Chapter XIX: Front Matter (19)

2. _Flos Africanus maior simplex._ The great single French Marigold.

This single Marigold is in all things so like vnto the former, that it is hard to discerne it from the double, but by the flowers, onely the stalke will be browner then the double; and to my best obseruation, hath and doth euery yeare rise from the seede of the double flower: so that when they are in flower, you may see the difference (or not much before, when they are in bud) this single flower euer appearing with thrums in the middle, and the leaues, which are the border or pale standing about them, shewing hollow or fistulous, which after lay themselues flat and open (and the double flower appearing with all his leaues folded close together, without any thrum at all) and are of a deeper or paler colour, as in the double.

3. _Flos Africanus fistuloso flore simplex_ & _multiplex_. Single and double French Marigolds with hollow leafed flowers.

As the former two greatest sorts haue risen from the seede of one and the same (I meane the pod of double flowers) so doe these also, not differing from it in anything, but that they are lower, and haue smaller greene leaues, and that the flower also being smaller, hath euery leafe abiding hollow, like vnto an hollow pipe, broad open at the mouth, and is of as deepe a yellow colour for the most part as the deepest of the former, yet sometimes pale also.

4. _Flos Africanus minor multiplex._ The lesser double French Marigold.

The lesser double French Marigold hath his leaues in all things like vnto the former, but somewhat lesser, which are set vpon round browne stalkes, not so stiffe or vpright, but bowing and bending diuers wayes, and sometimes leaning or lying vpon the ground: the stalkes are branched out diuersly, whereon are set very faire double flowers like the former, and in the like greene huskes, but smaller, and in some the outermost leaues will be larger then any of the rest, and of a deeper Orenge colour, almost crimson, the innermost being of a deepe gold yellow colour, tending to crimson; the whole flower is smaller, and of a stronger and more vnpleasant sauour, so that but for the beautifull colour, and doublenesse of the flower, pleasant to the eye, and not to any other sense, this kinde would finde roome in few Gardens: the rootes and seedes are like the former, but lesser.

5. _Flos Africanus minor simplex._ The small single French Marigold.

This single kinde doth follow after the last in all manner of proportion, both of stalkes, leaues, seedes, and rootes: the flowers onely of this are single, hauing fiue or six broad leaues, of a deepe yellow crimson colour, with deepe yellow thrummes in the middle, and of as strong a stinking sent, or more then the last.

The Place.

They growe naturally in Africa, and especially in the parts
about Tunis, and where old Carthage stood, from whence long
agoe they were brought into Europe, where they are onely kept
in Gardens, being sowne for the most part euery yeare, vnlesse
in some milde Winters. The last single and double kindes (as
being more hardy) haue sometimes endured: but that kinde with
hollow leafed flowers, as Fabius Columna setteth it downe, is
accounted to come from Mexico in America.

The Time.

They flower not vntill the end of Summer, especially the
greater kindes: but the lesser, if they abide all the Winter,
doe flower more early.

The Names.

They haue been diuersly named by diuers men: Some calling
them _Caryophyllus Indicus_, that is, Indian Gilloflowers,
and _Tanacetum Perüvianum_, Tansie of Peru, as if it grew in
Peru, a Prouince of America; and _Flos Indicus_, as a flower of
the Indies; but it hath not been knowne to haue beene brought
from thence. Others would haue it to be _Othonna_ of Plinie,
and others; some to be _Lycopersicum_ of Galen. It is called,
and that more truely, _Flos Tunetensis_, _Flos Africanus_,
and _Caltha Africana_, that is, the flower of Tunis, the
flower of Africa, the Marigold of Africa, and peraduenture
_Pedna Pænorum_. We in English most vsually call them, French
Marigolds, with their seuerall distinctions of greater or
smaller, double or single. To that with hollow leafed flowers,
Fabius Columna giueth the name of _Fistiloso flore_, and I so
continue it.

1 _Flos Africanus maximus multiplex_. The greatest double French
Marigold.
2 _Flos Africanus maior multiplex_. The greater double French
Marigold.
3 _Flos Africanus maximus simplex_. The greatest single French
Marigold.
4 _Flos Africanus multiplex fistulosus_. The double hollow French
Marigold.
5 _Flos Africanus simplex fistulosus_. The single hollow French
Marigold.
6 _Flos Africanus minor multiplex_. The smaller double French
Marigold.
7 _Flos Africanus minor multiplex alter_. Another sort of the lesser
double French Marigold.
8 _Flos Africanus minor simplex_. The lesser single French Marigold.
]

The Vertues.

We know no vse they haue in Physicke, but are cherished in
Gardens for their beautifull flowers sake.

CHAP. LXIX.

_Caryophyllus hortensis._ Carnations and Gilloflowers.

To auoide confusion, I must diuide Gilloflowers from Pinkes, and intreate of them in seuerall Chapters. Of those that are called Carnations or Gilloflowers, as of the greater kinde, in this Chapter; and of Pinkes, as well double as single, in the next. But the number of them is so great, that to giue seuerall descriptions to them all were endlesse, at the least needlesse: I will therefore set downe onely the descriptions of three (for vnto these three may be referred all the other sorts) for their fashion and manner of growing, and giue you the seuerall names (as they are vsually called with vs) of the rest, with their variety and mixture of colours in the flowers, wherein consisteth a chiefe difference. I account those that are called Carnations to be the greatest, both for leafe and flower, and Gilloflowers for the most part to bee lesser in both; and therefore will giue you each description apart, and the Orenge tawnie or yellow Gilloflower likewise by it selfe, as differing very notably from all the rest.

1. _Caryophyllus maximus Harwicensis siue Anglicus._ The great Harwich or old English Carnation.

I take this goodly great old English Carnation, as a president for the description of all the rest of the greatest sorts, which for his beauty and statelinesse, is worthy of a prime place, hauing beene alwayes very hardly preserued in the Winter; and therefore not so frequent as the other Carnations or Gilloflowers. It riseth vp with a great thicke round stalke, diuided into seuerall branches, somewhat thickly set with ioynts, and at euery ioynt two long greene rather then whitish leaues, somewhat broader then Gilloflower leaues, turning or winding two or three times round (in some other sorts of Carnations they are plaine, but bending the points downewards, and in some also of a darke reddish greene colour, and in others not so darke, but rather of a whitish greene colour:) the flowers stand at the toppes of the stalkes in long, great, and round greene huskes, which are diuided into fiue points, out of which rise many long and broad pointed leaues, deeply iagged at the ends, set in order round and comely, making a gallant great double flower, of a deepe Carnation colour, almost red, spotted with many blush spots and strakes, some greater and some lesser, of an excellent soft sweete sent, neither too quicke as many others of these kinds are, nor yet too dull, and with two whitish crooked threads like hornes in the middle: this kinde neuer beareth many flowers, but as it is slow in growing, so in bearing, not to be often handled, which sheweth a kinde of statelinesse, fit to preserue the opinion of magnificence: the roote is branched into diuers great, long, wooddy rootes, with many small fibres annexed vnto them.

2. _Caryophyllus hortensis flore pleno rubro._ The red or Cloue Gilloflower.

The red Cloue Gilloflower, which I take as a president for the second sort, which are Gilloflowers, grow like vnto the Carnations, but not so thicke set with ioynts and leaues: the stalkes are more, the leaues are narrower and whiter for the most part, and in some doe as well a little turne: the flowers are smaller, yet very thicke and double in most, and the greene huskes wherein they stand are smaller likewise then the former: the ends of the leaues in this flower, as in all the rest, are dented or iagged, yet in some more then in others; some also hauing two small white threads, crooked at the ends like hornes,in the middle of the flower, when as diuers other haue none. These kindes, and especially this that hath a deepe red crimson coloured flower, doe endure the cold of our winters, and with lesse care is preserued: these sorts as well as the former doe very seldome giue any seede, as far as I could euer obserue or learne.

1 _Caryophyllus maximus rubro varius._ The great old Carnation or
gray Hulo.
2 _Caryophyllus maior rubro & albo varius._ The white Carnation.
3 _Caryophyllus albo rubens._ The Cambersine or the Poole flower.
4 _Caryophyllus Cantij striatus._ The faire made of Kent.
5 _Caryophyllus Sabaudicus carneus._ The blush Sauadge.
6 _Caryophyllus Xerampelinus._ The Gredeline Carnation.
7 _Caryophyllus dictus Grimelo._ The Grimelo or Prince.
8 _Caryophyllus albus maior._ The great white Gilloflower.
9 _Elegans Heroina Bradshawij._ Master Bradshawes dainty Lady.
]

3. _Caryophyllus Silesiacus flore pleno miniato._ The yellow or Orenge tawny Gilloflower.

This Gilloflower hath his stalkes next vnto the ground, thicker set, and with smaller or narrower leaues then the former for the most part: the flowers are like vnto the Cloue Gilloflowers, and about the same bignesse and doublenesse most vsually, yet in some much greater then in others; but of a pale yellowish Carnation colour, tending to an Orenge, with two small white threds, crooked at the ends in the middle, yet some haue none, of a weaker sent then the Cloue Gilloflower: this kinde is more apt to beare seede then any other, which is small, black, flat, and long, and being sowen, yeelde wonderfull varieties both of single and double flowers: some being of a lighter or deeper colour then the mother plants: some with stripes in most of the leaues: Others are striped or spotted, like a speckled Carnation or Gilloflower, in diuers sorts, both single and double: Some againe are wholly of the same colour, like the mother plant, and are eyther more or lesse double then it, or else are single with one row of leaues, like vnto a Pinck; and some of these likewise eyther wholly of a crimson red, deeper or lighter, or variably spotted, double or single as a Pinck, or blush eyther single or double, and but very seldome white: yet all of them in their greene leaues little or nothing varying or differing.

_Caryophylli maximi._

CARNATIONS.

_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo rubro-varius._

The gray _Hulo_ hath as large leaues as the former old
Carnation, and as deepely iagged on the edges: it hath a great
high stalke, whereon stand the flowers, of a deepe red colour,
striped and speckled very close together with a darkish white
colour.

_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo ruber non variatus._

The red _Hulo_ is also a faire great flower, of a stamell
colour, deeply iagged as the former, and groweth very comely
without any spot at all in it, so that it seemeth to bee but a
stamell Gilloflower, saue that it is much greater.

_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo cæruleo purpureus._

The blew _Hulo_ is a goodly faire flower, being of a faire
purplish murrey colour, curiously marbled with white, but so
smally to be discerned, that it seemeth only purple, it hath so
much the Mastrie in it; it resembleth the Brassill, but that it
is much bigger.

_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Grimelo siue Princeps._

The _Grimelo_ or Prince is a faire flower also, as large as any
Chrystall or larger, being of a faire crimson colour, equally
for the most part striped with white, or rather more white then
red, thorough euery leafe from the bottome, and standeth comely.

_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus albus._

The white Carnation or Delicate, is a goodly delightfull fair
flower in his pride and perfection, that is, when it is both
marbled and flaked, or striped and speckled with white vpon
an incarnate crimson colour, beeing a very comely flower, but
abideth not constant, changing oftentimes to haue no flakes or
strakes of white, but marbled or speckled wholly.

_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus Gallicus._

The French Carnation is very like vnto the white Carnation, but
that it hath more specks, and fewer stripes or flakes of white
in the red, which hath the mastrie of the white.

_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus grandis._

The ground Carnation (if it be not the same with the graund
or great old Carnation first set downe, as the alteration but
of one letter giueth the coniecture) is a thicke flower, but
spreadeth not his leaues abroade as others doe, hauing the
middle standing higher then the outer leaues, and turning vp
their brimmes or edges; it is a sad flower, with few stripes
or spots in it: it is very subiect to breake the pod, that the
flower seldome commeth faire and right; the greene leaues are
as great as the _Hulo_ or Lombard red.

_Caryophyllus maximus Chrystallinus._

The Chrystall or Chrystalline (for they are both one, howsoeuer
some would make them differ) is a very delicate flower when
it is well marked, but it is inconstant in the markes, being
sometimes more striped with white and crimson red, and
sometimes lesse or little or nothing at all, and changing also
sometimes to be wholly red, or wholly blush.

_Caryophyllus maximus flore rubro._

The red Chrystall, which is the red hereof changed, is the most
orient flower of all other red Gilloflowers, because it is both
the greatest, as comming from the Chrystall, as also that the
red hereof is a most excellent crimson.

_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Fragrans._

The Fragrant is a faire flower, and thought to come from the
Chrystall, being as large, but of a blush red colour, spotted
with small speckes, no bigger then pinnes points, but not so
thicke as in the Pageant.

_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus varius._

The stript Sauadge is for forme and bignesse equall with the
Chrystall or White Carnation, but as inconstant as eyther of
them, changing into red or blush, so that few branches with
flowers containe their true mixtures, which are a whitish
blush, fairely striped with a crimson red colour, thicke and
short, with some spots also among.

_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus carneus._

The blush Sauadge is the same with the former, the same root of
the stript Sauadge, as I said before, yeelding one side or part
whose flowers will be eyther wholly blush, or hauing some small
spots, or sometimes few or none in them.

_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus ruber._

The red Sauadge is as the blush, when the colour of the flower
is wholly red without any stripes or spots in them, and so
abideth long; yet it is sometimes seene, that the same side, or
part, or roote being separate from the first or mother plant,
will giue striped and well marked flowers againe.

_Caryophyllus maximus Oxoniensis._

The Oxeford Carnation is very like vnto the French Carnation,
both for forme, largenesse and colour; but that this is of a
sadder red colour, so finely marbled with white thereon, that
the red hauing the maistry, sheweth a very sad flower, not
hauing any flakes or stripes at all in it.

_Caryophyllus maximus Regius, siue Bristoliensis maior._

The Kings Carnation or ordinary Bristow, is a reasonable great
flower, deepely iagged, of a sad red, very finally striped and
speckled with white: some of the leaues of the flower on the
one side will turne vp their brimmes or edges: the greene leafe
is very large.

_Caryophyllus maximus Granatensis._

The greatest _Granado_ is a very faire large flower, bigger
then the Chrystall, and almost as bigge as the blew _Hulo_; it
is almost equally diuided and stript with purple and white,
but the purple is sadder then in the ordinary _Granado_
Gilloflower, else it might bee said it were the same, but
greater. Diuers haue taken this flower to bee the _Gran Pere_,
but you shall haue the difference shewed you in the next
ensuing flower.

_Caryophyllus maximus Gran Pere dictus._

The _Gran Pere_ is a fair great flower, and comely for the
forme, but of no great beautie for colour, because although it
be stript red and white like the Queenes gilloflower, yet the
red is so sad that it taketh away all the delight to the flower.

_Caryophyllus maximus Cambersine dictus._

The Cambersine is a great flower and a faire, beeing a redde
flower, well marked or striped with white, somewhat like vnto
a Sauadge, say some, but that the red is not crimson as the
Sauadge; others say the Daintie, but not so comely: the leaues
of the flowers are many, and thrust together, without any due
forme of spreading.

_Caryophyllus maximus Longobardicus ruber._

The great Lombard red is a great sad red flower, so double and
thick of leaues, that it most vsually breaketh the pod, and
seldome showeth one flower among twenty perfect: the blades or
greene leaues are as large as the _Hulo_.

_Carophylli majores._

GILLOFLOWERS.

_Caryophyllus maior Westminsteriensis._

The lustie Gallant or Westminster (some make them to be one
flower, and others to bee two, one bigger then the other)
at the first blowing open of the flower sheweth to be of a
reasonable size and comelinesse, but after it hath stood blowen
some time it sheweth smaller and thinner: it is of a bright red
colour, much striped and speckled with white.

_Caryophyllus maior Bristoliensis purpureus._

The Bristow blew hath greene leaues, so large, that it would
seeme to bring a greater flower then it doth, yet the flower
is of a reasonable size, and very like vnto the ordinary
_Granado_ Gilloflower, striped and flaked in the same manner,
but that the white of this is purer then that, and the purple
is more light, and tending to a blew: this doth not abide
constant, but changeth into purple or blush.

_Caryophyllus maior Bristoliensis carneus._

The Bristow blush is very like the last both in leafe and
flower, the colour only sheweth the difference, which seldome
varyeth to be spotted, or change colour.

_Caryophyllus maior Doroborniensis ruber._

The red Douer is a reasonable great Gilloflower and constant,
being of a faire red thicke poudered with white spots, and
seemeth somewhat like vnto the ground Carnation.

_Caryophyllus maior Doroborniensis dilutus siue albus._

The light or white Douer is for forme and all other things more
comely then the former, the colour of the flower is blush,
thicke spotted with very small spots, that it seemeth all gray,
and is very delightfull.

_Caryophyllus maior Cantii._

The faire maide of Kent, or Ruffling Robin is a very beautiful
flower, and as large as the white Carnation almost: the flower
is white, thicke poudered with purple, wherein the white hath
the mastrie by much, which maketh it the more pleasant.

_Caryophyllus maior Regineus._

The Queenes Gilloflower is a reasonable faire Gilloflower
although very common, striped red and white, some great and
some small with long stripes.

_Caryophyllus maior elegans._

The Daintie is a comely fine flower, although it be not great,
and for the smallnesse and thinnesse of the flower being red so
finely marked, striped and speckled, that for the liuelinesse
of the colours it is much desired, beeing inferiour to very few
Gilloflowers.

_Caryophyllus maior Brasiliensis._

The Brassill Gilloflower is but of a meane size, being of a
sad purple colour, thicke poudered and speckled with white,
the purple herein hath the mastrie, which maketh it shew the
sadder, it is vnconstant, varying much and often to bee all
purple: the greene leaues lye matting on the ground.

_Caryophyllus maior Granatensis._

The _Granado_ Gilloflower is purple and white, flaked and
striped very much: this is also much subiect to change purple.
There is a greater and a lesser of this kinde, besides the
greatest that is formerly described.

_Caryophyllus Turcicus._

The Turkie Gilloflower is but a small flower, but of great
delight, by reason of the well marking of the flower, being
most vsually equally striped with red and white.

_Caryophyllus Cambrensis Poole._

The Poole flower, growing naturally vpon the rockes neare
Cogshot Castle in the Isle of Wight, is a small flower, but
very pleasant to the eye, by reason of the comely proportion
thereof; it is of a bright pale red, thicke speckled, and
very small with white, that it seemeth to bee but one colour,
the leaues of the flower are but smally iagged about: it is
constant.

_Caryophyllus Pegma dilutior._

The light or pale Pageant is a flower of a middle size, very
pleasant to behold, and is both constant and comely, and but
that it is so common, would be of much more respect then it is:
the flower is of a pale bright purple, thicke poudered, and
very euenly with white, which hath the mastery, and maketh it
the more gracefull.

_Caryophyllus Pegma saturatior._

The sad Pageant is the same with the former in forme and
bignesse, the difference in colour is, that the purple hath
the mastery, which maketh it so sad, that it doth resemble the
Brassill for colour, but is not so bigge by halfe.

_Caryophyllus Heroina dictus elegans Magistri Bradshawij._

Master Bradshawe his dainty Lady may be well reckoned among
these sorts of Gilloflowers, and compare for neatenesse with
most of them: the flower is very neate, though small, with a
fine small iagge, and of a fine white colour on the vnderside
of all the leaues, as also all the whole iagge for a pretty
compasse, and the bottome or middle part of the flower on the
vpperside also: but each leafe is of a fine bright pale red
colour on the vpperside, from the edge to the middle, which
mixture is of wonderfull great delight.

_Caryophyllus albus optimus maior Londinensis & alius._

The best white Gilloflower groweth vpright, and very double,
the blades growe vpright also, and crawle not on the ground.

The London white is greater and whiter then the other ordinary
white, being wholly of one colour.

_Caryophyllus maior rubens & minor._

The stamell Gilloflower is well knowne to all, not to differ
from the ordinary red or cloue Gilloflower, but only in being
of a brighter or light red colour: there is both a greater and
a lesser of this kinde.

_Caryophyllus purpureus maior & minor._

The purple Gilloflower a greater and a lesse: the stalke is so
slender, and the leaues vpon them so many and thicke, that they
lye and traile on the ground: the greatest is almost as bigge
as a Chrystall, but not so double: the lesse hath a smaller
flower.

_Caryophyllus Persico violaceus._

The Gredeline Gilloflower is a very neate and handsome flower,
of the bignesse of the Cloue red Gilloflower, of a fine pale
reddish purple or peach colour, enclining to a blew or violet,
which is that colour is vsually called a gredeline colour: it
hath no affinity with eyther Purple, Granado, or Pageant.

_Caryophyllus purpuro cæruleus._

The blew Gilloflower is neither very double nor great, yet
round and handsome, with a deepe iagge at the edge, and is of
an exeeding deepe purple colour, tending to a tawnie; this
differeth from all other sorts, in that the leafe is as greene
as grasse, and the stalkes many times red or purple: by the
greene leaues it may be knowne in the Winter, as well as in the
Summer.

_Caryophyllus carneus._

The blush Gilloflower differeth not from the red or stamell,
but only in the colour of the flower, which is blush.

_Caryophyllus Silefiacus maximus Wittin._

Iohn Wittie his great tawny Gilloflower is for forme of
growing, in leafe and flower altogether like vnto the ordinary
tawny, the flower onely, because it is the fairest and greatest
that any other hath noursed vp, maketh the difference, as also
that it is of a faire deepe scarlet colour.

There are also diuers other Tawnies, either lighter or sadder,
either lesse or more double, that they cannot be numbered, and
all rising (as I said before) from sowing the seede of some of
them: besides the diuersities of other colours both simple and
mixed, euery yeare and place yeelding some variety was not seen
with them before: I shall neede but onely to giue you the names
of some of them we haue abiding with vs, I meane such as haue
receiued names, and leaue the rest to euery ones particular
denomination.

Of Blushes there are many sorts, as the deepe blush, the pale
blush, the Infanta blush, a blush enclining to a red, a great
blush, the fairest and most double of all the other blushes,
and many others both single and double.

Of Reds likewise there are some varieties, but not so many as
of the other colours; for they are most dead or deepe reds, and
few of a bright red or stamell colour; and they are single like
Pinkes, either striped or speckled, or more double striped and
speckled variably, or else.

There are neither purple nor white that rise from this seede
that I haue obserued, except one white in one place.

_Caryophyllus Silesiacus striatus._

The striped Tawny are either greater or lesser, deeper or
lighter flowers twenty sorts and aboue, and all striped with
smaller or larger stripes, or equally diuided, of a deeper or
lighter colour: and some also for the very shape or forme will
bee more neate, close, and round; others more loose, vnequall,
and sparsed.

_Caryophyllus Silesiacus marmor-amulus._

The marbled Tawny hath not so many varieties as the striped,
but is of as great beauty and delight as it, or more: the
flowers are greater or smaller, deeper or lighter coloured one
then another, and the veines or markes more conspicuous, or
more frequent in some then in others: but the most beautifull
that euer I did see was with Master Ralph Tuggie, which I must
needes therefore call

_Heroina Rodolphi florum Imperatoris._

Master Tuggies Princesse, which is the greatest and fairest of
all these sorts of variable tawnies, or seed flowers, being as
large fully as the Prince or Chrystall, or something greater,
standing comely and round, not loose or shaken, or breaking
the pod as some other sorts will; the marking of the flower is
in this manner: It is of a stamell colour, striped and marbled
with white stripes and veines quite through euery leafe, which
are as deeply iagged as the Hulo: sometimes it hath more red
then white, and sometimes more white then red, and sometimes
so equally marked, that you cannot discerne which hath the
mastery; yet which of these hath the predominance, still the
flower is very beautifull, and exceeding delightsome.

_Caryophyllus Silesiacus assulosus._

The Flaked Tawny is another diuersity of these variable or mixt
coloured flowers, being of a pale reddish colour, flaked with
white, not alwaies downeright, but often thwart the leaues,
some more or lesse then others; the marking of them is much
like vnto the Chrystall: these also as well as others will be
greater or smaller, and of greater or lesse beauty then others.

_Caryophyllus Silesiacus plumatus._

The Feathered Tawny is more rare to meete with then many of the
other; for most vsually it is a faire large flower and double,
equalling the Lumbard red in his perfection: the colour hereof
is vsually a scarlet, little deeper or paler, most curiously
feathered and streamed with white through the whole leafe.

_Caryophyllus Silesiacus punctatus._

The Speckled Tawny is of diuers sorts, some bigger, some
lesse, some more, and some lesse spotted then others: Vsually
it is a deepe scarlet, speckled or spotted with white, hauing
also some stripes among the leaues.

_Caryophyllus roseus rotundus Magistri Tuggie._

Master Tuggie his Rose Gilloflower is of the kindred of these
Tawnies, being raised from the seede of some of them, and onely
possessed by him that is the most industrious preseruer of
all natures beauties, being a different sort from all other,
in that it hath round leaues, without any iagge at all on the
edges, of a fine stamell full colour, without any spot or
strake therein, very like vnto a small Rose, or rather much
like vnto the red Rose Campion, both for forme, colour, and
roundnesse, but larger for size.

1 _Heroina Rodolphi florum Imperatoris Princessa dictus._ Master
Tuggie his Princesse.
2 _Caryophyllus Oxoniensis._ The French or Oxford Carnation.
3 _Caryophyllus Westmonasteriensis._ The Gallant or Westminster
Gilloflower.
4 _Caryophyllus Bristoliensis._ The Bristow.
5 _Caryophyllus Chrystallinus._ The Chrystall or Chrystalline.
6 _Caryophyllus Sabaudicus striatus._ The stript Sauadge.
7 _Caryophyllus Granatensis maximus._ The Granpere or greatest
Granado.
8 _Caryophyllus peræmanus._ The Dainty.
9 _Caryophyllus Silesiacus maximus Ingonij Ioannis._ Iohn Witty his
great tawny Gilloflower.
10 _Caryophyllus Silesiacus striatus._ The stript Tawny.
11 _Caryophyllus marmor-amulus._ The marbled Tawny.
12 _Caryophyllus roseus rotundas magistri Tuggie._ Master Tuggie his
Rose Gilloflower.
]

The Place.

All these are nourished with vs in Gardens, none of their
naturall places being knowne, except one before recited, and
the yellow which is _Silesia_; many of them being hardly
preserued and encreased.

The Time.

They flower not vntill the heate of the yeare, which is in
Iuly (vnlesse it be an extraordinary occasion) and continue
flowring, vntill the colds of the Autumne checke them, or
vntill they haue wholly out spent themselues, and are vsually
encreased by the slips.

The Names.

Most of our later Writers doe call them by one generall name,
_Caryophyllus sativus_, and _flos Caryophylleus_, adding
thereunto _maximus_, when wee meane Carnations, and _maior_
when we would expresse Gilloflowers, which name is taken from
Cloues, in that the sent of the ordinary red Gilloflower
especially doth resemble them. Diuers other seuerall names
haue beene formerly giuen them, as _Vetonica_, or _Betonica
altera_, or _Vetonica altilis_, and _coronaria_. _Herba Tunica,
Viola Damascena, Ocellus Damascenus_, and _Barbaricus_. Of
some _Cantabrica Plinij_. Some thinke they were vnknowne to
the Ancients, and some would haue them to be _Iphium_ of
Theophrastus, wherof he maketh mention in his sixth and seuenth
Chapters of his sixth booke, among Garland and Summer flowers;
others to be his _Dios anthos_, or _Iouis flos_, mentioned in
the former, and in other places. We call them in English (as I
said before) the greatest kindes, Carnations, and the others
Gilloflowers (_quasi_ Iuly flowers) as they are seuerally
expressed.

The Vertues.

The red or Cloue Gilloflower is most vsed in Physicke in our
Apothecaries shops, none of the other being accepted of or vsed
(and yet I doubt not, but all of them might serue, and to good
purpose, although not to giue so gallant a tincture to a Syrupe
as the ordinary red will doe) and is accounted to be very
Cordiall.

CHAP. LXX.

_Caryophylli siluestres._ Pinkes.

There remaine diuers sorts of wilde or small Gilloflowers (which wee vsually call Pinkes) to be entreated of, some bearing single, and some double flowers, some smooth, almost without any deepe dents on the edges, and some iagged, or as it were feathered. Some growing vpright like vnto Gilloflowers, others creeping or spreading vnder the toppe or crust of the ground, some of one colour, some of another, and many of diuers colours: As I haue formerly done with the Gilloflowers, so must I doe with these that are entertained in our Gardens, onely giue you the descriptions of some three or foure of them, according to their variety, and the names of the rest, with their distinctions.

1 _Caryophyllus siluestris simplex._ The vsuall single Pinke.
2 _Caryophyllus multiplex siluestris._ Double Pinkes.
3 _Caryophyllus siluestris plumarius._ Feathered or iagged Pinkes.
4 _Caryophyllus Stellatus._ Starre Pinkes.
5 _Caryophyllus repens._ Matted Pinkes.
6 _Caryophyllus mediterraneus._ The great Thistle or Sea
Gilloflower.
7 _Caryophyllus marinus._ The ordinary Thistle or Sea Cushion.
]

1. _Caryophyllus minor siluestris multiplex & simplex._ Double and single Pinkes.

The single and double Pinkes are for forme and manner of growing, in all parts like vnto the Gilloflowers before described, sauing onely that their leaues are smaller and shorter, in some more or lesse then in others, and so are the flowers also: the single kindes consisting of fiue leaues vsually (seldome six) round pointed, and a little snipt for the most part about the edges, with some threads in the middle, either crooked or straight: the double kindes being lesser, and lesse double then the Gilloflowers, hauing their leaues a little snipt or endented about the edges, and of diuers seuerall colours, as shall hereafter be set downe, and of as fragrant a sent, especially some of them as they: the rootes are long and spreading, somewhat hard and wooddy.

2. _Caryophyllus plumarius._ Feathered or iagged Pinkes.

The iagged Pinkes haue such like stalkes and leaues as the former haue, but somewhat shorter and smaller, or grasse-like, and of a whitish or grayish greene colour likewise: the flowers stand in the like manner at the toppes of the stalkes, in long, round, slender, greene huskes, consisting of fiue leaues, very much cut in on the edges, and iagged almost like a feather, of a light red, or bright purple colour, with two white threads standing in the middle, crooked like a horne at the end, and are of a very good sent. Some of these haue not those two crooked threads or hornes in the middle, but haue in their stead many small threads, not crooked at all: the seedes of them all are like vnto the seedes of Gilloflowers, or the other Pinkes, that is, small, blacke, long, and flat: the rootes are small and wooddy likewise.

3. _Caryophyllus plumarius albus orbe rubro siue Stellatus._ Starre Pinkes.

Of this kinde there is another sort, bearing flowers almost as deeply cut or iagged as the former, of a faire white colour, hauing a ring or circle of red about the bottome or lower part of the leaues, and are as sweete as the former: this being sowne of seede doth not giue the starre of so bright a red colour, but becommeth more dunne.

4. _Caryophyllus plumarius Austriacus siue Superba Austriaca._ The feathered Pinke of Austria.

This kinde of Pinke hath his first or lower leaues, somewhat broader and greener then any of the former Pinkes, being both for breadth and greennesse more like vnto the Sweete Iohns, which shall bee described in the next Chapter: the leaues on the stalkes are smaller, standing by couples at euery ioynt, at the toppes whereof stand such like iagged flowers as the last described, and as large, but more deeply cut in or iagged round about, some of them of a purplish colour, but the most ordinary with vs are pure white, and of a most fragrant sent, comforting the spirits and senses a farre off: the seedes and rootes are like vnto the former. Some haue mistaken a kinde of wilde Campion, growing in our Woods, and by the paths sides in Hornsie Parke, and other places, to be this feathered Pinke: but the flowers declare the difference sufficiently.

5. _Caryophyllus minor repens simplex & multiplex._ Single and double matted Pinkes.

The matted Pinke is the smallest, both for leafe and flower of all other Pinkes that are nourished in Gardens, hauing many short and small grassie greene leaues vpon the stalkes, which as they grow and lye vpon the ground (and not standing so vpright as the former) doe take roote againe, whereby it quickly spreadeth, and couereth a great deale of ground in a little space: the flowers are small and round, a little snipt about the edges, whereof some are white, and some red, and some are white spotted with red, and some red spotted with white, all of them being single flowers. But there is another of this kinde, not differing in leafe, but in flower: for that the first flowers are but once double, or of two rowes of leaues, of a fine reddish colour, spotted with siluer spots: but those that follow, are so thicke and double, that they oftentimes doe breake the pod or huske; being not altogether of so deepe a red colour, but more pale.

6. _Caryophyllus Mediterraneus siue Marinus maior._ Great Sea Gilloflower or Great Thrift.

Vnto these kindes of Pinkes I must needs adde, not only our ordinary Thrift (which is more frequent in gardens, to empale or border a knot, because it abideth greene Winter and Summer, and that by cutting, it may grow thick, and be kept in what form one list, rather then for any beautie of the flowers) but another greater kinde, which is of as great beautie and delight almost as any of the former Pinkes, as well for that the leaues are like vnto Gilloflowers, being longer and larger then any Pinkes, and of a whitish greene colour like vnto them, not growing long or by couples vpon the stalkes as Pinkes and Gilloflowers doe, but tufting close vpon the ground, like vnto the common Thrift: as also that the stalkes, rising from among the leaues (being sometimes two foote high (as I haue obserued in my garden) are yet so slender and weake, that they are scarce able to beare the heads of flowers, naked or bare, both of leaues and ioynts, failing only in one place, where at the ioynt each stalke hath two small and very short leaues, not rising vpwards as in all other Gilloflowers, Pinkes, and other herbes, but growing downewards) and doe beare each of them a tuft or vmbell of small purplish, or blush coloured flowers, at the toppes of them standing somewhat like vnto sweete Williams, but more roundly together, each flower consisting of fiue small, round, stiffe or hardish leaues, as if they were made of paper, the bottome or middle being hollow, not blowing all at once as the ordinary Thrift, but for the most part one after another, not shewing vsually aboue foure or fiue flowers open at one time (so farre as I could obserue in the plants that I kept) so that it was long before the whole tuft of flowers were past; but yet the hoter and dryer the time was, the sooner it would be gone: the seede I haue not perfectly obserued, but as I remember, it was somewhat like vnto the seede of Scabious; I am sure nothing like vnto Gilloflowers or Pinkes: the roote is somewhat great, long and hard, and not so much spreading in the ground as Gilloflowers or Pinkes.

7. _Caryophyllus Marinus._ Thrift, or Sea Cushion.

Our common Thrift is well knowne vnto all, to haue many short and hard greene leaues, smaller then many of the grasses, growing thicke together, and spreading vpon the ground: the stalkes are naked of leaues a spanne high, bearing a small tuft of light purple, or blush coloured flowers, standing round and close thrusting together.

Double Pinkes.

The double white Pinke is onely with more leaues in it then the single which maketh the difference.

The double red Pinke is in the same manner double, differing from the single of the same colour.

The double purple Pinke differeth not from the single purple for colour, but only in the doublenesse of the flower.

The _Granado_ Pinke differeth not from the Gilloflower of the same name, but in the smalnesse both of leaues and flower.

The double Matted Pinke is before described.

The double blush Pinke is almost as great as the ordinary blush Gilloflower, and some haue taken it for one, but the greene leaues are almost as small as Pinks, and therefore I referre it to them.

Single Pinkes.

The single white ordinary Pinke hath a single white flower of
fiue leaues, finely iagged about the edges.

The single red pink is like the white, but that the leaues
are not so much iagged, and the flower is of a pale purplish
red colour,

The single purple Pinke is of a faire purple colour, like
almost vnto the purple Gilloflower.

The great blush Pinke hath broader and larger leaues in the
flower then any other Pinke, and of a faire blush colour.

The white Featherd Pinke hath the edges of the flower more
finely and deeply cut in then the former.

The red or light purple featherd Pinke is like the former
featherd Pinke, but only differeth in colour.

The Starre Pinke is a faire flower, finely iagged on the
edges, with a faire red circle at the lower end of the leaues
on the inside.

The white featherd Pinke of Austria is described before.
The purple featherd Pinke of Austria is so likewise. The
single matted Pinke is before described. The speckled Pinke
is a small flower hauing small spots of red here and there
dispersed ouer the white flower.

Those single flowers being like vnto Pinkes that rise from
the sowing of the orenge tawney, I bring not into this
_classis_, hauing already spoken of them in the precedent
Chapter.

The Place.

These are all like as the former, nourished in Gardens with
vs, although many of them are found wilde in many places of
Austria, Hungarie, and Germany, on the mountaines, and in many
other places, as Clusius recordeth. The ordinary Thrift groweth
in the salt Marshes at Chattam by Rochester, and in many other
places in England: but the great kinde was gathered in Spaine,
by Guillaume Boel that painefull searcher of simples, and the
seede thereof imparted to me, from whence I had diuers plants,
but one yeare after another they all perished.

The Time.

Many of these Pinkes both single and double, doe flower before
any Gilloflower, and so continue vntill August, and some, most
of the Summer and Autumne.

The Names.

The seuerall titles that are giuen to these Pinkes, may
suffice for their particular names: and for their generall
they haue beene expressed in the former Chapter, beeing of the
same kindred, but that they are smaller, and more frequently
found wilde. The two sorts of Thrift are called _Caryophyllus
Marinus_. The greater, _Maior & Mediterraneus_; In English,
The greater or Leuant Thrift, or Sea Gilloflower. The lesser
_Minimus_, and is accounted of some to be a grasse, and
therefore called _Gramen Marinum & Polyanthemum_; In English,
Thrift, Sea grasse, and our Ladies Cushion, or Sea Cushion.

The Vertues.

It is thought by diuers, that their vertues are answerable to
the Gilloflowers, yet as they are of little vse with vs, so I
thinke of as small effect.

CHAP. LXXI.

_Armerius._ Sweet Iohns, and sweet Williams.

These kindes of flowers as they come neerest vnto Pinkes and Gilloflowers, though manifestly differing, so it is fitted to place them next vnto them in a peculiar Chapter.

1. _Armerius angustifolius rubens simplex._ Single red sweete Iohns.

The sweete Iohn hath his leaues broader, shorter, and greener then any of the former Gilloflowers, but narrower then sweete Williams, set by couples, at the ioynts of the stalkes, which are shorter then most of the former, and not aboue a foote and a halfe high, at the tops whereof stand many small flowers, like vnto small Pinkes, but standing closer together, and in shorter huskes, made of fiue leaues, smaller then most of them, and more deeply iagged then the Williams, of a red colour in the middle, and white at the edges, but of a small or soft sent, and not all flowring at once, but by degrees: the seede is blacke, somewhat like vnto the seede of Pinkes, the roote is dispersed diuersly, with many small fibres annexed vnto it.

2. _Armerius angustifolius albus simplex._ Single white sweet Iohns.

This white Iohn differeth not in any thing from the former, but onely that the leafe doth neuer change brownish, and that the flower is of a faire white colour, without any mixture.

3. _Armerius angustifolius duplex._ Double sweet Iohns.

There is of both those former kindes, some whose flowers are once double, that is, consisting of two or three rowes of leaues, and the edges not so deeply iagged; not differing in any thing else.

4. _Armerius latifolius simplex flore rubro._ Single red sweet Williams.

The sweet Williams doe all of them spread into many very long traylng branches, with leaues lying on the ground, in the very like manner that the sweete Iohns doe: the chiefe differences betweene them are, that these haue broader, and darker greene leaues, somewhat brownish, especially towards the points, and that the flowers stand thicker and closer, and more in number together, in the head or tuft, hauing many small pointed leaues among them, but harmlesse, as all men know; the colour of the flower is of a deep red, without any mixture or spot at all.

5. _Armerius latifolius flore rubro multiplici._ Double red sweete Williams.

The double kinde differeth not from the single kinde of the same colour, but only in the doublenesse of the flowers, which are with two rowes of leaues in euery flower.

6. _Armerius latifolius variegatus siue versicolor._ Speckled sweete Williams, or London pride.

These spotted Williams are very like the first red Williams, in the forme or maner of growing, hauing leaues as broade, and browne sometimes as they, the flowers, stand as thicke or thicker, clustring together, but of very variable colours: for some flowers will be of a fine delayed red, with few markes or spots vpon them, and others will bee full speckled or sprinkled with white or siluer spots, circlewise about the middle of the flowers, and some will haue many specks or spots vpon them dispersed: all these flowers are not blowne at one time, but some are flowring, when others are decaying, so that abiding long in their pride, they become of the more respect: The seede is blacke, as all the rest, and not to be distinguished one from another: the roots are some long, and some small and threddy, running vnder the vpper crust of the earth.

7. _Armerius latifolius flore rubro saturo holofericeo._ Sweet Williams of a deepe red or murrey colour.

The leaues of this kinde seeme to be a little larger, and the ioints a little redder then the former, but in the flower consisteth the chiefest difference, which is of a deepe red, or murrey purple colour, like vnto veluet of that colour, without any spots, but smooth, and as it were soft in handling, hauing an eye or circle in the middle, at the bottome of the leaues.

8. _Armerius latifolius simplex flore albo._ Single white sweete Williams.

The white kinde differeth not in forme, but in colour from the former, the leaues are not browne at all, but of a fresh greene colour, and the flowers are wholly white, or else they are all one.

The Place.

These for the most part grow wilde in Italie, and other places:
we haue them in our Gardens, where they are cherished for their
beautifull varietie.

The Time.

They all generally doe flower before the Gilloflowers or
Pinkes, or with the first of them: their seede is ripe in Iune
and Iuly, and doe all well abide the extremitie of our coldest
winters.

The Names.

They all generally are called _Armerius_, or _Armeria_, as some
doe write, and distinguished as they are in their titles: Yet
some haue called them _Vetonica agrestis_, and others _Herba
Tunica_, _Scarlatea_, & _Caryophyllus siluestris_: Wee doe
in English in most places, call the first or narrower leafed
kindes, Sweet Iohns, and all the rest Sweete Williams; yet in
some places they call the broader leafed kindes that are not
spotted, Tolmeiners, and London tufts: but the speckled kinde
is termed by our English Gentlewomen, for the most part, London
pride.

The Vertues.

We haue not knowne any of these vsed in Physicke.

CHAP. LXXII.

_Bellis._ Daisie.

There be diuers sorts of Daisies, both great and small, both single and double, both wilde growing abroade in the fieldes, and elsewhere, and manured growing only in Gardens: of all which I intend not to entreate, but of those that are of most beautie and respect, and leaue the rest to their proper place.

1 _Armerius angustifolius simplex._ Single sweete Iohns.
2 _Armerius angustifolius multiplex._ Double sweet Iohns.
3 _Armerius latifolius simplex._ Single sweete Williams.
4 _Armerius latifolius versicolor._ Spotted sweet Williams or
pride of London.
5 _Armerius latifolius multiplex._ Double sweet Williams.
6 _Bellis hortensis minor multiplex._ Double Garden Daisies.
7 _Bellis minor hortensis flore vario._ Double red Daisies stript.
8 _Bellis minor hortensis prolifera._ Double fruitfull Daisies or
Iacke an Apes on horsebacke.
9 _Bellis cærulea siue Globularia._ Double blew Daisies or blew
Globeflower.
10 _Bellis lutea montana siue Globularia lutea montana._ Double
yellow Daisies or yellow Globeflower.
]

1. _Bellis maior flore albo pleno._ The great double white Daisie.

The great Daisie with the double white flower, is in all things so like vnto the great single kinde, that groweth by the high wayes, and in diuers medowes and fields, that there is no difference but in the flower, which is double. It hath many long, and somewhat broad leaues lying vpon the ground, deepely cut in on both sides, somewhat like vnto an oaken leafe; but those that are on the stalkes are shorter, narrower, and not so deeply cut in, but onely notched on the edges: the flowers at the toppe are (as I said) white and double, consisting of diuers rowes of leaues, being greater in compasse then any of the double Daisies that follow, but nothing so double of leaues.

2. _Bellis minor flore rubro simplici._ Single red Daisies.

This single Daisie (like as all the rest of the small Daisies) hath many smooth, greene, round pointed leaues lying on the ground, a little snipt about the edges; from among which rise many slender round foote-stalkes, rather then stalkes or stems, about an hand breadth high at the most, and oftentimes not halfe so high, bearing one flower a peece, consisting of many small leaues, as a pale or border set about a middle thrumme: the leaues of this kinde are almost wholly red, whereas in the wilde they are white or whitish, enclining to red on the edges, the middle being yellow in both sorts: the rootes are many small white threads or strings.

3. _Bellis minor hortensis flore pleno variorum colorum._ Double Garden Daisies of diuers colours.

The leaues of all the double Daisies are in forme like vnto the single ones, but that they are smaller, and little or nothing snipt or notched about the edges: the small stalkes like wise are smaller and lower, but bearing as double flowers as any that growe on the ground, being composed of many small leaues, thicke thrust together, of diuers colours; for some are wholly of a pure white, others haue a little red, either dispersed vpon the white leaues, or on the edges, and sometimes on the backes of the leaues: some againe seeme to be of a whitish red, or more red then white, when as indeede they are white leaues dispersed among the red; others of a deepe or darke red colour, and some are speckled or striped with white and red through the whole flower: and some the leaues will bee red on the vpperside, and white vnderneath; and some also (but those are very rare) are of a greenish colour.

4. _Bellis minor hortensis prolifera._ Double double Daisies or childing Daisies.

There is no difference either in leafe or roote in this kinde from the former double Daisies: the chiefest variety consisteth in this, that it beareth many small double flowers, standing vpon very short stalkes round about the middle flower, which is vsually as great and double as any of the other double kindes, and is either wholly of a deepe red colour, or speckled white and red as in some of the former kindes, or else greenish, all the small flowers about it being of the same colour with the middlemost.

5. _Bellis cærulea siue Globularia._ Blew Daisies.

The likenesse and affinity that this plant hath with the former, both in the forme of leafe and flower, as also in the name, hath caused me to insert it, and another rare plant of the same kinde, in this place, although they be very rare to be met with in our English Gardens. This beareth many narrower, shorter, and blacker greene leaues then the former, lying round about vpon the ground; among which rise vp slender, but stiffe and hard stalks, halfe a foot high or more, set here and there with small leaues, and at the top a small round head, composed of many small blew leaues, somewhat like vnto the head of a Scabious: It hath bin found likewise with a white head of flowers: the roote is hard and stringie: the whole plant is of a bitter taste.

6. _Globularia lutea montana._ Yellow Daisies.