Chapter XVI: Front Matter (16)

This kinde differeth not from the first Oxelip in the smalnesse of the greene leaues, but in the flower, which standing many together on a reasonable high stalke, and being very small and yellow, scarce opening themselues or layde abroade as it, hath a greene huske vnder each flower, but diuided into sixe seuerall small long peeces.

16. _Paralysis flore fatuo._ The Franticke, or Foolish Cowslip: Or Iacke an apes on horse backe.

Wee haue in our gardens another kinde, not much differing in leaues from the former Cowslip, and is called Fantasticke or Foolish, because it beareth at the toppe of the stalke a bush or tuft of small long greene leaues, with some yellow leaues, as it were peeces of flowers broken, and standing among the greene leaues. And sometimes some stalkes among those greene leaues at the toppe (which are a little larger then when it hath but broken peeces of flowers) doe carry whole flowers in huskes like the single kinde.

17. _Paralysis minor flore rubro._ Red Birds eyes.

This little Cowslippe (which will hardly endure in our gardens, for all the care and industrie we can vse to keepe it) hath all the Winter long, and vntill the Spring begin to come on, his leaues so closed together, that it seemeth a small white head of leaues, which afterwards opening it selfe, spreadeth round vpon the ground, and hath small long and narrow leaues, snipt about the edges, of a pale greene colour on the vpperside, & very white or mealy vnderneath, among these leaues rise vp one or two stalks, small & hoary, halfe a foot high, bearing at the top a bush or tuft of much smaller flowers, standing vpon short foot stalkes, somewhat like vnto Cowslips, but more like vnto the Beares eares, of a fine reddish purple colour, in some deeper, in others paler, with a yellowish circle in the bottomes of the flowers, like vnto many of the Beares eares, of a faint or small sent: the seede is smaller than in any of the former kindes, and so are the rootes likewise, being small, white and threddy.

18. _Paralysis minor flore albo._ White Birds eyes.

This kinde differeth very little or nothing from the former, sauing that it seemeth a little larger both in leafe and flower, and that the flowers hereof are wholly white, without any great appearance of any circle in the bottome of them, vnlesse it be well obserued, or at least being nothing so conspicuous, as in the former.

[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._]

These two kindes haue sometimes, but very seldome, from among the middle of the flowers on the stalke, sent out another small stalke, bearing flowers thereon likewise.

19. _Paralysis hortensis flore pleno._ Double Paigles or Cowslips.

The double Paigle or Cowslip hath smaller and darker greene leaues then the single kinde hath, and longer stalkes also whereon the leaues doe stand: it beareth diuers flowers vpon a stalke, but not so many as the single kinde, euery one whereof is of a deeper and fairer yellow colour then any of the former, standing not much aboue the brimmes of the huskes that hold them, consisting of two or three rowes of leaues set round together, which maketh it shew very thicke and double, of a prettie small sent, but not heady.

20. _Paralysis flore viridante pleno._ Double greene Cowslips.

This double greene Cowslip is so like vnto the single greene kinde formerly expressed, that vntill they be neare flowring, they can hardly be distinguished; but when it is in flower, it hath large double flowers, of the same yellowish greene colour with the single, and more laid open then the former double Paigle.

21. _Paralysis flore viridante siue calamistrato._ The greene Rose Cowslip, or double greene feathered Cowslip.

There is small difference in the leaues of this double kinde from the last, but that they are not of so darke a greene: the chiefest difference consisteth in the flowers, which are many, standing together at the toppes of the stalkes, but farre differing from all other of these kindes: for euery flower standing vpon his owne stalke, is composed of many very small and narrow leaues, without any huske to containe them, but spreading open like a little Rose, of a pale yellowish greene colour, and without any sent at all, abiding in flower, especially if it stand in a shadowie place out of the sunne, aboue two moneths, almost in as perfect beauty, as in the first weeke.

The Place.

All those kindes as they haue been found wilde, growing in
diuers places in England, so they haue been transplanted into
Gardens, to be there nourished for the delight of their louers,
where they all abide, and grow fairer then in their naturall
places, except the small Birds eyes, which will (as I said)
hardly abide any culture, but groweth plentifully in all the
North Countries, in their squally or wet grounds.

The Time.

These doe all flower in the Spring of the yeare, some earlier
and some later, and some in the midst of Winter, as they are
defended from the colds and frosts, and the mildnesse of the
time will permit; yet the Cowslips doe alwayes flower later
then the Primroses, and both the single and double greene
Cowslips latest, as I said in their descriptions, and abide
much after all the rest.

The Names.

All these plants are called most vsually in Latine, _Primulæ
veris_, _Primulæ pratenses_, and _Primulæ siluarum_, because
they shew by their flowring the new Spring to bee comming on,
they being as it were the first Embassadours thereof. They haue
also diuers other names, as _Herba Paralysis_, _Arthritica_,
_Herba Sancti Petri_, _Claues Sancti Petri_, _Verbasculum
odoratum_, _Lunaria arthritica_, _Phlomis_, _Alisma siluarum_,
and _Alismatis alterum genus_, as Fabius Columna calleth them.
The Birds eyes are called of Lobel in Latine, _Paralytica
Alpina_, _Sanicula angustifolia_, making a greater and a
lesser. Others call them _Sanicula angustifolia_, but generally
they are called _Primula veris minor_. I haue (as you see)
placed them with the Cowslips, putting a difference betweene
Primroses and Cowslips. And some haue distinguished them,
by calling the Cowslips, _Primula veris Elatior_, that is,
the Taller Primrose, and the other _Humilis_, Lowe or Dwarfe
Primroses. In English they haue in like manner diuers names,
according to seuerall Countries, as Primroses, Cowslips,
Oxelips, Palsieworts, and Petty Mulleins. The first kindes,
which are lower then the rest, are generally called by the name
of Primroses (as I thinke) throughout England. The others are
diuersly named; for in some Countries they call them Paigles
or Palsieworts, or Petty Mulleins, which are called Cowslips
in others. Those are vsually called Oxelips, whose flowers are
naked, or bare without huskes to containe them, being not so
sweete as the Cowslip, yet haue they some little sent, although
the Latine name doth make them to haue none. The Franticke,
Fantasticke, or Foolish Cowslip, in some places is called by
Country people, Iacke an Apes on horse-backe, which is an
vsuall name with them, giuen to many other plants, as Daisies,
Marigolds, &c. if they be strange or fantasticall, differing
in the forme from the ordinary kinde of the single ones. The
smallest are vsually called through all the North Country,
Birds eyen, because of the small yellow circle in the bottomes
of the flowers, resembling the eye of a bird.

The Vertues.

Primroses and Cowslips are in a manner wholly vsed in
Cephalicall diseases, either among other herbes or flowers,
or of themselues alone, to ease paines in the head, and
is accounted next vnto Betony, the best for that purpose.
Experience likewise hath shewed that they are profitable
both for the Palsie, and paines of the ioynts, euen as the
Beares eares are, which hath caused the name of _Arthritica_,
_Paralysis_, and _Paralytica_ to bee giuen them. The iuice of
the flowers is commended to cleanse the spots or marks of the
face, whereof some Gentlewomen haue found good experience.

CHAP. XXXVI.

_Pulmonaria._ Lungwort, or Cowslips of Ierusalem.

Although these plants are generally more vsed as Pot-herbes for the Kitchen, then as flowers for delight, yet because they are both called Cowslips, and are of like forme, but of much lesse beauty, I haue ioyned them next vnto them, in a distinct Chapter by themselues, and so may passe at this time.

1. _Pulmonaria maculosa._ Common spotted Cowslips of Ierusalem.

The Cowslip of Ierusalem hath many rough, large, and round leaues, but pointed at the ends, standing vpon long foot-stalkes, spotted with many round white spots on the vppersides of the sad greene or browne leaues, and of a grayer greene vnderneath: among the leaues spring vp diuers browne stalkes, a foote high, bearing many flowers at the toppe, very neare resembling the flowers of Cowslips, being of a purple or reddish colour while they are buds, and of a darke blewish colour when they are blowne, standing in brownish greene huskes, and sometimes it hath beene found with white flowers: when the flowers are past, there come vp small round heads, containing blacke seed: the roote is composed of many long and thicke blacke strings.

2. _Pulmonaria altera non maculosa._ Vnspotted Cowslips of Ierusalem.

The leaues of this other kinde are not much vnlike the former, being rough as they are, but smaller, of a fairer greene colour aboue, and of a whiter greene vnderneath, without any spots at all vpon the leaues: the flowers also are like the former, and of the same colour, but a little more branched vpon the stalkes then the former: the rootes also are blacke like vnto them.

3. _Pulmonaria angustifolia._ Narrow leafed Cowslips of Ierusalem.

The leaues hereof are somewhat longer, but not so broad, and spotted with whitish spots also as the former: the stalke hereof is set with the like long hairy leaues, but smaller, being a foote high or better, bearing at the toppe many flowers, standing in huskes like the first, being somewhat reddish in the bud, and of a darke purplish blew colour when they are blowne open: the seede is like the former, all of them doe well resemble Buglosse and Comfrey in most parts, except the roote, which is not like them, but stringie, like vnto Cowslips, yet blacke.

The Place.

The Cowslips of Ierusalem grow naturally in the Woods of
Germany, in diuers places, and the first kinde in England
also, found out by Iohn Goodier, a great searcher and louer of
plants, dwelling at Maple-durham in Hampshire.

The Time.

They flower for the most part very early, that is, in the
beginning of Aprill.

The Names.

They are generally called in Latine, _Pulmonaria_, and
_maculosa_, or _non maculosa_, is added for distinctions sake.
Of some it is called _Symphitum maculosum_, that is, spotted
Comfrey. In English it is diuersly called, as spotted Cowslips
of Ierusalem, Sage of Ierusalem, Sage of Bethlehem, Lungwort,
and spotted Comfrey, and it might bee as fitly called spotted
Buglosse, whereunto it is as like as vnto Comfrey, as I said
before.

The Vertues.

It is much commended of some, to bee singular good for vlcered
lungs, that are full of rotten matter. As also for them that
spit bloud, being boyled and drunke. It is of greatest vse for
the pot, being generally held to be good, both for the lungs
and the heart.

CHAP. XXXVII.

1. _Buglossum & Borrago._ Buglosse and Borage.

Although Borage and Buglosse might as fitly haue been placed, I confesse, in the Kitchen Garden, in regard they are wholly in a manner spent for Physicall properties, or for the Pot, yet because anciently they haue been entertained into Gardens of pleasure, their flowers hauing been in some respect; in that they haue alwaies been enterposed among the flowers of womens needle-worke, I am more willing to giue them place here, then thrust them into obscurity, and take such of their tribe with them also as may fit for this place, either for beauty or rarity.

The Garden Buglosse and Borage are so well knowne vnto all, that I shall (I doubt) but spend time in waste to describe them; yet not vsing to passe ouer any thing I name and appropriate to this Garden so sleightly, they are thus to bee knowne: Buglosse hath many long, narrow, hairy, or rough sad greene leaues, among which rise vp two or three very high stalks, branched at the top, whereon stand many blew flowers, consisting of fiue small round pointed leaues, with a small pointell in the middle, which are very smooth, shining, and of a reddish purple while they are buds, and not blowne open, which being fallen, there groweth in the greene huske, wherein the flower stood, three or foure roundish blacke seedes, hauing that thread or pointell standing still in the middle of them: the roote is blacke without, and whitish within, long, thicke, and full of slimie iuice (as the leaues are also) and perisheth not euery yeare, as the roote of Borage doth.

2. _Borrago._ Borage.

Borage hath broader, shorter, greener, and rougher leaues then Buglosse, the stalkes hereof are not so high, but branched into many parts, whereon stand larger flowers, and more pointed at the end then Buglosse, and of a paler blew colour for the most part (yet sometimes the flowers are reddish, and sometimes pure white) each of the flowers consisting of fiue leaues, standing in a round hairy whitish huske, diuided into fiue parts, and haue a small vmbone of fiue blackish threads in the middle, standing out pointed at the end, and broad at the bottome: the seed is like the other: the root is thicker and shorter then the roote of Buglosse, somewhat blackish without also, and whitish within, and perisheth after seede time, but riseth of it owne seede fallen, and springeth in the beginning of the yeare.

3. _Borrago semper virens._ Euerliuing Borage.

Euerliuing Borage hath many broad greene leaues, and somewhat rough, more resembling Comfrey then Borage, yet not so large as either; the stalkes are not so high as Borage, and haue many small blew flowers on them, very like to the flowers of Buglosse for the forme, and Borage for the colour; the rootes are blacke, thicker then either of them, somewhat more spreading, and not perishing, hauing greene leaues all the Winter long, and thereupon tooke his name.

4. _Anchusa._ Sea Buglosse or Alkanet.

The Sea Buglosse or Alkanet hath many long, rough, narrow, and darke greene leaues, spread vpon the ground (yet some that growe by the Sea side are rather hoarie and whitish) among these leaues riseth vp a stalke, spread at the toppe into many branches, whereon stand the flowers in tufts, like vnto the Garden Buglosse, or rather Comfrey, but lesser; in some plants of a reddish blew colour, and in others more red or purplish, and in others of a yellowish colour: after which come the seedes, very like vnto Buglosse, but somewhat longer and paler: the roote of most of them being transplanted, are somewhat blackish on the outside, vntill the later end of Summer, and then become more red: for those that grow wilde, will be then so red, that they will giue a very deepe red colour to those that handle them, which being dryed keepe that red colour, which is vsed to many purposes; the roote within being white, and hauing no red colour at all.

5. _Limonium Rauwolfij._ Marsh Buglosse.

This Limonium (which I referre here to the kindes of Buglosse, presuming it is the fittest place where to insert it) hath many long narrow, and somewhat rough leaues lying vpon the ground, waued or cut in on both sides, like an Indenture, somewhat like the leaues of Ceterach or Miltwast, among which rise vp two or three stalkes, somewhat rough also, and with thin skinnes like wings, indented on both sides thereof also, like the leaues, hauing three small, long, rough, and three square leaues at euery ioynt, where it brancheth forth; at the toppe whereof stand many flowers vpon their foote stalkes, in such a manner, as is not seene in any other plant, that I know; for although that some of the small winged foot stalkes are shorter, and some longer, standing as it were flatwise, or all on one side, and not round like an vmbell, yet are they euen at the toppe, and not one higher than another; each of which small foote stalkes doe beare foure or fiue greenish heads or huskes, ioyned together, out of each of which doe arise other pale or bleake blew stiffe huskes, as if they were flowers, made as it were of parchment, which hold their colour after they are dry a long time; and out of these huskes likewise, doe come (at seuerall times one after another, and not all at one time or together) white flowers, consisting of fiue small round leaues, with some white threds in the middle: after these flowers are past, there come in their places small long seede, inclosed in many huskes, many of those heads being idle, not yeelding any goode seede, but chaffe, especially in out Countrey, for the want of sufficient heate of the Sunne, as I take it: the roote is small, long, and blackish on the outside, and perisheth at the first approach of Winter.

The Place.

Borage and Buglosse grow onely in Gardens with vs, and so doth
the _Semper virens_, his originall being vnknowne vnto vs.
Alkanet or Sea Buglosse groweth neare the Sea, in many places
of France, and Spaine, and some of the kindes also in England.
But the Limonium or Marshe Buglosse groweth in Cales, and
Malacca in Spaine, and is found also in Syria, as Rauwolfius
relateth: and in other places also no doubt; for it hath beene
sent vs out of Italie, many yeares before eyther Guillaume Boel
found it in Cales, or Clusius in Malacca.

The Time.

Borage and Buglosse doe flower in Iune, and Iuly, and sometimes
sooner, and so doth the euer-liuing or neuer-dying Borage, but
not as Gerrard saith, flowring Winter and Summer, whereupon
it should take his name, but leaueth flowring in Autumne, and
abideth greene with his leaues all the Winter, flowring the
next Spring following. The other flower not vntill Iuly, and so
continue, especially the Marshe Buglosse vntill September bee
well spent, and then giueth seede, if early frosts ouertake it
not; for it seldome commeth to be ripe.

1 _Pulmonaria latifolia maculosa._ Cowslips of Ierusalem.
2 _Pulmonaria angustifolia._ Narrow leafed Cowslips of Ierusalem.
3 _Borrago._ Borage.
4 _Borrago semper virens._ Euerliuing Borage.
5 _Anchusa._ Sea Buglosse or Alkanet.
6 _Limonium Rauwolfij._ Marsh Buglosse.
]

The Names.

Our ordinary Borage by the consent of all the best moderne
Writers, is the true _Buglossum_ of Dioscorides, and that our
Buglosse was vnknowne to the ancients. The _Borago semper
virens_, Lobel calleth _Buglossum semper virens_, that is,
Euer-liuing, or Greene Buglosse: but it more resembleth Borage
then Buglosse; yet because Buglosse abideth greene, to auoyde
that there should not be two _Buglossa semper virentia_, I
had rather call it Borage then Buglosse. Anchusa hath diuers
names, as Dioscorides setteth downe. And some doe call it
_Fucus herba_, from the Greeke word, because the roote giuing
so deepe a colour, was vsed to dye or paint the skinne. Others
call it _Buglossum Hispanicum_, in English Alkanet, and of some
Orchanet, after the French. Limonium was found by Leonhartus
Rauwolfius, neere vnto Ioppa, which he setteth downe in the
second Chapter of the third booke of his trauayles, and from
him first knowne to these parts: I haue, as you see, referred
it to the kindes of Buglosse, for that the flowers haue some
resemblance vnto them, although I know that _Limonium genuinum_
is referred to the Beetes. Let it therefore here finde a place
of residence, vntill you or I can finde a fitter; and call it
as you thinke best, eyther Limonium as Rauwolfius doth, or
Marshe Buglosse as I doe, or if you can adde a more proper
name, I shall not be offended.

The Vertues.

Borage and Buglosse are held to bee both temperate herbes,
beeing vsed both in the pot and in drinkes that are cordiall,
especially the flowers, which of Gentlewomen are candid for
comfitts. The Alkanet is drying, and held to be good for
wounds, and if a peece of the roote be put into a little oyle
of Peter or Petroleum, it giueth as deepe a colour to the oyle,
as the Hypericon doth or can to his oyle, and accounted to be
singular good for a cut or greene wound.

The Limonium hath no vse that wee know, more then for a Garden;
yet as Rauwolfius saith, the Syrians vse the leaues as sallats
at the Table.

CHAP. XXXVIII.

_Lychnis._ Campions.

There bee diuers sorts of Campions, as well tame as wilde, and although some of them that I shall here entreate of, may peraduenture be found wilde in our owne Countrey, yet in regard of their beautifull flowers, they are to bee respected, and noursed vp with the rest, to furnish a garden of pleasure; as for the wilde kindes, I will leaue them for another discourse.

1. _Lychnis Coronaria rubra simplex._ The single red Rose Campion.

The single red Rose Campion hath diuers thicke, hoary, or woolly long greene leaues, abiding greene all the winter, and in the end of the spring or beginning of summer, shooteth forth two or three hard round woolly stalkes, with some ioynts thereon, and at euery ioynt two such like hoary greene leaues as those below, but smaller, diuersly branched at the toppe, hauing one flower vpon each seuerall long foot stalke, consisting of fiue leaues, somewhat broade and round pointed, of a perfect red crimson colour, standing out of a hard long round huske, ridged or crested in foure or fiue places; after the flowers are fallen there come vp round hard heads, wherein is contained small blackish seed: the roote is small, long and wooddy, with many fibres annexed vnto it, and shooteth forth anew oftentimes, yet perisheth often also.

2. _Lychnis Coronaria alba simplex._ The white Rose Campion.

The white Rose Campion is in all things like the red, but in the colour of the flower, which in this is of a pure white colour.

3. _Lychnis Coronaria albescens siue incarnata maculata & non maculata._ The blush Rose Campion spotted and not spotted.

Like vnto the former also are these other sorts, hauing no other difference to distinguish them, but the flowers, which are of a pale or bleake whitish blush colour, especially about the brims, as if a very little red were mixed with a great deale of white, the middle of the flower being more white; the one being spotted all ouer the flower, with small spots and streakes, the other not hauing any spot at all.

4. _Lychnis Coronaria rubra multiplex._ The double red Rose Campion.

The double red Rose Campion is in all respects like vnto the single red kinde, but that this beareth double flowers, consisting of two or three rowes of leaues at the most, which are not so large as the single, and the whole plant is more tender, that is, more apt to perish, then any of the single kindes.

5. _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore simplici miniato._ Single Nonesuch, or Flower of Bristow, or Constantinople.

This Campion of Constantinople hath many broad and long greene leaues, among which rise vp sundry stiffe round hairy ioynted stalks three foot high, with two leaues euery ioynt: the flowers stand at the toppes of them, very many together, in a large tuft or vmbell, consisting of fiue small long leaues, broade pointed, and notched-in in the middle, of a bright red orenge colour, which being past, there come in their places small hard whitish heads or seede vessels, containing blacke seede, like vnto the seede of sweet Williams, and hauing but a small sent; the roote is very stringie, fastening it selfe very strongly in the ground, whereby it is much encreased.

[Sidenote: _Flore albo. Et carneo. Versicolor._]

Of the single kinde there is also two or three other sorts, differing chiefly in the colour of the flowers. The one is pure white. Another is of a blush colour wholly, without variation. And a third is very variable; for at the first it is of a pale red, and after a while groweth paler, vntill in the end it become almost fully white; and all these diuersities of the flowers are sometimes to bee seene on one stalke at one and the same time.

6. _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore miniato pleno._ Double Flower of Bristow, or Nonesuch.

This glorious flower being as rare as it is beautifull, is for rootes beeing stringie, for leaues and stalkes being hairy and high, and for the flowers growing in tufts, altogether like the first single kinde; but herein consisteth the chiefest difference, that this beareth a larger vmbell or tuft of flowers at the toppe of the stalke, euery flower consisting of three or foure rowes of leaues, of a deeper orenge colour then it, which addeth the more grace vnto it, but passeth away without bearing seede, as most other double flowers doe, yet recompenceth that defect with encrease from the roote.

7. _Lychnis plumaria siluestris simplex & multiplex._ The featherd wilde Campion single and double.

The leaues of this wilde Campion are somewhat like the ordinary white wilde Campion, but not so large, or rather resembling the leaues of sweete Williams, but that they grow not so close, nor so many together: the stalkes haue smaller leaues at the ioynts then those belowe, and branched at the toppe, with many pale, but bright red flowers, iagged or cut in on the edges, like the feathered Pinke, whereof some haue taken it to be a kinde, and some for a kinde of wilde William, but yet is but a wilde Campion, as may be obserued, both by his huske that beareth the flowers, and by the greyish roundish seede, being not of the Family of Pinkes and Gillowers, but (as I said) of the Campions: the roote is full of strings or fibres.

[Sidenote: _Flore pleno._]

The double kinde is very like vnto the single kinde, but that it is lower and smaller, and the flowers very double.

8. _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro._ Red Batchelours buttons.

The double wilde Campion (which of our Countrey Gentlewomen is called Batchelours buttons) is very like both in rootes, leaues, stalkes, and flowers vnto the ordinary wilde red Campion, but somewhat lesser, his flowers are not iagged, but smooth, and very thicke and double, so that most commonly it breaketh his short huske, wherein the flower standeth on the one side, seldome hauing a whole huske, and are of a reddish colour.

9. _Lychnis siluestris flore albo pleno._ White Batchelours buttons.

As the leaues of the former double Campion was like vnto the single kinde that had red flowers, so this hath his leaues like vnto the single white kinde, differing in no other thing from it, but in the doublenesse of the flowers, which by reason of the multiplicity of leaues in them thrusting forth together, breaketh his huskes wherein the flowers doe stand, as the other doth, and hath scarce one flower in many that is whole.

10. _Ocymoides arborea semper virens._ Strange Bassil Campion.

This Strange Campion (for thereunto it must bee referred) shooteth forth many round, whitish, wooddy, but brittle stalkes, whereon stand diuers long, and somewhat thicke leaues, set by couples, narrow at the bottome, and broader toward the point, of a very faire greene and shining colour, so that there is more beauty in the greene leaues, which doe so alwaies abide, then in the flowers, which are of a pale red or blush colour, consisting of fiue small long broad pointed leaues, notched in the middle, which doe not lye close, but loosly as it were hanging ouer the huskes: after the flowers are past, there come heads that containe blackish seede: the roote is small, hard, white, and threadie.

11. _Muscipula Lobelij siue Ben rubrum Monspeliensium._ Lobels Catch Flie.

I must needes insert this small plant, to finish this part of the Campions, whereunto it belongeth, being a pretty toye to furnish and decke out a Garden. It springeth vp (if it haue beene once sowne and suffered to shed) in the later end of the yeare most commonly, or else in the Spring with fiue or six small leaues, very like vnto the leaues of Pinkes, and of the same grayish colour, but a little broader and shorter, and when it beginneth to shoote vp for flower, it beareth smaller leaues on the clammy or viscous stalkes (fit to hold any small thing that lighteth on it); being broad at the bottome compassing them, and standing two at a ioynt one against another: the toppes of the stalkes are diuersly branched into seuerall parts, euery branch hauing diuers small red flowers, not notched, but smooth, standing out of small, long, round, stript huskes, which after the flowers are past, containe small grayish seede: the roote is small, and perisheth after it hath giuen seede; but riseth (as is before said) of its owne seede, if it be suffered to shed.

1 _Lychnis Coronaria simplex._ Single Rose Campion.
2 _Lychnis Coronaria rubra multiplex._ The double red Rose Campion.
3 _Lychnis Chalcedonica simplex._ Single None such, or flower of
Bristow.
4 _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore pleno._ Double None such, or flower of
Bristow.
5 _Lychnis plumaria multiplex._ Pleasant in sight.
6 _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro._ Red Batchelours Buttons.
7 _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno albo._ White Batchelours Buttons.
8 _Muscipula Lobelij._ Lobels Catch Flie.
]

The Place.

The Rose Campions, Flowers of Bristow, or Nonesuch, the Bassil
Campion, and the Catch Flie, haue been sent vs from beyond
the Seas, and are onely noursed vp in Gardens with vs; the
other Campions that are double, haue been naturally so found
double wilde (for no art or industry of man, that euer I could
be assured of to be true, be it by neuer so many repetitions of
transplantations, and planeticall obseruations (as I haue said
in the beginning of this worke) could bring any flower, single
by nature, to become double, notwithstanding many affirmations
to that purpose, but whatsoeuer hath been found wilde to be
double, nature her selfe, and not art hath so produced it) and
being brought into Gardens, are there encreased by slipping,
and parting the roote, because they giue no seede.

The Time.

All of them doe flower in the Summer, yet none before May.

The Names.

The first kindes are called _Lychnides satiuæ_, and
_coronariæ_, in English generally Rose Campions. The next is
called _Lychnis Chalcedonica_, and _Byzantina_; in English,
of some Nonesuch, and of others Flower of Bristow, and after
the Latine, Flower of Constantinople, because it is thought
the seede was first brought from thence; but from whence the
double of this kinde came, we cannot tell. The names of the
others of this kinde, both single and double, are set downe
with their descriptions. The feathered Campions are called
_Armoraria pratensis_, and _Flos Cuculi_, and of Clusius and
others thought to be _Odontitis Plinij_. Some call them in
English Crowflowers, and Cuckowe-Flowers; and some call the
double hereof, The faire Maide of France. The Bassil Campions
were sent ouer among many other seedes out of Italy, by the
name of _Ocimoides arborea semper virens_. _Arborea_, because
the stalke is more wooddy and durable then other Campions: And
_semper virens_, because the leaues abide greene Winter and
Summer. Clusius calleth it _Lychnis semper virens_, because
it is certainly a Campion. The last is diuersly called of
Authors; Lobel calleth it _Muscipula_: Others _Armoraria
altera_: Dodonæus _Armerius flos quartus_. Clusius _Lychnis
siluestris altera_, in his Spanish obseruations, and _prima_
in his History of plants, and saith, the learned of Salmantica
in Spaine called it, _Ben rubrum_, as Lobel saith, they of
Mompelier doe also: and by that name I receiued it first out
of Italy. It hath the name of Catch Flie, of _Muscipula_ the
Latine word, because the stalkes in the hot Summer dayes haue a
certaine viscous or clammy humour vpon them, whereby it easily
holdeth (as I said before) whatsoeuer small thing, as Flies,
&c. lighteth vpon it.

The Vertues.

We know none in these dayes, that putteth any of these to any
Physicall vse, although some haue in former times.

CHAP. XXXIX.

_Keiri siue Leucoium luteum._ Wall-flowers, or Wall Gilloflowers.

There are two sorts of Wall-flowers, the one single, the other double, and of each of them there is likewise some differences, as shall be shewed in their description.

1. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum simplex vulgare._ Common single Wall-flowers.

The common single Wall-flower which groweth wilde abroad, and yet is brought into Gardens, hath sundry small, narrow, long, and darke greene leaues, set without order vpon small round whitish wooddy stalkes, which beare at the tops diuers single yellow flowers one aboue another, euery one hauing foure leaues a peece, and of a very sweete sent: after which come long pods, containing reddish seede: the roote is white, hard and thready.

2. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum simplex maius._ The great single Wall-flower.

There is another sort of single Wall-flower, whose leaues as well as flowers are much larger then the former: the leaues being of a darker and shining greene colour, and the flowers of a very deepe gold yellow colour, and vsually broader then a twentie shilling peece of gold can couer: the spike or toppe of flowers also much longer, and abiding longer in flower, and much sweeter likewise in sent: the pods for seede are thicker and shorter, with a small point at the end: this is slower to encrease into branches, as also to be encreased by the branches, and more tender to be preserued; for the hard frosts doe cause it to perish, if it be not defended from them.

3. _Keiri simplex flore albo._ White Wall-flower.

This Wall-flower hath his leaues as greene as the great kinde, but nothing so large: the flowers stand at the toppe, but not in so long a spike, and consisteth of foure leaues, of a very white colour, not much larger then the common kinde, and of a faint or weaker sent: the pods are nothing so great as the former great one: this is more easie to be propagated and encreased also, but yet will require some care in defending it from the colds of the Winter.

4. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum vulgare flore pleno._ Common double Wall-flowers.

This ordinary double Wall-flower is in leaues and stalke very like vnto the first single kinde, but that the leaues hereof are not of so deepe a greene colour: the flowers stand at the top of the stalkes one aboue another, as it were a long spike, which flower by degrees, the lowest first, and so vpwards, by which it is a long time in flowring, and is very double, of a gold yellow colour, and very sweete.

5. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum alterum flore pleno._ Pale double Wall-flowers.

Wee haue another sort of this kinde of double Wall-flower, whose double flowers stand not spike-fashion as the former, but more open spread, and doe all of them blowe open at one time almost, and not by degrees as the other doth, and is of a paler yellow colour, not differing in any thing else, except that the greene leaues hereof are of a little paler greene then it.

6. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum maius flore pleno ferrugineo._ Double red Wall-flowers.

We haue also another sort of double Wall-flower, whose leaues are as greene, and almost as large as the great single yellow kinde, or full as bigge as the leaues of the white Wall-flower: the flowers hereof are not much larger then the ordinary, but are of a darker yellow colour then the great single kinde, and of a more brownish or red colour on the vnderside of the leaues, and is as it were striped.

7. _Keiri siue Leucoium maximum luteum flore pleno._ The greatest double yellow Wall-flower.

This great double Wall-flower is as yet a stranger in England, and therefore what I here write is more vpon relation (which yet I beleeue to be most true) then vpon sight and speculation. The leaues of this Wall-flower are as greene and as large, if not larger then the great single kinde: the flowers also are of the same deepe gold yellow colour with it, but much larger then any of the former double kindes, and of as sweet a sent as any, which addeth delight vnto beauty.

The Place.

The first single kind is often found growing vpon old wals of
Churches, and other houses in many places of England, and also
among rubbish and stones. The single white and great yellow, as
well as all the other double kindes, are noursed vp in Gardens
onely with vs.

The Time.

All the single kindes doe flower many times in the end of
Autumne, and if the Winter be milde all the Winter long, but
especially in the moneths of February, March, and Aprill, and
vntill the heate of the Spring doe spend them: but the other
double kindes doe not continue flowring in that manner the
yeare throughout, although very early sometimes, and very late
also in some places.

The Names.

They are called by diuers names, as _Viola lutea_, _Leucoium
luteum_, and _Keiri_, or _Cheiri_, by which name it is chiefly
knowne in our Apothecaries shops, because there is an oyle made
thereof called _Cheirinum_: In English they are vsually called
in these parts, Wall-flowers: Others doe call them Bee-flowers;
others Wall-Gilloflowers, Winter-Gilloflowers, and yellow
Stocke-Gilloflowers; but we haue a kinde of Stocke-Gilloflower
that more fitly deserueth that name, as shall be shewed in the
Chapter following.

The Vertues.

The sweetnesse of the flowers causeth them to be generally
vsed in Nosegayes, and to decke vp houses; but physically they
are vsed in diuers manners: As a Conserue made of the flowers,
is vsed for a remedy both for the Appoplexie and Palsie. The
distilled water helpeth well in the like manner. The oyle made
of the flowers is heating and resoluing, good to ease paines of
strained and pained sinewes.

CHAP. XL.

_Leucoium._ Stocke-Gilloflower.

There are very many sorts of Stocke-Gilloflowers, both single and double, some of the fields and mountaines, others of the Sea marshes and medowes; and some noursed vp in Gardens, and there preserued by seede or slippe, as each kinde is aptest to bee ordered. But because some of these are fitter for a generall History then for this our Garden of Pleasure, both for that diuers haue no good sent, others little or no beauty, and to be entreated of onely for the variety, I shall spare so many of them as are not fit for this worke, and onely set downe the rest.

1 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum vulgare._ Common Wall-flowers.
2 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum maius simplex._ The great single
Wall-flower.
3 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum flore pleno vulgare._ Ordinary double
Wall-flowers.
4 _Keiri maius flore pleno ferrugineo._ The great double red
Wall-flower.
5 _Leucoium sativum simplex._ Single Stocke Gilloflowers.
6 _Leucoium sativum simplex flore striato._ Single stript
Stocke-Gilloflowers.
]

1. _Leucoium simplex sativum diversorum colorum._ Garden Stocke-Gilloflowers single of diuers colours.

These single Stocke-Gilloflowers, although they differ in the colour of their flowers, yet are in leafe and manner of growing, one so like vnto another, that vntill they come to flower, the one cannot be well knowne that beareth red flowers, from another that beareth purple; and therefore one description of the plant shall serue, with a declaration of the sundry colours of the flowers. It riseth vp with round whitish woody stalkes, two, three, or foure foot high, whereon are set many long, and not very broad, soft, and whitish or grayish greene leaues, somewhat round pointed, and parted into diuers branches, at the toppes whereof grow many flowers, one aboue another, smelling very sweet, consisting of foure small, long, and round pointed leaues, standing in small long huskes, which turne into long and flat pods, sometimes halfe a foote long, wherein is contained flat, round, reddish seedes, with grayish ringes or circles about them, lying flat all along the middle rib of the pod on both sides: the roote is long, white, and woody, spreading diuers wayes. There is great variety in the colours of the flowers: for some are wholly of a pure white colour, others of a most excellent crimson red colour, others againe of a faire red colour, but not so bright or liuely as the other, some also of a purplish or violet colour, without any spot, marke, or line in them at all. There are againe of all these colours, mixed very variably, as white mixed with small or great spottes, strakes or lines of pure or bright red, or darke red, and white with purple spots and lines; and of eyther of them whose flowers are almost halfe white, and halfe red, or halfe white, and halfe purple. The red of both sorts, and the purple also, in the like manner spotted, striped, and marked with white, differing neyther in forme, nor substance, in any other point.

2. _Leucoium satiuum albido luteum simplex._ The single pale yellow Stocke-Gilloflower.

There is very little difference in this kind from the former, for the manner of growing, or forme of leaues or flower. Only this hath greener leaues, and pale yellow almost white flowers, in all other things alike: this is of no great regard, but only for rarity, and diuersity from the rest.

3. _Leucoium Melancholicum._ The Melancholick Gentleman.

This wilde kinde of stocke gilloflower hath larger, longer and greener leaues then any of the former kindes, vneuenly gashed or sinuated on both edges lying on the ground, and a little rough or hairy withall: from among which rise vp the stalkes, a yard high or more, and hairy likewise, bearing thereon here and there some such like leaues as are below, but smaller, and at the top a great number of flowers, as large or larger then any of the former single kindes, made of 4. large leaues a peece also, standing in such like long huskes, but of a darke or sullen yellowish colour: after which come long roundish pods, wherein lye somewhat long but rounder and greater seede then any stocke gilloflower, and nearer both in pod and seede vnto the _Hesperis_ or Dames Violet: this perisheth not vsually after seede bearing, although sometimes it doth.

4. _Leucoium marinum Syriacum._ Leuant stocke gilloflowers.

This kind of stocke gilloflower riseth vp at the first with diuers long and somewhat broad leaues, a little vneuenly dented or waued on the edges, which so continue the first yeare after the sowing: the stalke riseth vp the next yeare to bee two foot high or more, bearing all those leaues on it that it first had, which then do grow lesse sinuated or waued then before: at the top whereof stand many flowers, made of foure leaues a peece, of a delayed purple colour, but of a small sent which turne into very long and narrow flat pods, wherein are contained flat seed like the ordinary stocke gilloflowers, but much larger and of a darke or blackish browne colour: the root is white, and groweth deepe, spreading in the ground, but growing woody when it is in seede, and perisheth afterwards.

5. _Leucoij alterum genus, flore tam multiplici quam simplici ex feminio oriundum._ Another sort of Stocke gilloflowers bearing as well double as single flowers from seede.

This kinde of Stocke gilloflower differeth neyther in forme of leaues, stalkes, nor flowers from the former, but that it oftentimes groweth much larger and taller; so that whosoeuer shall see both these growing together, shall scarce discerne the difference, onely it beareth flowers, eyther white, red or purple, wholly or entire, that is, of one colour, without mixture of other colour in them (for so much as euer I haue obserued, or could vnderstand by others) which are eyther single, like vnto the former, or very thicke and double, like vnto the next that followeth; but larger, and growing with more store of flowers on the long stalke. But this you must vnderstand withall, that those plants that beare double flowers, doe beare no seede at all, and is very seldome encreased by slipping or cutting, as the next kinde of double is: but the onely way to haue double flowers any yeare, (for this kinde dyeth euery winter, for the most part, after it hath borne flowers, and seldome is preserued) is to saue the seedes of those plants of this kinde that beare single flowers, for from that seede will rise, some that will beare single, and some double flowers, which cannot bee distinguished one from another, I meane which will be single and which double, vntill you see them in flower, or budde at the least. And this is the only way to preserue this kinde: but of the seed of the former kinde was neuer known any double flowers to arise, and therefore you must be carefull to marke this kinde from the former.

6. _Leucoium flore pleno diuersorum colorum._ Double Stocke Gillowflowers of diuers colours.

This other kinde of Stock gilloflower that beareth onely double flowers, groweth not so great, nor spreadeth his branches so farre, nor are his leaues so large, but is in all things smaller, and lower, and yet is woody, or shrubby, like the former, bearing his flowers in the like manner, many vpon a long stalke, one aboue another, and very double, but not so large as the former double, although it grow in fertile soyle, which are eyther white, or red, or purple wholly, without any mixture, or else mixed with spots and stripes, as the single flowers of the first kinde, but more variably, and not in all places alike, neuer bearing seede, but must be encreased, only by the cutting of the young sproutes or branches, taken in a fit season: this kinde perisheth not, as the former double kinde doth, so as it bee defended in the winter from the extreame frosts, but especially from the snow falling, or at the least remaining vpon it.

7. _Leucoium satiuum luteum flore pleno._ The double yellow Stocke Gilloflower.

This double yellow Stock gilloflower is a stranger in England, as far as I can learne, neyther haue I any further familiaritie with him, then by relation from Germany, where it is affirmed to grow only in some of their gardens, that are curious louers of these delights, bearing long leaues somewhat hoary or white, (and not greene like vnto the Wallflower, whereunto else it might be thought to be referred) like vnto the Stock gilloflowers, as the stalkes and branches also are, and bearing faire double flowers, of a faire, but pale yellow colour. The whole plant is tender, as the double Stock gilloflowers are, and must be carefully preserued in the winter from the coldes, or rather more then the last double, lest it perish.

The Place.

The single kindes, especially some of them, grow in Italie,
and some in Greece, Candy, and the Isles adiacent, as may
be gathered out of the verses in Plutarches Booke _De Amore
fraterno_:

_Inter Echinopodas velut asperam, & inter Ononim,
Inter dum crescunt mollia Leucoia._

Which sheweth, that the soft or gentle stocke gilloflowers doe
sometimes grow among rough or prickely Furse and Cammocke. The
other sorts are only to be found in gardens.

The Time.

They flower in a manner all the yeare throughout in some
places, especially some of the single kindes, if they stand
warme, and defended from the windes and cold: the double kindes
flower sometimes in Aprill, and more plentifully in May, and
Iune; but the double of seed, flowreth vsually late, and
keepeth flowring vnto the winter, that the frostes and colde
mistes doe pull it downe.

The Names.

It is called _Leucoium_, _&_ _Viola alba_: but the name
Leucoium (which is in English the white Violet) is referred
to diuers plants; we call it in English generally, Stocke
gilloflower, (or as others doe, Stocke gillouer) to put a
difference betweene them, and the Gilloflowers and Carnations,
which are quite of another kindred, as shall be shewne in place
conuenient.

The Vertues.

These haue no great vse in Physick that I know: only some haue
vsed the leaues of the single white flowred kinde with salt, to
be laid to the wrests of them that haue agues, but with what
good successe I cannot say, if it happen well I thinke in one
(as many such things else will) it will fayle in a number.

CHAP. XLI.

1. _Hesperis, siue Viola Matronalis._ Dames Violets, or Queenes Gilloflowers.

The ordinary Dames Violets, or Queene Gilloflowers, hath his leaues broader, greener, and sharper pointed, then the Stock gilloflowers, and a little endented about the edges: the stalkes grow two foot high, bearing many greene leaues vpon them, smaller then those at the bottome, and branched at the toppe, bearing many flowers, in fashion much like the flowers of stocke gilloflowers, consisting of foure leaues in like manner, but not so large, of a faint purplish colour in some, and in others white, and of a pretty sweet sent, especially towards night, but in the day time little or none at all: after the flowers are past, there doe come small long and round pods, wherein is contained, in two rowes, small and long blacke seede: the roote is wholly composed of stringes or fibres, which abide many yeares, and springeth fresh stalks euery yeare, the leaues abiding all the Winter.

1 _Leucoium Melancholicum._ Sullen Stocke-Gilloflowers.
2 _Leucoium sativum flore pleno._ Double Stocke-Gilloflowers.
3 _Leucoium sativum flore pleno vario._ Party coloured
Stocke-Gilloflowers.
4 _Leucoium marinum Syriacum._ Leuant Stocke-Gilloflowers.
5 _Hesperis vulgaris._ Dames Violets or Winter Gilloflowers.
6 _Lysimachia lutea siliquosa Virginiana._ The tree Primrose of
Virginia.
7 _Viola lunaris siue Bolbonach._ The white Sattin flower.
]

2. _Hesperis Pannonica._ Dames Violets of Hungary.

The leaues of this Violet are very like the former, but smoother and thicker, and not at all indented, or cut in on the edges: the flowers are like the former, but of a sullen pale colour, turning themselues, and seldome lying plaine open, hauing many purple veines, and streakes running through the leaues of the flowers, of little or no sent in the day time, but of a very sweete sent in the euening and morning; the seedes are alike also, but a little browner.

3. _Lysimachia lutea siliquosa Virginiana._ The tree Primrose of Virginia.

Vnto what tribe or kindred I might referre this plant, I haue stood long in suspence, in regard I make no mention of any other _Lysimachia_ in this work: lest therefore it should lose all place, let me ranke it here next vnto the Dames Violets, although I confesse it hath little affinity with them. The first yeare of the sowing the seede it abideth without any stalke or flowers lying vpon the ground, with diuers long and narrow pale greene leaues, spread oftentimes round almost like a Rose, the largest leaues being outermost, and very small in the middle: about May the next yeare the stalke riseth, which will be in Summer of the height of a man, and of a strong bigge size almost to a mans thumbe, round from the bottome to the middle, where it groweth crested vp to the toppe, into as many parts as there are branches of flowers, euery one hauing a small leafe at the foote thereof: the flowers stand in order one aboue another, round about the tops of the stalks, euery one vpon a short foot-stalke, consisting of foure pale yellow leaues, smelling somewhat like vnto a Primrose, as the colour is also (which hath caused the name) and standing in a greene huske, which parteth it selfe at the toppe into foure parts or leaues, and turne themselues downewards, lying close to the stalke: the flower hath some chiues in the middle, which being past, there come in their places long and cornered pods, sharpe pointed at the vpper end, and round belowe, opening at the toppe when it is ripe into fiue parts, wherein is contained small brownish seed: the roote is somewhat great at the head, and wooddy, and branched forth diuersly, which perisheth after it hath borne seede.

The Place.

The two first grow for the most part on Hils and in Woods, but
with vs in Gardens onely.

The last, as may be well vnderstood by the title, came out of
Virginia.

The Time.

They flower in May, Iune, and Iuly.

The Names.

The name of _Hesperis_ is imposed by most Herbarists vpon the
two first plants, although it is not certainly knowne to be the
same that Theophrastus doth make mention of, in his sixth Booke
and twenty fiue Chapter _de causis plantarum_: but because
this hath the like effects to smell best in the euening, it
is (as I said) imposed vpon it. It is also called _Viola
Marina Matronalis_, _Hyemalis_, _Damascena_ and _Muschatella_:
In English, Dames Violets, Queens Gilloflowers, and Winter
Gilloflowers.