nafel navel napel.
_teeth_ nagha neas nigh.
_neck_ ampsh ampshala cange.
_arm_ kenin kenin kening.
_fingers_ lasel gualalasel ----
_foot_ guagi quagi guaskaring.
_blood_ uahug uah quch.
_sun_ gasi gashi gashi.
_star_ siri siri ----
_fire_ uga 'ua yuga.
_water_ guass uash guash.
_stone_ ca cah tupan.
_tree_ ili ili ili.
_one_ ita ita itaska.
_two_ naa ---- ----
_three_ lagua ---- ----
_four_ aria ---- ----
_five_ saihe saihe ----
_six_ huie hue ----
_seven_ huis-ca ---- ----
_eight_ teef-ca ---- ----
_nine_ kaiapa ---- ----
_ten_ isis issis ----

As Mr. Squier is the sole authority for the Lenca of San Salvador and Honduras, so he is for

NICARAGUA.

Limiting ourselves to the undoubtedly Nicaraguan area, and taking no note of the Mexican Proper of more than one interesting Mexican settlement, the three forms of speech for which we have specimens are--

1. THE CHORETEGA;
2. THE NAGRANDA; and
3. THE WULWA, of the Chontal district.

And now we pass to the Debateable Ground. The language of

THE MOSKITO COUNTRY

gives us a fourth form of speech; at least (I think) as different from the Choretega, Nagranda, Wulwa and Lenca, as they are from each other. This is--

THE WAIKNA of the Indians of the coast, and, probably, of several allied tribes inland.

Of the Waikna, Wulwa, Nagranda, and Choretega, samples may be found either in Squier's Nicaragua, or vol. iii. of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society.

ENGLISH. NAGRANDA. CHORETEGA.

_man_ rahpa _n_uho.
_woman_ rapa-ku _n_-ahseyomo.
_boy_ sai-ka _n_-asome.
_girl_ sai-kee _n_-aheyum.
_child_ chichi _n_-aneyame.
_father_ ana goo-ha.
_mother_ autu goo-mo.
_husband_ a'mbin 'mhohue.
_wife_ a'guyu _n_ume.
_son_ sacul-e _n_-asomeyamo.
_daughter_ saicul-a _n_-asayme.
_head_ {a'cu goochemo.
{edi ----
_hair_ tu'su membe.
_face_ enu grote.
_forehead_ guitu goola.
_ear_ nau nuhme.
_eye_ setu nahte.
_nose_ ta'co mungoo.
_mouth_ dahnu nunsu.
_tongue_ duhu greuhe.
_tooth_ semu nahe.
_foot_ naku graho.
_sky_ dehmalu nekupe.
_sun_ ahca numbu.
_star_ ucu nuete.
_fire_ ahku nahu.
_water_ eeia nimbu.
_stone_ {esee nugo.
{esenu ----
_I_ ic-u saho.
_thou_ ic-a sumusheta.
_he_ ic-a ----
_we_ hechel-u semehmu.
_ye_ hechel-a ----
_they_ icanu ----
_this_ ca-la ----

For the Waikna there are other materials. The Wulwa specimens are few. Hence it may be doubtful whether the real difference between it and the Waikna be so great as the following table suggests.

ENGLISH. WULWA. WAIKNA.

_man_ all waikna.
_woman_ y-all mairen.
_son_ pau-ni-ma lupia-waikna.
_daughter_ pau-co-ma lupia-mairen.
_head_ tunni let.
_eye_ minik-taka nakro.
_nose_ magni-tak kamka.
_mouth_ dinibas bila.
_blood_ anassca tala.
_all_ duwawa semehmu.
_drink_ mahuia bo-prima.
_run_ dagalnu bo-tupu.
_leap_ masiga bo-ora.
_go_ {aiyu pa-ya.
{icu ----
_sing_ nagamo pa-coondamu.
_sleep_ ami pa-yacope.

COSTA RICA.

The following is from a vocabulary of Dr. Karl Scherzers of the languages of the _Blanco_, _Valiente_, and _Talamenca_ Indians of Costa Rica, occupants of the parts between the River Zent and the Boca del Toro. We may call it a specimen of

THE TALAMENCA.--It seems to be, there or thereabouts, as different from the preceding languages as they are from each other.

ENGLISH. TALAMENCA.

_ear_ _su_-kuke.
_eye_ _su_-wuaketei.
_nose_ _su_-tshukoto.
_mouth_ _su_-'kuwu.
_tongue_ _es_-kuptu.
_tooth_ _sa_-ka.
_beard_ _sa_-karku mezili.
_neck-joint?_ tzin.
_arm_ _sa_-fra.
_hand_ _sa-fra-tzin_-sek.
_finger_ _fra_-wuata.
_nail_ sa-krasku.
_sun_ kanhue.
_moon_ tulu.
_star_ bewue.
_fire_ tshuko.
_water_ ditzita.
_one_ e-_tawa_.
_two_ bo-_tewa_.
_three_ magna-_tewa_.
_four_ ske-_tewa_.
_five_ _si-tawa_.
_six_ _si-wo-ske_-le.
_seven_ _si-wo_-wora.
_eight_ _si-wo_-magnana.
_nine_ _si-wo-ske-tewa_.
_ten_ _sa_-flat-ka.

The same volume of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society that supplies us with Mr. Squier's vocabularies for Nicaragua supplies us with Dr. Seeman's for

VERAGUA.

These being for

THE BAYANO;
THE SAVANERIC; and
THE CHOLO.

The Cholo is the same as Dr. Cullen's Yule, and also the same as Cunacuna and Darien of Balbi and the Mithridates.

ENGLISH. CUNACUNA. DARIEN.

_one_ quensa-cua conjungo.
_two_ vo-cua poquah.
_three_ paa-cua pauquah.
_four_ paque-cua pake-quah.
_five_ atale eterrah.
_six_ ner-cua indricah.
_seven_ cugle coogolah.
_eight_ vau-agua paukopah.
_nine_ paque-haguc pakekopah.
_ten_ ambegui anivego.

It is also the same as some short specimens of the Mithridates; where

_water_ = dulah.
_moon_ = nu.
_father_ = tautah.
_mother_ = naunah.
_brother_ = rupah.
_sister_ = ninah.
_wife_ (_woman_) = poonah.

The Cholo leads us into South America, where for the present; we leave it.

ADDENDA.

I will now add two notes, which may possibly save some future investigator an unremunerative search.

First, concerning a language called _Mocorosi_.--In Jülg, this is made a language of Mexico. It is really the _Moxa_ of South America under an altered name.

ENGLISH. MOKOROSI. MOXA.

_I_ nùti nuti.
_thou_ pìti piti.
_he_ ema ema.
_this_ màca maca.
_that_ màena maena.
_that you_ màro maro.
_she_ esu esu.
_my_ nuyee nuyee.
_thy_ piyee piyee.
_his_ mayee mayee.
_one_ eto eto.
_two_ api api.
_three_ mopo mopo.

This is from an _Arte y vocabulario de la Lengua Mocorosi, compuesto por un padre de la compañia de Jesus missionero de la Provincias de los Moxos dedicado a la Serenissima Reyna de los Angeles siempre Virgen Maria, Patrona de estas Missiones_; _en Madrid, año de 1699_.

A Lima edition A.D. 1701 differs from this in omitting the name _Mokorosi_, and being dedicated to a different patron. In other respects the two works agree _verbatim et literatim_.

Secondly, in respect to a language called _Timuacuana_--For this we have a _Catechismo y examen para los que comulgan ex lengua Castellana y Timuquana, por el Padre Fr. Francisco Pareja_; and _y Padre de la Provincia de Santa Elena de la Florida_, &c. _Mexico_, 1627.

Also, the following numerals in Balbi, perhaps, taken from the above:--

ENGLISH. TIMUACUANA.

_one_ minecotamano.
_two_ nauchamima.
_three_ nahapumina.
_four_ nacheketamima.
_five_ namaruama.
_six_ napikichama.
_seven_ napikinahuma.
_eight_ napekechetama.
_nine_ natumama.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

(1859).

=P.= 252.--"_Is not this Mozino's?_"--No. For a further notice see _p._ 388.

=P.= 258.--"_Kawichen and Tlaoquatch._"--The Kawichen is nearer to the Nusdalum, Squallyamish, and Cathlascou than it is to the Tlaoquatch. This may be seen in Buschmann p. 649. At the same time it is more Tlaoquatch than Buschmann makes it.

=P.= 259.--"_The Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo._"--Between the notice contained in p. 299 and the paper which precedes it there is an interval of no less than five years. There is also one of three years between it and the paper which follows.

Now up to 1850 I gave the term _Eskimo_ a power which I afterwards found reason to abandon. I gave it the power of a generic name for a class containing not only the Eskimo Proper, but the Athabascan, and the Kolooch. The _genus_, though in a modified form, I still believe to exist; I have ceased, however, to think that _Eskimo_ is the best name for it. Hence, expressions like "the Athabascan languages are, undoubtedly, Eskimo--and the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan" must be read in the sense of the author as expressed in _p._ 265--"that the line of demarcation between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant."

Whether certain forms of speech were not connected with the Eskimo Proper--the Eskimo in the limited and _specific_ meaning of the term--is another question. The Ugalents was so treated. The Kenay--until the publication of Sir T. Richardson's Loucheux specimens--was made both too Eskimo and too Kolooch. On the other hand, however, both the Eskimo and the Koluch were divisions of the same order. The actual value of the term _Kolooch_ is even now uncertain.

=P.= 276.--"_The Ahnenin etc._"--A reference to the word ARRAPAHOES in Ludwig's Bibliotheca Glottica (both in the body of the work and the Addenda) suggests a doubt as to the accuracy of the form _Ahnenin_. Should it not be _Atsina_?

Turner remarks that "there is no evidence that Dr. Latham collated" Mackenzie's vocabulary--which, as far as the text of Ludwig goes, is true enough. I had, however, _vivâ voce_, informed Ludwig's Editor that I had done so. As Turner knew nothing of this his remark was a proper one. The main question, however, touches the form of the word. Is _Ahnenin_ or _Atsina_ right? I can not make out the later history of the MS. In my own part, I copied, collated, and returned it; and I imagine that it still be amongst either Prichard's or Gallatin's papers. I have the transcript before me at this moment; which runs thus. "The vocabularies of the Blackfeet, of the Crows or Upsarokas, and of the Grosventre, Rapid, or Fall Indians who call themselves Ahnenin; by D. M. M'Kenzie of the St Louis American Furr Comp. They appear to belong to three distinct families. But the Crows speak a dialect clearly belonging to the same language as that of the sedentary Minitares and Mandans, which is Sioux."

ENGLISH. AHNENIN.

_ax_ hanarse.
_awl_ bay.
_American_ basseway.
_Assineboin_ attinene.
_blue_ wahtaniyo.
_blanket_ nehatiyo.
_brandy_ kinatlyo.
_balls_ kutchemutche.
_buttons_ hahkeatta.
_berries_ bin.
_blood_ barts.
_bull buffalo_ nican.
_cow buffalo_ etanun.
_bear_ wussa.
_bad_ wahnattha.
_Blackfoot Indian_ wahtanetas.
_Blood Indian_ cowwenine.
_comb_ ehattiya.
_cord_ ahthauatz.
_cup_ anah.
_coat_ beethintun.
_calf_ wo.
_cheat_ chahhawdo.
_Crow Indian_ owwenin.
_coming_, _I am_ kitowats.
_dog_ ahttah.
_deer_ nosik.
_drink_ nahbin.
_ear-rings_ iyand.
_ears_ etah.
_eyes_ araithya.
_elk_ wussea.
_eat_ ahbeetse.
_foot_ nahatta.
_friend_, _my_ beneche.
_gun_ kutcheum.
_good_ etah.
_Gros Ventres Indian_ ahnenin.
_girl_ (_young_) wahtha.
_god_ (_sun_) esis.
_going_ (_I am_) nehichauch.
---- (_where are you_) takahah.
_going away_ nehahtha.
_give me_ tsikit.
---- _him_ binenah.
_horse_ wasahhun.
_hair_ betaninita.
_hand_ ikickan.
_hungry_ asinun.
_iron_ bachit.
_key_ tanaga.
_knife_ wahata.
_kettle_ busetanah.
_kill_ paahun.
_leg_ nanaha.
_leggings_ nattah.
_lodge_ neahnun.
---- _poles_ ahearsum.
_love_ abathatta.
_lice_ bettabin.
_meat_, _fresh_ ahhan.
----, _dry_ ahhthan.
----, _fat_ netun.
_mouth_ ochya.
_me_ }nistow.
_mine_ }
_man_, _white_ nehato.
----, _black_ awtamahat.
_many_ akaka.
_nose_ huse.
_now_ wahne.
_no_ chieu.
_none, I have_ ichscho.
_gun-powder_ keatah.
_pan_ basiana.
_pipe_ einpssah.
_poor_ ahtabinou.
_quit_ nannan.
_scarletcloth_ benatiyo.
_spoon_ abiyon.
_salt_ ekiowa.
_sugar_ nahattobin.
_sleep_ nuckcoote.
_strike_ towwonah.
_sun_ esis.
_still be_ owwahtatz.
_tobacco_ kichtahwan.
_teeth_ etchit.
_thigh_ neteto.
_to-day_ wanaki.
_to-morrow_ nacah.
_take it_ etanah.
_vermillion_ nehatto noven.
_understand, do you!_ ahnetan.
----, _I do not_ hachinetou.
_wood_ bess.
_rock_ hannike.
_ribs_ netzsun.
_robe_ tovau.
_run_ nunahho.
_roast_ estan.
_river_ natcha.
_wolf_ kiadah.
_water_ nitsa.
_whisky_ nahattonuche.
_wife_ etha.
_fingers_ naha.
---- _nails_ hussa.
_you_ ahnan.
_yes_ aha.
_I don't want it_ natah.
_sit down_ kannutz.
_get up_ kayhatz.
_where is it_ tahto.
_there it is_ nayyo.
_two_ nethiyau.
_four_ yahnayau.
_six_ nekitukiyau.
_ten_ netassa.

As the MS. was written with unusual clearness and distinctness I have no doubt as to _Ahnenin_ having been the word. That Prichard read it so is evident; for the foregoing explanation has made it clear that he and I are independent witnesses. If error, then, exists it is in the MS.

The Blackfoot and Crow (which having also transcribed, I have by me) are as follows:--

English. Blackfeet. Crow.

_sun_ nawtoas
_little old foot_ sakahbooatta.
_spirit_ eishtom
_bad spirit_ appanahhe.
_man_ (_vir_) nayshetappe bettse.
_Indian_ nayshetappe absarroka[47].
_woman_ ahkeya meyakatte.
_boy_ sacoomahpa _skak_katte.
_girl_ ahkaquoin meyakatte.
_child_ _po`_kah _bak_katte.
_father_ onwa menoomphe.
_mother_ ochrist ekien.
_husband_ ohmah batchene.
_wife_ ohtoohka_mah_ _mooah_.
_son_ _noh_coah me_nark_hatte.
_daughter_ netan me_nark_mea.
_brother_ nausah _booc_ouppa, see _child_.
_sister_ niskan _booc_oupmea.
_head_ otoquoin marshun.
_hair_ otoquoin mishiah.
---- _of animal_ ohqueiz
_face_ ostokais sa
_forehead_ ohnez hhea.
_ear_ ohtokeis uppa.
_eye_ ohwappispe meishta.
_nose_ ohkissis buppa.
_mouth_ mau_ihhe_ _e'a_--teeth.
_tongue_ matzsinne dayszske.
_teeth_ ohpaykin _ea_--mouth.
_beard_ emoooye eshaesha.
_neck_ ohkokin shuah.
_arm_ ohtsis barre.
_hand_ ohkittakes buschie.
_nail_ owatanokitz muhhpe.
_body_ ostome boohhooah.
_belly_ ohkoin ba're.
_leg_ oheat buchoope.
_feet_ oaksakah busche.
_toes_ oakkitteaks itshearababi.
_bone_ ohkinnah hoore.
_heart_ ohhskitzpohpe nasse.
_blood_ ahhahpanna eda.
_town_ ahkawkimne ashchen.
_chief_ nenah bettsetsa--see next
_warrior_ n_assa_battsats.
_war-party_ _soohah_
_friend_ netakka skeah.
_house_ nappenweeze assua.
_kettle_ eske baruhhea.
_arrow_ apse ahnaitz.
_bow_ espickanawmi bistuheah.
_hatchet_ anahcokaksakkin matchepa--knife.
_knife_ estowine mitsa--hatchet.
_canoe_ ahkeosakis maheshe.
_shoes_ ahtsakin hoompe.
_bread_ ksahquonats hohhazzsu.
_pipe_ ahcooiweman impsa.
_tobacco_ pistahkaw hopa.
_sky_ espoht ahmahho.
_sun_ nawt_oas_ ahhhizu.
_moon_ naut_oas_ minnatatche.
_star_ cakat_ous_ _ekieie_.
_day_ christo_cooe_ maupa.
_night_ _coocooe_ oche.
_light_ christecoonatz thieshe,
_darkness_ eskenutz chippusheka,
_morning_ eskanattame chinnakshea.
_evening_ ahtakkote appah.
_spring_ motse meamukshe.
_summer_ napoos meamukshe.
_autumn_ motose bisse.
_winter_ stooya mannees.
_wind_ supooa hootsee.
_thunder_ christecoom soo.
_lightening_ christecoom thaheshe.
_rain_ soatah hannah.
_snow_ ohpootah biah.
_hail_ sahco makkoopah.
_fire_ esteu bidah.
_water_ ohhkeah _minne_.
_ice_ sacoocootah beroohke.
_earth_ ksahcoom amma.
_river_ neekkittiz ahesu.
_lake_ omahsekame _minnee_teekah.
_island_ mane _minne_peshu.
_valley_ kinekime ahrachuke.
_hill_ natoom mahpo.
_mountain_ mastake ahmahabbe.
_stone_ ohcootoke mi.
_copper_ [48]ohtaquinnakeskin ommattishe.
_iron_ nakeshin omatte.
_sea_ motohkin minneetskishah.
_tree_ masetis bahcoo.
_bark_ ohtokeskissase _eshe_.
_grass_ mahtoyasc beka.
_maize_ eskatah hohhartzhee.
_oak_ cahpokesa dachpitseesmoney.
_pine_ pahtoke _bartehe_.
_wood_ masetis money.
_fire-wood_ mamase ----
_leaf_ soyapoko moneyahpe.
_meat_ akesequoiu arookka.
_beaver_ kakestake beruppe.
_elk_ poonahkah eitchericazzse.
_deer_ ahnakkas ohha.
_bullbuffalo_ estumeek ----
_cowbuffalo_ skain ----
_buffalo_ ---- bisha.
_herd of buffaloes_ enaho ----
_bear_ keiyo duhpitsa.
_wolf_ mahcooya chata.
_dog_ emittah biska.
_squirrel_ omahcookahte ishtadaze--rabbit.
_rabbit_ } ahtetah ishta.
_hare_ }
_fox_ ohtahtooya cheesuptedahha.
_snake_ patrakesema eanhassa.
_bird_ pakesa dickkappe.
_egg_ ohwas eikkieu.
_goose_ emahkiya mena.
_pigeon_ pispistsa main_pituse_.
_partridge_ katokin chitchkekah.
_turkey_ ---- dickkekskocke.
_duck_ siakes mehhaka.
_fish_ mamea booah.
_white_ ksiksenum chose.
_black_ sikksenum shupitkat.
_red_ mohesenum hishekat.
_blue_ comona shuakat.
_yellow_ ohtahko shirekat.
_great_ ohmohcoo esah.
_small_ enahcootse _ecat_.
_strong_ miskappe bassats.
_old_ nahpe carraharra.
_good_ ahse itsicka.
_bad_ pahcaps kubbeek.
_handsome_ mahtsoapse esissa.
_ugly_ pahcapse eishkubbeek.
_alive_ sakatappe itchasa.
_dead_ aadne carrashe.
_cold_ stooyah hootshere.
_warm_ kasetotzu ahre.
_I_ nisto bé.
_thou_ christo de.
_he_ ootowe na.
_we_ nistonan bero.
_you_ christo dero.
_they_ ostowawah mihah.
_this_ kanahka _kinna_.
_that_ kanahka ahcooka.
_all_ atesinekah hooahcasse.
_many_ akkiom ahhook.
_who_ sakayitz sippe.
_what_ sappah.
_to-day_ ahnookchusequoix hinnemaupa.
_yesterday_ mahtone hooriz.
_to-morrow_ ahpenacose shinnakshare.
_yes_ ah hotah.
_no_ sah barretkah.
_to eat_ oyeatz bahbooshmeka.
_to drink_ semate _smimmik_.
_to run_ ohmahkoit akharoosh.
_to dance_ pascah dishshe.
_to go_ eestappote dah.
_to sing_ anihkit munnohe.
_to sleep_ okat mugghumme.
_to speak_ apooyatz _bidow_.
_to see_ ahsappatz ahmukkah.
_to love_ tahcoomatzeman ahmutcheshe.
_to kill_ enikke bahpake.
_to walk_ ahwahocat nene.
1 sa ahmutcat.
2 nahtoka noomcat.
3 nahhoka namenacat.
4 nasowe shopecat.
5 nesitto chihhocat.
6 nowwe ahcamacat.
7 akitsekum sappoah.
8 nahnissowe noompape.
9 pakeso ahmuttappe.
10 kepo perakuk.
11 makesikepoto ehpemut.
12 nahsikepoto ehpenoomp.
20 nahsikpo noompaperruka.
30 nehapepo namenaperruka.
100 kapippooe peereeksah.
1000 kapippippooe peereeksahperaka.

[Footnote 47: Or _Upsaroka_, name of nation.]

[Footnote 48: See _yellow_.]

The Italics are the present author's. They draw attention to either a coincidence between the two languages, or the compound character of the word.

II.--_The Sioux group._--For a remark on the affinities between the Pawni and Caddo, see _p._ 400.

The following coincidences are the result of a very limited collation.

(1).

CHEROKEE AND CADDO.

_English_ man.
Cherokee _askaya._
Caddo _shoeh._

_English_ woman.
Cherokee _anigeyung._
Seneca _wenneau._

_English_ skin.
Cherokee _kanega._
Mohawk _kernayhoo._

_English_ ox.
Cherokee _wakakanali._
Caddo _wakusyeasa._

_English_ cow.
Cherokee _wakaagisi._
Caddo _wakus._

_English_ thief.
Cherokee _kanawskiski._
Caddo _kana._

_English_ day.
Cherokee _kata._
Caddo _kaadeh._

_English_ great.
Cherokee _equa._
Caddo _hiki._

_English_ eagle.
Cherokee _awawhali._
Caddo _eeweh._

_English_ thick.
Cherokee _uhaketiyu._
Caddo _hiakase._

(2).

CHEROKEE AND IROQUOIS.

_English_ enemy.
Cherokee _agiskaji._
Seneka _ungkishwauish._

_English_ mouth.
Cherokee _sinungtaw._
Seneka _swanetaut._

_English_ something.
Cherokee _kawhusti._
Seneka _gwustah._

_English_ nothing.
Cherokee _tlakawhusti._
Seneka _tataqwhista._

_English_ far.
Cherokee _inung._
Mohawk _eenore._

_English_ conjurer.
Cherokee _atawniski._
Mohawk _ahtoonitz._

_English_ aunt.
Cherokee _etsi._
Seneka _ahhi._

_English_ my right hand.
Cherokee _tsikatesixquoyeni._
Mohawk _gowweeintlataquoh._

_English_ a corn.
Cherokee _kuli._
Seneka _uhkuah._

_English_ walnut.
Cherokee _sawhi._
Mohawk _oosoquah._

_English_ horn.
Cherokee _uyawnung._
Seneka _konnongguh._

IV. _The Athabaskan group._--I find that the affinity between the Loucheux and the Kenay languages is given by Prichard, who, at the same time, separates both from the Athabaskan. "Mr. Gallatin says that the similarity of languages amongst all these" (_i. e._ the Athabaskan) "tribes is well-established. The Loucheux are excepted. This language does not appear to have any distinctly marked affinities except with that of the Kenay."--_Vol. V._ _p._ 377.

I believe that Dr. Prichard's informant on this point was the same as my own _i. e._ Mr. Isbister.

Scouler also suggests the same relationship.

That Buschmann has arrived at the results of his _Athabaskische Sprachstamm_ through a series of independent researches I readily believe. Whether, after taking so little trouble to know what had been done by his predecessors, he is right is saying so much about his _discoveries_ is another question.

That the Pinaleno is in the same category with the Navaho is shewn by Turner, who gives a vocabulary of the dialect.

ENGLISH. NAVAHO. PINALENO.