Chapter I: =Elementary Institutes= (3)

(b) When you find your game in the present situation, _viz._ two pawns in a front line, you must take care not to push either of them, before your adversary proposes to change one for the other: which you will then avoid, by pushing forwards the attacked pawn.

(c) If, instead of being withdrawn, this bishop gives check, you are to cover the check with the bishop; and, in case he takes your bishop, you must take his bishop with your knight, who will then defend your king’s pawn.

(d) Before the bishop’s pawn has been pushed two squares, avoid playing the knight at the bishop’s 3d, when it will answer the purpose to play him any where else; for the obstruction which the knight gives to the motion of the pawn, is sometimes inconvenient in its consequences.

8.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(e)
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his king’s square.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f)

11.
W. The queen at her 2d square.(g)
B. The pawn takes the pawn.(h)

(e) The bishop retires, to avoid being attacked by the adversary’s queen’s pawn, because that would force you to take his pawn with yours, and separate your pawns.

(f) He plays this pawn to give an opening to the rook; and this cannot be hindered, whether he or you take.

(g) You should not take the pawn which is offered you, because your king’s pawn would then lose its file; whereas, leaving yours to be taken, you supply its place by the pawn of your queen, and sustain it afterwards with your king’s bishop’s pawn. These two pawns united will undoubtedly win the game.

(h) He takes the pawn to pursue his design of giving an opening to his rook.

12.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i)

13.
W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(k)
B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.

14.
W. Queen’s bishop takes the black bishop.(l)
B. The pawn takes the bishop.

(i) He plays this bishop to add to the security of his queen’s pawn, and to enable him to push afterwards his queen’s bishop’s pawn: you could, it is true, oblige him to double a pawn in the knight’s file, by taking his king’s bishop with your queen’s bishop, but this would make an opening to his king’s rook: besides a doubled pawn, when connected with others, as his would be, is by no means disadvantageous; however, the present attitude of the pieces will be the subject of a back game, making him take your queen’s bishop with that of his king.

(k) Your king’s pawn being as yet in no danger, your knight attacks his bishop, in order to take him, or have him removed.

(l) It is always dangerous to let the adversary’s king’s bishop command the diagonal of your king’s bishop’s pawn; and therefore when your queen’s pawn cannot form a bar to his action, it is necessary to oppose him with your queen’s bishop, and to exchange him for that piece, if you cannot procure him for a smaller.

15.
W. The king castles with his rook.(m)
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.

16.
W. King’s knight takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the knight.

17.
W. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.

18.
W. The queen’s rook at its king’s square.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(n)

19.
W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(o)
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

(m) You castle on that side, in order to sustain and strengthen your king’s bishop’s pawn, which you will advance two squares as soon as your king’s pawn is attacked.

(n) He is forced to push this pawn, to hinder you from playing your king’s bishop’s pawn upon his queen, which would give you two pawns in a front line upon his field.

(o) This pawn is played to enable you to push your king’s knight’s pawn two steps.

20.
W. The knight at his king’s 4th square.
B. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(p)

21.
W. The queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The 1st of the double pawns 1 square.

22.
W. The king’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th square.

23.
W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square.(q)
B. King’s knight at the white king’s 3d square.(r)

(p) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight entering his game, and forcing his queen to remove, which would immediately make an opening for your pawns.

(q) You play this knight to enable yourself to push your king’s bishop’s pawn next, which will be then supported by three pieces, the rook, the bishop, and the knight.

(r) He plays this knight, in order to cut off the communication between your pieces, and break the strength of your pawns; which he would undoubtedly do, by pushing his king’s knight’s pawn; but you prevent his design, by sacrificing your rook.

24.
W. Queen’s rook takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the rook.

25.
W. The queen takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn.

26.
W. The rook at its king’s square.(s)
B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.

27.
W. The queen at her king’s 4th square.
B. The queen at her king’s 3d square.(t)

28.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

29.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen at her 4th square.(u)

(s) You play the rook to support your king’s pawn, which would be left without adequate support, were you to push your king’s bishop’s pawn.

(t) The queen returns to this square, in order to hinder the check-mate, now prepared.

(u) The queen offers to be exchanged with the other queen, in order to break the scheme of a check-mate, by the adverse bishop and queen.

30.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The pawn takes the queen.

31.
W. The bishop takes the pawn in his way.
B. The knight at his 3d square.

32.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(x)
B. Queen’s rook at the white queen’s knight’s 2d square.

33.
W. The bishop at the queen’s 3d square.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.

(x) You are to observe, that when your bishop runs upon the white squares, you must put your pawns upon the black ones; or, if your bishop runs upon the black, you must have your pawns upon the white; by which course the bishop prevents the adversary’s pieces from intruding between your pawns. This rule is hardly ever to be dispensed with, in case you attack, and have some pawns advanced; but, in case of a defence, the rule must be reversed, and the pawns set upon the bishop’s colour.

34.
W. The bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 4th square.(y)
B. The knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 4th square.

35.
W. The knight at the black king’s rook’s 4th square.
B. King’s rook gives check.

36.
W. The bishop covers the check.
B. Knight at the white queen’s 2d square.

37.
W. King’s pawn gives check.
B. King at his knight’s 3d square.(z) ☜

38.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s square.

39.
W. The knight gives check at the 4th square of his king’s bishop.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d square.

(y) Here is an example of the above note: if your bishop run black, your adversary’s king might insinuate between your two pawns.

(z) As the king may retire to his bishop’s square, we will make it the subject of a second back game.

40.
W. The bishop at the black king’s rook 4th square.
B. Plays any where: the white pushes to queen.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY,

_On the Twelfth Move of the Black_.

12.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. King’s bishop takes the queen’s bishop.

13.
W. The queen takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.

14.
W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.
B. Queen at her king’s 2d square.

15.
W. The knight takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the knight.

16.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.

17.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

18.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his 2d square.

19.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

20.
W. The knight at his king’s 2d square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

21.
W. The queen at her 2d square.
B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.

22.
W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d square.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th square.

23.
W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.
B. Queen’s knight at the white king’s 3d square.

24.
W. The rook takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the rook.

25.
W. The queen takes the pawn.
B. The queen takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.

26.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen takes the pawn.

27.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The knight at his king’s square.

28.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at the white queen’s 4th square.

29.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The pawn takes the queen.

30.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. The knight at his queen’s 3d square.

31.
W. The knight at his king’s 4th square.
B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.

32.
W. The rook takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the rook.

33.
W. The knight at the black queen’s 3d square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square,
or any move indifferently, the game being unavoidably lost.

34.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. Rook at his queen’s knight’s square.

35.
W. The bishop gives check.
B. The king retires, having but one place.

36.
W. The knight gives check.
B. The king removes.

37.
W. The knight at the black queen’s square, discovering check.
B. The king removes where he can.

38.
W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and gives check-mate.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY,

_On the Thirty-seventh Move of the Black_.

37.
W. King’s pawn gives check.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

38.
W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square.
B. The rook gives check at the white queen’s knight’s square.

39.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The knight takes the rook.

40.
W. The king at his rook’s 2d square.
B. Knight at the white queen’s bishop’s 3d square.

41.
W. Knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.
B. Knight at the white king’s 4th square.

42.
W. The knight takes the pawn.
B. The rook at his king’s knight’s 4th square.

43.
W. King’s pawn 1 square, and gives check.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.

44.
W. Bishop gives check at the black king’s 3d square.
B. The king takes the bishop.

45.
W. King’s pawn becomes a queen, and wins the game.

SECOND PARTY,

_With Three Back Games: the First on the Third, the Second on the Eighth, and the last on the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

3.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)
B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b)

4.
W. The queen takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

(a) It is absolutely necessary to advance this pawn two squares to prevent your adversary from bringing his pawns into the centre of the board; and this he certainly could effect, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares against your bishop, which would give him the move and attack.

(b) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn two squares instead of taking, it would have materially altered the game, so we will make it the subject of a back game.

5.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(c)

6.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

7.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

8.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(d)

(c) He has two reasons for playing this bishop: the first is, to push his queen’s pawn, in order to make room for his king’s bishop; the second, to oppose it to your king’s bishop, and take him from the field in time, according to the rule prescribed in the first game.

(d) If, instead of getting out his superior pieces, by playing his knight, he should continue to advance his pawns, he might with ease be made to lose the game. It must be observed, that one or two pawns, too far advanced, may be reckoned as lost, except when there is an open field for other pieces to protect them, or when the same pawns may be sustained or supplied by others. By a back game it will convincingly appear, that two pawns in a front line, situated upon the chess-board’s fourth square, are better than upon the sixth square.

9.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(e)

11.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(f)
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

12.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

13.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.

(e) He pushes this pawn two squares to prevent your pawns falling upon his.—Here observe, two equal bodies of pawns are on the board: you have four to three on your king’s side, and he has four to three on his queen’s side; the player that is able first to separate his adversary’s pawns, on the side where they are most in number, will undoubtedly win the game.

(f) This move is material, by its seasonable anticipation, because by pushing his king’s rook’s pawn a square, he would have cut off the communication between your pawns; your king’s knight’s pawn being then unable to join that of your bishop, without being exposed to be taken by his rook’s pawn.

14.
W. The king at his bishop’s square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

15.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The knight gives check to the king, and attacks the rook.

16.
W. The king at his knight’s 2d square.
B. The knight takes the rook.

17.
W. The king takes the knight.(g)
B. The queen at her 2d square.

18.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s square.(h)
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

(g) Though a rook is commonly more valued than a knight, yet your game may be better than his: because, notwithstanding this loss, your king is safe, and you are the better enabled to form your attack on which ever side your adversary may chuse to castle.

(h) It is essential to play your queen to sustain your king’s knight’s pawn, least he should sacrifice his bishop for your two pawns, which he certainly would; because all the strength of your game consisting in your pawns, the breaking of them would give him the attack, and probably make you lose the game.

19.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.(i)
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

20.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d square.
B. The king castles on his queen’s side.(k)

21.
W. The king’s bishop gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.

22.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.(l)
B. Queen’s rook at its own square.

23.
W. King’s bishop at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square.
B. The queen at her own square.(m)

(i) In order to engage your adversary to push his queen’s bishop’s pawn, which would give you the victory very soon, by making an opening for your knights.

(k) He castles on that side to avoid the strength of your pawns upon his king, which present a menacing front, and are already farther advanced than those on the side of your queen.

(l) Had you given him check with this knight, you would have entangled your bishop, and lost many moves: it is therefore better to go back.

(m) He brings back his queen to her home, with a design to place her next at her king’s bishop’s square, to increase the support of his queen’s bishop’s pawn.

24.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s square.

25.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.

26.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(n)
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(o)

27.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(p)

28.
W. The bishop gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d square.

(n) With a view to pursue your attack on his pawn.

(o) In order to gain a move, and to hinder your king’s knight from placing himself at your queen’s knight’s third square; but as the twenty-sixth move might have been different, it will be the subject of a back game.

(p) Let him now play as he will, his situation is irretrievable; because your knights have got a free passage into his game.

29.
W. The bishop takes the knight and checks.
B. The king takes the bishop.

30.
W. King’s knight gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(q)

31.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square.

32.
W. The pawn gives check.
B. The king at his own square.

33.
W. King’s knight at the black queen’s knight’s 4th square.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.

34.
W. The queen at her 4th square.(r)
B. Lost every where.

(q) If his king takes your queen’s bishop, you have his queen by a discovered check; and if he removes his king elsewhere, he loses his queen’s bishop.

(r) The queen next takes the adversary’s queen’s pawn, exposes every one of his pieces, and wins the game.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE SECOND PARTY,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

4.
W. King’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

5.
W. The bishop gives check.
B. Queen’s bishop covers the check.

6.
W. King’s bishop takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s knight takes the bishop.

7.
W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight takes the pawn.

8.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d square.
B. The same.

9.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
B. The king castles.

10.
W. Bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th square.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.

11.
W. The king castles.
B. The queen takes the queen.

12.
W. King’s knight takes the queen.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

13.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

14.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

15.
W. King’s rook at its 3d square.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d square.

16.
W. The bishop takes the knight.
B. The rook takes the bishop.

17.
W. King’s rook at its queen’s 3d square.
B. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.

18.
W. King’s knight takes the pawn.
B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th square.

19.
W. King’s rook at its king’s 3d square.
B. Knight takes the rook’s pawn, and gives check.

20.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.
B. The knight retires.

21.
W. The knight at once checks the king, and attacks the rook, &c. &c.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE SECOND PARTY,

_On the Eighth Move of the Black_.

8.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

9.
W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

11.
W. King’s bishop at his 3d square.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 4th.

12.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

13.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

14.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

15.
W. King’s knight takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.

16.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.
B. The rook at his queen’s knight’s square.

17.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.

18.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. King’s bishop at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.

19.
W. The king castles, and will undoubtedly win the game.

THIRD BACK GAME,

TO THE SECOND PARTY,

_On the Twenty-sixth Move of the Black_.

26.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

27.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

28.
W. The queen’s bishop gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.

29.
W. King’s knight gives check at the black queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The bishop takes the knight.

30.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen at her bishop’s square.

31.
W. The rook at the queen’s knight’s square.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d square.

32.
W. Queen’s bishop gives check at the black queen’s 3d.
B. The king at his queen’s square.

33.
W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king any where, loses the game.

THIRD PARTY,

THE BLACK PLAYER MOVING FIRST;

_With Three Back Games_.

N. B. The tactics of this game are not quite regular;
but the first moves of the white are very well
calculated, especially when some odds are granted.

1.
B. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The same.

2.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

3.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a)

4.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

(a) It is always advantageous to change your king’s bishop’s pawn for the adversary’s king’s pawn, because, by that means, your king’s and queen’s pawns may place themselves in the centre of the chess-board; besides, in castling on the right wing, your rook is at liberty to act, at the beginning of the game, as will be shewn by a back game on the same play.

5.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b)
W. The bishop takes the pawn.

6.
B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th square.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.

7.

B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.(c)
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

8.
B. The bishop retires.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d square.(d)

(b) If your adversary should refuse taking your bishop’s pawn, you are still to leave it exposed, and not move it forward until he has castled; when the pawns of your right wing, must form an attack upon the pawns which cover his king, as is explained in a back game on that move. You are, in general, to decline shewing hastily whether you have determined to push the pawns on your right or left wing before your adversary’s king has castled, because he will otherways retire on the side where your pawns are less advanced, and consequently less able to hurt him.

(c) Should he take your knight with his bishop, you must take the bishop with your pawn, in order to concentre your pawns.

(d) This is the best square your king’s bishop can chuse, except the fourth of your queen’s bishop: in that place he may be of use in forming your attack upon the adverse king’s rook’s pawn, in case he castles on his left side.

9.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.
W. The same.

10.
B. The king castles with his rook.(e)
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.

11.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(f)
W. The queen at her king’s 3d square.

(e) If he had castled on his queen’s side, it would then have been your game to castle on your king’s side, in order to assail him with all the pawns on your left. It should be observed, that as it is dangerous to attack the adversary too soon, you should forbear engaging him closely, until your pawns are previously sustained by one another, and the supporting pawns by your superior pieces. The unsuccessful result of a premature assault is exhibited in a back game.

(f) He plays the knight to make room for his king’s bishop’s pawn, with a design next to advance it two squares, to endeavour to break your cordon of pawns.

12.
B. King’s knight takes the bishop.(g)
W. The queen takes the knight.

13.
B. Queen’s bishop takes the knight.(h)
W. The pawn takes the bishop.

14.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.

15.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.

(g) If he had pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, instead of taking your bishop, you should in the first place have attacked his queen with your queen’s bishop, and then have pushed your king’s rook’s pawn upon his bishop, to force him to take your knight; then his bishop must be taken with your pawn, in order the better to support your king’s pawn, and replace it if lost.

(h) If he did not take this knight, the bishop would remain imprisoned by your pawns; or his player would lose three moves, which would ruin his situation.

16.
B. King’s rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d.(i)
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(k)

17.
B. Queen’s rook at his king’s bishop’s square.
W. The king’s castles with his queen’s rook.

18.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.(l)

(i) With the design either to attack and remove your queen, or to double it, if necessary, with the other rook.

(k) To give room to your queen, in case your adversary attacks her with his king’s rook.

(l) The refined motives which produced this move make it difficult to comprehend and explain. Preparatory to analysing it, let it be observed, that when you have a range of pawns extending diagonally, the pawn which is the leader must take his successive stations cautiously, not protruding without necessity more than a square before the second in the range, so as to want support. One project of the adversary, was to force you to commit your pawns. Seeing your king’s pawn out of the oblique line formed by your other pawns, and unprepared for any useful co-operation; he proposed, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, either to induce your queen’s pawn to advance a square, that its progress might be blocked by his pawn, while your king’s pawn was left behind, or to cause your king’s pawn to move to its support, one effect of which would be, that your own pawn would shield his king’s rook’s pawn from the menacing action of your bishop. Both these designs you defeat by impelling the king’s pawn against his rook, and it is eligible to sacrifice it, rather than accomplish his views. Should he take your king’s pawn, a free passage is obtained for the pawn of your queen, which you are to advance immediately, and sustain in case of need, with your others, in order to move it to queen, or engage it in some exertion that may conduce to the game. It is true that his queen’s pawn, passing, at the capture, into the king’s file, appears to have the same advantage of having no opposition from your pawns to make a queen; however there is a difference, because his pawn being separated, and incapable of support from the other pawns, will be in danger, all along its passage, of seizure by your pieces. This move, as I observed before, is difficult to comprehend in all its bearings, and it requires a proficiency in play, to see the propriety of it.

19.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

20.
B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
W. The knight at his king’s 4th.(m)

(m) It was expedient to play this knight, to stop his king’s pawn: it concerned you the more to stop this pawn, because in its present state, it blocks the passage of its own bishop, and even of its knight.

21.
B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d square.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d.

22.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(n)
W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

23.
B. The queen gives check.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.

24.
B. The rook takes the bishop.(o)
W. The rook takes the rook.

(n) He plays his queen, in order afterwards to give check, but if, instead of playing her, he had pushed his king’s rook’s pawn, to hinder the attack of your knight, you must have pushed your queen’s pawn one square, which would have insured you the game.

(o) He takes the bishop to save his king’s rook’s pawn; besides, the bishop proves more incommodious to him than all your other pieces, and by this play he keeps your queen’s rook from moving, after capturing yours, as it would discover check to the king.

25.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.
W. The queen at her king’s 4th.(p)

26.
B. The queen takes the queen.
W. The knight takes the queen.

27.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
W. The knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

28.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s 3d.

29.
B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
W. The knight at the adverse king’s 3d.

30.
B. The knight takes the knight.
W. The pawn takes the knight.

(p) Having the advantage of a rook against a bishop, towards the end of a party, you will gain by changing the queen. His queen is troublesome to you, and might render him effective service could he keep her, but as you have placed yours, he is forced to exchange, to avoid check-mate.

31.
B. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 3d.
W. King’s rook at his queen’s square.(q)

32.
B. The rook takes the pawn.
W. The king’s rook at the adverse queen’s 2d—wins the game.

(q) You must seize the open files, to bring the rooks into play, especially at the latter end of the game.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE THIRD PARTY,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

5.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

6.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

7.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

8.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

9.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

10.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
W. The king castles.

11.
B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th square.
W. The bishop gives check.

12.
B. The bishop covers the check.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.

13.
B. The queen takes the bishop.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

14.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

15.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn, passing by.[27]
W. Rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

[27] _Takes the pawn, passing by._ To some readers this will be an enigma, and to them is offered the solution. It was an institute of MR. PHILIDOR, that when a pawn has penetrated to the fifth square, of his own file, which is the fourth on the adversary’s side; adverse pawns, on adjoining files, not having moved, forfeit the privilege of going two squares; and if one of them should move two squares, the advanced pawn may take him, placing himself as if the captured pawn had moved but one square. This player, celebrated for his skill, was very anxious to have this rule, and the mode of enforcing it, received into general practice; but notwithstanding the dazzle of his example, there seems, in its principle, an unnecessary deviation from system, into caprice and irregularity. In the appendix, its claims to be a permanent institute of Chess, are analysed.

16.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.

17.
B. The bishop at his king’s 2d.
W. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

18.
B. King’s knight at his own square.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.

19.
B. King’s rook at its 2d square.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.

20.
B. Queen at her knight’s 2d square.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

21.
B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.
W. King’s rook takes the pawn.

22.
B. The king castles.
W. King’s rook takes the adverse queen’s knight.

23.
B. The pawn takes the rook.
W. Queen’s rook takes the pawn.

24.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. The rook gives check.

25.
B. The king retires.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

26.
B. The queen at her knight’s 4th.
W. The queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

27.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.
W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.

28.
B. The queen takes the knight, not knowing an effective
resource for her king.
W. The bishop gives check.

29.
B. The king retires.
W. The knight gives check-mate.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE THIRD PARTY.

_On the Fifth Move of the Black._

5.
B. The king castles.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

6.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.

7.
B. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
W. Queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

8.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
B. The queen at her 3d square.
W. The king’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

10.
B. King’s knight at his king’s square.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

11.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.

12.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

13.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. The bishop takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.

14.
B. The king at his rook’s square.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s rook’s pawn.

15.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 4th square—commands
the event of the game.

THIRD BACK GAME,

TO THE THIRD PARTY,

_On the Tenth Move of the Black_.

10.
B. The king castles with the queen’s rook.
W. The king castles with his rook.

11.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d square.

12.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.

13.
B. Queen’s rook at his king’s knight’s square.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

14.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

15.
B. The bishop takes the knight.
W. The queen takes the bishop.

16.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d square.

17.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

18.
B. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

19.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s square.

20.
B. King’s rook at his 4th square.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

21.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.

22.
B. King’s knight at his king’s square.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

23.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.
W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.

24.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s rook at his queen’s knight’s 4th.

25.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s bishop takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.

26.
B. The pawn takes the bishop.
W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.

27.
B. The king retires.
W. The queen gives check.

28.
B. The knight covers the check.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

29.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.
W. The queen takes the queen’s pawn and gives check.

30.
B. The king retires.

W. The queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square—has so evidently the game
by various modes, that it is unnecessary to proceed.

FOURTH PARTY,

WITH TWO BACK GAMES,

_The First on the Fifth, and the other on the Sixth Move_.

1.
B. King’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The same.

2.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.

3.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.
W. The queen takes the pawn.

4.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b)
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

(a) Ill play of the adversary in these circumstances; because by pushing your queen’s pawn two squares, you regain the advantage of the move.

(b) If, instead of moving the pawn here, he had moved the king’s knight to the king’s second square, you should have pushed your king’s pawn an additional square; sustaining it afterwards with your king’s bishop’s pawn.

5.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)
W. King’s pawn 1 square.(d)

6.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e)
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.

(c) If, instead of pushing this pawn, he had moved his queen’s bishop to the king’s third, you must have moved your king’s bishop to the queen’s third, and then the situation of the game would have been exactly as it is at the sixth move of the Second Party: but if he had attacked your queen with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, he would have played very ill, because his queen’s pawn would have been left behind. _Vide note_ (l) pa. 161.

(d) It is policy to decline changing your king’s pawn for your adversary’s king’s bishop’s pawn, or your queen’s pawn for his queen’s bishop’s pawn; on account of the paramount utility of the royal pawns; occupying the centre, they preclude the adversary from the most advantageous posts.

(e) If, instead of pushing his queen’s pawn, he had taken your king’s, you should have taken his queen; his pawn would have been in your power afterwards; and by preventing him from castling, you would have kept the attack in your hands; but as he could seat his queen at her bishop’s second square, that alternative is traced through a second back game.

7.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

8.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.

9.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

10.
B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

11.
B. King’s bishop takes the knight.
W. The pawn takes the bishop.(f)

12.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.

13.
B. The king castles with his rook.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

(f) When you have two bodies of pawns, with an interval between, and an opportunity of transferring a pawn from one body to another, by exchange; the pawn should pass to the larger division, to concentre them.

14.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square.(g)
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

15.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. The same.(h)

16.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.

17.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. The king castles with his queen’s rook.(i)

(g) Having no object for the power of his queen as she stood, he removes her to make room for his pawns, with an intent to push them upon you.

(h) The pushing of this pawn, it is confessed, obstructs the game, by lessening the facility of exchanging; but the power to make an opening with your king’s rook’s pawn, is still reserved, and it will be expedient to use it, as soon as your pieces are ready to form and sustain the attack.

(i) You castle on your queen’s side to acquire more freedom in attacking on your right. If, instead of castling, you had taken the pawn exposed, the result would have united in the centre the adversary’s pawns, and impeded the operation of your pieces.

18.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.
W. The bishop takes the pawn.

19.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(k)

20.
B. The knight takes the bishop.
W. The rook takes the knight.

21.
B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.(l)
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

22.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(m)
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s 3d square.

23.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.

(k) Had you taken the knight with your queen’s bishop, you had fallen into the error, above deprecated, of uniting in the centre the adversary’s pawns.

(l) He plays this bishop to fill the place of his king’s knight’s pawn, in case it be taken.

(m) He plays this pawn to attack the knight that covers your king, having no move that is obviously better; for by taking your pawn he would be equally subject to lose the game.

24.
B. The bishop at his king’s square.(n)
W. King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

25.
B. The bishop takes the pawn.
W. The rook takes the rook’s pawn.

26.
B. The bishop takes the rook.
W. The king’s rook takes the bishop.

27.
B. The king takes the rook.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s rook’s 4th square.

28.
B. The king at his knight’s square.
W. The queen gives check-mate.(o)

(n) If he takes the pawn with his bishop, he equally loses the game.

(o) It would appear, that if you can succeed in planting round the retreat of the adverse king two or three pawns, making an approach for your powerful pieces, by an exchange, the utmost address of the adversary, after permitting this, cannot accomplish the king’s safety.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE FOURTH PARTY,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s bishop gives check.

6.
B. The bishop covers the check.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.

7.
B. The queen takes the bishop.
W. The queen at her 3d square.

8.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.

10.
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

11.
B. King’s bishop at his 3d square.
W. Queen’s knight at the black queen’s 4th.

12.
B. The queen’s knight takes the knight.
W. The king’s pawn takes the knight.

13.
B. The knight at his king’s 2d square.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.

14.
B. The king castles with his rook.
W. The queen at her 3d square.

15.
B. King’s rook at his king’s square.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.

16.
B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

17.
B. The knight at the white queen’s 4th.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d square.

18.
B. The knight takes the knight.
W. The king takes the knight.

19.
B. The bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.
W. The queen’s rook attacks the bishop.

20.
B. The bishop retires to his 3d square.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

21.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. The same.

22.
B. The bishop at his king’s knight 2d square.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

23.
B. King’s rook at his king’s 2d square.
W. King’s rook at his 4th square.

24.
B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.
W. The bishop at his queen’s 2d square.

25.
B. King’s rook at the white king’s 4th.
W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

26.
B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s rook’s square.

27.
B. The queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

28.
B. The rook gives check.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d square.

29.
B. The rook takes the queen.
W. The king’s rook gives check.

30.
B. The bishop takes the rook.
W. The rook takes the bishop and gives _check-mate_.

VARIATION BY THE EDITOR.

To the State previous to the 28th Move, return the Pieces.

The black king to his knight’s square.
The black bishop to the same knight’s 2d square.
The black rook to the white king’s 4th.
The white queen to her own 3d.
The white rooks one to the 1st, and one to the 4th square
of their king’s rook.

28.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.(a)
W. The queen takes the bishop.

(a) When the king is impeded by his own pieces, it is termed a _smothered-mate_. As the mate in the back game was partly smothered, the object of this variation is to prevent a repetition of that, by timely removes and exchanges.

29.
B. The king’s rook gives check.
W. The queen takes the rook.

30.
B. The rook takes the queen.
W. The king takes the rook.

31.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.
W. King’s rook at the black king’s rook’s square, giving check.

32.
B. The king at his 2d square.
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.

33.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 4th.(b)
W. The king at his bishop’s 3d, discovering check.

34.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d.
W. King’s rook at the black king’s square.

35.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
W. Queen’s rook at the black king’s 2d, giving check.

(b) She opens for her king the only passage by which he can escape.

36.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.
W. The king’s rook gives check.

37.
B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 4th.
W. The rook takes the pawn, and checks.

38.
B. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d.
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s 3d.

39.
B. Were the black queen to resign herself for the rook, the present
impending check-mate would be averted in one obvious way; but
that would leave the whites an effective preponderance; she
therefore makes it a _draw game_, by perpetual check.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE FOURTH PARTY,

_On the Sixth Move of the Black_.

6.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d square.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

7.
B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.

8.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th.

9.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

10.
B. Queen’s knight at the white queen’s knight’s 4th.
W. The queen at her own square.

11.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

12.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d square.
W. The king castles.

13.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s knight’s 4th.

14.
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.
W. Queen’s bishop at the black king’s bishop’s 3d.

15.
B. King’s knight at his own square.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.

16.
B. The queen takes the bishop.
W. King’s knight at the black king’s knight’s 4th.

17.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

18.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
W. The queen at the black queen’s 4th.

19.
B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.
W. Queen at the black queen’s 3d.

20.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.
W. The king’s pawn 1 square.

21.
B. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square.
W. Queen’s rook at his queen’s square.

22.
B. King’s knight at the white king’s knight’s 4th.
W. The queen gives check at the black queen’s 2d.

23.
B. The bishop takes the queen.
W. The pawn takes the bishop and gives check.

24.
B. The king at his queen’s square.
W. The knight gives check-mate at the adverse king’s 3d.

=_Philidor’s Gambits_=.

FIRST GAMBIT,

WITH SEVEN BACK GAMES;

_Two on the Fourth Move, One on the Fifth, One on the Sixth,
Two on the Seventh, the last on the Eighth_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(b)

(a): Instead of that move, you might have pushed your king’s rook’s pawn two squares. This will be the subject of a back game.

(b) Instead of playing this bishop, he might have moved his king’s knight’s pawn one square. A subject for another back game.

5.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(c)
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(d) ☜

6.
W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) ☜

(c) By playing this pawn you force him to defend his king’s knight’s pawn with that of his rook; by drawing out his rook’s pawn, you keep his king’s knight confined; nor can he then sally without exposing his pawns to be taken.

(d) He had two other ways of playing; he might push his king’s bishop’s pawn a square, in which case you sacrifice your knight, in order afterwards to give check with your queen, which insures you the game; or, he might push his king’s knight’s pawn a square upon your knight. The latter is made the subject of a third back game.

(e) If, instead, he had advanced his queen’s bishop’s pawn a square, you must have played that of your king, in order afterwards to take his queen’s pawn in passing, in case he was to push it two moves, with a design to obstruct your king’s bishop. Another subject for a back game.

N. B. You are to observe, that in the attack of Gambits, the king’s
bishop is the best superior piece, and the king’s pawn the
best pawn.

7.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. ☜
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f) ☜

8.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d square.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.(g) ☜

9.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(h)
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

(f) If, instead of moving this pawn, he had played his queen’s bishop either to his king’s third square, or to your king’s knight’s fourth square, he might have been made to lose two different ways. Both experiments are traced to their consequences, in two back games, beginning at this seventh move.

(g) He may now without danger play his bishop on this square, as your queen can no more double with your king’s bishop by attacking two of his pawns; but if, instead of moving this bishop so, he had moved him to his king’s third square, he would have lost the game. The result of such play is seen in the last back game.

(h) It is very material in the attack of Gambits, not to spare your pawns on the king’s side, and even to sacrifice them all, if it be requisite, though merely for the sake of the adversary’s king’s pawn, because that pawn hinders your queen’s bishop from coming into play, and co-operating with the pieces that form your attack.

10.
W. The King’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

11.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The bishop takes the rook.

12.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s knight’s pawn.
B. The king’s bishop at his 3d square.(i)

13.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the bishop.

14.
W. The queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. The same.

15.
W. The king castles.
B. The same.

16.
W. The rook at his king’s knight’s square.
B. The queen at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.