Chapter XXXI: Appendix: II (4)

[964] Liv. xxiii. 41; xxxi. 50; xxxiii. 42. Cic. _de Off._ ii. 17, 58 “ne M. quidem Sejo vitio datum est, quod in caritate asse modium populo dedit: magna enim se et inveterata invidia, nec turpi jactura, quando erat aedilis, nec maxima liberavit.”

[965] Cic. _ad Fam._ viii. 6, 5 (from Caelius Rufus in 50 _B.C._) “alimentariam (legem), qua jubet aediles metiri, jactavit (Curio).”

[966] Liv. xxvi. 10 (211 B.C., when Hannibal was at the gates of Rome) “Fulvius Flaccus ... inter Esquilinam Collinamque portam posuit castra. Aediles plebis commeatum eo comportarunt.”

[967] For this there is no direct evidence, but the aediles complain about the transgression of sumptuary laws in Tac. _Ann._ iii. 52-55.

[968] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 499. He takes “cum tabernariis pugnarem” (Cic. _ad Fam._ viii. 6, 4, cited p. 209) in this sense.

[969] _Dig._ 21, 1, 1; Gell. iv. 2.

[970] Cic. _in Verr._ v. 14, 36.

[971] Liv. x. 47; xxvii. 6. They were shared by both colleagues (Suet. _Caes._ 10).

[972] Liv. xxiii. 30.

[973] Dio Cass. xliii. 48 (44 B.C.). Here by a decree of the Senate the Megalesia are celebrated by the plebeian aediles.

[974] When during the first Punic war Clodia uttered her ill-omened wish about the Roman people, “C. Fundanius et Ti. Sempronius, aediles plebei, multam dixerunt ei aeris gravis viginti quinque milia” (Gell. x. 6). Cf. Suet. _Tib._ 2.

[975] Cicero promises, as aedile, to prosecute those “qui aut deponere aut accipere aut recipere aut pollicere aut sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi judicii solent esse” (_in Verr._ Act. i. 12, 36).

[976] An instance is furnished by Clodius’ prosecution of Milo in 56 B.C. (Cic. _pro Sest._ 44, 95; _ad Q. fr._ 2, 3). A prosecution by the aedile in defence of his own dignity or person is an outcome of his _coercitio_. An instance is furnished by Gell. iv. 14.

[977] Liv. viii. 22; xxv. 2.

[978] ib. xxxv. 41.

[979] ib. xxxviii. 35. Here the offence was _annona compressa_ by the corn-dealers.

[980] Condemnation “quia plus, quam quod lege finitum erat, agri possiderent” (ib. x. 13). Condemnation of _pecuarii_ (x. 47). Cf. xxxiii. 42.

[981] ib. xxxviii. 35; x. 23.

[982] p. 63.

[983] p. 80.

[984] p. 81.

[985] p. 117.

[986] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 “post lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo senatui.”

[987] C. Gracchus served as quaestor for three years; one was spent in Rome and two in Sardinia (Plut. _C. Gracch._ 2).

[988] Cic. _in Verr._ Act. i. 4, 11 “quaestura primus gradus honoris.”

[989] ib. i. 13, 34 “quaestor ex senatus consulto provinciam sortitus es.”

[990] Liv. xxx. 33 “Laelium, cujus ... eo anno quaestoris extra sortem ex senatusconsulto opera utebatur” (Scipio in 202 B.C.); Cic. _ad Att._ vi. 6, 4 “Pompeius ... Q. Cassium sine sorte delegit, Caesar Antonium; ego sorte datum offenderem?”

[991] The first trace of a _quaestio de sicariis_ is in 142 B.C. (Cic. _de Fin._ ii. 16, 54).

[992] Polyb. xxiv. 9_a_, 1.

[993] Liv. iii. 69 “signa ... a quaestoribus ex aerario prompta delataque in campum.”

[994] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 20, 46.

[995] Liv. xxxix. 4. It was the duty of the quaestors to see that they were genuine. Cato the younger required the oath of the consuls that a certain decree had been passed (Plut. _Cat. Min._ 17).

[996] Cic. _Phil._ v. 5, 15.

[997] ib. _in Verr._ iii. 79, 183 “eorum hominum (the _scribae_ of the quaestors) fidei tabulae publicae periculaque magistratuum committuntur.”

[998] The security was given to the _aerarium_ (“subsignare apud aerarium” Cic. _pro Flacco_ 32, 80); hence the money was probably paid into that treasury.

[999] Liv. xxxviii. 58 “Hostilius et Furius damnati (for _peculatus_ in 187 B.C.) praedes eodem die quaestoribus urbanis dederunt.” In the _lex Acil. Rep._ (l. 57) it is said of the man convicted “q(uaestori) praedes facito det.”

[1000] Plaut. _Capt._ i. 2, 111; ii. 3, 453.

[1001] Hygin. _de Cond. Agr._ p. 115.

[1002] _Auct. ad Herenn._ i. 12, 21 “Cum L. Saturninus legem frumentariam de semissibus et trientibus laturus esset, Q. Caepio, qui per id temporis quaestor urbanus erat, docuit senatum aerarium pati non posse tantam largitionem.”

[1003] p. 117.

[1004] p. 213. If the quaestor was lacking through death or any other cause, the governor appointed one of his _legati_ as _pro quaestore_ (Cic. _in Verr._ i. 36, 90).

[1005] Cic. _pro Planc._ 11, 28 “morem ilium majorum qui praescribit in parentum loco quaestoribus suis praetores esse oportere.”

[1006] ib. _in Verr._ i. 15, 40 “Tu, cum quaestor ad exercitum missus sis, custos non solum pecuniae sed etiam consulis, particeps omnium rerum consiliorumque fueris.”

[1007] Lydus _de Mag._ i. 27 κρινάντων Ῥωμαίων πολεμεῖν τοῖς συμμαχήσασι Πύρρῳ τῷ Ἠπειρὼτῃ κατεσκευάσθη στόλος καὶ προεβλήθησαν οἱ καλοὺμενοι κλασσικοὶ (οἱονεὶ ναυάρχαι) τῷ ἀριθμῷ δυοκαίδεκα κυαίστωρες. Lydus may be right about the original number, although it has been sometimes thought a confused reminiscence of the raising of the number from four to eight.

[1008] Vell. ii. 94; cf. Cic. _pro Mur._ 8, 18 “tu illam (provinciam habuisti), cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam acclamari solet, Ostiensem non tam gratiosam et illustrem quam negotiosam et molestam.”

[1009] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 27. In 24 A.D. a rising near Brundisium was repressed by “Curtius Lupus quaestor, cui provincia vetere ex more calles evenerant.” Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 571), following Lipsius, would read Cales, the oldest Latin colony in Campania, and therefore supposes that this quaestor’s functions extended over the whole of South Italy. The woods and forests was the _provincia_ which the Senate destined for Caesar as proconsul (Suet. _Caes._ 19 “opera optimatibus data est ut provinciae futuris consulibus minimi negotii, id est, silvae callesque, decernerentur”).

[1010] Plut. _Sert._ 4.

[1011] The last to remain were the Gallic and Ostian, which, as Italian _provinciae_, were abolished by the Emperor Claudius in 44 A.D. (Suet. _Claud._ 24).

[1012] So Sertorius, as Gallic quaestor in the Marsic war, was instructed στρατιώτας ... καταλέγειν καὶ ὅπλα ποιεῖσθται (Plut. _Sert._ 4).

[1013] Cicero speaks of Vatinius, when holding this post, being sent to Puteoli on some other business (_in Vat._ 5, 12), but this does not show that he was holding an Italian quaestorship. See Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 573 n. 3.

[1014] Liv. iv. 8; see p. 115.

[1015] ib. vii. 22 (C. Marcius Rutilus); cf. x. 8.

[1016] ib. viii. 12 “ut alter utique ex plebe, cum eo [ventum sit] ut utrumque plebeium fieri liceret, censor crearetur.” Madvig and Mommsen would omit “ventum sit,” and so make the Publilian law open both places in the college to Plebeians.

[1017] ib. _Ep._ lix. “Q. Pompeius Q. Metellus tunc primum utrique ex plebe facti censores lustrum condiderunt.”

[1018] Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15, 4.

[1019] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii 11, 26 “majores de singulis magistratibus bis vos sententiam ferre voluerunt: nam cum centuriata lex censoribus ferebatur, cum curiata ceteris patriciis magistratibus, tum iterum de eisdem judicabatur.”

[1020] Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15.

[1021] Polybius (vi. 53) says that the _imago_ of the censor at a funeral was clad in purple. As all the _insignia_ of the other magistrates that he mentions are those of their lifetime, this should be true of the censors. Perhaps the complete purple was worn for certain ceremonial purposes. Mommsen (_Staatsr._ i. pp. 411 and 446) thinks they were only buried in it.

[1022] ἁρχὴ ἀνυπεύθυνος (Dionys. xix. 16).

[1023] Liv. xxix. 37; Val. Max. vii. 2, 6.

[1024] Ascon. _in Pison._ p. 9.

[1025] Hence the helplessness of the tribune against censorial animadversion. Cf. Liv. xliv. 16 “multis equi adempti, inter quos P. Rutilio, qui tr. pl. eos violenter accusarat: tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus.”

[1026] Cic. _ad Att._ iv. 9, 1.

[1027] For the later mode of regarding this limitation see Liv. iv. 24 “grave esse iisdem per tot annos magna parte vitae obnoxios vivere.” But, if the tenure was fixed by the _lex Aemilia_ (of the dictator Mamercus Aemilius, 434 B.C., Liv. l.c.), it originated before the censorship had become a dangerous power.

[1028] Liv. xxiii. 23 “nec censoriam vim uni permissam et eidem iterum.” The prohibition is attributed to a law of Marcius Rutilus Censorinus, censor 294 and 265 B.C. (Plut. _Cor._ 1; cf. Val. Max. iv. 1, 3); but it could not have been his work, at least as censor, for this official had not the _jus rogandi_. See Momms. _Staatsr._ i. p. 520.

[1029] It is Cicero’s business in the _pro Cluentio_ (43, 122) to represent this divergence of view as a weakness in the censorship; cf. Liv. xlii. 10 (173 B.C.) “concors et e re publica censura fuit ... neque ab altero notatum alter probavit.” But it was a necessary condition of the continuance of the office in a free state.

[1030] Liv. ix. 34 “cum ita comparatum a majoribus sit ut comitiis censoriis nisi duo confecerint legitima suffragia, non renuntiato altero comitia differantur.”

[1031] Tradition attributed the origin of this role to a religions scruple, “quia eo lustro (in which a _suffectus_ was appointed) Roma est capta: nec deinde unquam in demortui locum censor sufficitur” (Liv. v. 31).

[1032] Cicero mixes up the earlier and later functions in his pseudo-law, which expresses all the activities of the censors (_de Leg._ iii. 3, 7), “Censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias pecuniasque censento: urbis, tecta, templa, vias, aquas, aerarium, vectigalia tuento: populique partes in tribus discribunto: exin pecunias, aevitates, ordines partiunto: equitum peditumque prolem discribunto: caelibes esse prohibento: mores populi regunto: probrum in senatu ne relinquunto.”

[1033] Liv. ix. 30.

[1034] ib. xxiii. 22; see p. 193.

[1035] In the great _sublectio_ after Cannae (216 B.C.) the ex-curule magistrates not already on the list were chosen in the order of their tenure of power; then the ex-aediles, ex-tribunes of the _plebs_ and the _quaestorii_, lastly men of distinction who had held no magistracy (Liv. xxiii. 23).

[1036] Festus p. 246 “Ovinia tribunicia intervenit, qua sanctum est ut censores ex omni ordine optimum quemque jurati (_Cod._ curiati, _Mommsen_ curiatim) in senatum legerent.” If “ex omni ordine” means “from every grade of the magistracy,” the second interpretation is necessary.

[1037] The _oratio_ of Cato as censor against L. Quinctius Flaminius was delivered _post notam_ (Liv. xxxix. 42); but it suggests that the censors felt themselves bound at times to give reasons for their actions.

[1038] The phrases for rejection and omission are _movere_, _ejicere_, _praeterire_. The last applies both to existing and to expectant senators, and has reference to the public reading of the list (_recitatio_) (Cic. _pro Domo_ 32, 84 “praeteriit in recitando senatu”).

[1039] Liv. xli. 57 “retinuit quosdam Lepidus a collega praeteritos”; cf. Cic. _pro Cluent._ 43, 122.

[1040] For a type of _subscriptio_ see Ascon. _in or. in Tog. Cand._ p. 84 “Antonium Gellius et Lentulus censores ... senatu moverunt causasque subscripserunt, quod socios diripuerit, quod judicium recusarit, quod propter aeris alieni magnitudinem praedia manciparit bonaque sua in potestate non habeat.”

[1041] Usually the praetorship or quaestorship. Momms. _Staatsr._ i. p. 521 n. 3.

[1042] See the formula of summons in Varro (_L.L._ vi. 86), “omnes Quirites pedites armatos, privatosque curatores omnium tribuum, si quis pro se sive pro altero rationem dari volet, vocato in licium huc ad me.”

[1043] Mommsen believes in a special summons to the _capite censi_ (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 366).

[1044] Liv. xliii. 14.

[1045] Cato in 184 assessed articles of luxury at ten times their value (Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut. _Cat. Maj._ 18).

[1046] Liv. iv. 24 “Mamercum ... tribu moverunt octuplicatoque censu aerarium fecerunt”; Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillas et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem caelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”

[1047] See p. 69.

[1048] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 7 “familias pecuniasque censento”; _lex Jul. Munic._ l. 147 “rationem pecuniae ... accipito.” _Pecunia_ here applies to both _res mancipi_ and _nec mancipi_.

[1049] Cic. l.c. “aevitates suboles ... censento”; _lex Jul. Munic._ l. 145 “eorum ... nomina, praenomina, patres ... et quot annos quisque eorum habet ... accipito.”

[1050] p. 68.

[1051] Liv. ix. 46 “forensis factio App. Claudi censura vires nacta, qui ... humilibus per omnes tribus divisis forum et campum corrupit.” Cf. Diod. xx. 46 (App. Claudius) ἔδωκε τοῖς πολίταις ὅποι προαιροῖντο τιμήσασθαι. Mommsen imagines that it was in this year that the landless citizens _first_ found a place in the tribes (_Staatsr._ ii. 392 sq., 402 sq.).

[1052] Liv. l.c. “aliud integer populus ... aliud forensis factio tendebat.... Fabius simul concordiae causa, simul ne humilimorum in manu comitia essent, omnem forensem turbam excretam in quattuor tribus conjecit urbanasque eas appellavit.”

[1053] _Sexagenarius de ponte._ Cf. Cic. _pro Rosc. Amer._ 35, 100 “Habeo etiam dicere, quem contra morem majorum, minorem annis LX de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit”; Festus p. 334 “quo tempore primum per pontem coeperunt comitiis suffragium ferre, juniores conclamaverunt ut de ponte dejicerentur sexagenari, qui jam nullo publico munere fungerentur, ut ipsi potius sibi quam illi deligerent imperatorem.” If _pons_ could be taken literally, a curious parallel is furnished by early Slavonic procedure. “The vechés passed whole days in debating the same subjects, the only interruptions being free fights in the streets. At Novgorod these fights took place on the bridge across the Volchov, and the stronger party sometimes threw their adversaries into the river beneath” (Kovalevsky _Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia_, p. 138).

[1054] p. 221.

[1055] “Eorum qui arma ferre possent” (Liv. i. 44), τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν στρατεύσιμον ἡλικίαν (Dionys. xi. 63), τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἡλικίαις (Polyb. ii 24).

[1056] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 411.

[1057] p. 72.

[1058] Beloch _der Italische Bund_ p. 78.

[1059] p. 73.

[1060] The change is put by tradition at the time of the siege of Veii (403 B.C., Liv. v. 7 “quibus census equester erat, equi publici non erant adsignati ... senatum adeunt factaque dicendi potestate equis se suis stipendia facturos promittunt”). Livy here assumes a census as existing for the _equites equo publico_, but it is questionable whether it was not transferred from these new _equites_ (_equo privato_ as they are called by modern historians) to the old equestrian centuries.

[1061] Polyb. vi. πλουτίνδην αὐτῶν γεγενημένης ὑπὸ τοῦ τιμητοῦ τῆς ἐκλογῆς.

[1062] There is no direct authority for this particular _census_ earlier than the Principate. The fact that a _census_, approximating to or identical with the equestrian, was required for _judices_ under the Gracchan law, and the specification that these should not be senators or members of senatorial families, led to these judges being called “knights.” They were selected from a class practically identical with that of the _equites equo privato_.

[1063] Cic. _pro Cluent._ 48, 134.

[1064] Suet. _Claud._ 16.

[1065] Val. Max. ii. 9, 7.

[1066] Cic. _de Rep._ iv. 2, 2. So Pompeius, a consul who had never been a senator (70 B.C.), claims and obtains his discharge before he enters on his office (Plut. _Pomp._ 22).

[1067] Plut. _C. Gracch._ 2. See p. 184.

[1068] Liv. xxvii. 11 (209 B.C.) “(Censores) addiderunt acerbitati (the deprivation of the public horse) etiam tempus, ne praeterita stipendia procederent eis, quae equo publico meruerant, sed dena stipendia equis privatis facerent.”

[1069] Gell. iv. 12; Festus p. 108.

[1070] Cic. _pro Cluent._ 48, 134; Liv. xxix. 37. Removal from the ranks is described as a deprivation of the horse (_adimere equum_, Liv. xxiv. 18, xli. 2, 7).

[1071] A fragment of a censorian edict of 92 B.C. directed against the “Latini rhetores” has been preserved. It contains the words “Haec nova, quae praeter consuetudinem ac morem majorum fiunt, neque placent neque recta videntur” (Suet. _de Clar. Rhet._ 1; Gell. xv. 11, 2).

[1072] “Judex domesticus,” “domesticus magistratus” (Sen. _Controv._ ii. 3; _de Benef._ iii. 11).

[1073] Cic. _de Rep._ iv. 6, 16 “Nec vero mulieribus praefectus praeponatur, qui apud Graecos creari solet; sed sit censor qui viros doceat moderari uxoribus.”

[1074] Dionys. xx. 13.

[1075] p. 55.

[1076] Dionys. l.c.

[1077] Festus p. 344.

[1078] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 7 “coelibes esse prohibento.”

[1079] Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillus et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem coelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”

[1080] Liv. xxxix. 19.

[1081] Cic. _Phil._ ii. 28, 69.

[1082] Val. Max. ii. 9, 2 “M. Val. Maximus et C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus censores ... L. Annium senatu moverunt, quod, quam virginem in matrimonium duxerat, repudiasset, nullo amicorum in consilio adhibito.”

[1083] Plin. _H. N._ xviii. 3, 11.

[1084] Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 14; Val. Max. ii. 9, 4. For excessive taxation imposed on articles of luxury see Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut. _Cat. Maj._ 18; and p. 221.

[1085] Cf. Gell. v. 13 “M. Cato in oratione, quam dixit apud censores in Lentulum, ita scripsit: ‘quod majores sanctius habuere defendi pupillos quam clientem non fallere.’”

[1086] Greenidge _Infamia in Roman Law_ p. 67.

[1087] Even amateur performances might call down the _nota_. See Suet. _Dom._ 8 (Domitian) “suscepta correctione morum ... quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur, movit senatu.”

[1088] The _lex Julia Municipalis_ excludes them, like actors, from the municipal senate; the _lex Acilia repetundarum_ from the bench of _judices_.

[1089] Suet. _Aug._ 39 “notavitque aliquos quod, pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati, graviori foenore collocassent.”

[1090] Plut. _Cat. Maj._ 17; _C. Gracch._ 2.

[1091] Gell. xiv. 7 “opus etiam censorium fecisse existimatos, per quos eo tempore (i.e. at an unlawful time) senatus consultum factum esset.”

[1092] Cic. _de Div._ i. 16, 29 “Appius ... censor C. Ateium (tribune 55 B.C.) notavit, quod ementitum auspicia subscriberet.”

[1093] Val. Max. ii. 9, 5 “M. autem Antonius et L. Flaccus censores (97 B.C.) Duronium senatu moverunt, quod legem de coercendis conviviorum sumptibus latam tribunus plebi abrogaverat.”

[1094] Cic. _pro Cluent._ 42, 119; 43, 121; Suet. _Dom._ 8.

[1095] Liv. xxiv. 18; xxvii. 11 and 25.

[1096] In 204 B.C. the censor M. Livius disfranchised for the purposes of the _comitia centuriata_ (_aerarios reliquit_) thirty-four out of the thirty-five tribes “quod et innocentem se condemnassent et condemnatum consulem et censorem fecissent” (Liv. xxix. 37).

[1097] _Lex Jul Munic._ l. 120.

[1098] Cic. _de Off._ iii. 31, 111 “indicant (the sanctity of the oath in former times) notiones animadversionesque censorum, qui nulla de re diligentius quam de jure jurando judicabant.”

[1099] To this form of disqualification the name “mediate _infamia_” has been given by modern jurists.

[1100] Cic. _pro Cluent._ 42, 120 “quos autem ipsi L. Gellius et Cn. Lentulus duo censores ... furti et captarum pecuniarum nomine notaverunt, ii non modo in senatum redierunt. sed etiam illarum ipsarum rerum judiciis absoluti sunt.”

[1101] Liv. xxix. 37 (in 204 B.C., Claudius Nero) “M. Livium (his colleague), quia populi judicio esset damnatus, equum vendere jussit.”

[1102] It enacted “ut quem populus damnasset cuive imperium abrogasset in senatu ne esset” (Ascon. _in Cornelian._ p. 78).

[1103] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 21.

[1104] Liv. xlv. 15 “omnes iidem ab utroque et tribu remoti et aerarii facti”; xliv. 16 “tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus”; xxvii. 11; xxix. 37 “aerarios reliquit.”

[1105] See Greenidge _Infamia in Roman Law_ pp. 106-110. Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. pp. 402 ff.) makes the expressions _tribu movere_ and _in aerarios referre_ identical after 312 B.C. and interprets both as signifying the removal from a higher to a lower tribe.

[1106] Liv. i. 44; Dionys. iv. 22.

[1107] At each _lustrum vota_ were offered “quae in proximum lustrum suscipi mos est” (Suet. _Aug._ 97). Before the censorship of Scipio Aemilianus it had been the custom to pray “ut populi Romani res meliores amplioresque facerent”; after it, on his initiative, “ut eas perpetuo incolumes servent” (Val. Max. iv. 1, 10).

[1108] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 19, 50 and 51; 29, 81. The leases were sometimes of considerable duration (Hyginus p. 116 Lachm. “Ex hoste capti agri postquam divisi sunt per centurias ... qui superfuerunt agri vectigalibus subjecti sunt, alii per annos [quinos], alii per annos centenos pluresve: finito illo tempore iterum veneunt locanturque ita ut vectigalibus est consuetudo”).

[1109] e.g. a _lex censoria_ enjoined that not more than five thousand workmen should be employed in the gold mines of Vercellae by the contractor who worked them (Plin. _H.N._ xxxiii. 78).

[1110] The jurists inform us that this is the true sense of _publicanus_; the _conductores_ are only _publicanorum loco_ (_Dig._ 39, 4, 12, 13). In common parlance, however, both are _publicani_, and this usage is etymologically justifiable, since they are both concerned with a _publicum_, a word which denotes state revenue and state service (_Dig._ 39, 4, 1; Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 51; Liv. xxiii. 49, 1).

[1111] _Vectigal_ (ἀποφορά Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 8; cf. App. _B.C._ i. 7). In the case of pasture land it was called _scriptura_ (Festus p. 833).

[1112] _Lex agraria_ l. 85 “ex lege dicta, quam ... censores ... deixerunt, publicano dare oportuit.”

[1113] Cic. _in Verr._ ii. 26, 63; 60, 147; iii. 7, 18.

[1114] ib. iii. 6, 12 and 14.

[1115] Polyb. vi. 17. The Senate can συμπτώματος γενομένου κουφίσαι καὶ τὸ παράπαν ἀδυνάτου τινὸς συμβάντος ἀπολῦσαι τῆς ἐργωνίας. Cf. the section on the Senate’s control of property. In 169 and 59 B.C. we find the people releasing from an oppressive contract (Liv. xliii. 16; App. _B.C._ ii. 13).

[1116] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 7 “templa, vias, aquas ... tuento”; _ad Fam._ xiii. 11, 1 “sarta tecta (i.e. the repairs of walls and roofs) aedium sacrarum locorumque communium tueri.”

[1117] Cf. Liv. xxxix. 44 “ultro tributa infimis (pretiis) locaverunt.”

[1118] ib. xliv. 16 “ad opera publica facienda cum eis (censoribus) dimidium ex vectigalibus ejus anni attributum ex senatus consulto a quaestoribus esset”; xl. 46 “censoribus deinde postulantibus ut pecuniae summa sibi, qua in opera publica uterentur, attribueretur, vectigal annuum decretum est.”

[1119] _Lex Jul. Munic._ l. 73; Liv. xxxix. 44 (quoted n. 2).

[1120] Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 446) takes the phrase to mean something “voluntarily granted” by the Senate to the magistrate.

[1121] Liv. xxxix. 44. The later tendency, however, was for such public rights to be protected by the praetor’s interdicts.

[1122] ib. xl. 51 “complura sacella publica quae fuerant occupata a privatis publica sacraque ut essent paterentque populo curarunt.”

[1123] ib. xliii. 16 “censores ad pignora capienda miserunt multamque pro contione privato dixerunt.”

[1124] _Lex agraria_ ll. 35, 36.

[1125] ib.

[1126] p. 208.

[1127] p. 93.

[1128] p. 94.

[1129] pp. 95 ff.

[1130] p. 190.

[1131] p. 162.

[1132] p. 126.

[1133] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 7, 17 “toties legibus agrariis curatores constituti sunt triumviri quinqueviri decemviri.” Cf. ib. ii. 12, 31 “eodem jure ... quo habuerunt (pullarios) tresviri lege Sempronia.”

[1134] ib. ii. 7, 16 “jubet enim (the agrarian law of Rullus) tribunum plebis, qui eam legem tulerit, creare decemviros per tribus septemdecim, ut, quem novem tribus fecerint, is decemvir sit.”

[1135] pp. 174, 177.

[1136] The nature of the Sullan limitations is unknown. Caesar says “Sullam nudata omnibus rebus tribunicia potestate tamen intercessionem liberam reliquisse” (_B.C._ i. 7), and Cicero “Sullam probo, qui tribunis plebis sua lege injuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit, auxilii ferendi reliquerit” (_de Leg._ iii. 9, 22). He probably formulated cases in which it could not be employed. There are instances of the tribunician veto between 81 B.C. and 70 B.C., the date of the restoration of the tribune’s power. See Momms. _Staatsr._ ii p. 308 nn. 1 and 2.

[1137] p. 162.

[1138] p. 182.

[1139] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 6.

[1140] Festus p. 233; Dio Cass. liv. 26.

[1141] Liv. _Ep._ xi.

[1142] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 6; Sall. _Cat._ 55.

[1143] Val. Max. vi. 1, 10; Cic. _pro Cluent._ 13, 38.

[1144] Ascon. _in Milon._ p. 38.

[1145] Plaut. _Amph._ l. 1, 3.

[1146] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 30. The full official title which first appears in 44 B.C. is _a_(_uro_) _a_(_rgento_) _a_(_ere_) _f_(_lando_) _f_(_eriundo_). For this title and its variants see Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 602 n. 3.

[1147] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii p. 601.

[1148] Verbally the second title might, and perhaps should, refer to the _viae_ of Italy. But the office is probably an urban magistracy. See ib. p. 604.

[1149] Liv. iii. 55.

[1150] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 3, 6. For their jurisdiction in cases of freedom in the Ciceronian period see Cic. _pro Caec._ 39, 97; _pro Domo_ 29, 78.

[1151] Festus p. 233.

[1152] p. 207.

[1153] This was the case with C. Claudius Pulcher (_C.I.L._ i. p. 279), C. Junius (Cic. _pro Cluent._ 29, 79), and C. Julius Caesar (Suet. _Caes._ 11).

[1154] p. 189.

[1155] Cic. _pro Cluent._ 33, 91.

[1156] Mommsen inclines to think that the office followed as a matter of course on the aedileship (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 590).

[1157] p. 155.

[1158] Liv. ix. 30.

[1159] p. 234.

[1160] p. 43.

[1161] p. 102.

[1162] p. 126.

[1163] Cic. _pro Caec._ 33, 95; cf. _pro Domo_ 40, 106 “Quae tua fuit consecratio? Tuleram, inquit, ut mihi liceret. Quid? Non exceperas ut, si quid jus non esset rogari, ne esset rogatum?”

[1164] Valerius Probus gives the formula which emphasises this religious aspect of the saving clause. It was SI QUID SACRI SANCTI EST QUOD NON JURE SIT ROGATUM, EJUS HAC LEGE NIHIL ROGATUR.

[1165] See p. 107.

[1166] Cic. _pro Domo_ 20, 53 “quae (est) sententia Caeciliae legis et Didiae nisi haec, ne populo necesse sit in conjunctis rebus compluribus aut id quod nolit accipere aut id quod velit repudiare?” The principle had existed as early as the _lex Acilia Repetundarum_ of 122 (l. 72). See Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 336.

[1167] Liv. viii. 23.

[1168] ib. ix. 42. Compare, however, x. 22 (296 B.C.), where the _plebiscitum_ and the _senatus consultum_ are both mentioned in connexion with the prorogation of the command of L. Volumnius. For the recognition of the _imperium_ of the consul for a single day to enable him to triumph, see p. 158.

[1169] Liv. xxxviii. 54-60.

[1170] ib. xlii. 21 and 22.

[1171] Cic. _de Fin._ ii. 16, 54.

[1172] The _quaestio Mamilia_ of 110 B.C. (Sall. _Jug._ 40).

[1173] p. 14.

[1174] The _lex Plautia Papiria_ (Cic. _pro Arch._ 4, 7; see p. 311) was the work of two tribunes.

[1175] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 21, 48 “lege Appuleia ... qua lege Saturninus C. Mario tulerat, ut in singulas colonias ternos cives Romanos facere posset.”

[1176] ib. 8, 19 “lege quam L. Gellius Cn. Cornelius (coss. 72 B.C.) ex senatus sententia tulerunt ... videmus satis esse sanctum ut cives Romani sint ii, quos Cn. Pompeius de consilii sententia singillatim civitate donaverit.”

[1177] Val. Max. v. 2, 8 “(C. Marius) duas ... Camertium cohortes mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentis in ipsa acie adversus condicionem foederis civitate donavit.”

[1178] Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 135 n. 5.

[1179] Cic. _pro Caec._ 35, 101.

[1180] Liv. xxvi. 33 (speech of M. Atilius Regulus) “‘Per senatum agi de Campanis, qui cives Romani sunt, injussu populo non video posse. Idque et apud majores nostros in Satricanis factum est (319 B.C.) cum defecissent, ut M. Antistius tribunus plebis prius rogationem ferret scisceretque plebs uti senatui de Satricanis sententiae dicendae jus esset. Itaque censeo cum tribunis plebis agendum esse ut eorum unus pluresve rogationem ferant ad plebem qua nobis statuendi de Campanis jus fiat.’ L. Atilius tribunus plebis ex auctoritate senatus plebem in haec verba rogavit ... Plebes sic jussit, ‘Quod senatus juratus, maxima pars, censeat, qui adsidetis, id volumus jubemusque.’”

[1181] ib. xxxviii. 36 “edocti populi esse, non senatus, jus suffragii quibus velit impertiri, destiterunt incepto.”

[1182] p. 229.

[1183] Liv. xlv. 15 (169 B.C.; on the proposal of the censor Sempronius to disfranchise the freedmen, his colleague Claudius) “negabat ... suffragii lationem injussu populi censorem cuiquam homini, nedum ordini universo adimere posse: neque enim, si tribu movere posset, quod sit nihil aliud quam mutare jubere tribum, ideo omnibus quinque et triginta tribubus emovere posse, id est civitatem libertatemque eripere.”

[1184] In Liv. vii. 16 (357 B.C.) we find the account of the creation of the _vicesima manumissionis_ by the _comitia tributa populi_.

[1185] This change was effected by a _lex Aebutia_ (Gell. xvi. 10, 8; Gaius iv. 30).

[1186] p. 205.

[1187] The fullest _praescriptio_ which has been preserved is that of the _lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus_, a consular law of 9 B.C. (Frontinus _de aquaeductibus_ 129). It runs: “T. Quinctius Crispinus consul populum jure rogavit populusque jure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi Juli pr(idie) [k] Julias. Tribus Sergia principium fuit, pro tribu Sex.... L. f. Virro [primus scivit].”

[1188] Ulpian _Reg. praef._ 2 “Minus quam perfecta lex est, quae vetat aliquid fieri et, si factum sit, non rescindit, sed poenam injungit ei qui contra legem fecit.” The Licinio-Sextian agrarian law of 367 was apparently of this kind.

[1189] Macrob. _Comm. in Somn. Scip._ ii. 17, 13 “inter leges quoque illa imperfecta dicitur, in qua nulla deviantibus poena sancitur.”

[1190] Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 23, 2 “alteram caput est tralaticium de impunitate SI QUID CONTRA ALIAS LEGES EJUS LEGIS ERGO FACTUM SIT.”

[1191] Ulpian _op. cit._ 3 “Lex aut rogatur, id est, fertur; aut abrogatur, id est, prior lex tollitur; aut derogatur, id est, pars primae (legis) tollitur; aut subrogatur, id est, adjicitur aliquid primae legi; aut obrogatur, id est, mutatur aliquid ex prima lege.” Cf. the clause in a law cited by Cicero (_ad Att._ iii. 23, 3) “SI QUID IN HAC ROGATIONE SCRIPTUM EST, QUOD PER LEGES PLEBISVE SCITA PROMULGARE, ABROGARE, DEROGARE, OBROGARE SINE FRAUDE SUA NON LICEAT.”

[1192] Cic. l.c. 23, 2 “neque enim ulla (lex) est, quae non ipsa se saepiat difficultate abrogationis. Sed, cum lex abrogatur, illud ipsum abrogatur, quo modo eam abrogari [_non_] oporteat.”

[1193] p. 239.

[1194] See the section on the Senate.

[1195] Livy describes a controversy whether from this point of view an armistice (_indutiae_) rested on a level with a _pax_: (iv. 30) “cum Veientibus ... indutiae, ... non pax facta ... ante diem rebellaverant ... controversia inde fuit utrum populi jussu indiceretur bellum an satis esset senatus consultum. Pervicere tribuni ... ut Quinctius consul de bello ad populum ferret: omnes centuriae jussere.”

[1196] Polyb. vi. 14 ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) βουλεύεται καὶ πολέμου.

[1197] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 343.

[1198] See the section on the Senate.

[1199] Polyb. i. 62 (agreement between Lutatius Catulus and the Carthaginians in 241 B.C.) ἐπὶ τοῖσδε φιλίαν εἶναι Καρχηδονίοις καὶ Ῥωμαίοις, ἐὰν καὶ τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων συνδοκῇ. The people rejected the treaty, but it was subsequently maintained that, but for this saving clause, it would have been binding (ib. iii. 29).

[1200] ib. vi. 14 καὶ μὴν περὶ συμμαχίας καὶ διαλύσεως καὶ συνθηκῶν οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) ἐστιν ὁ βεβαιῶν ἒκαστα τούτων καὶ κύρια ποιῶν ἢ τοὐναντίον.

[1201] Liv. xxix. 12 (205 B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “jusserunt ... omnes tribus”; xxx. 43 (201 B.C., peace with Carthage) “De pace ... omnes tribus jusserunt”; xxxiii. 25 (196 B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “ea rogatio in Capitolio ad plebem lata est. Omnes quinque et triginta tribus, uti rogas jusserunt.”

[1202] So on the conclusion of the second Punic war (Liv. xxx. 43 “M’. Acilius et Q. Minucius tribuni plebis ad populum tulerunt ‘Vellent juberentne senatum decernere ut cum Carthaginiensibus pax fieret, et quem eam pacem dare quemque ex Africa exercitum deportare juberent’”).

[1203] See _lex Antonia de Termessibus_ (Bruns _Fontes_).

[1204] p. 47.

[1205] p. 187.

[1206] p. 63.

[1207] See below on the competence of the _concilium plebis_.

[1208] See Momms. _Staatsr._ i. p. 195; ii. p. 618.

[1209] See p. 161.

[1210] p. 169.

[1211] p. 211.

[1212] p. 161.

[1213] _Anquisitio_ (a variant of the _quaestio_ of the magistrate when he investigates on his own authority) perhaps means an “inquiry on both sides,” i.e. through accusation and defence (Lange _Röm. Alt._ ii. p. 470; cf. Festus p. 22 “anquirere est circum quaerere”).

[1214] Liv. ii. 52 (the tribunes) “cum capitis anquisissent, duo milia aeris damnato multam edixerunt”; xxvi. 3 (a pecuniary penalty having been proposed during the first two days) “tertio ... tanta ira accensa est ut capite anquirendum contio subclamaret.”

[1215] Cic. _pro Dom._ 17, 45 “cum tam moderata judicia populi sint a majoribus constituta ... ne inprodicta die quis accusetur, ut ter ante magistratus accuset intermissa die quam multam irroget aut judicet, quarta sit accusatio trinum nundinum prodicta die, quo die judicium sit futurum.” Cf. App. _B.C._ i. 74.

[1216] Cic. l.c. “si qua res illum diem aut auspiciis aut excusatione sustulit, tota causa judiciumque sublatum sit.”

[1217] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 27.

[1218] Cic. _pro Domo_ 82, 86 “at vero ... Kaeso ille Quinctius (cf. Liv. iii. 13) et M. Furius Camillus et M. Servilius Ahala (cf. Liv. iv. 16, 21) ... populi incitati vim iracundiamque subierunt; damnatique comitiis centuriatis cum in exilium profugissent, rursus ab eodem populo placato sunt in suam pristinam dignitatem restituti.”

[1219] Cic. _Brut._ 34, 128; _post Red. in Sen._ 15, 38.

[1220] App. _B.C._ i 31.

[1221] Cic. _pro Planc._ 28, 69; _post Red. in Sen._ 15, 38.

[1222] Cic. _ad Att._ iv. 1, 4.

[1223] _Auct. ad Herenn._ ii. 28, 45.

[1224] Caes. _B.C._ iii. 1 “praetoribus tribunisque plebis rogationes ad populum ferentibus ... in integrum restituit.” Cf. Suet. _Caes._ 41; Dio Cass, xliii. 27.

[1225] “de alea condemnatum” (Cic. _Phil._ ii. 23, 56), that is, probably, under the _lex Cornelia de falsis_ (Rein _Criminalrecht_ p. 833).

[1226] See p. 248.

[1227] Plut. _Mar._ 43; cf. Vell. ii. 21; App. _B.C._ i. 70.

[1228] App. _B.C._ iii. 95.

[1229] Vell. ii. 58; cf. Cic. _Phil._ i. 1, 1.

[1230] Dio Cass. xlix. 43.

[1231] pp. 166, 179.

[1232] p. 239.

[1233] When Varro says (_L.L._ vi. 30) “magistratus vitio creatus nihilo secius magistratus” he is reflecting the practical procedure—hardly the constitutional theory, unless the _dictum_ implies that repeal is impossible because unnecessary, and that there is no authority for determining the nullity of the election.

[1234] Cicero says, with respect to the law exiling him, that there was some point in its being held invalid as a _privilegium_, “sed multo est melius abrogari” (_ad Att._ iii. 15, 5).

[1235] Laelius Felix ap. Gell. xv. 27, 5 “Cum ex generibus hominum suffragium feratur, ‘curiata’ comitia esse, cum ex censu et aetate ‘centuriata,’ cum ex regionibus et locis, ‘tributa.’”

[1236] How easily one _comitia_ could melt into another is shown by the words of Cicero [_ad Fam._ vii. 30 (44 B.C.)] “Ille autem (Caesar), qui comitiis tributis esset auspicatus, centuriata habuit.”

[1237] See Appendix on the _comitia tributa_.

[1238] p. 49.

[1239] Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15, 4 “Minoribus creatis magistratibus tributis comitiis magistratus, sed justus curiata datur lege.”

[1240] Dio Cass. xxxix. 19.

[1241] ib. xli. 43.

[1242] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 12, 30 “consuli, si legem curiatam non habet, attingere rem militarem non licet.”

[1243] Sulla’s law had said that the magistrate should retain _imperium_ until he re-entered the city, apparently without mentioning the _lex curiata_. App. Claudius, consul for 54 B.C., who had been prevented by the tribunician veto from getting his _lex curiata_ passed, presumed on this silence and said “legem curiatam consuli ferri opus esse, necesse non esse; se, quoniam ex senatus consulto provinciam haberet, lege Cornelia imperium habiturum quoad in urbem introisset” (Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 9, 25).

[1244] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 12, 31.

[1245] p. 26.

[1246] Gell. xv. 27, 1 “‘calata’ comitia esse, quae pro conlegio pontificum habentur aut regis aut flaminum inaugurandorum causa. Eorum autem alia esse ‘curiata,’ alia ‘centuriata’ ... Isdem comitiis, quae ‘calata’ appellari diximus, et sacrorum detestatio et testamenta fieri solebant.” It is not known what particular acts were reserved for the “comitia calata” assembled _centuriatim_; Mommsen thinks the inauguration of the Flamen Martialis outside the city (_Staatsr._ iii. p. 307).

[1247] p. 107.

[1248] pp. 107, 246.

[1249] p. 244.

[1250] Liv. i. 43 “Nec mirari oportet hunc ordinem, qui nunc est post expletas quinque et triginta tribus duplicate earum numero centuriis juniorum seniorumque, ad institutam ab Servio Tullio summam non convenire.” Cf. Dionys. iv. 21. The description of Cicero (_de Rep._ ii. 22, 39 and 40) probably refers to the Servian arrangement, although Mommsen (_Staatsr._ iii. p. 275) holds that it refers to the reformed _comitia_. The description given in the text is in essentials that of Pantagathus (died 1567) _ap. Ursinum in_ Liv. i. 43. For the different systems that have been adopted see Willems _Le Droit Public_ p. 97. Mommsen (l.c.) admits the 70 votes for the 70 centuries of the first class, but thinks that the 280 centuries of the other classes were so combined as to form but 100 votes; the total votes being 70 + 100 + 5 + 18 = 193, as before.

[1251] p. 73.

[1252] Cic. _Phil._ ii. 33, 82 “Ecce Dolabellae comitiorum dies: sortitio praerogativae: quiescit. Renuntiatur, tacet. Prima classis vocatur: renuntiatur. Deinde, ita ut assolet, suffragia; tum secunda classis.”

[1253] Liv. xliii. 16 “cum ex duodecim centuriis equitum octo censorem condemnassent, multaeque aliae primae classis.” It would seem as though the _sex suffragia_ (p. 73) voted with or after the first class. Drakenborch would read _octodecim_ for _duodecim_, but this would seem to give too small a number of condemnatory votes amongst the _equites_.

[1254] Cic. _pro Planc._ 20, 49.

[1255] Hence such expressions as _Aniensis juniorum_, _Veturia juniorum_, _Galeria juniorum_ (Liv. xxiv. 7; xxvi. 22; xxvii. 6).

[1256] App. _B.C._ i. 59.

[1257] See Appendix on the _comitia tributa_.

[1258] p. 107.

[1259] Liv. xxv. 4 (212 B.C.) “Tribuni plebem rogaverunt plebesque ita scivit, ‘Si M. Postumius ante K. Maias non prodisset citatusque eo die non respondisset neque excusatus esset, videri eum in exilio esse, bonaque ejus venire, ipsi aqua et igni placere interdici”; ib. xxvi. 3 (211 B.C.) “Cn. Fulvius exulatum Tarquinios abiit. Id ei justum exilium esse scivit plebs.”

[1260] When Plutarch says (_C. Gracch._ 4) that C. Gracchus gave the right of trying such cases τῷ δήμῳ, this word may include the Plebs. Gracchus at least seems to have banished the ex-consul Popilius by means of a _plebiscitum_ (Cic. _pro Domo_ 31, 82 “ubi enim tuleras ut mihi aqua et igni interdiceretur? quod Gracchus de P. Popilio ... tulit”).

[1261] App. _B.C._ i. 59.

[1262] This conclusion has been drawn from the words of Cicero (_in Verr._ Act i. 13, 38) “judiciis ad senatorium ordinem translatis sublataque populi Romani in unum quemque vestrum potestate.”

[1263] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 7, 18 “Quod populus per religionem sacerdotia mandare non poterat, ut minor pars populi vocaretur.”

[1264] For this presidency by the youngest pontifex (the one, i.e., who stood the least chance of election) see Liv. xxv. 5 (212 B.C.). From Cic. _ad Brut._ i. 5, 4 it follows that the consuls had something to do with arranging the elections, but not that they were ever the presidents.

[1265] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 7, 18; Vell. ii. 12, 3.

[1266] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37.

[1267] Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16, 29 “Julius Caesar XVI auspiciorum libro negat nundinis contionem advocari posse, id est cum populo agi ideoque nundinis Romanorum haberi comitia non posse.”

[1268] Varro _L.L._ v. 155 “comitium ab eo quod coibant eo comitiis curiatis et litium causa.”

[1269] Liv. vi. 20; Plin. _H.N._ xvi. 10, 37.

[1270] Liv. vii. 16.

[1271] The change to the Forum is perhaps post-Gracchan; see Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 385. Cf. the prescription of the _lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus_ (p. 242).

[1272] Gell. xiii. 15, 1 “In edicto consulum, quo edicunt quis dies comitiis centuriatis futurus sit.” “Comitia edicere” (Liv. xxiii. 31) and “comitia indicere” (Liv. iv. 6) are employed as descriptive of this act.

[1273] Festus p. 224 “promulgari leges dicuntur cum primum in vulgus eduntur, quasi provulgari.”

[1274] Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 370.

[1275] Schol. Bob. to Cic. _pro Sest._ 64, 135 (p. 310) “(lex) Licinia et Junia ... illud cavebat ne clam aerario legem ferri liceret.” For registration in the _aerarium_ at the time of promulgation cf. Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 4, 11. Clodius’ law exiling Cicero in 58 B.C. was amended (Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 2 “praesertim nondum rogatione correcta”), but whether before or after promulgation is not clear.

[1276] Dionysius, Plutarch, and Priscian explain _trinum nundinum_ as the third market-day, an interval of _trinarum nundinarum_, i.e. seventeen days; but Mommsen has made out a good case for its being three _nundina_, i.e. intervals of eight days (_Staatsr._ iii. p. 375).

[1277] p. 164.

[1278] p. 38.

[1279] Varro _L.L._ vi. 91 “comitiatum praeco populum vocet ad te, et eum de muris vocet praeco.”

[1280] The herald is not mentioned in connexion with the _concilium plebis_. The _comitia curiata_ were summoned by a _lictor curiatius_. See Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 386.

[1281] Gell. xv. 27; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 27.

[1282] Varro _L.L._ vi. 92; Plut. _C. Gracch._ 3.

[1283] “Sollemne carmen precationis” (Liv. xxxix. 15).

[1284] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 4, 11 “qui agent ... rem populum docento”; Quintil. _Inst. Or._ ii. 4, 33 “Romanis pro contione suadere ac dissuadere moris fuit.”

[1285] Except perhaps at the _comitia centuriata_ (Momms. iii. p. 395), but this body had almost ceased to be a legislative assembly.

[1286] p. 247.

[1287] Originally _licium_, later _saepta_ or _ovile_.

[1288] Liv. ii. 56; cf. Asc. _in Cornel._ p. 70 “discedere, quod verbum ... significat ... [ut] in suam quisque tribum discedat, in qua est suffragium laturus.”

[1289] Hence the expression _ferre punctum_ (Cic. _pro Planc._ 22, 53).

[1290] Liv. v. 13; iii. 21.

[1291] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. cc. 15, 16.

[1292] Hence the discovery of a fraud at an election through tablets being μιᾷ χειρὶ γεγραμμέναις (Plut. _Cat. Min._ 46).

[1293] Cic. _cum Sen. Gr. eg._ 11, 28; _in Pis._ 15, 36.

[1294] Plin. _H.N._ xxxiii. 2, 31; Cic. _cum Sen. Gr. eg._ 7, 17.

[1295] p. 253.

[1296] The first curia or tribe is the _principium_. See the prescription of the _lex Quinctia_ (p. 242). Even after the ballot was introduced the name of the first voter in a division was specified (_primus scivit_, l.c.).

[1297] _Tribus_ or _centurias non explere_ is said of such candidates (Liv. iii. 64; xxxvii. 47). Cf. Liv. xxii. 35.

[1298] Cic. _in Pis._ 15, 36 “hoc certe video quod indicant tabulae publicae vos rogatores, vos diribitores, vos custodes fuisse tabularum.” It is the list of votes as certified by the guardians and tellers rather than the separate voting tablets that Cicero here speaks of. But the tablets themselves were kept for a time in _loculi_ (Varro _R.R._ iii. 5, 18).

[1299] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 20, 46 “Legum custodiam nullam habemus. Itaque eae leges sunt quas apparisores nostri volunt; a librariis petimus.”

[1300] See the evidences collected by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ iii. pp. 418-419). It is from this practice that _figere_ and _refigere_ are used of the publication and annulling of laws.

[1301] p. 219.

[1302] Cic. _pro Sest._ 65, 137 “senatum reipublicae custodem, praesidem, propugnatorem collocaverunt (majores); hujus ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi ministros gravissimi consilii esse voluerunt.”

[1303] Festus p. 142 “mulleos genus calceorum aiunt esse, quibus reges Albanorum primi, deinde patricii sunt usi.”

[1304] Hence the distinction between the patrician and plebeian form of shoe (Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 891). In the time of Cato the elder this footgear was only worn by the plebeian senator “qui magistratum curulem cepisset” (Festus l.c.).

[1305] For an investiture of boys with the _latus clavus_ earlier than the rule of Augustus, see Suet. _Aug._ 94.

[1306] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 “post lege Sullae viginti (quaestores) creati supplendo senatui.”

[1307] Gell. iv. 10, 8 “Erat ... jus senatori ut sententiam rogatus diceret ante quicquid vellet aliae rei et quoad vellet.” For this practice of _egredi relationem_ see Tac. _Ann._ ii. 33.

[1308] “Delenda est Carthago” (Florus ii. 15); cf. App. _Lib._ 69.

[1309] An attempt to violate this order was made in 56 B.C., “cum Lupus tribunus pl.... intendere coepit ante se oportere discessionem facere quam consules. Ejus orationi vehementer ab omnibus reclamatum est; erat enim et iniqua et nova” (Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 2, 2).

[1310] The consul Marcellus thus dismissed the Senate in 50 B.C. on its favouring the proposal that both Pompeius and Caesar should lay down their commands (App. _B.C._ ii. 30).

[1311] Gell. iv. 10, 8.

[1312] ib. l.c.; Suet. _Caes._ 20.

[1313] Gell. xiv. 7, 9 (from the _Commentarius_ of Varro) “singulos autem debere consuli gradatim incipique a consulari gradu. Ex quo gradu semper quidem antea primum rogari solitum qui princeps in senatum lectus esset; tum autem, cum haec scriberet, novum morem institutum refert per ambitionem gratiamque ut is primus rogaretur quem rogare vellet qui haberet senatum, dum is tamen ex gradu consulari esset.” For this _novus mos_ cf. Cic. _ad Att._ i. 13, 2 (61 B.C.) “Primum igitur scito primum me non esse rogatum sententiam praepositumque esse nobis pacificatorem Allobrogum” (C. Calpurnius Piso, a relative of the presiding consul).

[1314] Sall. _Cat._ 50 (in the debate on the Catilinarian conspirators) “D. Junius Silanus primus sententiam rogatus quod eo tempore consul designatus erat.”

[1315] Festus p. 210 “(Pedarius senator) ita appellator quia tacitus transeundo ad eum, cujus sententiam probat, quid sentiat indicat.” Cf. Gell. iii. 18. The explanation cited by Festus is true only so far as it expresses a usual circumstance of debate. The name _pedarius_ is probably derived from the absence of the curule chair (Gavius Bassus ap. Gell. l.c.).

[1316] Vell. ii. 35 “Hic tribunus plebis designatus ... paene inter ultimos interrogatus sententiam”; Cic. _ad Att._ xii. 21, 1 “Cur ergo in sententiam Catonis? Quia verbis luculentioribus et pluribus rem eandem (i.e. the opinion already expressed by _consulares_) comprehenderat.”

[1317] See p. 270 n. 2.

[1318] In a rough estimate of the house (61 B.C.) Cicero mentions 15 on one side of a question, “quite 400” on the other (_ad Att._ i. 14, 5). On Curio’s proposal in 50 B.C. that both Pompeius and Caesar should lay down their commands, 22 dissented, 370 approved (App. _B.C._ ii. 30). In the latter case there seems to have been no formal division (see p. 268 n. 2); and in both the small numbers may be the result of exact computation, the large either of a guess or of a deduction drawn from an already counted quorum.

[1319] “Verbo adsentiri” (Sall. _Cat._ 52); cf. Cic. _ad Fam._ v. 2, 9 “sedens iis adsensi.”

[1320] “In alienam sententiam pedibus ire” (Gell. iii. 18, 1).

[1321] The invitation to divide on the _sententia_ was couched in the form “Qui hoc censetis, illuc transite: qui alia omnia, in hanc partem” (Festus p. 261). Hence the colloquial phrase “ire in alia omnia” for negativing a proposal at the Senate (Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 2, 1).

[1322] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 14, 3 “totum hunc locum, quem ego ... soleo pingere, de flamma, de ferro—nosti illas ληκύθους.”

[1323] p. 179.

[1324] Cic. _ad Fam._ viii. 8, 5 ff. In § 6 we find the formula “Si quis huic s. c. intercesserit, senatui placere auctoritatem perscribi.”

[1325] ib. l.c. § 6 “Pr. Kal. Octobres in aede Apollinis scrib. adfuerunt L. Domitius Cn. f. Fab. Ahenobarbus,” etc.

[1326] p. 148.

[1327] Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 10; App. _B.C._ i. 12.

[1328] Polyb. xxx. 4. For the motive of the veto see Liv. xlv. 21 “M. Juventius Thalna ... praetor novo maloque exemplo rem ingressus erat, quod, ante non consulto senatu, non consulibus certioribus factis, de sua unius sententia rogationem ferret vellent juberentne Rhodiis bellum indici, cum antea semper prius senatus de bello consultus esset, deinde ex auctoritate patrum ad populum latum.”

[1329] Suet. _Caes._ 16 (Caesar supported Metellus in carrying) “turbulentissimas leges adversus collegarum intercessionem ... donec ambo administratione reipublicae decreto patrum submoverentur.”

[1330] In this case the prohibition was effected through the coercive power of the consul springing from his _majus imperium_ (Dio Cass. xlii. 23).

[1331] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 30 “vetere senatus consulto quaestio in caput domini prohibebatur.”

[1332] Cic. _ad Att._ v. 21, 13 (50 B.C.) “cum senatus consultum modo factum sit ... in creditorum causa, ut centesimae perpetuo faenore ducerentur.”

[1333] Ascon. _in Cornel._ p. 58.

[1334] M. Brutus had gained from the Senate the validation of a bond (_syngrapha_), by which an exorbitant rate of interest was demanded from the government of Salamis in Cyprus. Bonds of this kind, through which obligations were incurred by provincials at Rome, had been rendered illegal by a _lex Gabinia_ of 67 B.C. (Cic. _ad Att._ v. 21, 12).

[1335] Cic. _pro Domo_ 16, 41 “judicavit senatus M. Drusi legibus, quae contra legem Caeciliam et Didiam latae essent, populum non teneri.” The account that the Livian laws were shelved as _contra auspicia_ (Ascon. _in Cornel._ p. 68 “Philippus cos.... obtinuit a senatu, ut leges ejus omnes uno s. c. tollerentur. Decretum est enim contra auspicia esse latas neque eis teneri populum”) may contain one of the grounds of their abrogation.

[1336] Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 15, 5 “Quod te cum Culleone scribis de privilegio locutum, est aliquid, sed multo est melius abrogari.”

[1337] p. 204.

[1338] Liv. xxv. 4; Sall. _Cat._ 50; Ascon. _in Milon._ p. 44. The Senate in this way sometimes interprets a criminal law and extends its incidence. See Cic. _de Har. Resp._ 8, 15 “decrevit senatus eos qui id fecissent (i.e. who had disturbed the rebuilding of Cicero’s house) lege de vi, quae est in eos qui universam rem publicam oppugnassent (i.e. vi publica) teneri.”

[1339] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 13, 3 “Credo enim te audisse, cum apud Caesarem pro populo fieret, venisse eo muliebri vestitu virum ... mentionem a Q. Cornificio in senatu factam ... postea rem ex senatus consulto ad pontifices relatam, idque ab iis nefas esse decretum; deinde ex senatus consulto consules rogationem promulgasse.”

[1340] Liv. viii. 18.

[1341] ib. xl. 43 (180 B.C.) “A. C. Maenio praetore (cui, provincia Sardinia cum evenisset, additum erat ut quaereret de veneficiis longius ab urbe decem millibus passuum) literae adlatae _se jam tria millia hominum damnasse_.”

[1342] Liv. xxxix. 41 (184 B.C.); cf. ix. 26 (314 B.C.) and the instance cited in the next note. In such instances of _quaestiones_ extended to Italy, it is not clear whether _socii_ as well as _cives_ were executed summarily by Roman magistrates.

[1343] ib. xxxix. 18. On this point see Zumpt _Criminalrecht der Römer_ i. 2 p. 212.

[1344] _C.I.L._ i. n. 196 (a letter from the consuls to some unknown magistrates of the _ager Teuranus_ in Brutii) l. 24 “eorum (i.e. the Senate) sententia ita fuit ‘sei ques esent, quei avorsum ead fecisent, quam suprad scriptum est, eeis rem caputalem faciendam censuere.’”

[1345] The consul was armed against C. Gracchus, the consuls in 63; the consuls, praetors, and tribunes in 100 B.C.; the interrex, proconsul, and all other magistrates with _imperium_ in 77 B.C.

[1346] The decree proposed to meet the threatened revolution of M. Lepidus in 77 B.C. ran as follows: “quoniam M. Lepidus exercitum privato consilio paratum cum pessimis et hostibus rei publicae contra hujus ordinis auctoritatem ad urbem ducit, uti Appius Claudius interrex cum Q. Catulo pro consule et ceteris, quibus imperium est, urbi praesidio sint operamque dent ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat” (from speech of Philippus in Sall. _Hist._ lib. i. frgt. 77, § 22). The historical instances of the employment of this power are against C. Gracchus and his adherents in 121 B.C., in the tumult of Saturninus (100), the first Sullan restoration (88), by the anti-Sullans (82), at the threatened revolution of M. Lepidus (77), in the Catilinarian conspiracy (63), during the disturbances raised by Q. Metellus (62), and those preceding the sole consulship of Pompeius (52), against Caesar (49), against Dolabella and M. Antonius (43).

[1347] Cf. Sall. _Cat._ 50 “consul ... convocato senatu refert quid de eis fieri placeat, qui in custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judivcaerat contra rem publicam fecisse.”

[1348] Although the _ultimum senatus consultum_ had not been passed against Ti. Gracchus, the condemnation of his adherents without appeal (Vell. ii. 7; Val. Max. iv. 7, 1) was the exercise of the jurisdiction of martial law. It was this jurisdiction which elicited the _plebiscitum_ of C. Gracchus.

[1349] Cic. _pro Rab._ 4, 12 “C. Gracchus legem tulit ne de capite civium Romanorum injussu vestro judicaretur.”

[1350] Schol. Ambros. p. 370 “Quia sententiam (wrongly for “legem”; see Zumpt _Criminalrecht_ i. 2 p. 73) tulerat Gracchus ne quis in civem Romanum capitalem sententiam diceret.” Cf. Cic. _pro Sest._ 28, 61 “Consule me, (Cato), cum esset designatus tribunus plebis, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam: dixit eam sententiam, cujus invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam videbat.” So Dio Cassius (xxxviii 14), in speaking of the first bill of Clodius against Cicero, says ἔφερε μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν βουλήν, ὅτι τοῖς τε ὑπάτοις τὴν φυλακὴν τῆς πόλεως ... προσετετάχει.

[1351] Plut. _C. Gracch._ 4 τὸν δὲ (νόμον εἰσέφερε) εἴ τις ἄρχων ἄκριτον ἐκκεκηρύχοι πολίτην, κατ’ αὐτοῦ διδόντα κρίσιν τῷ δήμῳ. δῆμος here may mean either _populus_ or _plebs_; but Gracchus, as tribune, put his own law into force against Popilius (Cic. _pro Domo_ 31, 82).

[1352] Cic. _in Cat._ iv. 5, 10 “At vero C. Caesar intelligit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam; qui autem rei publicae sit hostis eum civem esse nullo modo posse.”

[1353] Cic. _in Pis._ 4, 9; _pro Sest._ 25, 55; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13.

[1354] Cic. _ad Q. fr._ ii. 3, 5 (56 B.C.) “senatus consultum factum est ut sodalitates decuriatique discederent lexque de iis ferretur ut, qui non discessissent, ea poena quae est de vi tenerentur.” The _sodalitates_ were clubs of the type of the Greek ἑταιρεῖαι, the _decuriati_ probably electioneering associations.

[1355] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 16, 12 (61 B.C.) “senatus consulta duo jam facta sunt odiosa ... unum, ut apud magistratus inquiri liceret, alterum, cujus domi divisores habitarent, adversus rem publicam.”

[1356] Liv. ix. 8-12; Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 7; Cic. _de Off._ iii. 30, 109; Sall. _Jug._ 39.

[1357] Sall. _Jug._ 39 “senatus ita, uti par fuerat, decernit suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri.”