Chapter I: =Elementary Institutes= (5)

23.
W. The knight takes the rook.
B. The queen at her 3d square.

24.
W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 2d.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

25.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The rook takes the queen.

26.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his knight’s 3d.

27.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

28.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The knight at his king’s 2d.

29.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The rook at his queen’s 2d.

30.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The bishop takes the rook.

31.
W. The king at his knight’s 2d.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

32.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his rook’s 4th.

33.
W. The king’s bishop gives check.
B. The bishop covers the check.

34.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The king takes the bishop.

35.
W. The knight gives check at his king’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.

36.
W. The king at his rook’s 3d square.
B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.

37.
W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

38.
W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s square.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

39.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

40.
W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The knight takes the queen’s pawn, and wins the party.

During the latter part of this game, the whites had the majority of a bishop; the blacks that of three pawns: the aid derivable from the bishop could not countervail the manœuvring of three pawns.

COMPENDIUM of the CUNNINGHAM GAMBIT.

From all the preceding forms of this gambit it appears, that on the system of action and counteraction there pursued, the blacks must win, if they do not at the seventh move withdraw the bishop to the king’s second; and that therefore, on the part of the white pieces, it is expedient to change the mode of operation previous to that move. When the black bishop checks, at the fourth countermove, no eventual good is obtained by covering with the pawn. CUNNINGHAM shews that the step below is an effective substitution.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

4.
W. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The bishop gives check.

5.
W. The king at his bishop’s square.(a)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.

7.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

8.
W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d.

9.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.
B. Queen’s bishop at the white king’s knight’s 4th.

(a) Playing the king to the bishop’s square, makes it impossible for the adversary to preserve the gambit pawn, which it will be always in your power to take; and you will acquire by it a constant attack upon him.

10.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

11.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 4th. The whites have the advantage
of position, and must win.

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

_Printed by W. Smith,
King Street, Seven Dials._

STUDIES OF CHESS;
CONTAINING
CAÏSSA, A POEM,

BY
SIR WILLIAM JONES;

_A Systematic Introduction to the Game_;

AND
THE WHOLE
ANALYSIS OF CHESS,

COMPOSED BY
MR. A. D. PHILIDOR:
WITH
Original Critical Remarks.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

"_Ludimus effigiem belli._"

VOL. II.

London:
PRINTED FOR SAMUEL BAGSTER, NO. 81, STRAND.
1803.

_Printed by W. Smith,
King Street, Seven Dials._

_Contents of the Second Volume._

PHILIDOR’S WORK CONTINUED.

PAGE
The Queen’s Gambit 1
Regular Parties 33
First Regular Party 34
Second Regular Party 49
Third Regular Party 54
Fourth Regular Party 69
Fifth Regular Party 75
Sixth Regular Party 81
The Salvio Gambit—First Party 88
—————— Second Party 101
Supplements to former Games 107
Practical Mates and Ends of Parties 120
Rook and Bishop against a Rook 121
Mate with a Knight and Bishop 135
A Rook and Pawn against a Bishop 142
Mate with a Rook 148
The Queen against a Rook and Pawn 152
The Queen against a Rook 160
Rook and Pawn against a Rook 168
Queen and Pawn against a Queen 172
Drawn Game with a Pawn 181
A Knight against a Pawn 185
Two Pawns against One 187
Two separate, against Two united Pawns 194
Observations on Ends of Parties,
and Powers of Pieces combined 196
The Laws of Chess 199
Games played without seeing the Board 205
—— First Match 206
—— Second Match 226
—— Third Match 244
Appendix 259

ANALYSIS OF _CHESS_.

The Queen’s Gambit,

OTHERWISE CALLED THE GAMBIT OF ALEPPO, WITH SIX BACK GAMES;

_Respectively on the Third Move of the White, the Third Move of the Black, the Fourth Move of the White, the Seventh Move of the White, the Eighth Move of the Black, and the Tenth Move of the White_.

1.
W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s pawn 2 squares.(a) ☜
B. King’s pawn 2 squares.(b) ☜

4.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c) ☜
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)

5.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

(a) Had you pushed this pawn but one square, your adversary would have confined your queen’s bishop during half the game. The subject of the first back game.

(b) If, instead of playing this, he had sustained the gambit pawn, he would have lost the game; as will be seen by the second back game: but, if he had neither pushed this pawn, nor sustained the gambit pawn, you must have pushed your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, in order to have three pawns in front.

(c) Had you taken his king’s pawn, you would have lost the advantage of the attack. The subject of the third back game.

(d) If he had played any thing else, by pushing _your_ king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you would have procured for your pieces an entire liberty to act.

7.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(e) ☜
B. The bishop takes the king’s knight.(f)

8.
W. The rook takes the bishop.
B. The King castles.(g) ☜

9.
W. The knight returns to his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

(e) If, instead of playing your knight, in order to get rid of his king’s bishop, according to the rule prescribed in the first party, note (_c_), you had taken the gambit’s pawn, you had lost the game. The subject of the fourth back game.

(f) If, instead of taking your knight, he had played his bishop to your queen’s fourth, you might have attacked him with your king’s knight, and left him no possibility of escape.

(g) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, in order to sustain the gambit pawn, he had lost the game; (as is exemplified in the fifth back game) and if, instead of that, or the move he has adopted, he had chosen to take your king’s pawn, your taking his capturing pawn would not commit yours to his knight; because, were he to take it with his knight, he would lose the game, through a subsequent check from your queen.

10.
W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.(h) ☜
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

11.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.(i)
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

12.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

13.
W. The queen at her 2d square.
B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.

14.
W. The bishop takes the knight.
B. The rook’s pawn takes the bishop.

15.
W. The king castles on his queen’s side.
B. The king at his rook’s square.

(h) This critical move requires a back game: if you had taken the first of his double pawns with your king’s bishop’s pawn, you would have lost the game.

(i) In taking with this pawn, you give your rook an opening upon his king.

16.

W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

17.
W. The queen at her king’s 3d.
B. The queen at her 3d square.

18.
W. The knight at his king’s 4th.
B. The bishop takes the knight.

19.
W. The pawn takes the bishop; uniting with his queen’s pawn.[31]
B. The king’s rook at his king’s square.

20.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.(k)

(k) Your queen’s imposing aspect on the adversary’s left wing, continually alarms him for the safety of his king. He sees that were you to place your queen’s rook at the king’s bishop’s square, he could only prevent check-mate, were he to keep the queen, by placing her at the counter-square, which would contract her sphere of action very much; he therefore makes an offer to change the queens, as the most eligible mode of extinguishing the danger; which you must accept, or give him the attack.

[31] It is not strictly uniform to insert comments in the text, yet as the ease of the reader seems consulted by it, when they are so simple as to require no pause, the Editor retains them there.

21.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The pawn takes the queen.

22.
W. Queen’s rook at its king’s square.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(l)

23.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

24.
W. King’s rook at its knight’s 3d.
B. The knight at his king’s rook’s 4th.

25.
W. The rook assailed by the knight at its queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

26.
W. The queen’s pawn 1 square, to make an opening for your rook
and bishop.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

(l) Some moves which want an obvious motive, are explained by the following move.

27.
W. The king’s rook takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.

28.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.
B. The knight at its king’s bishop’s 3d.

29.
W. The king’s rook gives check.
B. The king at his rook’s square.

30.
W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 4th; to stop
the adversary’s pawn.
B. The knight takes the bishop.

31.
W. The rook takes the knight.
B. King’s rook at its bishop’s square.

32.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 2d.
B. King’s rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.

33.
W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

34.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The rook takes the pawn.

35.
W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

36.
W. One of the rooks takes the pawn.
B. The rook takes the rook.

37.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

38.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook takes the pawn.

39.
W. The rook’s pawn 2 squares.(m)
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

40.
W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.

41.
W. The rook at its king’s square.
B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.

(m) If, instead of playing this, you had taken his pawn with your rook, you would have lost the game; because your king would have prevented your rook from arriving at the promotion line, in time to stop the passage of his knight’s pawn.

42.
W. The rook at its king’s knight’s square.
B. The rook gives check.

43.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.

44.
W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at its knight’s 2d.

45.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.

46.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.

47.
W. The rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The rook takes the pawn.(n)

48.
W. The rook takes the pawn.(o)
B. The rook at his king’s rook’s 2d.

(n) Had he not taken your pawn, you would have won the game immediately.

(o) If, instead of taking his pawn, you had taken his rook, you would have lost the game.

49.
W. The pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn 1 square.

50.
W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 2d.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

51.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his knight’s 3d.

52.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at his knight’s 4th.

53.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

54.
W. The pawn advances.

B. Takes the pawn with the rook, and playing afterwards
his king upon the rook, it must be a drawn game.

In pursuing a literal course through the steps of this gambit, the attention is repaid by numberless strokes, well designed and well parried. It is observable that this is the first party that has not opened with the move of the king’s pawn. For the leading steps of this model, the boards of EUROPE are indebted to a City in the EAST—the EAST which as it gave birth to Chess, has had expert players from an immemorial era.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Third Move of the White_.

3.
W. The king’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

7.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

8.
W. The king castles.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen takes the queen.

10.
W. The rook takes the queen.
B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.

11.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his 2d square.

12.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.

13.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

14.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

15.
W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d square.
B. The knight at his queen’s 4th.

16.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.

17.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

18.
W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

19.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

20.
W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s rook at its king’s knight’s square.

21.
W. Queen’s bishop at his 3d square.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.

22.
W. The bishop takes the rook.
B. The pawn takes the king’s pawn giving check.

23.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The rook takes the bishop.

24.
W. King’s bishop at his 3d square.
B. The king at his 3d square.

25.
W. King’s rook at his queen’s 2d.
B. The queen’s pawn gives check.

26.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.

27.
W. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.
B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

28.
W. King’s rook at its king’s 2d.
B. The rook at its king’s square.

29.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

30.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

31.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

32.
W. King’s rook at the adverse king’s rook’s square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

33.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king’s bishop’s gives check at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

34.
W. The king at his bishop’s 4th square, having no better place.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.

The mode in the Cunningham Gambit was synthetical: but it will be recollected, that the conduct of this gambit is properly analytical. The first form of it presents a series of moves critically good; embracing, throughout, the expedient, in moving for both parties. Slightly surveyed, it may seem less brilliant than the back games, as the balance of play precludes a decisive result, while it is, on that account, superior to them. As the management of the queen’s gambit is delicate, and depends on circumstances apparently trivial, at the opening; the back games are to shew the advantage which one party gives to the other, by deviating from the model at particular stages.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
W. King’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The gambit pawn takes the pawn.

6.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

7.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.
B. The bishop covers the check.

8.
W. The queen takes the pawn.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

9.
W. The queen takes the bishop, and gives check.
B. The queen covers the check.

10.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The knight takes the queen.

11.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

12.
W. The king at his 2d square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

13.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

14.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.

15.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

16.
W. Queen’s bishop at its rook’s 3d.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

17.
W. The rook takes the bishop.
B. The knight at his 2d square.

18.
W. The knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s square.

19.
W. The knight at his king’s 2d.
B. The king at his 3d square.

20.
W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.
B. King’s rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d.

21.
W. The queen’s rook gives check.
B. The knight covers the check.

22.
W. King’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

23.
W. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.

24.
W. The queen’s rook takes the rook’s pawn.
B. The rook takes the rook.

25.
W. The rook takes the rook, and must win the game.

THIRD BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Fourth Move of the White_.

4.
W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen takes the queen.

5.
W. The king takes the queen.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

6.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

7.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

8.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. The king castles.

10.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

11.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The knight takes the bishop.

12.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

13.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th square.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

14.
W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

15.
W. The knight takes the bishop.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

16.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

17.
W. Queen’s rook at its 2d square.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

18.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

19.
W. The rook gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.

20.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The rook takes the rook.

21.
W. The rook at its queen’s square.
B. The queen’s knight gives check at the white queen’s 4th.

22.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s square.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 3d.

23.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

24.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

25.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

26.
W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 4th.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

27.
W. The knight at his king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s rook’s 4th.

28.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

29.
W. The bishop takes the pawn.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

30.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

31.
W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

32.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.

33.
W. The rook takes the pawn.
B. The rook gives check.

34.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.

B. The rook gives heck-mate at the bishop’s square.

FOURTH BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

7.
W. The king’s bishop takes the gambit pawn.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

8.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

9.
W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
B. The queen gives check.

10.
W. The king at his queen’s 2d.
B King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.

11.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

12.
W. The queen at her 3d square.
B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.

13.
W. King’s knight at his own square.
B. The queen at the adverse king’s square, giving check.

14.
W. The king retires.
B. The king’s bishop takes the knight, and must win the game.

FIFTH BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Eighth Move of the Black_.

8.
W. The rook takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

9.
W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king castles.

10.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

11.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The bishop takes the knight.

12.
W. The rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The bishop takes the pawn.

13.
W. Queen’s knight pawn 1 square.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

14.
W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The bishop at his queen’s 2d.

15.
W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

16.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king at his rook’s square.

17.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

18.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the bishop.

19.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight at his rook’s 4th.

20.
W. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The knight at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.

21.
W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.
B. The knight takes the bishop, to avoid the mate.

22.
W. The queen takes the knight.
B. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

23.
W. The queen gives check.
B. The king retires.

24.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The bishop takes the pawn.

25.
W. The queen takes the bishop.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.

26.
W. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.
B. The queen takes the queen.

27.
W. The queen’s rook takes the queen.
B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.

28.
W. The king at his 2d square.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

29.
W. Queen’s rook at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.

30.
W. The rook takes the pawn.
B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.

31.
W. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.
B. The rook’s pawn 1 square.

32.
W. Queen’s rook at its king’s 3d.
B. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d.

33.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

34.
W. The king at his 4th square.
B. The rook takes the rook.

35.
W. The king takes the rook.
B. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d.

36.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

37.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

38.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. The rook takes the pawn.

39.
W. The rook takes the pawn.
B. The king at his 2d square.

40.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

41.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s square.

42.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. The knight’s pawn 1 square.

43.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

44.
W. The pawn covers the check.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

45.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king at his own square.

46.
W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 3d.

47.

W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d, and
by pushing his pawn he will win the game.

SIXTH BACK GAME,

TO THE QUEEN’S GAMBIT,

_On the Tenth Move of the White_.

10.
W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.

11.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The queen gives check.

12.
W. The knight at his king’s knight’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

13.
W. The king’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
B. The queen takes the rook’s pawn.

14.
W. King’s rook at its bishop’s square.
B. The queen takes the knight, and gives check.

15.
W. The king at his queen’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

16.
W. The rook takes the rook.
B. The rook takes the rook.

17.
W. The queen at her king’s square.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d,
and must win the game.

Setting aside the move in each, which is distinctly pointed out as inducing defeat in its ultimate tendency, the moves in these back-games are made with a penetrating regard to consequences; and in a circumspection in the use of stratagem and resource, which is not detected intermitting, in any of the skirmishes of the party, may be traced the revising attentions, and mellowing touches, of a succession of players.

=_Regular Parties_=.

The range of gambits is not completed, and yet we propose to enter on some regular parties. Without proceeding on the idea, that the reader will play the games as they are presented, the order of which a diversity in the degree of proficiency, and an individual pursuit of peculiar attainments, as _desiderata_, will occasion every one more or less to break; it will perhaps be expected, that modes of play, which by their properties seem assigned to a common class, should not be detached in their arrangement, without apology or explanation.

The various gambits agree in this, that they proceed rather on experiment than on system, and the surrender of the pawn, is a feature common to them all: but they so diverge in the field of stratagem after this step, that their course of evolutions cannot be traced to any participation of principle, nor is there any necessary connection between them.—For these reasons, and that the cultivation of regular play may not continue suspended, without an adequate cause, the EDITOR follows the arrangement of PHILIDOR, in introducing some examples of attack and defence strictly systematic before the Salvio gambits. By pursuing alternately the severe walk of method, which moves to the end by a gradual process; and the devious flight of adventure, which attempts the game by a _coup de main_; the spirit of each may be rendered easier to seize, as the traits in which their opposition consists, are seen in contrast.

=_First Regular Party_=,

WITH FOUR BACK GAMES;

_The First on the Third Move of the Black, the Second on the Fourth Move of the White, the Third on the Fifth Move of the Black, the last on the Sixth Move of the White_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)
B. The same.(b)

(a) This is the best place the king’s bishop can occupy in the first moves of a party; here, he batters the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, against which the first attacks are generally formed.

(b) The black being able to play different ways, we will make different parties of it.

3.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.(c) ☜

4.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) ☜
B. The same.(e) ☜

5.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(f)

(c) He prevents you from establishing two pawns a-breast, and occupying the centre. To prevent that, the black has three other ways of moving at this period, the effects of which are severally shewn, in the first back game, the supplement to the first back game, and the third back game.

(d) If you had moved this knight to your king’s second square, you would have lost the game: one object exemplified in the second back game.

(e) He would have laid a foundation for his own defeat, had he taken your pawn with his bishop: another object exemplified in the second back game.

(f) Had he attacked your king’s bishop’s pawn with his knight, it would have given you time to establish your pawns in the centre. The consequence is seen in the third back game.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(g) ☜
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(h)

7.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The same.(i)

8.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(k)
B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.(l)

(g) If you had pushed this pawn two squares, you might have occupied the centre for a moment, but could not have remained there; as is shewn by the fourth back game.

(h) If he had moved his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth square, you must equally have advanced your king’s rook’s pawn; you must never leave your superior pieces to the menace of the adverse bishop.

(i) The pawns have been played on both sides to prevent the bishops from becoming troublesome to the knights.

(k) When your queen’s pawn cannot be interposed to the action of the adverse king’s bishop upon your king’s bishop’s pawn, you must have your queen’s bishop in reserve, to be posted at your king’s third square; because the queen’s bishop is the only piece which can effectually be opposed to the adverse king’s bishop.

(l) If he had moved back his king’s bishop, instead of taking your bishop, he would have lost a turn: when you exchange pieces it is an advantage to take first.

9.
W. The queen takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

10.
W. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the bishop.(m)

11.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. The same.

12.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. The same.

(m): An additional advantage now appears from playing your king’s rook’s pawn at the seventh move, for he might at present attack you with his king’s knight, and afterwards play his king’s bishop’s pawn to bring the knight again into action; these hits ought to be eagerly improved, especially in parties wherein your adversary forces out your knights before your pawns.

The game is equal; the white has only, what he set out with, the move; he who can first bring his king’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing it two squares, without making any sacrifice, or deranging his pieces, will have the superiority of situation. The uniformity arises from the black player’s making his moves duplicates of the adverse moves, which he has hitherto done with propriety and success: but such a plan of counteraction is to be pursued with reserve and discrimination, and not excessively or mechanically. A player who should continue it, from this situation, having the move against him, would certainly lose.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)

4.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜

5.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.
B. The king takes the bishop.(c)

(a) He plays this knight to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn two squares. If, instead of this knight, he had played his queen’s bishop’s pawn a square, your next move might equally take place.

(b) He might have withdrawn his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, which move will make a supplement to this back game.

(c) If he refuse to take your bishop, you must take his king’s knight, and push your queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, attacking his bishop; and afterwards push the same pawn upon his knight, in order to take the pawn with your queen’s bishop’s pawn gratuitously, instead of changing pawns.

6.
W. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

7.
W. The queen takes the bishop, and will have a very good game.

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the Black_.

4.
W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.

5.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. The queen at her 3d square.
B. The king castles.

7.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

8.
W. The king’s pawn 1 square.(a)
B. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b)

(a) If on this attack, he withdraws his knight, he gives you an opportunity of establishing your pawns in the centre.

(b) He hereby limits the operation of your king’s bishop, and gains time to assign a place of safety and utility to his knight.

9.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.

10.
W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)

11.
W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

(c) In order that he may place his queen’s bishop at his king’s third square, without disturbance from your pawn.

(d) In this situation the black pieces have as good a game as the white; there is indeed a pawn passed and sustained on the side of the white; but this advantage is counterbalanced by the imposing attitude of the black king’s knight, who cannot be dislodged but by changing piece for piece; and in that case, the pawns of the black would unite in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a passed pawn.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the White_.

4.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(a)
B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.

5.
W. The king takes the bishop.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check.

6.
W. The queen’s pawn covers the check.
B. The queen takes the bishop.

7.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b)

(a) If this move did not cost you a pawn, it would undoubtedly be the most politic, as it is the most convenient place for the knight; because, here he does not obstruct the passage of the pawns. But it is sometimes expedient to obstruct the pawns with the knight, to avoid a greater disadvantage. See the supplement to this back game.

(b) The black must win the game, having the advantage of a pawn, added to a good situation.

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the White_.

4.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.(a)

5.
W. The king takes the bishop.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check.

6.
W, The queen’s pawn covers the check.
B. The queen takes the bishop.

7.
W. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.
B. The queen at her king’s 3d.

8.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

(a) This, by forcing your king to move, disables him from castling; but there is no disadvantage involved in not castling, when your pieces can easily get out; very often it is even better so, provided your king be safe.

9.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

10.
W. King’s rook at its king’s square.
B. The king castles.(b)

(b) So situated the white player has the advantage, his pieces being brought out to better effect, and more conveniently arranged.

THIRD BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

7.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king’s bishop gives check.

8.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)
B. The king’s knight returns to his bishop’s 3d.(b)

(a) If he take this knight with his bishop it will mend your game, because the change will bring your pawns into the centre.

(b) You might push your king’s pawn on his knight, and get two moves by so doing; but this pawn once pushed, your adversary would offer twice to change it, by pushing his queen’s pawn a square, and his king’s bishop’s pawn a square: your pawn would then remain alone and separate; it is therefore better to leave your two pawns a-breast, to avoid opening your game. In marching his knight, and retrograding, he has uselessly consumed two moves.

9.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king castles.(c)

10.
W. The king castles.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

11.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The same.

12.
W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.(d)

(c) He castles, to attack your king’s pawn with his rook; you must therefore castle, to be ready to sustain the pawn with your counter-rook.

(d) It is evident that the white player has the better game, having the advantage of three moves more than the black, and the centre pawns tactically advanced: nothing remains on the side of the white, but to remove the obstruction to the motion of the king’s bishop’s pawn as soon as possible; that will decide the game against the black.

FOURTH BACK GAME,

_On the Sixth Move of the White_.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

7.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king’s bishop gives check.

8.
W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

9.
W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

This party is equal; your pawns in the centre are broken: this mode of play may be ventured with an antagonist to whom you give some advantage: by such a player, you rely that every critical opportunity will not be seized, or you would not give the advantage.

=_Second Regular Party_=,

VARIANT FROM THE FIRST PARTY, AT THE SECOND MOVE OF THE BLACK.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

3.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

4.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

(a) Though stationing the pieces before the pawns must not be wantonly engaged in, I think this play is necessary in the present situation, to keep the advantage of the move; nevertheless, you might at the fourth move push your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares: such a game, though it embarks in danger, is calculated to disconcert a mere observer of routine, to whom some advantage is given.

5.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king castles.(b)

6.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.(c)

7.
W. The king castles.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

8.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The pawn takes the bishop.

(b) If, instead of castling, he had played his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you might have played your queen to her knight’s third, which would have given you the game; but should he play the same bishop to his king’s third, take him with yours, and afterwards play your queen to her knight’s third.

(c) If he had not adopted counterplay, his king’s bishop must have been forced by your pawns.

(d) Had he played this bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you must have pushed your queen’s pawn; and, varying again, if he take your king’s knight with his bishop, you take with your knight’s pawn, the better to bring your rooks into play, as they then have an approach to the pawns that cover the adverse king.

9.
W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e)
B. The queen at her bishop’s square.

10.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

11.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)

12.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The same.

13.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

(e) Your queen attacks two pawns, which your adversary can only sustain by placing his queen at her bishop’s square; this situation may take place in the first moves of a party, and very frequently your adversary finds himself unable to sustain the two pawns at once.

(f) If he had played his bishop to your queen’s knight’s fourth, your must have sustained your king’s pawn with your queen.

14.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g)
B. The knight takes the bishop.

15.
W. The pawn takes the knight.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)

16.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

17.
W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d.
B. The queen at her 2d square.

(g) You thus force the knight to retreat or to take, which is better than suffering him to hover over the pieces, to make a capture at his own discretion.

(h) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight from attacking his king’s pawn, as otherwise he would be forced to defend it with his rook, which would afford you time to double your rooks on the file of your king’s bishop. It is proper to observe, that in almost every case, whoever commands an opening with double rooks, must have the advantage; it is therefore an established maxim not to yield up these passes.

18.
W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(i)

(i) So situated, the white must have chiefly in view to oblige the adversary to push his king’s pawn a square, so that he may place a knight, sustained by two pawns, at the fourth square of the adverse king’s bishop, which ought to decide the game in his favour: the black will, in opposition, seek the means of doubling the two rooks, and bring the queen’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing him two squares.

=_Third Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party, at the Second Move of the Black,

WITH THREE BACK GAMES;

_On the Third, the Seventh, and the Eleventh Move of the Black_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)

3.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜

(a) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn two squares, in order to intercept the action of your king’s bishop, occupy the centre with his pawns, and recover the advantage of the move.

(b) He might, according to his first design, have pushed his queen’s pawn two squares. This will furnish interest for a back game.

4.
W. The queen takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

5.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

6.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The pawn takes the bishop.

7.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) ☜

(c) If he had played his king’s knight to his bishop’s third square, you must have attacked the knight with your king’s pawn, by which play you would have won many moves.

(d) If, instead, he had advanced his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you must then have pushed your king’s pawn.

(e) He makes this move in order to break your pawns in the centre, or be able to establish his pawns strongly on his queen’s side: he would have played wrong, had he pushed his queen’s bishop’s pawn upon your queen; as appears by a back game.

8.
W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(f)

9.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(g)
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

11.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(h) ☜

(f) It would have been improper for the adversary to take with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, because his pieces would be confined, and their sphere of action less extensive than yours.

(g) It would be wrong to give check with your queen, because it would answer no useful purpose, and for any other, she ought not to be removed from one of the four files in the centre; you must, on the contrary, keep her behind your principal pawns, especially in the beginning of a party.

(h) It would have been bad play to push his queen’s bishop’s pawn; and a back game on this move will shew it to be of consequence, when you have a cordon of pawns, to push the leading one.

12.
W. The king castles.
B. The queen at her 4th square.

13.
W. King’s rook at its queen’s square.(i)
B. The king castles.(k)

14.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

15.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

16.
W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 2d.(l)

(i) This move is indispensible to prevent him from pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn, which would bring two of his pawns a-breast upon your ground; besides, affording a favourable opportunity for his bishop to get out.

(k) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, you would have won a pawn, by attacking his queen with your queen’s knight.

(l) This party is quite even, the position is as good on one side as the other, the bishops are reduced to a narrow field, and the rooks are free.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

4.
W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

5.
W. The king’s bishop gives check.(a)
B. The bishop covers the check.

6.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The knight takes the bishop.

7.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight takes the pawn.

(a) If, instead of giving check, you had removed this bishop to your queen’s third square, you would have lost the advantage, both of the move and of the situation, because he would immediately have made himself master of the centre, by pushing his king’s pawn.

8.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. The same.(b)

9.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king castles.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

11.
W. The king castles.

(b) If he had sustained this knight by any other piece, he would have been subject to lose him, by your pushing the king’s bishop’s pawn two squares.

PHILIDOR leaving the conduct of the party here—adds—"Such being the situation of the game, you have chiefly two objects in view: first, to fortify the queen’s bishop, whose direction annoys the adverse king, and next to attack the queen’s pawn, which being separated from the other pawns, can no longer be sustained but by the pieces. It is always advantageous to attack a separated pawn, were it only to employ the adverse pieces." This direction consigns the black pieces to the defensive: but if the EDITOR rightly interprets the indications of their situation, timid play must be discarded. As the black knight loses two moves, by the retreating course, assigned him in the back game, it is requisite to attempt a variation.

VARIATION BY THE EDITOR,

_On the Tenth Move of the Black_.

Return the king to his square—the rook to his
square—the white queen’s bishop to his square—the
black queen’s knight to his king’s fourth.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)

(a) He takes an assailing position, leaving you to attack the exposed pawn as you can. The knight is protected by an ambuscaded check. Several pieces, in the course of the variation, are so protected.

11.
W. The king castles.
B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.

12.
W. The queen gives check.(b)
B. The rook covers the check.

13.
W. The queen’s rook takes the pawn.
B. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.

14.
W. The king removes.
B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.(c)

15.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s 3d.
B. The king at his queen’s square.

16.
W. The king at his queen’s 2d.
B. The king’s bishop at the adverse queen’s
knight’s 4th.

(b) Were the adverse queen suffered to take the pawn, in the present situation of the pieces, there would be a smothered-mate.

(c) To prevent check-mate. From the present position, he must not stir, while the adverse rook and queen menace his queen, unless to take the rook, or to give check.

The black player has the best of the game. Whatever changes take place must be to his advantage. As the juncture did not favor the promotion of the single black pawn; involved play against the adverse superior pieces, was the only expedient by which the black pieces could support a competition. If at the 11th move, the white king should not castle, and the attacked pawn should be moved against the knight, the black queen must still go to the adverse knight’s 4th.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the Black_.

7.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)

8.
W. The queen at her 3d square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

9.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The same.

10.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(b)
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

(a This allows you to lay a foundation for a result) in your favour. You must give him no other opportunity of pushing his queen’s pawn; if you succeed, his king’s bishop must remain imprisoned, and your pieces will cover more ground than those of your adversary.

(b) This move is essential; he would otherwise have attacked your queen with his queen’s knight; by which he would have obtained liberty to push his queen’s pawn, and disengage his pieces.

11.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square.
B. The king castles.

12.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c)
B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(d)