Chapter XXXVI: Front Matter (36)

Although the ordinary Chesnut is not a tree planted in Orchards, but left to Woods, Parkes, and other such like places; yet wee haue another sort which wee haue noursed vp from the nuts sent vs from Turky, of a greater and more pleasant aspect for the faire leaues, and of as good vse for the fruit. It groweth in time to be a great tree, spreading with great armes and branches, whereon are set at seuerall distances goodly faire great greene leaues, diuided into six, seuen, or nine parts or leaues, euery one of them nicked about the edges, very like vnto the leaues of _Ricinus_, or _Palma Christi_, and almost as great: it beareth at the ends of the branches many flowers set together vpon a long stalke, consisting of foure white leaues a peece, with many threads in the middle, which afterwards turne into nuts, like vnto the ordinary Chesnuts, but set in rougher and more prickly huskes: the nuts themselues being rounder and blacker, with a white spot at the head of each, formed somewhat like an heart, and of a little sweeter taste.

The Vse of this Chesnut.

It serueth to binde and stop any maner of fluxe, be it of bloud
or humours, either of the belly or stomacke; also the much
spitting of bloud. They are roasted and eaten as the ordinary
sort, to make them taste the better.

They are vsually in Turkie giuen to horses in their prouender,
to cure them of coughes, and helpe them being broken winded.

CHAP. XXIIII.

_Morus._ The Mulberrie.

There are two sorts of Mulberries sufficiently known to most, the blackish and the white: but wee haue had brought vs from Virginia another sort, which is of greater respect then eyther of the other two, not onely in regard of the raritie, but of the vse, as you shall presently vnderstand.

1. _Morus nigra._ The blacke Mulberrie.

The blacke Mulberrie tree groweth oftentimes tall and great, and oftentimes also crooked, and spreading abroade, rather then high; for it is subiect to abide what forme you will conforme it vnto: if by suffering it to grow, it will mount vp, and if you will binde it, or plash the boughes, they will so abide, and be carried ouer arbours, or other things as you will haue it. The bodie groweth in time to bee very great, couered with a rugged or thicke barke, the armes or branches being smoother, whereon doe grow round thicke leaues pointed at the ends, and nicked about the edges, and in some there are to be seene deep gashes, making it seeme somewhat like the Vine leafe: the flowers are certaine short dounie catkings, which turne into greene berries at the first, afterwards red, and when they are full ripe blacke, made of many graines set together, like vnto the blacke berrie, but longer and greater: before they are ripe, they haue an austere and harsh taste, but when they are full ripe, they are more sweete and pleasant; the iuice whereof is so red, that it will staine the hands of them that handle and eate them.

2. _Morus alba._ The white Mulberrie.

The white Mulberrie tree groweth not with vs to that greatnesse or bulke of bodie that the blacke doth, but runneth vp higher, slenderer, more knotty, hard and brittle, with thinner spreade armes and branches: the leaues are like the former, but not so thicke set on the branches, nor so hard in handling, a little paler also, hauing somewhat longer stalkes: the fruit is smaller and closer set together, greene, and somewhat harsh before they be ripe, but of a wonderfull sweetnesse, almost ready to procure loathing when they are thorough ripe, and white, with such like seede in them as in the former, but smaller.

3. _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberrie.

The Virginia Mulberry tree groweth quickely with vs to be a very great tree, spreading many armes and branches, whereon grow faire great leaues, very like vnto the leaues of the white Mulberrie tree: the berry or fruit is longer and redder then either of the other, and of a very pleasant taste.

1 _Nux Iuglans._ The Wallnut.
2 _Castanea equina._ The horse Chestnut.
3 _Morus nigra vel alba._ The Mulberry.
4 _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberry.
5 _Laurus vulgaris._ The ordinary Bay tree.
6 _Laurea Cerasus Virginiana._ The Virginia Cherry Bay.
]

The Vse of Mulberries.

The greatest and most especiall vse of the planting of white
Mulberries, is for the feeding of Silke wormes, for which
purpose all the Easterne Countries, as Persia, Syria, Armenia,
Arabia &c. and also the hither part of Turkie, Spaine also and
Italie, and many other hot Countries doe nourish them, because
it is best for that purpose, the wormes feeding thereon, giuing
the finest and best silke; yet some are confident that the
leaues of the blacke will doe as much good as the white: but
that respect must be had to change your seede, because therein
lyeth the greatest mysterie. But there is a Booke or Tractate
printed, declaring the whole vse of whatsoeuer can belong vnto
them: I will therefore referre them thereunto, that would
further vnderstand of that matter.

Mulberries are not much desired to be eaten, although they be
somewhat pleasant, both for that they staine their fingers and
lips that eate them, and doe quickly putrefie in the stomacke,
if they bee not taken before meate.

They haue yet a Physicall vse, which is by reason of the
astringent quality while they are red, and before they bee
ripe, for sore mouthes and throats, or the like, whereunto also
the Syrup, called Diamoron, is effectuall.

_Corollarium._

A COROLLARIE

To this Orchard.

There are certaine other trees that beare no fruit fit to bee eaten, which yet are often seene planted in Orchards, and other fit and conuenient places about an house, whereof some are of especiall vse, as the Bay tree &c. others for their beauty and shadow are fit for walkes or arbours; some being euer green are most fit for hedge-rowes; and some others more for their raritie then for any other great vse, whereof I thought good to entreat apart by themselues, and bring them after the fruit trees of this Orchard, as an ornament to accomplish the same.

1. _Laurus._ The Bay tree.

There are to bee reckoned vp fiue kindes of Bay trees, three whereof haue been entreated of in the first part, a fourth wee will only bring here to your consideration, which is that kinde that is vsually planted in euery mans yard or orchard, for their vse throughout the whole land, the other we will leaue to bee considered of in that place is fit for it.

The Bay tree riseth vp oftentimes to carry the face of a tree of a meane bignesse in our Countrey (although much greater in the hoter) and oftentimes shooteth vp with many suckers from the roote, shewing it selfe more like to a tall shrubbe or hedge-bush, then a tree, hauing many branches, the young ones whereof are sometimes reddish, but most vsually of a light or fresh greene colour, when the stemme and elder boughes are couered with a darke greene barke: the leaues are somewhat broad, and long pointed as it were at both the ends, hard and sometimes crumpled on the edges, of a darke greene colour aboue, and of a yellowish greene vnderneath, in smell sweet, in taste bitter, and abiding euer greene: the flowers are yellow and mossie, which turne into berries that are a little long as well as round, whose shell or outermost peele is greene at the first, and black when it is ripe; wherein is contained an hard bitter kernell, which cleaueth in two parts.

The Vse of Bayes.

The Bay leaues are of as necessary vse as any other in Garden
or Orchard; for they serue both for pleasure and profit, both
for ornament and for vse, both for honest Ciuill vses, and for
Physicke, yea both for the sicke and for the sound, both for
the liuing and for the dead: And so much might be said of this
one tree, that if it were all told, would as well weary the
Reader, as the Relater: but to explaine my selfe; It serueth
to adorne the house of God as well as of man: to procure
warmth, comfort and strength to the limmes of men and women, by
bathings and annoyntings outward, and by drinkes &c. inward to
the stomacke, and other parts: to season vessels &c. wherein
are preserued our meates, as well as our drinkes: to crowns or
encircle as with a garland, the heads of the liuing, and to
sticke and decke forth the bodies of the dead: so that from
the cradle to the graue we haue still vse of it, we haue still
neede of it.

The berries likewise serue for stitches inward, and for paines
outward, that come of cold eyther in the ioynts, sinewes, or
other places.

2. _Laurea Cerasus, siue Laurus Virginiana._ The Virginian Bay, or Cherry Baye.

This Virginian (whether you will call it a Baye, or a Cherrie, or a Cherrie Bay, I leaue it to euery ones free will and iudgement, but yet I thinke I may as well call it a Bay as others a Cherrie, neither of them being answerable to the tree, which neyther beareth such berries as are like Cherries, neither beareth euer greene leaues like the Bay: if it may therefore bee called the Virginia Cherry Bay, for a distinction from the former Bay Cherry that beareth faire blacke Cherries, it will more fitly agree thereunto, vntill a more proper may be imposed) riseth vp to be a tree of a reasonable height, the stemme or bodie thereof being almost as great as a mans legge, spreading forth into diuers armes or boughes, and they againe into diuers small branches, whereon are set without order diuers faire broade greene leaues, somewhat like vnto the former Bay leaues, but more limber and gentle, and not so hard in handling, broader also, and for the most part ending in a point but in many somewhat round pointed, very finely notched or toothed about the edges, of a bitter taste, very neere resembling the taste of the Bay leafe, but of little or no sent at all, either greene or dryed, which fall away euery autumne, and spring afresh euery yeare: the blossomes are small and white, many growing together vpon a long stalke, somewhat like the Bird Cherry blossomes, but smaller, and come forth at the ends of the young branches, which after turne into small berries, euery one set in a small cup or huske, greene at the first, and blacke when they are ripe, of the bignesse of a small pease, of a strong bitter taste, and somewhat aromaticall withall, but without any fleshy substance like a Cherry at all vpon it; for it is altogether like a berry.

The Vse of this Virginia Cherry Bay.

Being a stranger in our Land, and possessed but of a very few,
I doe not heare that there hath beene any triall made thereof
what properties are in it: let this therefore suffice for this
present, to haue shewed you the description and forme thereof,
vntill we can learne further of his vses.

3. _Pinus._ The Pine tree.

My purpose in this place is not to shew you all the diuersities of Pine trees, or of the rest that follow, but of that one kinde is planted in many places of our Land for ornament and delight, and there doth reasonably well abide: take it therefore into this Orchard, for the raritie and beautie of it, though we haue little other vse of it.

The Pine tree groweth with vs, though slowely, to a very great height in many places, with a great straight bodie, couered with a grayish greene barke, the younger branches are set round about, with very narrow long whitish greene leaues, which fall away from the elder, but abide on the younger, being both winter and summer alwaies greene. It hath growing in sundry places on the branches, certaine great hard wooddy clogs (called of some apples, of others nuts) composed of many hard wooddy scales, or tuberous knobs, which abide for the most part alwaies greene in our Countrey, and hardly become brownish, as in other Countries, where they haue more heat and comfort of the Sun, and where the scales open themselues; wherein are contained white long and round kernels, very sweete while they are fresh, but quickely growing oylely and rancide.

The Vse of the Pine apples and kernels.

The Cones or Apples are vsed of diuers Vintners in this City,
being painted, to expresse a bunch of grapes, whereunto they
are very like, and are hung vp in their bushes, as also to
fasten keyes vnto them, as is seene in many places.

The kernels within the hard shels, while they are fresh or
newly taken out, are vsed many waies, both with Apothecaries,
Comfit-makers, and Cookes: for of them are made medicines,
good to lenifie the pipes and passages of the lungs and
throate, when it is hoarse. Of them are made Comfits, Pastes,
Marchpanes, and diuers other such like: And with them a cunning
Cooke can make diuers Keck shoses for his Masters table.

Matthiolus commendeth the water of the greene apples
distilled, to take away the wrinkles in the face, to abate the
ouer-swelling breasts of Maidens, by fomenting them after with
linnen clothes, wet in the water; and to restore such as are
rauisht into better termes.

4. _Abies._ The Firre tree.

The Firre tree groweth naturally higher then any other tree in these parts of Christendome where no Cedars grow, and euen equalling or ouer-topping the Pine: the stemme or bodie is bare without branches for a great height, if they bee elder trees, and then branching forth at one place of the bodie foure wayes in manner of a crosse, those boughes againe hauing two branches at euery ioynt, on which are set on all sides very thicke together many small narrow long hard whitish greene leaues, and while they are young tending to yellownesse, but nothing so long or hard or sharpe pointed as the Pine tree leaues, growing smaller and shorter to the end of the branches: the bloomings are certaine small long scaly catkins, of a yellowish colour, comming forth at the ioynts of the branches, which fall away: the cones are smaller and longer then of the Pine tree, wherein are small three square seede contained, not halfe so big as the Pine kernels.

The Vse of the Firre tree.

The vse of this tree is growne with vs of late daies to bee
more frequent for the building of houses then euer before: for
hereof (namely of Deale timber and Deale boords) are framed
many houses, and their floores, without the helpe of any other
timber or boord of any other tree almost; as also for many
other workes and purposes. The yellow Rossen that is vsed as
well to make salues as for many other common vses, is taken
from this tree, as the Pitch is both from the Pitch and Pine
trees, and is boyled to make it to bee hard, but was at the
first a yellow thin cleere Turpentine, and is that best sort of
common Turpentine is altogether in vse with vs, as also another
more thicke, whitish, and troubled, both which are vsed in
salues, both for man and beast (but not inwardly as the cleere
white Venice Turpentine is) and serueth both to draw, cleanse
and heale. Dodonæus seemeth to say, that the cleere white
Turpentine, called Venice Turpentine, is drawn from the Firre:
but Matthiolus confuteth that opinion, which Fulsius also held
before him.

1 _Pinus._ The Pine tree.
2 _Abies._ The Firre tree.
3 _Ilex._ The euer greene Oake.
4 _Cupressus._ The Cipresse tree.
5 _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree.
6 _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet.
]

5. _Ilex arbor._ The euer-greene Oake.

The _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake riseth in time to be a very great tree, but very long and slow in growing (as is to be seene in the Kings priuy Garden at Whitehall, growing iust against the backe gate that openeth into the way going to Westminster, and in some other places) spreading many fair large great armes and branches, whereon are set small and hard greene leaues, somewhat endented or cornered, and prickly on the edges, especially in the young trees, and sometimes on those branches that are young and newly sprung forth from the elder rootes, but else in a manner all smooth in the elder growne, abiding greene all the winter as well as summer, and are of a grayish greene on the vnderside. It beareth in the spring time certaine slender long branches (like as other Okes doe) with small yellowish mossie flowers on them, which fall away, and are vnprofitable, the acornes not growing from those places, but from others which are like vnto those of our ordinary Oake, but smaller and blacker, and set in a more rugged huske or cuppe. This and no other kinde of _Ilex_ doe I know to grow in all our land in any Garden or Orchard: for that kind with long and narrower leaues, and not prickly, growing so plentifully as Matthiolus saith in Tuscane, I haue not seen: and it is very probable to bee the same that Plinie remembreth to haue the leafe of an Oliue; but not as some would haue it, that _Smilax_ Theophrastus maketh mention of in his third Booke and sixteenth Chapter of his Historie of Plants, which the Arcadians so called, and had the leafe of the _Ilex_, but not prickly: for Theophrastus saith, the timber of _Smilax_ is smooth and soft, and this of the _Ilex_ is harder, and stronger then an Oake.

The Vse of the _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake.

Seeing this is to be accounted among the kindes of Oake (and
all Oakes by Dioscorides his opinion are binding) it is also
of the same qualitie, but a little weaker, and may serue to
strengthen weake members. The young tops and leaues are also
vsed in gargles for the mouth and throate.

6. _Cupressus._ The Cypresse tree.

The Cypresse tree that is noursed vp by vs, in our Country, doth grow in those places where it hath beene long planted, to a very great height, whose bodie and boughes are couered with a reddish ash-coloured bark; the branches grow not spreading, but vpright close vnto the bodie, bushing thicke below, and small vpwards, spire fashion, those below reaching neere halfe the way to them aboue, whereon doe grow euer greene leaues, small, long and flat, of a resinous sweete smell, and strong taste, somewhat bitter: the fruit, which are called nuts, grow here and there among the boughes, sticking close vnto them, which are small, and clouen into diuers parts, but close while they are young, of a russetish browne colour; wherein are contained small browne seede, but not so small as motes in the Sunne, as Matthiolus and others make them to be.

The Vse of the Cypresse tree.

For the goodly proportion this tree beareth, as also for his
euer-greene head, it is and hath beene of great account with
all Princes, both beyond, and on this side of the Sea, to plant
them in rowes on both sides of some spatious walke, which
by reason of their high growing, and little spreading, must
be planted the thicker together, and so they giue a goodly,
pleasant and sweet shadow: or else alone, if they haue not
many, in the middle of some quarter, or as they thinke meete.
The wood thereof is firme and durable, or neuer decaying, of
a brown yellow colour, and of a strong sweete smell, whereof
Chests or Boxes are made to keepe apparell, linnen, furres, and
other things, to preserue them from moths, and to giue them a
good smell.

Many Physicall properties, both wood, leaues and nuts haue,
which here is not my purpose to vnfold, but only to tell you,
that the leaues being boyled in wine, and drunke, helpe the
difficultie of making vrine, and that the nuts are binding,
fit to bee vsed to stay fluxes or laskes, and good also for
ruptures.

7. _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree.

The Strawberry tree groweth but slowly, and riseth not to the height of any great tree, no not in France, Italy, or Spaine: and with vs the coldnesse of our country doth the more abate his vigour, so that it seldome riseth to the height of a man: the barke of the body is rough, and smooth in the younger branches: the leaues are faire and greene, very like vnto Baye leaues, finely dented or snipped about the edges, abiding alwayes greene thereon both Winter and Summer: the flowers come forth at the end of the branches vpon long stalkes, not clustering thicke together, but in long bunches, and are small, white, and hollow, like a little bottle, or the flower of Lilly Conually, which after turne into rough or rugged berries, most like vnto Strawberries (which hath giuen the name to the tree) somewhat reddish when they are ripe, of a harsh taste, nothing pleasant, wherein are contained many small seedes: It hardly bringeth his fruit to ripenesse in our countrey; for in their naturall places they ripen not vntill Winter, which there is much milder then with vs.

The Vse of the Strawberry tree.

Amatus Lusitanus I thinke is the first that euer recorded, that
the water distilled from the leaues and flowers hereof, should
bee very powerfull against the plague and poysons: for all the
ancient Writers doe report, that the fruit hereof being eaten,
is an enemy to the stomacke and head. And Clusius likewise
setteth downe, that at Lishbone, and other places in Portingall
where they are frequent, they are chiefly eaten, but of the
poorer sort, women and boyes. They are somewhat astringent or
binding, and therefore may well serue for fluxes. It is chiefly
noursed with vs for the beauty and rarenesse of the tree; for
that it beareth his leaues alwayes green.

8. _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet.

The tree which we haue growing in our country called _Alaternus_, groweth not to be a tree of any height; but abiding lowe, spreadeth forth many branches, whereon are set diuers small and hard, greene leaues, somewhat round for the forme, and endented a little by the edges: it beareth many small whitish greene flowers at the ioynts of the stalkes, and setting on of the lower leaues clustering thicke together, which after turne into small blacke berries, wherein are contained many small graines or seedes: the beauty and verdure of these leaues abiding so fresh all the yeare, doth cause it to be of the greater respect; and therefore findeth place in their Gardens onely, that are curious conseruers of all natures beauties.

The Vse of the euer greene Priuet.

It is seldome vsed for any Physicall property, neither with vs,
nor in the places where it is naturall and plentifull: but as
Clusius reporteth, hee learned that the Portingall Fishermen do
dye their nets red with the decoction of the barke hereof, and
that the Dyers in those parts doe vse the small peeces of the
wood to strike a blackish blew colour.

9. _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus.

Although the Collectour (who is thought to be Ioannes Molineus of the great Herball or History of plants, and generally bearing Daleschampius name, because the finding and relation of diuers herbes therein expressed, is appropriate to him, and printed at Lyons) of all our moderne Writers doth first of all others appoint the _Celastrus_, whereof Theophrastus onely among all the ancient Writers of plants maketh mention, to be the first _Alaternus_ that Clusius hath set forth in his History of rarer plants: yet I finde, that Clusius himselfe before his death doth appropriate that _Celastrus_ of Theophrastus to another plant, growing in the Garden at Leyden, which formerly of diuers had beene taken to be a kinde of _Laurus Tinus_, or the wilde Baye; but he impugning that opinion for diuers respects, decyphreth out that Leyden tree in the same manner that I doe: and because it is not onely faire, in bearing his leaues alwayes greene, but rare also, being noursed vp in our Land in very few places, but principally with a good old Lady, the widow of Sir Iohn Leuson, dwelling neere Rochester in Kent; I thought it fit to commend it for an ornament, to adorne this our Garden and Orchard. It groweth vp to the height of a reasonable tree, the body whereof is couered with a darke coloured barke, as the elder branches are in like manner; the younger branches being greene, whereon are set diuers leaues thicke together, two alwayes at a ioynt, one against another, of a sad but faire greene colour on the vpperside, and paler vnderneath, which are little or nothing at all snipped about the edges, as large as the leaues of the _Laurus Tinus_, or wilde Baye tree: at the end of the young branches breake forth between the leaues diuers small stalkes, with foure or fiue flowers on each of them, of a yellowish greene colour, which turne into small berries, of the bignesse of blacke Cherries, greene at the first, and red when they begin to be ripe, but growing blacke if they hang too long vpon the branches, wherein is contained a hard shell, and a white hard kernell within it, couered with a yellowish skin. This abideth (as I said before) with greene leaues as well Winter as Summer; and therefore fittest to be planted among other of the same nature, to make an euer greene hedge.

The Vse of Clusius his Celastrus.

Being so great a stranger in this part of the Christian world,
I know none hath made tryall of what property it is, but that
the taste of the leaues is somewhat bitter.

10. _Pyracantha._ The euer greene Hawthorne, or prickly Corall tree.

This euer greene shrubbe is so fine an ornament to a Garden or Orchard, either to be noursed vp into a small tree by it selfe, by pruining and taking away the suckers and vnder branches, or by suffering it to grow with suckers, thicke and plashing the branches into a hedge, for that it is plyable to be ordered either way; that I could not but giue you the knowledge thereof, with the description in this manner. The younger branches are couered with a smooth darke blewish greene barke, and the elder with a more ash coloured, thicke set with leaues without order, some greater and others smaller, somewhat like both in forme and bignesse vnto the leaues of the Barberry tree, but somewhat larger, and more snipt about the edges, of a deeper green colour also, and with small long thornes scattered here & there vpon the branches: the flowers come forth as well at the ends of the branches, as at diuers places at the ioynts of the leaues, standing thicke together, of a pale whitish colour, a little dasht ouer with a shew of blush, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, with some small threads in the middle, which turne into berries, very like vnto Hawthorne berries, but much redder and dryer, almost like polished Corall, wherein are contained foure or fiue small yellowish white three square seede, somewhat shining. It is thought to be the _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides; but seeing Dioscorides doth explaine the forme of the leafe in his Chapter of Medlars, which he concealed in the Chapter of _Oxyacantha_, it cannot be the same: for _Mespilus Anthedon_ of Theophrastus, or _Aronia_ of Dioscorides, hath the leafe of _Oxyacantha_, as Dioscorides saith, or of Smalladge, as Theophrastus, which cannot agree to this Thorne; but doth most liuely delineate out our white Thorne or Hawthorne, that now there is no doubt, but that _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides is the Hawthorne tree or bush.

1 _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus.
2 _Pyracantha._ The euer green prickly Corall tree.
3 _Taxus._ The Yewe tree.
4 _Buxus arbor._ The Boxe tree.
5 _Buxus humilis._ The lowe or dwarfe Boxe.
6 _Sabina._ The Sauine tree.
7 _Paliurus._ Christs thorne.
8 _Larix._ The Larch tree.
]

The Vse of this Corall tree.

Although Lobel maketh mention of this tree to grow both in
Italy, and Prouence in France, in some of their hedges, yet
he saith it is neglected in the naturall places, and to be
of no vse with them: neither doe I heare, that it is applyed
to any Physicall vse with vs, but (as I before said) it is
preserued with diuers as an ornament to a Garden or Orchard, by
reason of his euer greene leaues, and red berries among them,
being a pleasant spectacle, and fit to be brought into the
forme of an hedge, as one please to lead it.

11. _Taxus._ The Yewe tree.

The Yewe tree groweth with vs in many places to bee a reasonable great tree, but in hoter countries much bigger, couered with a reddish gray scaly barke; the younger branches are reddish likewise, whereon grow many winged leaues, that is, many narrow long darke greene leaues, set on both sides of a long stalke or branch, neuer dying or falling away, but abiding on perpetually, except it be on the elder boughes: the flowers are small, growing by the leaues, which turne into round red berries, like vnto red Asparagus berries, in taste sweetish, with a little bitternesse, and causing no harme to them for any thing hath been knowne in our country.

The Vse of the Yewe tree.

It is found planted both in the corners of Orchards, and
against the windowes of Houses, to be both a shadow and an
ornament, in being alwayes greene, and to decke vp Houses
in Winter: but ancient Writers haue euer reckoned it to be
dangerous at the least, if not deadly.

12. _Buxus._ The Boxe tree.

The Boxe tree in some places is a reasonable tall tree, yet growing slowly; the trunke or body whereof is of the bignesse of a mans thigh, which is the biggest that euer I saw: but sometimes, and in other places it groweth much lower, vsually not aboue a yard, or a yard and a halfe high, on the backe sides of many Houses, and in the Orchards likewise: the leaues are small, thicke and hard, and still the greater or lesser the tree is, the greater or lesser are the leaues, round pointed, and of a fresh shining greene colour: the flowers are small and greenish, which turne into heads or berries, with foure hornes, whitish on the outside, and with reddish seede within them.

[Sidenote: _Buxus aureus._ Gilded Boxe.]

There is another kinde hereof but lately come to our knowledge, which differeth not in any thing from the former, but onely that all the leaues haue a yellow lift or gard about the edge of them on the vpperside, and none on the lower, which maketh it seeme very beautifull; and is therefore called gilded Boxe.

[Sidenote: _Buxus humilis._ Dwarfe Boxe.]

We haue yet another kinde of Boxe, growing small and lowe, not aboue halfe a foote, or a foote high at the most, vnlesse it be neglected, which then doth grow a little more shrubby, bearing the like leaues, but smaller, according to the growth, and of a deeper greene colour: I could neuer know that this kinde euer bore flower or seede, but is propagated by slipping the roote, which encreaseth very much.

The Vse of Boxe.

The wood of the Boxe tree is vsed in many kindes of small
works among Turners, because it is hard, close, and firme,
and as some haue said, the roots much more, in regard of the
diuers waues and crooked veines running through it. It hath no
Physicall vse among the most and best Physitians, although some
haue reported it to stay fluxes, and to be as good as the wood
of _Guaiacum_, or _Lignum vitæ_ for the French disease. The
leaues and branches serue both Summer and Winter to decke vp
houses; and are many times giuen to horses for the bots.

The lowe or dwarfe Boxe is of excellent vse to border vp a
knot, or the long beds in a Garden, being a maruailous fine
ornament thereunto, in regard it both groweth lowe, is euer
greene, and by cutting may bee kept in what maner euery one
please, as I haue before spoken more largely.

13. _Sabina._ The Sauine tree or bush.

The Sauine tree or bush that is most vsuall in our country, is a small lowe bush, not so high as a man in any place, nor so bigge in the stemme or trunke as a mans arme, with many crooked bending boughes and branches, whereon are set many small, short, hard, and prickly leaues, of a darke green colour, fresh and green both Winter and Summer: it is reported, that in the naturall places it beareth small blacke berries, like vnto Iuniper, but with vs it was neuer knowne to beare any.

The Vse of Sauine.

It is planted in out-yards, backsides, or voide places of
Orchards, as well to cast clothes thereon to dry, as for
medicines both for men and horses: being made into an oyle, it
is good to annoint childrens bellies for to kill the Wormes:
and the powder thereof mixed with Hogs grease, to annoint the
running sores or scabs in their heads; but beware how you giue
it inwardly to men, women, or children. It is often put into
horses drenches, to helpe to cure them of the bots, and other
diseases.

14. _Paliurus._ Christs thorne.

This thorny shrubbe (wherewith as it is thought, our Sauiour Christ was crowned, because as those that haue trauelled through Palestina and Iudæa, doe report no other thorne doth grow therein so frequent, or so apt to be writhed) riseth in some places to a reasonable height, but in our country seldome exceedeth the height of a man, bearing many slender branches, full of leaues, set on either side thereof one by one, which are somewhat broad and round, yet pointed, and full of veines, thicke set also with small thornes, euen at the foote of euery branch, and at the foote of euery leafe one or two, some standing vpright, others a little bending downe: the flowers are small and yellow, standing for the most part at the end of the branches, many growing vpon a long stalke, which after turne into round, flat, and hard shelly fruit, yet couered with a soft fleshy skinne, within which are included two or three hard, small, and browne flat seeds, lying in seuerall partitions. The leaues hereof fall away euery yeare, and spring forth afresh againe the next May following. The rarity and beauty of this shrubbe, but chiefly (as I thinke) the name hath caused this to be much accounted of with all louers of plants.

The Vse of Christs thorne.

Wee haue so few of these shrubbes growing in our country, and
those that are, doe, for any thing I can vnderstand, neuer
beare fruit with vs; that there is no other vse made hereof
then to delight the owners: but this is certainly receiued for
the _Paliurus_ of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, and thought
also by Matthiolus to be the very true _Rhamnus tertius_ of
Dioscorides. Matthiolus also seemeth to contradict the opinion
is held by the Physitians of Mompelier, and others, that it
cannot be the _Paliurus_ of Theophrastus. It is held to be
effectuall to helpe to breake the stone, both in the bladder,
reines, and kidneyes; the leaues and young branches haue an
astringent quality, and good against poysons and the bitings of
serpents.

15. _Larix._ The Larch tree.

The Larch tree, where it naturally groweth, riseth vp to be as tall as the Pine or Firre tree, but in our Land being rare, and noursed vp but with a few, and those onely louers of rarities, it groweth both slowly, and becommeth not high: the barke hereof is very rugged and thicke, the boughes and branches grow one aboue another in a very comely order, hauing diuers small yellowish knobs or bunches set thereon at seuerall distances; from whence doe yearely shoote forth many small, long, and narrow smooth leaues together, both shorter and smaller, and not so hard or sharpe pointed as either the Pine or Firre tree leaues, which doe not abide the Winter as they doe, but fall away euery yeare, as other trees which shed their leaues, and gaine fresh euery Spring: the blossomes are very beautifull and delectable, being of an excellent fine crimson colour, which standing among the greene leaues, allure the eyes of the beholders to regard it with the more desire: it also beareth in the naturall places (but not in our Land that I could heare) small soft cones or fruit, somewhat like vnto Cypresse nuts, when they are greene and close.

The Vse of the Larch tree.

The coles of the wood hereof (because it is so hard and durable
as none more) is held to be of most force being fired, to cause
the Iron oare to melt, which none other would doe so well.
Matthiolus contesteth against Fuchsius, for deeming the Venice
Turpentine to be the liquid Rossen of the Firre tree, which he
assureth vpon his owne experience and certaine knowledge, to
be drawne from this Larch tree, and none other; which cleere
Turpintine is altogether vsed inwardly, and no other, except
that of the true Turpintine tree, and is very effectuall to
cleanse the reines, kidneyes, and bladder, both of grauell
and the stone, and to prouoke vrine: it is also of especiall
property for the _gonorrhæa_, or running of the reines, as it
is called, with some powder of white Amber mixed therewith,
taken for certaine dayes together. Taken also in an Electuary,
it is singular good for to expectorate rotten flegme, and to
helpe the consumption of the lungs. It is vsed in plaisters
and salues, as the best sort of Turpintine. The Agaricke that
is vsed in physicke, is taken from the bodies and armes of
this tree. And Matthiolus doth much insist against Brasauolus,
that thought other trees had produced Agaricke, affirming them
to be hard _Fungi_, or Mushroms (such as wee call Touch-wood)
wherwith many vse to take fire, strooke thereinto from steele.

16. _Tilia._ The Line or Linden tree.

There are two sorts of Line trees, the male and the female; but because the male is rare to be seene, and the female is more familiar, I will onely giue you the description of the female, and leaue the other.

The female Line tree groweth exceeding high and great, like vnto an Elme, with many large spreading boughes, couered with a smooth barke, the innermost being very plyant and bending from whence come smaller branches, all of them so plyable, that they may bee led or carried into any forme you please: the leaues thereon are very faire, broad, and round, somewhat like vnto Elme leaues, but fairer, smoother, and of a fresher greene colour, dented finely about the edges, and ending in a sharpe point: the flowers are white, and of a good smell, many standing together at the top of a stalke, which runneth all along the middle ribbe of a small long whitish leafe; after which come small round berries, wherein is contained small blackish seede: this tree is wholly neglected by those that haue them, or dwell neere them, because they suppose it to be fruitlesse, in regard it beareth chaffie huskes, which in many places fall away, without giuing ripe seede.

1 _Tilia famina._ The Line or Linden tree.
2 _Tamariscus._ The Tamariske tree.
3 _Acer maius latifolium._ The Sycomore tree.
4 _Staphylodendron._ The bladder nut.
5 _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach.
6 _Rhus Virginiana._ The Bucks horne tree.
7 _Vitis seu potius Hedera Virginensis._ The Virginia Vine or rather
Iuie.
]

The Vse of the Line tree.

It is planted both to make goodly Arbours, and Summer
banquetting houses, either belowe vpon the ground, the boughes
seruing very handsomely to plash round about it, or vp higher,
for a second aboue it, and a third also: for the more it is
depressed, the better it will grow. And I haue seene at Cobham
in Kent, a tall or great bodied Line tree, bare without boughes
for eight foote high, and then the branches were spread round
about so orderly, as if it were done by art, and brought to
compasse that middle Arbour: And from those boughes the body
was bare againe for eight or nine foote (wherein might bee
placed halfe an hundred men at the least, as there might be
likewise in that vnderneath this) & then another rowe of
branches to encompasse a third Arbour, with stayres made for
the purpose to this and that vnderneath it: vpon the boughes
were laid boards to tread vpon, which was the goodliest
spectacle mine eyes euer beheld for one tree to carry.

The coles of the wood are the best to make Gunpowder. And being
kindled, and quenched in vinegar, are good to dissolue clotted
bloud in those that are bruised with a fall. The inner barke
being steeped in water yeeldeth a slimie iuyce, which is found
by experience, to be very profitable for them that haue been
burnt with fire.

17. _Tamarix._ Tamariske tree.

The Tamariske tree that is common in our country, although in some places it doth not grow great, yet I haue seene it in some other, to be as great as a great apple tree in the body, bearing great arms; from whose smaller branches spring forth young slender red shootes, set with many very fine, small, and short leaues, a little crisped, like vnto the leaues of Sauine, not hard or rough, but soft and greene: the flowers be white mossie threads, which turne into dounie seede, that is carried away with the winde.

[Sidenote: _Tamariscus solijs albidis._ White Tamariske.]

There is another kinde hereof very beautifull and rare, not to be seene in this Land I thinke, but with Mʳ. William Ward, the Kings seruant in his Granary, before remembred, who brought me a small twigge to see from his house at Boram in Essex, whose branches are all red while they are young, and all the leaues white, abiding so all the Summer long, without changing into any shew of greene like the other and so abideth constant yeare after yeare, yet shedding the leaues in Winter like the other.

The Vse of Tamariske.

The greatest vse of Tamariske is for spleneticke diseases,
either the leaues or the barke made into drinkes; or the wood
made into small Cans or Cups to drinke in.

18. _Acer maius latifolium._ The great Maple or Sycomore tree.

The Sycomore tree, as we vsually call it (and is the greatest kind of Maple, cherished in our Land onely in Orchards, or elsewhere for shade and walkes, both here in England, and in some other countries also) groweth quickly to bee a faire spreading great tree, with many Boughes and branches, whose barke is somewhat smooth: the leaues are very great, large, and smooth, cut into foure or fiue diuisions, and ending into so many corners, euery one standing on a long reddish stalke: the bloomings are of a yellowish green colour, growing many together on each side of a long stalke, which after turne into long and broad winged seede, two alwaies standing together on a stalke, and bunched out in the middle, where the seed or kernell lyeth, very like vnto the common Maple growing wilde abroad, but many more together, and larger.

The Vse of the Sycomore tree.

It is altogether planted for shady walkes, and hath no other
vse with vs that I know.

19. _Nux Vesicaria._ The bladder Nut.

This tree groweth not very high, but is of a meane stature, when it is preserued and pruined to grow vpright, or else it shooteth forth many twigges from the rootes, and so is fit to plant in a hedge rowe, as it is vsed in some places: the body and armes are couered with a whitish greene barke: the branches and leaues on them are like vnto the Elder, hauing three or fiue leaues set one against another, with one of them at the end, each whereof is nicked or dented about the edges: the flowers are sweete and white, many growing together on a long stalke, hanging downeward, in forme resembling a small Daffodill, hauing a small round cup in the middle, and leaues about it: after which come the fruit, inclosed in russetish greene bladders, containing one or two brownish nuts, lesser then Hasell nuts, whose outer shell is not hard and woody, like the shell of a nut, but tough, and hard withall, not easie to breake, within which is a greene kernell, sweetish at the first, but lothsome afterwards, ready to procure casting, and yet liked of some people, who can well endure to eate them.

The Vse of the Bladder Nut.

The greatest vse that I know the tree or his fruit is put vnto,
is, that it is receiued into an Orchard, either for the rarity
of the kinde, being suffered to grow into a tree, or (as I said
before) to make an hedge, being let grow into suckers.

Some Quacksaluers haue vsed these nuts as a medicine of rare
vertue for the stone, but what good they haue done, I neuer yet
could learne.

20. _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach.

This lowe shrubbe groweth seldome to the height of a man, hauing many slender branches, and long winged leaues set thereon, euery one whereof is of the bignesse of the broad or large Mirtle leafe, and set by couples all the length of the ribbe, running through the middle of them. It beareth diuers flowers at the tops of the branches, made of many purple threads, which turne into small blacke berries, wherein are contained small, white, and rough seed, somewhat like vnto Grape kernels or stones. This vseth to dye down to the ground in my Garden euery Winter, and rise vp again euery Spring, whether the nature thereof were so, or the coldnesse of our climate the cause thereof, I am not well assured. It is also rare, and to be seen but with a few.

The Vse of this Sumach.

It is vsed to thicken or tanne leather or hides, in the same
manner that the ordinary Sumach doth; as also to stay fluxes
both in men and women.

21. _Rhus Virginiana._ The Virginia Sumach, or Buckes horne tree of Virginia.

This strange tree becommeth in some places to bee of a reasonable height and bignesse, the wood whereof is white, soft, and pithy in the middle, like vnto an Elder, couered with a darke coloured barke, somewhat smooth: the young branches that are of the last yeares growth are somewhat reddish or browne, very soft and smooth in handling, and so like vnto the Veluet head of a Deere, that if one were cut off from the tree, and shewed by it selfe, it might soone deceiue a right good Woodman, and as they grow seeme most like thereunto, yeelding a yellowish milke when it is broken, which in a small time becommeth thicke like a gumme: the leaues grow without order on the branches, but are themselues set in a seemly order on each side of a middle ribbe, seuen, nine, ten, or more on a side, and one at the end, each whereof are somewhat broad and long, of a darke greene colour on the vpperside, and paler greene vnderneath, finely snipped or toothed round about the edges: at the ends of the branches come forth long and thicke browne tufts, very soft, and as it were woolly in handling, made all of short threads or thrums; from among which appeare many small flowers, much more red or crimson then the tufts, which turne into a very small seede: the roote shooteth forth young suckers farre away, and round about, whereby it is mightily encreased.

The Vse of this Sumach.

It is onely kept as a rarity and ornament to a Garden or
Orchard, no bodie, that I can heare of, hauing made any tryall
of the Physicall properties.

22. _Vitis, seu potius Hedera Virginensis._ The Virginia Vine, or rather Iuie.

This slender, but tall climing Virginia Vine (as it was first called; but Iuie, as it doth better resemble) riseth out of the ground with diuers stems, none much bigger then a mans thumbe, many lesse; from whence shoote forth many long weake branches, not able to stand vpright, vnlesse they be sustained: yet planted neere vnto a wall or pale, the branches at seuerall distances of the leaues will shoote forth small short tendrels, not twining themselues about any thing, but ending into foure, fiue, or six, or more small short and somewhat broad clawes, which will fasten like a hand with fingers so close thereunto, that it will bring part of the wall, morter, or board away with it, if it be pulled from it, and thereby stay it selfe, to climbe vp to the toppe of the highest chimney of a house, being planted thereat: the leaues are crumpled, or rather folded together at the first comming forth, and very red, which after growing forth, are very faire, large, and greene, diuided into foure, fiue, six, or seuen leaues, standing together vpon a small foote-stalke, set without order on the branches, at the ends whereof, as also at other places sometime, come forth diuers short tufts of buds for flowers; but we could neuer see them open themselues, to shew what manner of flower it would be, or what fruit would follow in our country: the roote spreadeth here and there, and not very deepe.

The Use of this Virginian.

We know of no other vse, but to furnish a Garden, and to
encrease the number of rarities.

And thus haue I finished this worke, and furnished it with whatsoeuer Art and Nature concurring, could effect to bring delight to those that liue in our Climate, and take pleasure in such things; which how well or ill done, I must abide euery ones censure: the iudicious and courteous I onely respect, let Momus bite his lip, and eate his heart; and so Farewell.

_FINIS._

Index omnium stirpium

quæ in hoc opere continentur.

A.

_Abies_, page 600

_Abrotanum fæminum, siue Santolina_, 449

_Acanthus Aculeatus_, 330

_Acanthus sativus_, ibid

_Acer maius siue Sycomorus_, 610

_Acetosa_, 486

_Aconitum bacciferum, +i.e.+ Christophoriana_, 214

_Aconitum flore albido_, 214

_Aconitum hyemale_, ibid

_Aconitum luteum Ponticum_, ibid

_Aconitum salutiferum_, 216

_Admirabilis pervana_, 364

_Æthiopis_, 385

_Aglaophotis, +i.e.+ Pæonia_

_Alaternus_, 603

_Albucum_, 148

_Alcea Ægyptia siue Bamia_, 369

_Alcea Americana_, 368

_Alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea_, ib

_Alcea peregrina siue vesicaria_, ib

_Alisma Dodonæi, +i.e.+ Saponaria_

_Alisma Dioscoridis Fab. Columna, +i.e.+ Auricula Vrsi_

_Alisma syluarum, +i.e.+ Paralysis_

_Allium_, 513

_Althæa frutex_, 369

_Amaracus, +i.e.+ Maiorana_

_Amarella, +i.e.+ Matricaria_

_Amaranthus panniculis sparsis_, 371

_Amaranthus purpureus_, ib

_Amaranthus tricolor_, ib

_Amaranthus luteus, +i.e.+ Heliocrysum_

_Ambreboi, +i.e.+ Cyanus Orientalis_

_Amellus Virgilij, +i.e.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_

_Amomum Plinij, +i.e.+ Pseudocapsicum Dodonæi_

_Amygdalus_, 583

_Anagyris altera, +i.e.+ Laburnum_

_Anchusa_, 251

_Anemone eiusque species_, 199 _ad_ 214

_Anethum_, 494

_Angelica_, 529

_Anthemis flore luteo_, 294

_Anthemis Leucanthemis, +i.e.+ Chamemælum_

_Anthericos_, 148

_Antimelum, +i.e.+ Mandragoras_

_Antirrhinum_, 269

_Apium_, 491

_Apocynum Syriacum_, 444

_Apocynum Virginianum_, 445

_Aquilegia_, 271

_Arbor Alpina Plinij, +i.e.+ Laburnum_

_Arbor Iudæ_, 437

_Arbor Vitæ_, 438

_Arbutus_, 603

_Argyrocome, +i.e.+ Gnaphalium Americanum_

_Armerius_, 319

_Armoraria pratensis_, 256

_Armoraria altera, +i.e.+ Muscipula Lobelij_

_Arthanita, +i.e.+ Cyclamen_

_Arthritica, +i.e.+ Paralysis_

_Arundo Indica, siue Canna Indica_, 376

_Asarum_, 532

_Asparagus_, 503

_Asphodelus bulbosus albus_, 138

_Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni_, ibid

_Asphodelus hyacinthinus, +i.e.+ bulbosus_

_Asphodelus maior albus_, 146

_Asphodelus minor luteus, +i.e.+ Hastula regia_

_Aster Atticus Italorum_, 299

_Aster Pervanus Columnæ, +i.e.+ Battatas de Canada_

_Attamusco, +i.e.+ Narcissus Virginianus_

_Atriplex, +i.e.+ Olus aureum_

_Auellana, & Byzantina_

_Aurelia, +i.e.+ Chrysocome_

_Auricula muris maior, +i.e.+ Pulmonaria Gallorum_

_Auricula Vrsi eiusque species_, 235

B.

_Balaustium_, 430

_Balsamina fæmina & Balsamella_, 278

_Balsamita mas & fæmina_, 482

_Balsamum alpinum, +i.e.+ Ledum Alpinum_, 424

_Bamia, +i.e.+ Alcea Ægyptia_

_Baptisecula, +i.e.+ Cyanus_

_Barba hirci, +i.e.+ Tragopogon_

_Battatas Hispanorum, Virginianum, & Canadense_, 518

_Behen rubrum, +i.e.+ Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_

_Bellis cærulea siue Globularia_, 321

_Bellis maior flore pleno_, 322

_Bellis minor flore pleno eiusque species_, ibid

_Belvidere Italorum, +i.+ Scoparia, siue Linaria magna_, 268

_Ben rubrum Monspeliense, +i.+ Muscipula Lobelij_

_Berberis_, 561

_Beta_, 488

_Binizade & Binizante, +i.+ Anemone tenuifolia_

_Blattaria_, 383

_Blito de tre colori_, 372

_Blitum_, 488

_Bolbonach, +i.+ Viola lunaris & latifoliæ_, 265

_Borrago, Borrago semper virens_, 249

_Botanaria, +i.+ Globularia_

_Branca vrsina, +i.+ Acanthus sativus_

_Brassica eiusque species_, 503

_Bubonium siue Inguinalis, +i.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_

_Bulbus agrestis, +i.+ Colchicum_

_Buccinum Romanorum, +i.+ Delphinium_

_Bulbus Eriophorus_, 124

_Bulbus esculentus Lacunæ, +i.+ Ornithogalum luteum_, 140

_Bulbus Leucanthemos, +i.+ Ornithogalum album_

_Bulbus vnifolius_, 140

_Bulbus vomitorius Matthioli, +i.+ Muscari_

_Buglossum_, 249

_Buglossum Hispanicum, +i.+ Anchusa_

_Buglossum luteum_, 486

_Bunias dulcis, +i.+ Napus_, 509

_Buphthalmum_, 293

_Buphthalmum maius, +i.+ Helleborus niger ferulaceus_

_Buxus arbor. Buxus humilis, & Buxus versicolibus folijs_, 606

C.

_Cacalia Loniceri, +i.+ Lilium Conuallium_