Chapter IX: Conclusion: Of a Party, (1)

WON BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK AND A PAWN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his bishop’s 4th.
The queen at her 3d square.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his 2d square.
The rook at its king’s 4th.
The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 3d.(a)

1.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(b)
B. The king at his 3d square.

(a) This party is a drawn game, when the pawn has not been moved from its place; but, in the event of its having been advanced, the queen must win.

(b) His defence depends entirely upon not letting your king pass, and in meditation of the intended obstruction, playing his rook alternately from the queen’s bishop’s fourth to the king’s fourth, being always supported by his pawn.

2.
W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(c)
B. The king at his 2d square.

3.
W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

4.
W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.
B. The king at his 3d square.

5.
W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The rook at its king’s 4th.

6.
W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(d)
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

(c) This move is superfluous and unavailing; and I adopt it, only to shew, by what trivial means turns may be gained or lost.

(d) This move lays a certain foundation for a decision in your favour; you must, therefore, at the second move of the queen, take this position.

7.
W. The queen at the adverse queen’s square.
B. The rook at its king’s 4th.

8.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s square.(e)
B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

9.
W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(f)
B. The rook gives check.(g) ☜

10.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The rook gives check.

(e) This check forces his king to occupy the same file with his pawn; this will be a great facility to your own king, in passing.

(f) You place him under the dilemma of removing his rook from his king, or giving a free passage to yours.

(g) If he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you must have played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third. He might also have played his rook to his king’s rook’s fourth, to hinder the passage of your king; the movements which you should then adopt, are exhibited in the first back game.

11.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s 4th.(h)

12.
W. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The rook covers the check.

13.
W. The queen gives check at her 3d square.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

14.
W. The queen at her 2d square.(i)
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

15.
W. The queen at her 4th square.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(k) ☜

(h) If here, too, he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you must have played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third.

(i) At the instant your king gets in the rear of his pawn, the advantage of the game will turn on your side: to attain this, you must force him to play his king.

(k) He could have played his king to his queen’s bishop’s second square. This course is pursued in the second back game.

16.
W. The queen at her bishop’s 4th.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.(l)

17.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

18.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.
B. The rook gives check.

19.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s square.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

20.
W. The queen gives check, at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

21.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.

(l) If he had detached his rook from his king, the object of your play must have been to force his rook, by a divergent check.

22.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

23.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

24.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th square, and must win.

The termination of this party, regularly conducted from this move, may be seen in p. 160.—As many amateurs may not be acquainted with the method of giving check-mate with a queen against a rook, the opportunity which the state of the board presents for exhibiting that operation is embraced. It may be pursued in immediate continuation, by suspending the back games.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Ninth Move of the Black_.

9.
W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.
B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th.(a)

10.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

11.
W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.

12.
W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 3d.
B. The king where he pleases, his pawn being lost.(b)

(a) His rook being distant from its king, allows you to take it by a divergent check, or at least to take his pawn.

(b) This back game shews the facility with which a queen may force a rook, when detached from its king.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fifteenth Move of the Black_.

15.
W. The queen at her 4th square.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.

16.
W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

17.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

18.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d square, and must win.(a)

(a) The ability of the king to manœuvre behind the pawn, commands the event of the game.

CHECK-MATE,

BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK,

_Being a Continuation of the Party in Page 157_.

24.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

25.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

26.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(a)
B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

27.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.(b)

28.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

(a) It is unavailing to give check with your queen, before your king has approached the adverse king.

(b) He offers you his rook for nothing: but, if you take it, he will be stale-mate.

29.
W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.

30.
W. The queen at her rook’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.(c)

31.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

32.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d)
B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.

(c) Your last move was by no means tactical. The queen should have remained on the fourth square from the corner. The move was made merely to shew the game which might then be played by your adversary. If you were to take his rook, he would be stale-mate. This cannot be too much attended to at the end of this party.

(d) Had you played your king to your queen’s knight’s third, he would have made a drawn game, by giving you check at your queen’s bishop’s third.

33.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

34.
W. The queen at her rook’s 4th.(e)
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

35.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

36.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(f)
B. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

37.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.

(e) Your king may now invest the adversary, by a near approach, without any danger of making him stale-mate.

(f) He is obliged to remove his rook from his king, which gives you an opportunity of taking his rook by a divergent check, or making him mate.

38.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.
B. The king at the knight’s square.(g)

39.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.

40.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. The king at the knight’s square.

41.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s square,
and must win.(h)

(g) If he had covered the check, you would have given mate at your queen’s bishop’s square.

(h) This party can be won only by forcing the adversary to detach his rook, in order to ensure its fall, by a divergent check.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK AND A PAWN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.
The queen at her knight’s 3d.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his queen’s square.
The queen’s pawn at its square.
The rook at its king’s 3d.

1.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.
B. The king at his 2d square.

2.
W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s square.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.

3.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. The rook at its king’s 3d, giving check.

4.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th square.(a)

(a) In this position it is a drawn game; because neither the queen, nor the king, can come upon the rear of the black pawn, as in the former party.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A ROOK;

Or LOST GAME,

IF THE PLAYER HAVING ONLY A ROOK PLAY ILL.

_Situation of the White._
The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
The pawn at its king’s 4th.
The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his square.
The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d.

1.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 3d.(a) ☜

(a) By commanding the third rank with his rook, he hinders your king from advancing; if he were to desert that rank before you had pushed your pawn, he would lose the party, as will be seen by a back game.

2.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.(b)

3.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(c)

4.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(d)

(b) He ought not to move his rook from this line, until at the instant of your pushing the pawn.

(c) If he had given check, he would have lost the game.

(d) And he must give you perpetual check, unless you will be induced to detach your king from your pawn: and if, in adopting that course, you enfilade obliquely from his successive checks, toward his rook, he will transport his rook, at the moment of its being reached by your king, so as to ensure the fall of your pawn.—If your king retires upon your own rook, he will change rooks.

VARIANT GAME,

ON THE FIRST MOVE OF THE BLACK, WHEN A ROOK AND A PAWN WIN AGAINST A ROOK.

1.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.

2.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a)
B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(b)

3.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)

(a) If you had placed your king opposite his, he could have regained the opportunity of making a drawn game, by giving check with his rook.

(b) Had he given check at his queen’s rook’s third, you must have covered check with your pawn: and had he removed his king to his queen’s square, you must have given check with your rook, afterwards playing your king to the adverse king’s second square.

(c) Had he left his king unmoved, you must have given check, and changed rook for rook.

4.
W. The rook gives check.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

5.
W. The rook at the adverse king’s square.(d)
B. The rook at the adverse king’s square.

6.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(e)

7.
W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(f)

8.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.(g)
B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.

9.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s square.

(d) This is the only move which can ensure victory: every other leads but to a drawn game.

(e) Had he given check, you must have played your king to the adverse king’s second.

(f) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you must have given check with your rook, and at the next move pushed your pawn.

(g) Had you pushed your pawn, it would have been a drawn game.

10.
W. The rook at its queen’s 2d.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d.

11.
W. The rook gives check at its king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The king at his rook’s 2d.

12.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The rook gives check.

13.
W. The king at the adverse king’s square.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s 3d.

14.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.(h)

15.
W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The queen at his knight’s 2d.

(h) He plays thus, in order to hinder your king from moving out on the queen’s side of the board, and to bring him, by a check, again under your pawn, in case he move out on the king’s side.

16.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(i)
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.

17.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

18.
W. The rook at its queen’s square.
B. The rook gives check.

19.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The rook gives check.

20.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

21.
W. The rook covers the check.
B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.

22.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square, and will win.

(i) As in England, the stale-mate is the loss of the game, you might, at this move, play your rook to your queen’s second.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A QUEEN, AND A PAWN, AGAINST A QUEEN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
The queen at her 3d square.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.
The queen at her bishop’s 4th.

1.
W. The pawn 1 square.(a)
B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.

2.
W. The queen covers the check.
B. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th.

(a) In this position, the white should seek an opportunity of changing queen for queen: the black should keep the king at a distance from the adverse king, in order to prevent that exchange, and to be the better enabled to give perpetual check.

3.
W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.(b)
B. The queen at her 4th square.

4.
W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.
B. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square.

5.
W. The queen covers the check.
B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s 4th.

6.
W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.
B. The queen gives check, at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

7.
W. The queen covers the check.
B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(c)

(b) He cannot, in this position, give check, without losing the game; but he may hinder your pawn from making a queen.

(c) It is plain, that, when the checking intermits, such a position may be taken as to prevent the pawn from making a queen.

A GAME WON

BY A QUEEN, AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.
The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.
The pawn at the adverse king’s 2d.

1.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(a)
B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.

2.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

(a) To win this game, the queen must be previously brought, as near as possible, to the adverse king.

3.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.

4.
W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b)
B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.

5.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse king’s square.(c)

6.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.

7.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

(b) It is this move which enables you to win the game, because you force him to play his king under his pawn.

(c) As his pawn cannot make a queen, you must employ the interval in which your queen is inactive, in bringing your king in proximity to his.

8.
W. The queen gives check at her bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d.

9.
W. The queen gives check at her 4th square.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

10.
W. The queen at her king’s 3d.(d)
B. The king at the adverse queen’s square.

11.
W. The queen gives check at her 3d square.
B. The king at the adverse king’s square.

12.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th.(e)

(d) It is uniformly the same move which forces him to play his king under his pawn.

(e) You will proceed with a reiteration of the same moves, till your king is seated close to his pawn, and then the game is won.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
The queen at her king’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.
The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

1.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

2.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

3.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s square.(a)

(a) In the former party, you forced his king to come under his pawn: but he may now, without risk, leave it exposed to be taken; for you would make a stale-mate by taking it: this ought then to be a drawn game.

ANOTHER DRAWN GAME,

WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
The queen at her 4th square.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
The pawn at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

1.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

2.
W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

3.
W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at the rook’s square.(a)

(a) Being continually forced to remove your queen from that file, to make room for his king, you could never bring up your king in time: so it must be a drawn game.

It is to be observed, that the pawns of the two bishops, and of the two rooks, at one square from promotion, make a drawn game against a queen; and the pawns of the king, and the queen, and of the two knights, lose in such a position.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A SINGLE PAWN;

Or A GAME WON,

IF HE WHO DIRECTS THE UNACCOMPANIED KING SHOULD NOT PLAY WELL.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his bishop’s 4th.
The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his bishop’s 3d.

1.
W. The king at his 4th square.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(a)

2.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. The king at his 2d square.

(a) It is necessary to bring his king alternately to the face of the adverse pawn, and alternately to the face of the adverse king, in order to oppose the promotion of the pawn.

3.
W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

4.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b) ☜

5.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The king at his square.(c)

6.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(d)

(b) If he had removed his king to his square, or to the knight’s square, he would have lost the game. The subject of a back game.

(c) Were you in the present position to push your pawn, you could not sustain it without making a stale-mate.

(d) His defence depends upon opposing his king to yours; if, on the other hand, the possession of the move enabled you to oppose your king to his, you would win the game.

7.
W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(e)

8.
W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at his knight’s square.

9.
W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

10.
W. The king is forced to desert the pawn.

(e) He places his king in that alternate opposition to your pieces, which infallibly brings on a drawn game.

BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the Black_.

4.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The king at his square, or at the knight’s square.

5.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

6.
W. The pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

7.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d, and will win.

It may be seen by these examples, that the unaccompanied king, to make a good defence, must, at the last stage of his retreat, refuse to move from before the adversary’s pawn.

A DRAWN GAME,

BY A KNIGHT DISTANT FROM HIS KING, AGAINST A PAWN ADVANCING TO PROMOTION.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his rook’s 2d.
The knight at his queen’s rook’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.
The pawn at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.

1.
W. The knight gives check at his queen’s bishop’s square.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

2.
W. The knight gives check at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

3.
W. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

4.
W. The knight at his queen’s 3d.(a)

(a) He cannot push his pawn, without receiving a divergent check from your knight; therefore it is a drawn game. It is important to observe, that in positions, when the knight can neither check, nor hinder the pawn from advancing, a divergent check will be in his power, if the pawn be advanced.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH TWO PAWNS AGAINST ONE;

Or A PARTY WON,

IF THE PLAYER WITH THE SINGLE PAWN MISMOVE.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his 4th square.
The king’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 4th.
The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 5th.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his 3d square.
The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 3d.(a)

1.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) ☜

(a) Before we proceed, let us review the board at the stage at which we find the game. If the black pieces were to play first, the white would win; but the white party having to commence, it will be a drawn game.

(b) Had he played his king to his king’s bishop’s fourth square, you would have regained the move; which would have been the earnest of victory. The subject of a back game.

2.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(c)

3.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king at his 2d square.(d) ☜

4.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his queen’s 3d.

5.
W. The king at his 4th square.
B. The king at his 3d square.(e)

(c) Had he played his king to his queen’s fourth, he would have lost the game. The subject of the second back game.

(d) By refusing to advance from his eligible station, he is enabled to oppose your king, whether you chuse to place him at his own fourth, or at your queen’s fourth.

(e) This is the identical position at which we commenced. Supposing the future moves of the adversary to be correctly made, no variation in your course can prevent it from being a drawn game.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the First Move of the Black_.

1.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.

2.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king at his 3d square.(a)

3.
W. The king at his 4th square.
B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b)

4.
W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.(c)

5.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The king at his 2d square.

(a) Had he removed his king to your king’s knight’s fourth, he would lose the game, equally as he will by the present course.

(b) Had he played his king to his second square, or to his queen’s second, you must have advanced your king opposite his, to effect the capture of his pawn.

(c) He could have declined taking your pawn; a mode of play that is pursued in the second back game.

6.
W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

7.
W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d, and must win.(d)

(d) As often as the king can move in the van of a single pawn, the adversary cannot hinder you from making a queen.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Second Move of the Black_.

2.
W. The king at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

3.
W. The king at his 3d square.(a)
B. The king at his 3d square.

4.
W. The king at his 4th square.
B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b)

5.
W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his 2d square.

(a) You again get the move, because he cannot play his king fronting yours: he must absolutely retrograde either to his third square, or to his queen’s third square. In either case, your king may place himself in opposition to his.

(b) If he had withdrawn his king to his second square, or to his queen’s second, you must have advanced your king opposite his.

6.
W. The pawn 1 square, giving check.(c)
B. The king at his 3d square.

7.
W. The king at his queen’s 4th.
B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d)

8.
W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his 2d square.

9.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. The king takes the pawn.

10.
W. The king at the adverse queen’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

11.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

(c) Had you taken his pawn with yours, it would have been a drawn game.

(d) By this step he has regained the move, since he may oppose king to king; but by the sacrifice of a pawn you may recover it over him, and a single pawn is enough to win the game.

12.
W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d.
B. The king at his knight’s square.

13.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at his rook’s 2d.

14.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his rook’s square.

15.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The king at his knight’s square.

16.
W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

17.
W. The pawn 1 square, and makes a queen without opposition.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH TWO SEPARATED PAWNS, AGAINST TWO UNITED PAWNS.

_Situation of the White._
The king at his queen’s 3d.
The queen’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 5th.
The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his queen’s 4th.
The queen’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.
The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 4th.(a)

1.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king at his 4th square.

2.
W. The king at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.

(a) From this position, if the black were to commence play, the white would win the game.

3.
W. The king at his knight’s 3d.
B. The king at his 4th square.(b)

4.
W. The king at his knight’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s 3d.

5.
W. The king at his knight’s 3d.
B. The king at his 4th square.(c)

6.
W. The king at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s 4th.(d)

(b) Had he played his king to his bishop’s third, you would have advanced your king towards his pawn, and he would have lost the game.

(c) Had he played his king to his bishop’s fourth, you would have recovered the move; and the move, at these critical junctures, is the game.

(d) As he does not advance his pawn, nor suffer your king to take the place opposite to his, it must be a drawn game.

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE ENDS OF PARTIES, AND

_ON THE POWERS OF PIECES_ VARIOUSLY COMBINED.

A single pawn cannot win, if the adverse king be placed in opposition to it.

A single pawn may win, if the king be placed in the van of his pawn.

Two pawns against one must win, almost in all cases: but he that has the two pawns, must avoid changing one of them with the adversary’s pawn.

A pawn, and any piece whatsoever, must win in all cases; a pawn on a rook’s file, co-operating with a bishop, whose diagonal is of a different colour from the square at which the pawn must make a queen, only excepted.

Two knights alone cannot mate.

Two bishops alone may mate.

A knight and a bishop may mate.

A rook, against a knight, makes a drawn game.

A rook, against a bishop, makes a drawn game.

A rook and a knight, against a rook, make a drawn game.

A rook and a bishop, against a rook, win.

A rook and a bishop, against a queen, make a drawn game.

A rook and a knight, against a queen, make a drawn game.

A queen, against a bishop and a knight, may win.

A rook, against a bishop and two pawns, makes a drawn game.

A rook, against one knight and two pawns, makes a drawn game, because in this, as in the last case, he who has the single potent piece, cannot be hindered from sacrificing it for the two pawns.

A queen, against one rook and two pawns, makes a drawn game.

THE =_Laws of Chess_=.

The Laws or Constitutions of a Game are originally established, either to prevent or decide contests; because, by defining what is in itself indefinite, by determining that which, without any explanation, would be uncertain, they put an end to all obstinacy and dispute. These statutes, founded at first in reason, consecrated afterwards by custom, confirmed at length by the practice of the best players, and the approbation of the most illustrious authors, may be reduced to the XVII following RULES, which the Society or Club of Chess in ENGLAND have adopted for their code.

LAWS OF CHESS.

I.

The chess-board must be placed in such a manner, that each player may have a white square at his right hand.

II.

He that gives a piece is supposed to have the move, unless it be agreed otherwise. In games without odds, lots must be cast for the move, which afterwards becomes alternate.

III.

If a pawn or piece have been forgotten at the beginning of the game, it will be in the adversary’s choice, either to begin the game afresh, or to go on, permitting, nevertheless, the piece forgotten to be set in its place.

IV.

If it is agreed to give the advantage of a piece, or a pawn, and it have been forgotten at the beginning of a game, it will be left to the choice of him who has suffered by such a mistake, to proceed, or to recommence.

V.

A piece once touched must be played, unless it be said, in touching it, _J’adoube_: but if a piece be displaced or overturned by accident, the player in whose set it is, will be allowed to restore it to its place.

VI.

If you touch one of your adversary’s pieces without saying _J’adoube_, he has a right to oblige you to take it; and, in case you touch a piece not prizable, you, who have touched it, must play your king if you can.

VII.

When one has dismissed a piece from his hand, he cannot take it again, to play it to another place; but so long as he keeps his hold of it, he is at liberty to play it where he pleases.

VIII.

A player making a false move, must play his king, as in rule VI. but no false move can be recalled after the adversary’s succeeding move: so if the irregular move be not revoked in time, the position taken must remain as if it had been just.

IX.

Every pawn which has reached the eighth or last square of the chess-board, is entitled to make a queen, or any other piece that shall be thought proper; and this, even when all the pieces remain on the chess-board.

X.

Any pawn has the privilege of advancing two squares, at its first move: but, in this case, it may, in passing, be taken by any pawn which might have taken it if it had been pushed but one _move_.[32]

XI.

The king, when he castles, cannot in his flight exceed two squares, that is, the rook with which he castles must take the square next to the original square of the king; and the latter, leaping over, must be posted close on the other side of the rook.[33]

XII.

The king cannot castle when in check, nor after having been moved, nor if in passing he was exposed to a check, nor with a rook which has been removed from its place: and he that castles when he should not, must play his rook touched, or his king, at his own choice.

[32] One _square_ would be more correct: but the language of this tenth rule is retained verbatim; because the reasoning on which the rule rests, seems to depend on this mode of speaking. EDITOR.

[33] The old way of castling in several countries, and it still subsists in some, was to leave to the player’s disposal, all the interval between the king and the rook, along with the squares first assigned them.

XIII.

If a player give check without warning, the adversary will not be bound to ward it off; and he may consequently play as if such check did not exist: but if the former, in playing the next move, were to say, _Check_, each must then retract his last move, as being false, and he that is under check is to obviate it in the prescribed form.

XIV.

If the adversary warn you of a check, without however giving it, and you in consequence touch, or move, either your king, or any other piece, you will then be allowed to retract, so long as your adversary has not completed his next move.

XV.

If any one touch a piece which he cannot play without exposing his king to check, he must then play his king; and if his king cannot be played, the fault is of no consequence.

XVI.

When one has nothing else to play, and his king being out of check, cannot stir without coming to a check, then the game is stale-mate. In England, he whose king is stale-mate wins the game[34]; but in France, and several other countries, the stale-mate is a drawn game.

XVII.

At all conclusions of parties, when a player seems not to know how to give the difficult mates, as that of a knight and a bishop against the king, that of a rook and a bishop against a rook, &c. at the adversary’s request, fifty moves on each side must be appointed for the end of the game: these being accomplished, it will be a drawn game.

[34] Reasons calculated to allay the surprise which attends the first mention of the rule, may be found in the Introduction to Chess, in the first volume.

The EDITOR invites the experienced reader’s particular attention to the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th rules; as some points intended to be established by them, seem open to discussion.—_vide_ Appendix.

=GAMES=

=_Played without seeing the Board_=.

Mr. Philidor being of opinion that an entire collection of the games he has played without looking over the chess-board would not be of any service to amateurs, he will only publish a few parties which he has played against three players at once, subjoining the names of his respectable adversaries, in order to prove, and transmit to posterity, _a fact_, of which future ages might otherwise entertain some doubt.

_The following Account appeared in the London News-papers, the 9th of May, 1783_:

"Yesterday, at the Chess-club in St. James’s Street, Mr. PHILIDOR performed one of those wonderful exhibitions for which he is so much celebrated. He played at the same time three different games, without seeing either of the tables. His opponents were Count BRUHL, Mr. BOWDLER, and Mr. MASERES. To those who understand chess, this exertion of Mr. PHILIDOR’S abilities, must appear one of the greatest of which the human memory is susceptible. He goes through it with astonishing accuracy, and often corrects mistakes in those who have the board before them. Mr. PHILIDOR sits with his back to the tables, and some gentleman present, who takes his part, informs him of the move of his antagonist, and then, by his direction, plays his pieces."

In the triple party before mentioned, Mr. PHILIDOR gave the move to Count BRUHL and Mr. BOWDLER, and the advantage of a pawn and the move to Mr. MASERES: the moves of each party were played alternately.

COUNT BRUHL’S PARTY.

1.
W. King’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

3.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

4.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

5.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. The king’s pawn takes the bishop’s pawn.
B. The queen’s bishop takes the king’s pawn.

7.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

8.
W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

9.
W. King’s bishop at the queen’s knight’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.

10.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. The same.

11.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The same.

12.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d.

13.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

14.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

15.
W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

16.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king castles with his rook.

17.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

18.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. Queen’s knight at his 3d square.

19.
W. King’s knight at his 3d square.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

20.
W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.
B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

21.
W. The king’s knight takes the bishop.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight.

22.
W. The queen gives check at the king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The queen covers the check.

23.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The king takes the queen.

24.
W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight.
B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the bishop.

25.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square.

26.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.

27.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.

28.
W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. King’s rook at his queen’s bishop’s square.

29.
W. The queen’s rook takes the king’s rook.
B. The rook takes the rook.

30.
W. The rook at the queen’s rook’s square.
B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.

31.
W. The rook takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.

32.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.

33.
W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. The bishop takes the knight.

34.
W. The rook takes the bishop.
B. The rook takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.

35.
W. The rook at the queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

36.
W. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his knight’s 3d.

37.
W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the rook’s pawn.
B. The knight at his rook’s 4th.

38.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.
B. The knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.

39.
W. The bishop takes the knight.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.

40.
W. The king at his knight’s 2d.
B. The rook takes the bishop.

41.
W. The rook takes the queen’s pawn.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.

42.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.

43.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

44.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.

45.
W. The king at his bishop’s square.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

46.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

47.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 1 square, and wins the game.

MR. BOWDLER’S PARTY.

1.
W. King’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

3.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

4.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

6.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

7.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

8.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

9.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

11.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. The king castles.

12.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

13.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

14.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

15.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

16.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s square.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.

17.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.

18.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king at his rook’s 2d.

19.
W. The king at his rook’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 2d.

20.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the queen’s rook’s pawn.

21.
W. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.
B. Queen’s knight at its 4th square.

22.
W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.
B. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.

23.
W. King’s rook at its knight’s square.
B. The same.

24.
W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s 3d.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

25.
W. The queen’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen’s rook takes the pawn.

26.
W. King’s rook at its king’s knight’s square.
B. King’s rook at its queen’s rook’s square.

27.
W. The queen’s rook takes the rook.
B. The queen takes the rook.

28.
W. The rook at his queen’s bishop’s square.
B. The queen at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.

29.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s square.
B. The queen at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

30.
W. The queen at her square.
B. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.

31.
W. The bishop covers the check, at his queen’s 2d.
B. The queen takes the queen.

32.
W. The rook takes the queen.
B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.

33.
W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

34.
W. The king at his knight’s 3d.
B. The knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

35.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his square.

36.
W. Queen’s bishop at his square.
B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.

37.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

38.
W. The rook takes the bishop.
B. The knight at his king’s 2d.

39.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.

40.
W. The rook at his king’s square.
B. The rook takes the rook.

41.
W. The knight takes the rook.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

42.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

43.
W. The knight takes the knight.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the knight, and gives check.

44.
W. The king at his knight’s 3d.
B. The bishop at the adverse queen’s square.

45.
W. The knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The bishop takes the knight.

46.
W. The king takes the bishop.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

47.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

48.
W. The king at his queen’s 2d.
B. The king at his 2d square.

49.
W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s 2d.

50.
W. The king at his queen’s knight’s 2d.
B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

51.
W. The king at his queen’s rook’s 3d.
B. The king at his queen’s knight’s 4th,
and makes a drawn game.

MR. MASERES’ PARTY.

_He received the King’s Bishop’s Pawn, and the Move._

1.
W. King’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

2.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.

3.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

4.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.

5.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

6.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

7.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

8.
W. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.

9.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

11.
W. The king castles.
B. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.

12.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

13.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s rook at its knight’s square.

14.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

15.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king castles with his rook.

16.
W. King’s knight at his rook’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

17.
W. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the pawn.

18.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

19.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

20.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 4th.

21.
W. The king’s bishop takes the knight.
B. The king’s rook takes the bishop.

22.
W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

23.
W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight takes the pawn.

24.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s rook at his bishop’s square.

25.
W. The queen at her king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The knight at the adverse queen’s 3d.

26.
W. Queen’s bishop at his square.
B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.

27.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The knight takes the bishop.

28.
W. The queen’s rook takes the knight.
B. The queen takes the queen’s knight’s pawn.

29.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 3d.
B. The queen takes the queen.

30.
W. The king takes the queen.
B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

31.
W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s rook at the adverse queen’s 3d.

32.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s rook’s 4th.

33.
W. The queen’s rook takes the rook.
B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the rook.

34.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s square.
B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 4th.

35.
W. The rook at his king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.

36.
W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

37.
W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king’s bishop takes the queen’s pawn.

38.
W. The rook at its queen’s 2d.
B. The rook takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.

39.
W. The rook takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

40.
W. The knight takes the bishop.
B. The queen’s pawn takes the knight.

41.
W. The rook at its king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook takes the rook.