Chapter XXXIII: Appendix: II (6)

[1713] In an exceptional case, such as Junius Blaesus’ command in Africa, the proconsul might be saluted _imperator_ on the permission of the Princeps (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 74), and the first condition of a triumph be fulfilled. But this incident, dating from A.D. 22, was the last of its kind on record.

[1714] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “super triginta ducibus justos triumphos et aliquanto pluribus triumphalia ornamenta decernenda curavit”; Wilmanns n. 1145 l. 19 “senatus ... triumphalibus ornamentis honoravit auctore imp. Caesare Augusto Vespasiano”; _Index_ p. 609.

[1715] Dio Cass. lix. 9. The obligation to swear _in acta Caesaris_ had, with reference to the acts of the first Caesar, begun in 45 B.C. (App. _B.C._ ii. 106), and had been renewed during the triumvirate (Dio Cass. xlvii. 18), the formula running _se nihil contra acta Caesaris facturum_. For the obligation as continued in the Principate cf. p. 363.

[1716] Herodian (ii. 12), with reference to the downfall of Didius Julianus, speaks of the consuls οἷ τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης διοικεῖν εἰώθασιν ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰ τῆς βασιλείας μετέωρα ᾗ.

[1717] Plut. _Galba 8._

[1718] Tac. _Hist._ iii. 68.

[1719] Plin. _Paneg._ 77 “comitia consulum obibat ipse (Trajanus); tantum ex renuntiatione eorum voluptatis quantum prius ex destinatione capiebat.... Adibat aliquis ut principem; respondebat se consulem esse.”

[1720] On the consuls was laid the burden of certain newly-established festivals such as those celebrating the _Natalia_ of Augustus and the victory of Actium (Dio Cass. lvi 46; lix. 20).

[1721] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii pp. 84-87. The climax was reached with twenty-five consulships in a single year (189 A.D.) under Commodus (Dio Cass. lxxii. 12; _Vita Commodi_ 6).

[1722] _Vita Alexandri_ 43.

[1723] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.

[1724] Marini _Atti Arvali_ p. 784.

[1725] Dio Cassius, lii. cc. 20, 21 (speech of Maecenas), may mean to imply their existence in his own time. Geib (_Criminalprocess_ pp. 392-397) assigns their disappearance to the end of the first century.

[1726] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32 “divus Claudius duos praetores adjecit qui de fidei commisso jus dicerent, ex quibus unum divus Titus detraxit: et adjecit divus Nerva qui inter fiscum et privatos jus diceret.”

[1727] See last note.

[1728] _Vita Marci_ 10 “praetorem tutelarem primus fecit, cum ante tutores a consulibus poscerentur, ut diligentius de tutoribus tractaretur.”

[1729] See § 5.

[1730] On the condemnation of the history of Cremutius Cordus in A.D. 25 “libros per aediles cremandos censuere patres” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 35).

[1731] Tac. _Ann._ iii 52-55 (A.D. 22).

[1732] We hear of Vespasian during the reign of Caligula ἀγορανομοῦντός τε ... καὶ τῆς τῶν στενωπῶν καθαρειότητος ἐπιμελουμένου (Dio Cass. lix. 12). Cf. Suet. _Vesp._ 5.

[1733] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85 (A.D. 19) “Vistilia praetoria familia genita licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat.”

[1734] ib. xiii. 28 (A.D. 56) “cohibita artius et aedilium potestas statutumque quantum curules, quantum plebei pignoris caperent vel poenae inrogarent.”

[1735] Gaius _Inst._ i. 6 (of the _jus edicendi_) “amplissimum jus est in edictis duorum praetorum ... item in edictis aedilium curulium.” Their edict was codified under Hadrian, and appears in _Dig._ 21, 1.

[1736] Karlowa (_Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 532) thus distributes them—two urban, four of the consuls, twelve for the public provinces, and two attached to the Emperor.

[1737] See § 5.

[1738] See chap. xi.

[1739] The practice first began in 38 B.C. (Dio Cass. xlviii. 43). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 34 “Tum ad Thraseam in hortis agentem quaestor consulis missus.” They were selected by the consuls themselves (Plin. _Ep._ iv. 15, 8).

[1740] _Dig._ 1, 13, 1, 2 and 4 “sane non omnes quaestores provincias sortiebantur, verum excepti erant candidati principis ... qui ... epistulas ejus in senatu legunt.”

[1741] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 (A.D. 47) “quaestura ... velut venundaretur.”

[1742] The obligation imposed in 47 was modified in 54 A.D. (Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22; xiii. 5), but was renewed under Domitian (Suet. _Dom._ 4).

[1743] _Vita Alexandri_ 43 “quaestores candidatos ex sua pecunia jussit munera populo dare ... arcarios vero instituit, qui de arca fisci ederent munera eademque parciora.”

[1744] The tribunate is to the younger Pliny “inanis umbra et sine honore nomen” (_Ep._ i 23).

[1745] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 (A.D. 15, on the proposal of _jus virgarum in histriones_) “intercessit Haterius Agrippa tribunus plebei increpitusque est Asinii Galli oratione, silente Tiberio, qui ea simulacra libertatis senatui praebebat.”

[1746] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 9 (A.D. 69, on the praetors of the _aerarium_ announcing a deficit) “cum perrogarent sententias consules, Volcatius Tertullinus tribunus plebis intercessit, ne quid super tanta re principe absente statueretur.” This is the last recorded instance of the _intercessio_ (Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 309 n. 1).

[1747] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 47 [53] (in A.D. 37 a woman was accused of _majestas_) “qua damnata cum praemium accusatori decerneretur, Junius Otho tribunus plebei intercessit, unde ... mox Othoni exitium.” Rusticus Arulenus, a _flagrans juvenis_, offered to veto the decree of the Senate which condemned Thrasea Paetus in A.D. 66 (xvi. 26).

[1748] ib. xiii. 28 “inter Vibullium praetorem et plebei tribunum Antistium ortum certamen, quod immodestos fautores histrionum et a praetore in vincla ductos tribunos omitti jussisset.”

[1749] Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 (Vitellius, when Emperor, attacked by Helvidius Priscus in the Senate) “commotus ... non tamen ultra quam tribunos plebis in auxilium spretae potestatis advocavit.”

[1750] In A.D. 56 they were forbidden “vocare ex Italia cum quibus lege agi posset” (Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28). See Appendix.

[1751] Tac. l.c.

[1752] Juvenal vii. 228 “Rara tamen merces, quae cognitione tribuni Non egeat.” The words doubtless mean “which does not lead to the _appellatio_.” In such a case even the Republican tribunes took “cognisance” of the merits of the appeal. The explanation that the tribunes were now given some extraordinary jurisdiction in civil cases is unnecessary.

[1753] p. 365.

[1754] Dio Cass. liv. 26.

[1755] ib. lx. 11.

[1756] e.g. _Cod._ 6, 60, 1 (A.D. 319) “Imp. Constantinus A. consulibus, praetoribus tribunis plebis senatui salutem.”

[1757] Suet. _Aug._ 40 “Comitiorum quoque pristinum jus reduxit.”

[1758] p. 344.

[1759] Dio Cass. lvi. 40 (Augustus) ἐκ ... τοῦ δήμου τὸ δύσκριτον ἐν ταῖς διαγνώσεσιν ἐς τὴν τῶν δικαστηρίων ἀκρίβειαν μεταστήσας.

[1760] e.g. the Julian laws passed by Augustus in the _concilium plebis_, the _lex Junia Norbana_ of the reign of Tiberius, _plebiscita_ of Claudius. The last known _lex_ is an agrarian law of Nerva (_Dig._ 47, 21, 3, 1).

[1761] Dio Cass. liii. 21 (when the election was entrusted to the people, Augustus) ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτ’ ἀνεπιτήδειοι μήτ’ ἐκ παρακελεύσεως ἤ καὶ δεκασμοῦ ἀποδεικνύωνται. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “potissima arbitrio principis, quaedam tamen studiis tribuum fiebant.”

[1762] Tac. _Ann._ i. 15. The change was, we are told by Velleius (ii. 124), in accordance with the instructions of Augustus.

[1763] p. 188.

[1764] Dio Cass. lviii. 20.

[1765] p. 349. In _C.I.L._ vi. 10213 we find a notice of “improbae comitiae in Aventino, ubi (Sej)anus cos. factus est.” We find Vitellius canvassing for his candidates in the circus (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 “comitia consulum cum candidatis civiliter celebrans omnem infimae plebis rumorem in theatro ut spectator, in circo ut fautor adfectavit”). On the other hand, we have _ab senatu destinatus_ in the inscription quoted on p. 349 n. 6. Dio Cassius (lix. 20), in speaking of the temporary restoration of popular elections by Caligula, mentions them in connexion with the consulship.

[1766] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 28.

[1767] p. 369.

[1768] p. 364.

[1769] p. 365.

[1770] p. 364. Hence the expression “nondum senatoria aetate” (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 28; _Hist._ iv. 42).

[1771] Dio Cass. liv. 17, 30; Tac. _Ann._ i. 75, ii. 37.

[1772] He declared “non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem” (Suet. _Claud._ 24).

[1773] _Vita Commodi_ 6 “ad cujus (Cleandri) nutum etiam libertini in senatum atque in patricios lecti sunt”; _Vita Elagabali_ 11 “Fecit libertos praesides, legatos, consules, duces.”

[1774] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 4 “simul novi homines e municipiis et coloniis atque etiam provinciis in senatum crebro adsumpti”; Suet. _Vesp._ 9 “Amplissimos ordines ... purgavit supplevitque, recenso senatu et equite ... honestissimo quoque Italicorum ac provincialium adlecto.”

[1775] Tac. _Ann._ xi 25; Prof. Pelham in _Classical Review_ ix. p. 441.

[1776] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 19.

[1777] _Vita Marci_ 11.

[1778] For the infliction of such a _nota_ by Domitian see Suet. _Dom._ 8, “quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur, movit senatu.”

[1779] p. 347.

[1780] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42 (Tiberius) “Apidium ... Merulam, quod in acta divi Augusti non juraverat, albo senatorio erasit.”

[1781] ib. iii. 17; vi. 48.

[1782] ib. iv. 31; xii. 59.

[1783] Dio Cass. lv. 3; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42.

[1784] Dio Cass. liii. 1 (Augustus in 28 B.C. during the censorship of himself and Agrippa) ἐν αὐταῖς (ταῖς ἀπογραφαῖς) πρόκριτος τῆς γερουσίας ἐπεκλήθη: cf. lxxii. 5, where Pertinax πρόκριτος ... τῆς γερουσίας κατὰ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐπωνομάσθη: an expression which seems to show that it was not a constant designation of the Princeps at this period.

[1785] ib. liv. 13, 14.

[1786] ib. lv. 3; Suet. _Aug._ 35; Merkel ad Ovid. _Fast._ p. vi

[1787] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 9 “ac si e lege senatus edictus esset habereturque.”

[1788] _Vita Gordianorum_, 11; _Vita Hadriani_, 7; Dio Cass. liv. 3.

[1789] For the summons by a praetor see Tac. _Hist._ iv. 39; by tribunes, Dio Cass. lvi. 47, lx. 16, lxxviii. 37; by tribunes and praetors, ib. lix. 24.

[1790] The doubt is raised by Piso’s address to Tiberius during a trial for _majestas_, “quo ... loco censebis, Caesar? Si primus, habebo quod sequar: si post omnes, vereor ne imprudens dissentiam” (Tac. _Ann._ i 74). Dio Cassius also says of Tiberius (lvii. 7) καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ψῆφον πολλάκις ἐδίδου. But neither writer may be using strictly technical language; and it is not certain that the Princeps could be _asked_ his opinion. On the other hand, when Caesar put the question, the other magistrates gave _sententiae_ (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 17). The question is not of much importance for the Principate as a whole, as in its later period the Emperor usually consulted the Senate by letter. See p. 369.

[1791] See Tac. _Ann._ i. 74, quoted in the last note.

[1792] p. 348.

[1793] p. 359.

[1794] p. 350.

[1795] The formula for the formation of a _collegium legitimum_ runs “quibus senatus c(oire) c(onvocari) c(ogi) permisit e lege Julia ex auctoritate Augusti” (_C.I.L._ vi n. 4416).

[1796] p. 372.

[1797] Dio Cass. lxviii. 29.

[1798] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 60; xii. 62.

[1799] ib. xiii 48.

[1800] “de legendo vel exauctorando milite, ac legionum et auxiliorum descriptione” (Suet. _Tib._ 30).

[1801] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 61; Dio Cass. lxviii. 9, 10. In 49 A.D. during the reign of Claudius we also read of a reception of Parthian envoys in the Senate (Tac. _Ann._ xii. 10).

[1802] p. 358.

[1803] p. 358.

[1804] p. 372.

[1805] p. 275.

[1806] Thus the _S. C. Velleianum_, which limited the obligations which women might incur, begins, “Quod Marcus Silanus et Velleus Tutor consules verba fecerunt ... quid de ea re fieri oportet, de ea re ita censuere” (_Dig_. 16, 1, 2, 1); cf. _Dig._ 36, 1, 1, 2 (_S. C. Trebellianum_), 14, 6, 1 (_S. C. Macedonianum_), and see Kipp _Quellenkunde des röm. Rechts_ p. 27.

[1807] The jurists refer to them by the names of their proposers; hence such designations as _Velleianum_, _Trebellianum_ (see last note). But such designations are not official. The _S. C. Macedonianum_ is called after the offender who had been the occasion of the decree.

[1808] Gaius i. 4 “Senatus consultum est, quod senatus jubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem obtinet, quamvis fuerit quaesitum.”

[1809] _Dig._ 1, 1, 7; 1, 3, 9.

[1810] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ 1. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae majestateque divinarum humanarum publicarum privatarumque rerum esse censebit, ei agere facere jus potestasque sit, ita uti divo Augusto ... fuit.”

[1811] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 “divus Augustus immunes verberum histriones quondam responderat, neque fas Tiberio infringere dicta ejus.”

[1812] p. 363.

[1813] Paulus in _Dig._ 28. 2, 26 “Filius familias, si militet ... aut heres scribi aut exheredari debet, jam sublato edicto divi Augusti, quo cautum fuerat ne pater filium militem exheredet.”

[1814] It was sometimes used in a more general sense for _constitutio principis_, as when Papinian says “Jus ... civile est quod ex legibus, plebis scitis, senatus consultis, decretis principum, auctoritate prudentium venit” (_Dig._ 1, 1, 7).

[1815] _Dig._ 4, 2, 13 “Exstat enim decretum divi Marci in haec verba, etc.... Caesar dixit, etc.”

[1816] “Rescript” is properly an _answer_ to a letter, but it soon came to be used as exquivalent to _epistola_. See Kipp _op. cit._ p. 37.

[1817] Cf. _Dig._ 1, 16, 4, 5 “imperator noster Antoninus Augustus ad desideria Asianorum rescripsit” (on the mode in which the proconsul should arrive at the province of Asia).

[1818] Gaius i. 5 “Constitutio principis est, quod imperator decreto vel edicto vel epistola constituit; nec unquam dubitatum est quin id legis vicem obtineat.” Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 4, 1, 1 “Quodcumque ... imperator per epistulam et subscriptionem statuit vel cognoscens decrevit ... vel edicto praecepit, legem esse constat. Haec sunt quas vulgo constitutiones appellamus.”

[1819] Thus the soldier’s testament was created by a series of mandates: “divus Julius Caesar concessit ... divus Titus dedit: post hoc Domitianus: postea divus Nerva plenissimam indulgentiam in milites contulit: eamque et Trajanus secutus est et exinde mandatis inseri coepit caput tale. Caput ex mandatis, etc.” (Ulpian in _Dig._ 29, 1, 1).

[1820] Gell. xii. 13, 1 “Cum Romae a consulibus judex extra ordinem datus pronuntiare ... jussus essem.”

[1821] Dio Cass. li. 19 (in 30 B.C. it was decreed) τὸν Καίσαρα τήν τε ἐξουσίαν τὴν τῶν δημάρχων διὰ βίου ἔχειν ... ἔκκλητόν τε δικάζειν. It is probable that the last words only describe the establishment of the Princeps as a high court of voluntary jurisdiction. See Greenidge in _Classical Review_ viii. p. 144.

[1822] p. 368.

[1823] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 58 “Judicium solvitur vetante eo qui judicare jusserat vel etiam eo qui majus imperium in eadem jurisdictione habet.” The veto in virtue of _par potestas_ is here omitted on account of its disappearance in the time of Paulus (_circa_ 200 A.D.). See Merkel _Gesch. der klassischen Appellation_ ii. p. 19.

[1824] Tac. _Ann._ i. 75 “judiciis adsidebat in cornu tribunalis, ne praetorem curuli depelleret; multaque eo coram adversus ambitum et potentium preces constituta”; Dio Cass. lvii. 7 ἐπεφοίτα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων δικαστήρια, καὶ παρακαλούμενος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπαράκλητος, καὶ ... ἔλεγεν ὅσα ἐδόκει αὐτῷ, ὡς πάρεδρος. The civil courts are here meant, or at least included; but it is possible that Tiberius may often have appeared in them as a self-constituted adviser, not as an authority to be appealed to; cf. Suet. _Tib._ 33 “magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus plerumque se offerebat consiliarium; adsidebatque juxtim vel exadversum in parte primori.” According to Suetonius (l.c.) he exercised a similar influence over the jurisdiction of the _quaestiones_.

[1825] p. 178.

[1826] p. 382.

[1827] Cic. _pro Tullio_ 16, 38 “quid attinuit te tam multis verbis a praetore postulare ut adderet in judicium ‘INJURIA,’ et, quia non impetrasses, tribunos plebis appellare et hic in judicio queri praetoris iniquitatem quod de injuria non addiderit?” So the tribunician veto might be employed to elicit an exception. Cic. _Acad. Prior._ ii. 30, 97 “Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant [_al._ videant]: a me istam exceptionem nunquam impetrabunt.”

[1828] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28 (A.D. 56). See Appendix.

[1829] Dio Cass. lix. 8 ὁ μὲν γὰρ Τιβέριος οὕτως αὐτὸν (Silanus) ἐτίμησεν, ὥστε μήτ’ ἔκκλητόν ποτε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ δικάσαι ἐθελῆσαι, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνῳ πάντα αὖθις τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐγχειρίσαι. We do not know what position Silanus held. If, as is generally supposed, he was consul, the reference may be to appeals from jurisdiction in _fidei commissa_ delegated by the Princeps to the consul.

[1830] Suet. _Aug._ 33 “Appellationes quotannis urbanorum quidem litigatorum praetori delegabat urbano: at provincialium consularibus viris, quos singulos cujusque provinciae negotiis praeposuisset.” That the conjecture _praefecto delegabat urbis_ is untenable has been pointed out by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 985 note 1).

[1831] For the delegation to praetors see p. 368; for that to consuls cf. Quint. _Inst. Or._ iii. 6, 70 “Non debes apud praetorem petere fidei commissum sed apud consules, major enim praetoria cognitione summa est.”

[1832] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 4 “teneret antiqua munia senatus, consulum tribunalibus Italia et publicae provinciae adsisterent.”

[1833] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 60, 138; _ad Fam._ xiii. 26, 3; _Fragmentum Atestinum_ (Bruns _Fontes_) l. 10.

[1834] When the Senate granted the _proconsulare imperium_ to Augustus in 23 B.C. ἐν τῷ ὑπηκόῳ τὸ πλεῖον τῶν ἑκασταχόθι ἀρχόντων ἰσχύειν ἐπέτρεψεν (Dio Cass. liii. 32). Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 16, 8 [“(proconsul) majus imperium in ea provincia habet omnibus post principem”] and in 1, 18, 4. It is a passive rather than an active _majus imperium_ that is here contemplated. The whole scheme of the provincial dyarchy rested on the assumption that there should be no relations between the proconsul and the Princeps.

[1835] p. 368.

[1836] Ulpian in _Dig._ 49, 2, 1, 2 “sciendum est appellari a senatu non posse principem, idque oratione divi Hadriani effectum.” It was doubtless the original principle, confirmed and not created by Hadrian.

[1837] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 14, xvi. 8; Suet. _Aug._ 5.

[1838] There was no legal principle of the kind. According to Dio Cassius (liii. 17) the monarchical power extended so far ὥστε καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ πωμηρίου καὶ τοὺς ἰππέας καὶ τοὺς βουλευτὰς θανατοῦ δύνασθαι, and a senator, like Calpurnius Piso in 20 A.D., might be brought before the Emperor (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10). But Septimius Severus permitted a _senatus consultum_ to be passed that the Emperor should not be allowed to put a senator to death without the will of the Senate (Dio Cass. lxxiv. 2; _Vita Severi_ 7). The principle had been stated earlier by Hadrian (_Vita Hadriani_ 7 “juravit se nunquam senatorem nisi ex senatus sententia puniturum”).

[1839] Augustus in 29 B.C. brought Antiochus of Commagene, Tiberius in A.D. 17 Archelaus of Cappadocia before the Senate (Dio Cass. lii. 43, lvii. 17; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 42). In A.D. 19 Rhescuporis of Thrace was accused there (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 67).

[1840] Cases of extortion are to be found in Tac. _Ann._ iii. 66, xii. 59; _Hist._ iv. 45. In A.D. 23 we find the imperial _procurator_ (_patrimonii_) of Asia brought before the Senate for exceeding his powers (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15).

[1841] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 13 (A.D. 23) “Carsidius Sacerdos, reus tamquam frumento hostem Tacfarinatem juvisset, absolvitur, ejusdemque criminis C. Gracchus.”

[1842] Amongst the prosecutions for treason against the Princeps which disfigure the reign of Tiberius we may mention those against Libo Drusus (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 27 ff.), against Cremutius Cordus (ib. iv. 34, 35), and against Sejanus (Dio Cass. lviii. 9, 10).

[1843] In A.D. 37 we find that a mother, who had caused her son to commit suicide, “accusata in senatu ... urbe ... in decem annos prohibita est” (Tac. _Ann._ vi. 49). In A.D. 61 we find interdiction from Italy pronounced against a man for a kind of _praevaricatio_, “quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset” (ib. xiv. 41).

[1844] Quintil. _Inst. Or._ iii. 10, 1; vii. 2, 20. For instances see Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50, iv. 21; Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11, 3 ff. In the last passage we find the question of the legality of this procedure raised (“Respondit Fronto Catius deprecatusque est ne quid ultra repetundarum legem quaereretur.... Magna contentio, magni utrimque clamores, aliis cognitionem senatus lege conclusam, aliis liberam solutamque dicentibus”).

[1845] It is possible, however, that the Senate was held to continue the extraordinary criminal jurisdiction of the _comitia_. Tacitus certainly regards the _cognitio_ as belonging to the Senate (_Ann._ ii. 28 “Statim corripit reum, adit consules, cognitionem senatus poscit”).

[1846] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 8 (in a case of a forgery of a will) “Heredes, cum Caesar (Trajanus) esset in Dacia, communiter epistula scripta, petierant ut susciperet cognitionem.”

[1847] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 79 “Marsus ... Vibius nuntiavit Pisoni Romam ad dicendam causam veniret. Ille eludens respondit adfuturum, ubi praetor, qui de veneficiis quaereret, reo atque accusatoribus diem prodixisset”; ib. iii 10 “petitum ... est a principe cognitionem exciperet; quod ne reus quidem abnuebat, studia populi et patrum metuens ... haud fallebat Tiberium moles cognitionis quaque ipse fama distraheretur. Igitur paucis familiarium adhibitis minas accusantium et hinc preces audit integramque causam ad senatum remittit.” “Remittit” does not imply that the Senate was bound to take the case. For the technically voluntary nature of its jurisdiction cf. ib. iv. 21, xiii. 10, where we find the expressions “receptus est reus,” “recepti sunt inter reos.”

[1848] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33. A case of adultery of a centurion with a tribune’s wife comes before the Emperor. Trajan stated the ground on which he tried this case (Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 6 “Caesar et nomen centurionis et commemorationem disciplinae militaris sententiae adjecit, ne omnes ejusmodi causas revocare ad se videretur”).

[1849] An instance is mentioned by Pliny (_Ep._ vii. 6, 8 “mater, amisso filio ... libertos ejus eosdemque coheredes suos falsi et veneficii reos detulerat ad principem judicemque impetraverat Julium Servianum”).

[1850] See the section on the functionaries of the Princeps (p. 406 sq.).

[1851] Plin. _ad Traj._ 96, 4 “quia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remittendos.”

[1852] It is not properly an appeal but a denial of jurisdiction. But on what ground the jurisdiction of the procurator was denied is not clear. The Roman citizenship, in virtue of which St. Paul claimed exemption from scourging at Philippi and Jerusalem, is not mentioned here. See _Class. Rev._ x. p. 231.

[1853] Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11; Suet. _Galba_ 9.

[1854] For its attachment to procurators and to persons with extraordinary commands see the instances given by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii p. 270). So the praefectures of the guard, the _vigiles_ and the fleet, are _honores juris gladii_ (_Vita Alex._ 49). In the case of ordinary provincial governors it is, perhaps, safer to say that the _jus gladii_ is possessed by them, or permitted to them, rather than that it was attached to them by the Princeps (Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 18, 6, 8 “qui universas provincias regunt, jus gladii habent et in metallum dandi potestas iis permissa est”).

[1855] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33; _Dig._ 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2.

[1856] Even by Tiberius’ reign this procedure had become so formal that a rule was framed for its exercise. A definite interval was prescribed within which the Princeps might consider the request for the intercession (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 51 [A.D. 21] “factum senatus consultum, ne decreta patrum ante diem _decimum_ ad aerarium deferrentur idque vitae spatium damnatis prorogaretur”; cf. Dio Cass. lvii. 20; Suet. _Tib._ 75).

[1857] p. 385.

[1858] “Ob laetitiam aliquam vel honorem domus divinae vel ex aliqua causa, ex qua senatus censuit abolitionem reorum fieri” (Ulp. in _Dig._ 48, 16, 12; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1). Domitian by an edict declared that such _abolitiones_ did not extend to slaves who were in custody awaiting trial (_Dig._ 48, 16, 16; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1).

[1859] p. 249.

[1860] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10 “De qua autem restitutione praetor loquitur? Utrum de ea quae a principe vel a senatu? Pomponius quaerit: et putat de ea restitutione sensum, quam princeps vel senatus indulsit.”

[1861] It is said of Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 12) “neminem exulum nisi ex senatus auctoritate restituit”; and of Antoninus Pius (_Vita_ 6) “His quos Hadrianus damnaverat in senatu indulgentias petit, dicens etiam ipsum Hadrianum hoc fuisse facturum.”

[1862] Such acts are mentioned under Claudius (Dio Cass. lx. 4), Otho (Tac. _Hist._ i. 90; Plut. _Otho_ 1), Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 92), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), Nerva (Plin. _Ep._ iv. 9, 2), Antoninus Caracalla (_Vita_ 3), and Gordian (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1863] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50 “(Tiberius) liberavit ... Appuleiam lege majestatis, adulterii graviorem poenam deprecatus.”

[1864] p. 390.

[1865] Gordian is spoken of as παλινδικίαν διδοὺς τοῦς ἀδίκως κατακριθεῖσι (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1866] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10.

[1867] Suet. _Claud._ 14 “(Claudius) iis, qui apud privatos judices pius petendo formula excidissent, restituit actiones”; _Dom._ 8 “(Domitianus) ambitiosas centumvirorum sententias rescidit.”

[1868] This power was employed by Augustus (Suet. _Aug._ 32 “Diuturnorum reorum ... nomina abolevit”), Gaius (Suet. _Calig._ 15 “criminum ... si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, omnium gratiam fecit”; cf. Dio Cass. lix. 6), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), and Domitian (Suet. _Dom._ 9).

[1869] p. 388.

[1870] Cic. _in Vat._ 14, 33.

[1871] p. 390.

[1872] _Dig._ 48, 19, 9, 11 “referre ad principem debet, ut ex auctoritate ejus poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.”

[1873] The capital punishment of decurions was prohibited by Hadrian (_Dig._ 48, 19, 15), and the earliest _mandata_, directing the procedure of governors in such cases, proceed from the _divi fratres_ (ib. 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2). The punishment of deportation had been confined to the Princeps and the praefects of the praetorian guard and the city by the time of Septimius Severus (ib. 48, 19, 2, 1 and 48, 22, 6, 1; cf. § 7).

[1874] Pliny often raises this question in his correspondence with Trajan (31 [40], 4; 56 [64], 3; 57 [65], 1). The passages seem to show (i.) that there was at the time no fixed rule defining the governor’s power of _restitutio_, at least in public provinces; (ii.) that _restitutio_ by a governor was felt to be permissible in certain cases.

[1875] A passage in Justinian’s _Code_ (9, 51, 1) shows us Antoninus (Caracalla) saying to a man, who had been deported to an island, “Restituo te in integrum provinciae tuae.”

[1876] Greenidge in _Classical Review_ viii. p. 437.

[1877] Cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53 (quoted p. 352).

[1878] Dio Cass. xliii. 48; Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 557.

[1879] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 29; Dio Cass. liii. 2; Suet. _Aug._ 36.

[1880] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. liii. 32.

[1881] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 24. For the election by the Princeps see the inscription to Ti. Domitius Decidius “electo (Mommsen, “adlecto” Wilmanns) a T. Claudio Caesare ... qui primus quaestor per triennium citra ordinem praeesset aerario Saturni” (Wilmanns n. 1135).

[1882] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 559.

[1883] Tac. l.c.; Mommsen l.c.

[1884] Dio Cass. lxxi. 33 καὶ χρήματα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου ᾔτησε τὴν βουλήν.

[1885] For the meaning of the word—the great basket in which money was kept in the state treasuries—see Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 998 n. 1. At the beginning of the Principate there were, perhaps, fisci rather than a _fiscus_ (cf. Suet. _Aug._ 101), although there must always have been a central controlling department.

[1886] Tiberius in 23 B.C. says of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia, “non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15). He was doubtless a “procurator patrimonii.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xii. 60 (“cum Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit”); xiii. 1 “P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi.”

[1887] Marquardt _Staatsverwaltung_ ii. p. 256.

[1888] _Vita Severi_ 12 “interfectis innumeris Abani partium viris ... omnium bona publicata sunt.... Tuncque primum privatarum rerum procuratio constituta est.” The ordinarily accepted view of the relations of these two departments to one another is that of Hirschfeld and Marquardt, viz. that the _patrimonium_ was the inalienable crown property, the _res privata_ the strictly personal property of the Princeps. Karlowa (_Rechtsgeschichte_ i. p. 505) takes an exactly oppositive view of their relations, based partly on the fact that extant inscriptions show the _procurator rationis privatae_ to have had a higher rank than the _procurator patrimonii_.

[1889] _Mon. Anc._ iii. 39 “HS milliens et septingentiens (170 million sesterces) ex patrimonio meo detuli.”

[1890] Dio Cass. lv. 25; Tac. _Ann._ i. 78.

[1891] Dio Cass. l.c.; cf. Tac. _Ann._ v. 8 (vi. 3).

[1892] p. 351.

[1893] Tac. _Ann._ ii 85.

[1894] ib. iii. 61.

[1895] ib. xi. 15.

[1896] _Vita Aurel._ 31.

[1897] Mommsen _Römisches Münzwesen_ pp. 742 ff. He shows that the transitory usurpation of the copper coinage by Nero was due to the same desire of making a profit as his reduction of the value of silver.

[1898] _Dig._ 2, 15, 8 “divus Marcus oratione in senatu recitata effecit ne, etc.” Cf. 24, 1, 23; 27, 9, 1.

[1899] Tacitus (_Ann._ vi. 2 [8]) remarks, with reference to proposals carried in the Senate in 32 A.D., “et bona Sejani ablata aerario ut in fiscum cogerentur, tanquam referret.”

[1900] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “Liberis senatorum, quo celerius rei publicae assuescerent, protinus ... latum clavum induere et curiae interesse permisit.”

[1901] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 602; cf. Suet. _Dom._ 10.

[1902] Augustus had given the post of _praefectus alae_ as well as that of _tribunus militum_ to senators’ sons (Suet. _Aug._ 38). Mommsen (_Staatsr._ i. p. 548) thinks that after Tiberius these _laticlavii_, as a rule, filled the office of tribune alone. They could scarcely have been given a real command when they first joined the standards.

[1903] The poet Ovid, who assumed the _latus clavus_ by right of birth, took the first steps towards a senatorial career by filling two posts in the vigintivirate, but he went no further and subsided into equestrian rank (Ovid _Trist._ iv. 10, 29; _Fasti_ iv. 383).

[1904] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Senatoriam dignitatem recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit.”

[1905] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Latum clavum (quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem) etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed sub conditione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset.” Claudius then appealed to the famous precedent set by his ancestor Appius Caecus.

[1906] _Dig._ 23, 2, 44.

[1907] ib. 1, 9, 8; 50, 1, 22, 5.

[1908] ib. 1, 9, §§ 5, 6, 7, 10.

[1909] Asc. _in or._ _in Tog._ _Cand._ p. 94.

[1910] Dio Cass. lxix. 16 ἐνομοθέτησε δὲ ... ἵνα μηδεὶς βουλευτὴς μητ’ αὐτὸς μήτε δι’ ἑτέρου τέλος τι μισθῶται.

[1911] Severus Alexander at first forbade the taking of interest, but subsequently allowed 6 per cent (_Vita_ 26). For investment by a senator at an earlier period cf. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 19, 8 “sum quidem prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen fenero.”

[1912] _Dig._ 50, 1, 23 “municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus dignitatem, quantum ad munera; quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur originem.” Cf. ib. 1, 9, 11; 50, 1, 22, 5; _Cod._ 10, 40 [39], 8.

[1913] p. 387.

[1914] Friedländer _Sittengesch._ i. 3.

[1915] Dio Cass. lii. cc. 7, 15, 31; lxvii. 2.

[1916] See p. 413.

[1917] p. 364.

[1918] p. 374.

[1919] Suet. _Claud._ 25 “stipendiaque instituit (Claudius) et imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur ‘supra numerum,’ quo absentes et titulo tenus fungerentur.”

[1920] In A.D. 16 a proposal was made in the Senate “ut ... legionum legati, qui ante praeturam ea militia fungebantur, jam tum praetores destinarentur” (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 36).

[1921] Galba’s is a good instance of a distinguished senatorial career. He obtained office _ante legitimum tempus_; after the praetorship he governed Aquitania, after the consulship Upper Germany; he was then proconsul of Africa, and finally for eight years legate of Tarraconensis. See Suet. _Galba_ 6, 7, 8.

[1922] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “(the state contracts) societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.”

[1923] Dio Cass. liii. 30. On Antonius Musa, who had saved Augustus’ life, was conferred τὸ χρυσοῖς δακτυλίοις (ἀπελεύθερος γὰρ ἦν) χρῆσθαι: ib. xlviii. 45 (Augustus, on the reception of Menas the former freedman of Sex. Pompeius) δακτυλίοις τε χρυσοῖς ἐκόσμησε καὶ ἐς τὸ τῶν ἱππέων τέλος ἐσέγραψε. These words _may_ mean that Menas was made an _eques equo publico_ as well.

[1924] A rescript of Hadrian is quoted with reference to the _ingenuitas_ conferred by the gold ring (Ulp. in _Dig._ 40, 10, 6). For other references to this right see _Dig._ 38, 2, 3; Justin. _Nov._ 78.

[1925] The usurpation of the gold ring by freedmen, which was repressed by Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 25) and Domitian, and the inspection in the theatre instituted by the latter (Martial v. 8) seem to refer to a civil class; at least there is no evidence that such people claimed to be _equites equo publico_. When Dio Cassius (lvi. 42) speaks of οἵ τε ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ τέλους καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, it is not clear who “the others” are, but the passage shows that persons other than those in the corps were called “equites.”

[1926] Dionys. vi. 13.

[1927] The _seviri_ would seem to show that there were six _turmae_. See Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 243 n. 1.

[1928] Hence such expressions as _a divo Hadriano equo publico honoratus_ (Wilmanns 1825), _equo publico exornatus ab Impp. Severo et Antonino Augg._ (ib. 1595).

[1929] p. 347.

[1930] p. 225. It is probable that the revision of the knights described in Suet. _Claud._ 16, _Vesp._ 9 refers to the censorship of these emperors.

[1931] _a censibus equitum Romanorum_ (Wilmanns 1275), _a censibus a libellis Aug._ (ib. 1249 b), _a libellis et censibus_ (ib. 1257).

[1932] p. 225.

[1933] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “equitum turmas frequenter recognovit, post longam intercapedinem reducto more transvectionis.”

[1934] ib. 38 “mox reddendi equi gratiam fecit eis, qui majores annorum quinque et triginta retinere eum nollent.”

[1935] ib. 39 “Unum quemque equitum rationem vitae reddere coegit.”

[1936] Suet. _Calig._ 16 “palam adempto equo, quibus aut probri aliquid aut ignominiae inesset.”

[1937] Suet. _Aug._ 37, 39.

[1938] In those of Caligula (Suet. _Calig._ 16) and Nero (Dio Cass. lxiii. 13), and perhaps in those of Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 62) and Severus Alexander (_Vita_ 15).

[1939] Zosimus ii. 29.

[1940] By the side of such titles as _equo publico judex selectus ex V decuriis_ (Wilmanns 2110) and _equum publicum habens adlectus in V decurias_ (ib. 2203) we find the title _quin. decur. judi(cum) (inter) quatringenarios_ (Henzen 6469), in which a purely monetary qualification is expressed.

[1941] Wilmanns nn. 1639, 2841, _Index_ p. 564; Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 565.

[1942] Wilmanns n. 2858; Mommsen ib. n. 3.

[1943] These might have been included in the _equites illustres_ whom Augustus forbade to set foot in Egypt (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 59 “vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus”), but the knights chiefly referred to here are doubtless distinguished permanent members of the order.

[1944] The variants used by Tacitus would apply to both of these classes. He uses _insignis_ (_Ann._ xi. 5) and speaks of _primores equitum_ (_Hist._ i. 4). Two ex-praefects of the praetorian guard are described as _equites Romani dignitate senatoria_ (_Ann._ xvi. 17). Cf. note 3.

[1945] For the promotions from one praefecture to another, see Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1042 n. 1.

[1946] p. 61.

[1947] p. 120.

[1948] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “duratque simulacrum, quotiens ob ferias Latinas praeficitur qui consulare munus usurpet.”

[1949] Suet. _Caes._ 76 “praefectos ... pro praetoribus constituit, qui absente se res urbanas administrarent”; Dio Cass. xliii. 28 πολιανόμοις τισίν ὀκτώ, ὤς τισι δοκεῖ, ἢ ἔξ, ὡς μᾶλλον πεπίστευται, ἐπιτρέψας.

[1950] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17].

[1951] Tac. l.c.; cf. Dio Cass. liv. 19.

[1952] In Tac. _Ann._ vi. 10 [16] it is said of L. Piso (died 32 A.D.) “praefectus urbi recens continuam potestatem et insolentia parendi graviorem mire temperavit.”

[1953] We find Maximus as praefect during Caligula’s presence in Rome in 39 A.D. (Dio Cass. lix. 13).

[1954] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “(Augustus) sumpsit e consularibus.”

[1955] _Vita Commodi_ 14 “praefectos urbi eadem facilitate mutavit”; _Vita Pii_ 8 “successorem viventi bono judici nulli dedit nisi Orfito praefecto urbi, sed petenti.” For the frequent life-long tenure of the office see Dio Cass. lii. 24.

[1956] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 12, 1 “(Judicem dare possunt) hi quibus id more concessum est propter vim imperii, sicut praefectus urbi ceterique Romae magistratus”; contrast Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 33 “nam praefectus annonae et vigilum non sunt magistratus, sed extra ordinem utilitatis causa constituti sunt.”

[1957] Messala Corvinus, praefect _circa_ 25 B.C. (Jerome in Euseb. _Chron._ a. 1991).

[1958] Seneca _Ep._ 83, 14 “L. Piso urbis custos ... officium ... suum, quo tutela urbis continebatur, diligentissime administravit.”

[1959] Suet. _Aug._ 49.

[1960] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5.

[1961] _Dig._ 1, 12.

[1962] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 41 (A.D. 61) “pari ignominia (interdiction from Italy) Valerius Ponticus adficitur, quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset, interim specie legum, mox praevaricando ultionem elusurus.”

[1963] Dio Cass. lii. 21 καὶ τὰς δίκας, τάς τε παρὰ πάντων ὧν εἶπον ἀρχόντων ἐφεσίμους τε καὶ ἀναπομπίμους καὶ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου, τοῖς τε ἐν τῇ πόλει, πλὴν ὦν ἂν εἴπω, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω αὐτῆς μέχρι πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακοσίων σταδίων οἰκοῦσι κρίνῃ: Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 1 “Omnia omnino crimina praefectura urbis sibi vindicavit [a praefectura urbis sibi vindicari, _Momms._], nec tantum ea, quae intra urbem admittuntur, verum ea quoque, quae extra urbem intra Italiam [intra c̅ lapidem, _Momms._, cf. 1, 12, 1, 4] epistula divi Severi ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi missa declaratur.”

[1964] _Dig._ 1, 12, 3; 48, 19, 8, 5.

[1965] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2; _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 4. Cf. note 5.

[1966] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 3 “Praefectus urbi, cum terminos urbis exierit, potestatem non habet: extra urbem potest jubere judicare.”

[1967] _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 6 “Sed et ex interdictis quod vi aut clam aut interdicto unde vi audire [aut unde vi adiri, _Momms._] potest.”

[1968] Dio Cass. lii. 21 (quoted n. 5); _Cod._ 7, 62, 17 (Constantine, A.D. 322) “si apud utrumque praetorem, dum quaestio ventilatur, ab aliqua parte auxilium provocationis fuerit objectum, praefecturae urbis judicium sacrum appellator observet.”

[1969] Dio Cass. liii. 11.

[1970] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5. Otho speaks of the corps as “Italiae alumni et Romana vere juventus” (Tac. _Hist._ i 84).

[1971] Suet. _Tit._ 6.

[1972] _Vita Severi_ 14.

[1973] Two are regarded as the normal number by Dio Cassius (lii. 24). Three are found under Commodus, Didius Julianus, and Severus Alexander. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 867.

[1974] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2. The right was given by constitutions (“jam eo perventum est constitutionibus”). The citation is from Ulpian, and this jurisdiction had doubtless been attained before the time of Caracalla. Cf. _Vita Alex._ 21.

[1975] _Cod._ 9, 2, 6, 1 (Gordian, A.D. 243, with reference to appeal against a _praeses provinciae_ on the ground of condemnation in absence) “praefectos praetorio adire cura.”

[1976] ib. 4, 65, 4, 1 (Alexander, A.D. 222) “si majorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit (praeses provinciae), ad Domitium Ulpianum praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit”; cf. 8, 40 [41], 13.

[1977] _Dig._ 12, 1, 40 “Lecta est in auditorio Aemilii Papiniani praefecti praetorio juris consulti cautio hujusmodi”; cf. 22, 1, 3, 3.

[1978] p. 386.

[1979] _Dig._ 1, 11, 1, 1 (Arcadius in early part of fourth century A.D.) “praefectorum auctoritas ... in tantum meruit augeri ut appellari a praefectis praetorio non possit. Nam cum antea quaesitum fuisset an liceret ... et extarent exempla eorum qui provocaverint, postea publice sententia principali lecta appellandi facultas interdicta est;” _Cod._ 7, 62, 19 (Constantine, A.D. 331) “a praefectis autem praetorio provocare non sinimus.”

[1980] Cf. _Vita Marci_ 11 “habuit secum praefectos, quorum et auctoritate et periculo semper jura dictavit.”

[1981] See below on the _consilium_.

[1982] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 549. A knight of the third century is appointed _in consilium praef. praet. item urb(i) ex sacra jussione_ (Henzen 6519). Cf. Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1122 n. 1.

[1983] _Cod._ 1, 26, 2 (Alexander, A.D. 235) “Formam a praefecto praetorio datam, etsi generalis sit, minime legibus vel constitutionibus contrariam, si nihil postea ex auctoritate mea innovatum est, servari aequum est.”

[1984] _Vita Alex._ 21.

[1985] ib. “Alexander autem idcirco senatores esse voluit praef. praet., ne quis non senator de Romano senatore judicaret.”

[1986] ib. “si quis imperatorum successorem praef. praet. dare vellet, laticlaviam eidem ... summitteret”; cf. _Vita Commodi_ 4; _Vita Hadriani_ 8 “cum Attianum ex praefecto praetorii ornamentis consularibus praeditum faceret senatorem.”

[1987] Cic. _ad Att._ iv. 1, 7; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9.

[1988] Dio Cass. xlvi. 39.

[1989] _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.

[1990] Dio Cass. liv. 1; _Mon. Anc._ Gr. iii. 6.

[1991] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1038 n. 1; Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 130 n. 1; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.

[1992] Dio Cass. liv. 17; lv. 26.

[1993] _Praefecti frumenti dandi_ are found, apparently for the purpose of distribution, as late as the second century. They were generally ex-praetors and appointed _ex senatus consulto_, probably because the _aerarium_ bore or contributed to the cost. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 673; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.

[1994] Dio Cass. lii. 24; Seneca _de Brev. Vitae_ 19, 1.

[1995] Hirschfeld in _Philologus_ 1870, pp. 79 ff.

[1996] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i p. 556.

[1997] _Dig._ 48, 2, 13; cf. 48, 12, 1.

[1998] ib. 14, 5, 8; 14, 1, 1, 18.

[1999] ib. 14, 5, 8 “sententiam (praefecti annonae) conservavit imperator”; cf. Dio Cass. lii. 33.

[2000] p. 235.

[2001] Dio Cass. liv. 2.

[2002] Paulus in _Dig._ 1, 15, 1 and 3.

[2003] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 558.

[2004] _Dig._ 1, 15; cf. 12, 4, 15; 47, 2, 57 [56], 1.

[2005] ib. 1, 15, 3 and 4; Cod. 1, 43, 1.

[2006] _Dig._ 19, 2, 56; 20, 2, 9. _Praefecti vigilum_ (one of whom is the jurist Herennius Modestinus) take part in a controversy which has come down to us known as the _lis fullonum_ (Bruns _Fontes_; _C.I.L._ vi. n. 266). The case has been discussed by Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_ ii. p. 767 n. 60 and Mommsen in _C.I.L._ l.c.; _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1058 n. 3.

[2007] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 539.

[2008] Coins of 16 B.C. exist (Eckhel vi. 105) with the inscription “s. p. q. R. imp. Cae(sari), quod v(iae) m(unitae) s(unt) ex ea p(ecunia) q(uam) is ad a(erarium) de(tulit)”; cf. _Vita Pert._ 9 “aerarium in suum statum restituit. Ad opera publica certum sumptum constituit. Reformandis viis pecuniam contulit.”

[2009] Frontinus _de Aquaed._ 100 and 104.

[2010] Dio Cass. lvii. 14.

[2011] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58.

[2012] Cic. _pro Caec._ 20, 57.

[2013] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “intra paucos libertos domus.”

[2014] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58 “Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.” In Otho’s reign we find a mention of Secundus the rhetor ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν γενόμενος (Plut. _Otho_ 9).

[2015] The evidence for Hadrian’s change is mainly epigraphic. See Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32. Two instances of it are found in _Vita Hadr._ 22 “ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos habuit.”

[2016] Dio Cass. lii. 25.

[2017] Tac. _Agric._ 4 “Cn. Julius Agricola ... utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.”

[2018] p. 405.

[2019] i.e. the posts of _praefectus cohortis_, _tribunus militum_, _praefectus alae_. See Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2020] Hirschfeld _op. cit._ p. 248.

[2021] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15. See p. 395.

[2022] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 19, 1, 1 “si venditionis vel donationis vel transactionis causa quid agat, nihil agit: non enim alienare ei rem Caesaris, sed diligenter gerere commissum est.”

[2023] _Dig._ 1, 19, 1.

[2024] Suet. _Claud._ 12 “ut ... rata essent, quae procuratores sui in judicando statuerent, precario exegit” (from the Senate). Tacitus exaggerates the nature of the change when he says that “Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit” (_Ann._ xii. 60).

[2025] Cf. Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 16, 9 (with reference to the duties of a proconsul) “sane si fiscalis pecuniaria causa sit, quae ad procuratorem principis respicit, melius fecerit, si abstineat.”

[2026] Henzen 6525.

[2027] Wilmanns 1259, 1262.

[2028] _Cod._ 3, 26, 7.

[2029] Suet. _Vesp._ 12; Henzen 6396.

[2030] _C.I.L._ v. n. 737.

[2031] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32.

[2032] ib. p. 35.

[2033] Cf. the title of _Dig._ 1, 19 “De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis.”

[2034] Hirschfeld, _op. cit._ p. 37; Liebenam _Beiträge zur Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 32.

[2035] Strabo iii. p. 167. The title _a copiis militaribus_ is found in inscriptions (Orelli 2922, 3505).

[2036] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47. Here it is said of cities of Asia, “quantum aerario aut fisco pendebant, in quinquennium remisit (Caesar).” The _procurator Asiae_ of _Ann._ iv. 15 is probably a _procurator patrimonii_. See p. 395.

[2037] p. 395. For procurators _ad bona damnatorum_ see Wilmanns 1278, 1291. For a _procurator a caducis_, _C.I.L._ iii. n. 1622.

[2038] Wilmanns 1257, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1285.

[2039] p. 396.

[2040] Timesitheus, the father-in-law of Gordian, was _proc. tam patrimoni quam rat. privatar._ in one district, _proc. ration. privat._ in another (Wilmanns 1293).

[2041] Herodian vii. 1 (Maximin) τήν τε θεραπείαν πᾶσαν, ἣ συγγεγόνει τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τοσούτων ἐτῶν, τῆς βασιλείου αὐλῆς ἀπέπεμψε: cf. _Vita_ Pert. 12 “Sane nullum ex eis, quos Commodus rebus gerendis imposuerat, mutavit, exspectans urbis natalem, quod eum diem rerum principium volebat esse.”

[2042] Liebenam _op. cit._ p. 55.

[2043] _Vita Nigri_ 7 “cum unus ad memoriam, alter ad libellos paruisset, statim praefecti facti sunt (Paulus et Ulpianus).”

[2044] This may be illustrated by the careers of Burrus (_proc. Augustae_, _proc. Ti. Caesaris_, _proc. divi Claudii_, _praefecto praetori_, _C.I.L._ xii. 5842), of Vibianus Tertullus (_ab epistulis Graecis_, _proc. a rationibus_, _praefectus vigilum_, _C.I.L._ iii. 6574) and of Sex. Var. Marcellus (_proc. aquarum_, _proc. Brittaniae_, _proc. rationis privatae_, _vice-praefectus praetorio_, Orelli 946).

[2045] Tac. _Ann._ xv. 35 (under Nero, in A.D. 64, Torquatus Silanus was forced to death on various grounds) “quin eum inter libertos habere, quos ab epistulis et libellis et rationibus appellet, nomina summae curae et meditamenta”; cf. ib. xvi. 8 (A.D. 65) “Ipsum dehinc Silanum increpuit isdem quibus patruum ejus Torquatum, tanquam disponeret jam imperii curas praeficeretque rationibus et libellis et epistulis libertos.”

[2046] Dio Cass. lii. 33; Stat. _Silv._ v. 1, esp. 83-107; Justinus xliii. 5, 12; Suid. s.v. Διονύσιος.

[2047] Seneca _Cons. ad Polyb._ vi. 4 and 5.

[2048] _Vita Carini_ 16 “fastidium subscribendi tantum habuit ut inpurum quendam ... ad subscribendum poneret.” The Princeps himself may not have written more than his signature. See _Vita Commodi_ 13 “ipse Commodus in subscribendo tardus et neglegens, ita ut libellis una forma multis subscriberet.”

[2049] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 545.

[2050] Dio Cass. _Ep._ lxxviii. 13.

[2051] Karlowa l.c.

[2052] _Vita Carini_ 8 “Julius Calpurnius, qui ad memoriam dictabat.” He attended the Princeps with the other secretaries; see _Vita Alex._ 31 “Postmeridianas horas subscriptioni et lectioni epistularum semper dedit, ita ut ab epistulis, a libellis et a memoria semper adsisterent.”

[2053] This _consilium_ must not be confused with the committee of the Senate which had been employed by Augustus and Tiberius, but was subsequently discontinued. This board, composed of some of the magistrates and a number of senators chosen by lot, had given a preliminary consideration to the business to be submitted to the Senate (Suet. _Aug._ 35; _Tib._ 55; Dio Cass. liii. 21). Something like it was devised by Mamaea in the reign of Severus Alexander (Dio Cass. lxxx. 1; Herodian vi. 1).

[2054] Dio Cass. lv. 27; lvii. 7.

[2055] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10 “paucis familiarium adhibitis” (in the trial of Piso, A.D. 20). In Nero’s trial of Octavia in A.D. 62 his body of advisers (“amicos quos velut consilio adhibuerat princeps” Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 62) may have been regarded as a _consilium domesticum_.

[2056] _Vita Hadr._ 18 “cum judicaret, in consilio habuit non amicos suos aut comites solum, sed juris consultos ... quos tamen senatus omnes probasset.”

[2057] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 215. Probably only the equestrian members of this board received salaries (Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 990).

[2058] Cf. _Vita Hadr._ 8 “erat ... tunc mos, ut, cum princeps causas agnosceret, et senatores et equites Romanos in consilium vocaret et sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret.”

[2059] e.g. “centenario consiliario Aug(usti) ... juris perito” (Wilmanns 1286).

[2060] p. 380.

[2061] _Vita Alex._ 16 “neque ullam constitutionem sacravit sine viginti jurisperitis et doctissimis ac sapientibus viris isdemque disertissimis non minus quinquaginta.”

[2062] In Maecenas’ supposed advice to Augustus, which in this, as in other respects, probably reflects the practice of the time of Dio Cassius, it is said of the _consilium_ ἄλλοι ἄλλοτε διαγινωσκέτωσαν (Dio Cass. lii. 33).

[2063] Suet. _Aug._ 33.

[2064] Suet. _Nero_ 15.

[2065] _Vita Alex._ 16 “ut iretur per sententias singulorum ac scriberetur quid quisque dixisset.”

[2066] p. 410.

[2067] p. 314.

[2068] Plin. _H.N._ iii. 46 “nunc ambitum ejus (Italiae) urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum Augustum secuturos, descriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in regiones XI.”

[2069] See the references in Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 220.

[2070] _Lex Malacitana_ c. lii. ff.

[2071] Kuhn _Verfassung des römischen Reiches_ i. pp. 236, 237. In an inscription of Hadrian’s time we find in Ostia _II. vir ... in comitiis factus_ (_C.I.L._ xiv. 375). For this and other instances see Liebenam _Städteverwaltung_ p. 479.

[2072] p. 438.

[2073] _Vita Hadr._ 22 “quattuor consulares per omnem Italiam judices constituit.” Of Antoninus Pius, who was one of these, it is said “cum Italiam regeret” (_Vita Anton._ 3). Cf. App. _B.C._ i. 38.

[2074] _Vita M. Anton._ 11 “datis juridicis Italiae consuluit ad id exemplum, quo Hadrianus consulares viros reddere jura praeceperat.”

[2075] Ulpian in _Fragmenta Vaticana_ 205, 232, 241.

[2076] Ulp. l.c.; _Dig._ 40, 5, 41, 5.

[2077] Fronto _ad Amicos_ ii. 7.

[2078] Marquardt (_Staatsverw._ i. p. 227) remarks that such a question as the qualification of a decurion belongs under Caesar’s legislation (_lex Ursonensis_ c. 105) to the municipal courts.

[2079] pp. 408, 410.

[2080] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1082, Liebenam _Städteverw._ p. 480, and in _Philologus_ lvi. 290 ff. How far this curatorship became a standing office is uncertain.

[2081] p. 428.

[2082] The first official _ad corrigendum statum Italiae_ belongs to the year 214 A.D., while the provincial _corrector_ goes back to the time of Trajan (Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. pp. 228, 229).

[2083] See the inscription of Atina of the time of Augustus (Wilmanns 1120), “T. Helvio ... legato Caesaris Augusti, qui Atinatibus HS ... legavit, ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent, frumentum et postea sestertia singula millia darentur.”

[2084] Victor _Epit._ 12; Dio Cass. lxviii. 5.

[2085] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 143, 144. Pius, in honour of his wife Faustina, created a fund for _puellae Faustinianae_ (_Vita_ 8); Alexander, in honour of his mother, one for _pueri puellaeque Mammaeani_ (_Vita_ 57).

[2086] Our knowledge of this institution is derived chiefly from two metal tables, the _Tabula Veleias_ (of Veleia in Cisalpine Gaul) and the _Tabula Baebianorum_ (of the Ligures Baebiani near Beneventum). See E. Desjardins _De tabulis alimentariis_, Mommsen in _I.R.N._ 1354, Wilmanns 2844, 2845. On the institution see Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 141-147, Liebenam _Städteverw._ pp. 105, 360.

[2087] p. 413.

[2088] e.g. _curator viae Appiae, praefectus alimentorum_: _curator viarum et praefectus alimentorum Clodiae et coherentium_: _curator viae Aemiliae et alimentorum_ (Wilmanns 1189, 1215, 1211). See Marquardt, Liebenam ll.cc., and Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1079. In districts not pierced by the great roads, procurators (_alimentorum, ad alimenta_) were employed.

[2089] Marquardt l.c. p. 147.

[2090] Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 “Neque provinciae ilium rerum statum abnuebant, suspecto senatus populique imperio ob certamina potentium et avaritiam magistratuum, invalido legum auxilio, quae vi, ambitu, postremo pecunia turbabantur.”

[2091] δῆμος καὶ γερουσία (Dio Cass. liii. 12). These provinces are “propriae populi Romani” as opposed to those “propriae Caesaris” (Gaius ii. 21).

[2092] Tac. _Ann._ i. 76; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2093] _Vita Marci_ 22 “Provincias ex proconsularibus consulares (i.e. governed by consular _legati_) aut ex consularibus proconsulares aut praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit.”

[2094] Asia, Africa, Baetica, Narbonensis, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicilia, Macedonia, Achaea, Creta and Cyrene, Cyprus, Bithynia.

[2095] Tarraconensis, Germania superior, Germania inferior, Brittania, Pannonia sup., Pannonia inf., Moesia sup., Moesia inf., Dacia, Dalmatia, Cappadocia, Syria, Lusitania, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, Galatia, Pamphylia and Lycia, Cilicia, Arabia, Numidia. See Marquardt _Staatsv._ i. p. 494.

[2096] Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Poeninae, Raetia, Noricum, Thracia, Epirus, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis. See Marquardt l.c.

[2097] Suet. _Aug._ 47, _Claud._ 25, _Vesp._ 8.

[2098] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 858; Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 358. The earliest known commissioner dates from the time of Trajan. He was “missus in provinciam Achaiam ... ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum” (Plin. _Ep._ viii. 24).

[2099] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47.

[2100] Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cic. _pro Flacco_ 29, 71.

[2101] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 63.

[2102] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 684.

[2103] Mommsen points out (ib. p. 685) that, if it did, Spain after the time of Vespasian would have paid no taxes.

[2104] _C.I.L._ iii. n. 781.

[2105] _Dig._ 27, 1, 17; cf. Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2106] _Dig._ 50, 15, 8, 5 “Divus Antoninus Antiochenses colonos fecit salvis tributis.”

[2107] ib. 7 “Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis; sed divus Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est.”

[2108] _Dig._ l.c.

[2109] “Rationes imperii” (Suet. _Cal._ 16), λογισμοὺς τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων (Dio Cass. lix. 9). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 11.

[2110] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 207-211.

[2111] Dio Cass. liii. 17.

[2112] Liv. _Ep._ 134; cf. Dio Cass, liii. 22.

[2113] Tac. _Ann._ i 31 and 33; ii. 6; xiv. 46.

[2114] Dio Cassius (liii. 22), after saying that Augustus made ἀπογραφαί in the Gallic provinces, adds κᾀντεῦθεν ἔς τε τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἀφίκετο, καὶ κατεστήσατο καὶ ἐκείνην.

[2115] St. Luke ii. 2; Joseph. _Antiq._ xvii. 355.

[2116] See the inscriptions collected by Kubitschek in Pauly-Wissowa _Real-Encyclopädie_, s.v. _census_.

[2117] The _tres Galliae_ honour a procurator as “primus umquam eq(ues) R(omanus) a censibus accipiendis” (Wilmanns 1269). The inscription is attributed to the joint rule of Severus and Caracalla.

[2118] Kubitschek l.c.

[2119] The chief evidence that there was comes from the province of Dacia. In a document of sale from Alburnum Majus, dated May 6, 159 A.D. the purchaser of a house binds himself “[uti] ... pro ea domo tributa usque ad recensum dep[e]n[dat]” (Bruns _Fontes_).

[2120] _Dig._ 50, 15,3 “in Syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim feminae usaue ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur.”

[2121] Grenfell and Hunt _Oxyrhynchus Papyri_ ii. pp. 207 ff.