Chapter I: =Elementary Institutes= (6)

13.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

14.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

(c) If circumstances had permitted you to remove your queen’s bishop to the king’s third square, he would have played his king’s knight to his fifth square, in order to take your bishop, and free that of his king. It is convenient to preserve a bishop of the same diagonal with your adversary. The oblique action of the bishop is very dangerous, and the best defence is to oppose bishop to bishop.

(d) He plays this knight in order to exchange him for your bishop.

15.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s knight’s square.(e)
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f)

16.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

17.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

18.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(g)

(e) None of the attacks of the adversary are dangerous, because they do not break your centre; and you may dislodge the knights whenever you please; this proves that real attacks are to be made only by the co-operation of several pieces, and very seldom succeed with one or two.

(f) In order to hinder your queen’s knight from attacking his queen’s pawn.

(g) Instead of removing this knight, he might have sustained him by playing his queen to her knight’s third square: then you would have pushed your king’s knight’s pawn.

19.
W. The king castles.(h)

(h) In this situation you have a practicable road for the attainment of the game, but it will depend on preventing the adverse queen’s pawn from advancing, and on not being too hasty in pushing the pawns on the right wing, till the king is ready to sustain them.

THIRD BACK GAME,

_On the Eleventh Move of the Black_.

11.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

12.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. The king’s bishop gives check.

13.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

14.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(b)

15.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.(c)
B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.

(a) If he take your knight, his queen must necessarily fall into your hands, because it cannot be sustained by any other pawn; besides, you may attack it with all your pieces.

(b) He plays this knight to get rid of your bishop, and open afterwards a passage for his king’s bishop upon your king and queen, which would prove very dangerous.

(c) Your view is, to oblige him, either to sustain the pawn of his queen, or to take your knight.

16.
W. The queen takes the knight.
B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.

17.
W. The king at his rook’s square.(d)
B. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(e)

18.
W. The pawn takes the bishop.
B. The king castles.(f)

(d) You might have taken his queen’s pawn with your knight, and afterwards played your queen to your king’s fourth, to force his knight; but he would then have disentangled his queen by giving check; so that this move is previously necessary.

(e) Being no longer able defensively to sustain his queen’s pawn; he is forced to take your knight, to preserve it.

(f) In this situation, the white player must win; the remaining measures being, to hinder the adverse queen’s pawn from coming into play, and to sustain the centre pawns, not advancing them too hastily.

=_Fourth Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party on the Third Move of the Black,

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the White_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The same.

3.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

4.

W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

(a) You might push this pawn only one square, but then your situation would be the same, as that already shewn in the first variation.

5.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜
B. The king’s bishop gives check.(c)

6.
W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.
B. The bishop takes the bishop.

7.
W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(d)

8.
W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The knight takes the pawn.

9.
W. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(e)
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

(b) Instead of taking, you might push the king’s pawn a square, which would not be amiss against a player to whom some advantage is given. The subject of a back game.

(c) Had he removed his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, he would have committed himself, and conspired to establish your pawns in the centre.

(d) Had he not played in this manner, he would have given you time to occupy the centre with your pawns.

(e) You might give check with your queen at your king’s second square, but this move would enable your adversary to educe his queen’s bishop; besides, the king and queen are, generally, not to be placed on the same line, especially when the file is left open by the exchange of each party’s pawn.

10.
W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.
B. The king castles.

11.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)

12.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

13.
W. The queen at her bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

14.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(g)
B. The same.(h)

(f) He plays this with a view, either to get out his queen’s bishop, or to remove your king’s bishop.

(g) You push this pawn to break the chain of pawns that cover his king.

(h) As he has pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you must endeavour to post one of your knights at the adverse king’s fourth square, from whence he cannot be removed but by an exchange, and an exchange will unite your pawns in the centre.

15.
W. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

16.
W. Queen’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. Queen’s knight at his king’s bishop 3d.(i)

17.
W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s 4th.

18.
W. The queen at her 2d square.(k)
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

19.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.(l)

(i) He will not concentre your pawns by taking your knight.

(k) This move is necessary, to prevent his knight from occupying your king’s third square.

(l) I should think the white has the better game, on account of the place where the queen’s knight stands; however, such an advantage, unaccompanied by any other, is not decisive: the black must not take the knight before he has displaced one of the pawns that sustain the knight, which may be done by changing the queen’s bishop’s pawn for the adverse queen’s pawn, and then both games will be even.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the White_.

5.
W. The king’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(a)

6.
W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. The King’s bishop gives check.

7.
W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.(b)
B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.

8.
W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) Had he withdrawn his knight, that move alone would have given you the game.

(b) You might cover check with your queen’s knight, placing him at his bishop’s third, and if he then played his king’s knight to your king’s fourth, you would not be without means of sustaining your centre; in that situation, his best play would be to push his queen’s pawn two squares.

(c) Had he pushed this pawn two squares, your centre would have been safe.

9.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(d)
B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

10.
W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

11.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

12.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.(e)

(d) If your king’s bishop’s pawn had been played two squares, he might have broken your pawns, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn to the full extent.

(e) The black player has succeeded in breaking the white central pawns. The design of this back game is to prove, how dangerous it is, when two pawns stand on a front line in the centre, to advance one, before your adversary offers to change. You should wait the offer, and then the pawn may be pushed safely. If, even after you had incautiously assailed the knight with your pawn, instead of pushing his queen’s and his bishop’s pawn one square only, he had advanced either of them two squares, offering to change, your centre would have remained safe.

=_Fifth Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party, on the Third Move of the Black;

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The same.

3.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) ☜

(a) As, instead of this move, he might have played his queen to your king’s rook’s fourth, it will be the subject of a back game.

4.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b)
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)

5.
W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(d)
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.

6.
W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(e)

(b) He forces you to get out your king’s knight before your pawn; but after repelling the attack, you may manœuvre to bring the pawn into play. You might for the knight have substituted the queen; but she is better at her home, because she enables you to advance, with effect, the queen’s pawn upon his king’s bishop.

(c) He plays his knight with a view to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn two squares, nevertheless this move may be ventured; as is illustrated in another party.

(d) It is not always advantageous to push the pawns on the wings; as the removal of the knight’s pawn, in particular, lays open the rook, such a step must be taken cautiously.

(e) If he had advanced this pawn two squares, you must have pushed yours upon his knight, according to the rule already prescribed, always to advance the attacked pawn.

7.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. The same.

8.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. The same.

9.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(f)

10.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.

11.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the bishop.(g)

12.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.
B. The king castles with his rook.(h)

13.
W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.
B. The pawn takes the knight.

(f) Not being able to turn your king’s bishop’s action with his pawns, he interposes his queen’s bishop.

(g) He might take with the pawn, and it would not be bad play.

(h) Had he castled on his queen’s side, he would have committed to you the advantage of situation.

14.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. The king’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s square.

15.
W. The king castles with his rook.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

16.
W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(i)
B. The queen takes the pawn.(k)

(i) Had you not taken this pawn, he would have advanced it another move upon your bishop, have dislodged him, and obtained an easy attack upon your king’s wing with his pawns.

(k) Now, the pursuit of the white must be, to change the king’s bishop’s pawn with the adverse king’s pawn, and that will turn the advantage on his side.

BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at the adverse king’s rook’s 4th.

4.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

5.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

6.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(a)
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(b)

7.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

(a) On this move, the king’s knight might be played to his bishop’s third.

(b) If, instead of his queen’s retreating, his bishop had taken your king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, you must have taken his bishop with your queen; and you would have gained a piece.

(c) The rook’s third square is not the best place for the knight, but it is necessary in the present crisis.

8.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.(d)

9.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.
B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.

10.
W. The queen takes the bishop.
B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.

11.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. The same.(e)

(d) Had he withdrawn this knight, you must then have placed yours, now attacked, at his bishop’s second square; and at the subsequent move, have played your queen’s bishop to the king’s third, to take off the adverse bishop.

(e) It is evident, that the white player has several moves over the black. The black pieces have been engaged in a speculation which always proves miscalculated against a good player. The queen, making the premature attack has retreated, and she must again remove, to avoid the approach of the adverse, and to make way for her own pawns.

=_Sixth Regular Party_=.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a)

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b)
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

(a) This way of opening the game, when you have not the move, is entirely defensive, and therefore not to be adopted if any advantage is granted; but commencing on equal terms, it is a good experiment on strength of an adversary with whose skill you are unacquainted.

(b) On this move he might have forced you to play the gambit, by pushing his king’s pawn two squares; and you could not take without being exposed to a check from his queen. The train of moves, then induced, would terminate in his favor, if he played critically correct.

4.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(c)
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.

5.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(e)

(c) You might have pushed your queen’s pawn two squares, in order to change it with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, and this move would not be amiss; but it would bring his king’s bishop to his queen’s bishop’s fourth, where he would give great annoyance to your pieces, unless you had your queen’s bishop to oppose him.

(d) He might have played his queen’s pawn one square; in that case, you must have taken his pawn with yours, to hinder him from placing his pieces on the side of his queen, correspondingly to those on your king’s side.

(e) It would be bad play in him to take your pawn, as that would be clearing the way for your queen’s knight; so it would be wrong for you to take his pawn with yours, as that would present an advantageous post to his king’s bishop.

7.
W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.
B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(f)

8.
W. The queen at her 2d square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.(g)

9.
W. The queen’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.(h)
B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.

10.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the bishop.

(f) He attacks your queen’s knight’s pawn in order to induce you to push it, but it is better to sustain it; for if it leaves its place, he may, by pushing his queen’s rook’s pawn two squares, form a successful attack on your left wing.

(g) Had he attacked your queen’s bishop with this knight, you must not have suffered him to change piece for piece; but have withdrawn your bishop, and forced his knight to retreat afterwards.

(h) As your queen’s knight cannot sally, without exposing you to the risk, of having either a pawn doubled, or your queen forced, it is necessary to take off his king’s bishop.

11.
W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(i)
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(k)

12.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(l)

13.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.(m)

(i) You play this knight that he may be in a course to co-operate with your king’s knight at your queen’s fourth; the rook’s third is the best post he can at present take. In general, it is essential to keep open a free communication between the knights; as it is desirable to post them on squares, where they can neither be attacked by pawns, nor forced by other pieces to retreat.

(k) He pushes this pawn with a view to break your centre, and it would be assisting his scheme to take it.

(l) His design is to make an opening for his king’s rook, and were he allowed to push this pawn another square, he would force and break the rear of your cordon of pawns.

(m) As your king’s knight, sustained by two pawns, may safely place himself at his fifth square, so the adversary takes your pawn, that he may procure for his knight a similar post.

14.
W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn.
B. King’s rook at its knight’s square.(n)

15.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(o)

16.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

17.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th.(p)
B. The king at his 2d square.

(n) He plays this rook, to secure the command of the file. Here is a juncture at which a rook may well be sacrificed for another piece. Supposing that you were not to close this line with your knight, he would remove his rook to your king’s knight’s fourth square, where, supported by two pawns, it could not be taken, without concentring his pawns.

(o) He plays this knight with a design of procuring him as good a place as yours now occupies.

(p) By this move you break the direction of his queen, and your two knights are united to attack and take his knight’s pawn.

18.
W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.

19.
W. The king castles with his rook.(q)
B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.

20.
W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.(r)

(q) It would be dangerous to castle on your left, because the adversary might form an easy attack upon your king; besides, your king must occupy his knight’s third square, in order to restrain the adverse king’s knight, and in the mean while sustain your pawns.

(r) This is necessary to prevent him from making himself master of that file, by changing his knight for yours, the consequence of which would give him the game. The rooks are never to yield up the openings. At present the game is even, except that the pawn advanced on the ground of the black, may be said to give the white some little advantage.

The conduct of the regular parties is analytical, the most consummate form of each taking the lead, from which the back games that branch, are inferior either in the dexterity or the regularity of the moves. By some of the back games it appears, that a player may commence his investment of the adverse party in form, and yet, from the manner of the play that is opposed to him, be diverted into irregularity. Again, on the other hand it will appear, from some examples of the Salvio Gambit, on which we are going to enter; that when one player meditates a speedier circumvention than regularity of approach could effect; defensive movements may be adopted by the other, of a systematic character, the influence of which shall be so strong, as to impress, by degrees, a conformity to method on the attitude of both sets of pieces. At the same time, in practice it will be found, that a continual recurrence to principle must modulate the movements of gambits, or they will resemble the incursions of the Cossacks. The difficulty is, when you attempt a _coup de main_ at Chess, to preserve such an arrangement, that you may return to the progressive method, if obliged, without taking lower ground than the adversary.

=_The Salvio Gambit_=.

FIRST PARTY,

WITH THREE BACK GAMES.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. The queen gives check.

6.
W. The king at his bishop’s square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)

(a) DOCTOR SALVIO, in his Treatise, printed at Naples, in the year 1723, lays down this defence of the gambit, but without examining thoroughly any combination; the great number of moves which arise and succeed each other every instant in this party, very possibly may have prevented him from analyzing and calculating the matter.

PHILIDOR can only mean, that SALVIO has not particularised any combinations different from the step dictated, in collateral notes on the play; though it is evident that he must have traced them, from his ultimately fixing on the most complete defence.

7.
W. The queen at her king’s square.(b) ☜
B. The queen takes the queen.(c) ☜

8.
W. The king takes the queen.
B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(d) ☜

(b) The seventh move may be played different ways; two only however are eligible: the first, to take the pawn with the bishop, and give check; the other, to play the queen’s pawn two squares—pursued in two back games.

(c) If, instead of taking your queen, he had pushed his king’s knight’s pawn, you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, and then have played your knight to your king’s bishop’s third square.

(d) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one square, instead of taking your pawn with his knight; you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, and sacrificed the knight and bishop for two pawns and a rook; the subject of a back game.

9.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.
B. The king at his 2d square.(e)

10.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f)
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(g)

11.
W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

(e) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, it would have been your game, to have drawn back your king’s bishop, in order to give double check with your knight, or make him lose a turn.

(f) In this situation you must either win a pawn, or force the change of his king’s rook for your knight.

(g) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one move, it would have been proper to have attacked his rook with your knight, and then to take his queen’s pawn with the knight, leaving his rook exposed to your bishop.

12.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(h)
B. King’s pawn 1 square.(i)

13.
W. The pawn takes the pawn.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

14.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

15.
W. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

16.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. Queen’s rook at his king’s square.(k)

(h) It would be bad play to attack his rook with your knight, who being without a retreat, would at length be forced and taken.

(i) Being no longer able to sustain this pawn, he pushes it: you must readily take it, because all pawns separated and advanced on your ground must be lost.

(k) In this position the white party have this advantage, that their pieces are disposed in better order; nevertheless, this manner of playing the gambit is no ways advantageous against a player, to whom a piece is granted; though this party, when played without odds, is a very good one.

FIRST BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

7.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.
B. The king at his 2d square.(a)

8.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(b)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) SALVIO here directs the removal of the king to his queen’s square; but, after the most exact calculations, I think it would be better to play the king to his second square: that the reader may, however, judge which is the preferable course, I exhibit both ways of playing, adding a variation on the seventh move of the black.

(b) You are forced to withdraw the bishop, in order to avoid the loss of a piece.

(c) If he had taken your king’s pawn with his knight, you must have played your queen to your king’s square, to offer an exchange of queens, which would restore your game to a firm state of defence; but if, instead of pushing this pawn, he had played his knight to his king’s rook’s fourth, you should have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with your queen, permitting afterwards double check: then, by taking his knight and sacrificing your rook, your situation from embarrassing rises to advantageous.

9.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d)
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

10.
W. The queen at her king’s square.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e)

11.
W. The king at his knight’s square.(f)
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)

(d) This is a very bad retreat for your knight; but if you had attacked his rook, your piece would have been forced. It is the adverse king, played to his second square, on the seventh move, that has thrown your game into so perplexing a situation.

(e Had he given double check with his knight, you) would have won a piece by removing your king; and if he had exchanged queens, you would have put an end to his attack.

(f) This move is very requisite, to disengage your king’s rook.

(g) If you were to take his pawn with yours, he would instantly give you check-mate.

12.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 4th.

13.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s square.
B. Queen’s bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

14.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.
B. The queen takes the bishop.

15.
W. The king’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)
B. The queen at her king’s knight’s 3d.

16.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(i)
B. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

17.
W. King’s knight at his king’s square.(k)

(h) It is advisable to push this pawn; and not to take, which would establish his king’s knight upon your ground.

(i) You thus prepare for bringing out the pieces of your left wing, without being obliged to place your knight at his bishop’s third.

(k) In this position, though the black pieces have the advantage, yet the game is not irrecoverably lost, because the white have still some chance of succeeding in placing their pawns in the centre.

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE FIRST BACK GAME.

7.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)

8.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

9.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check.

10.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The queen gives check, &c. &c.(b)

(a) Had he taken your king’s pawn, you must have played your queen to your king’s second.

(b) It is unnecessary to proceed; the variations of the first back game recur, with the difference that you have one pawn less.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY,

_On the Seventh Move of the Black_.

7.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check.
B. The king at his queen’s square.(a)

8.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b)
B. King’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) This creates no necessity of withdrawing your bishop as in the first back game, so that remaining in advance, he may hinder the adverse king’s knight from posting himself at his king’s rook’s fourth; a move portending danger.

(b) Had you withdrawn your king’s bishop to attack the king and rook with your knight, he would have played his knight to his king’s rook’s fourth, and sacrificed his rook to win the game.

(c) There were two other ways for him to have played; the first, to force your knight to retreat, by pushing his queen’s pawn upon him; the other, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, in which case you should offer an exchange of queens, by playing yours to your king’s square.

9.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

11.
W. The king takes the pawn.
B. The queen gives check.

12.
W. The king at his knight’s square.(e)
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

13.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.(f)

(d) Had you taken his pawn with yours, he would have won the game.

(e) If you had moved the king to his bishop’s second square, the black would have won the game, by giving check with his king’s knight’s pawn, and, at the next move, check with his king’s knight.

(f) This move forces his queen to retreat, and allows time to put your game in a state of defence. If you could exchange queens, your condition would be still better, for your pawns not only stand in the centre, but are farther advanced than his.

Before the retreat of the queen, it will be proper for the gambit pawn to take, giving check; that it may not be lost without compensation: and the queen, on her retreat, must make such a demonstration by her position as will effectually dislodge the bishop.

THIRD BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT,

_On the Eighth Move of the Black_.

8.
W. The king takes the queen.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)

9.
W. The king’s knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.
B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

10.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.(b)
B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.

(a) If instead of this, he had played his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and sustained your king’s pawn, by that of your queen.

(b) It is better to take his pawn, than to surrender your bishop to it, because his rook still remains exposed.

11.
W. The knight takes the rook.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)

12.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.

13.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(d)
B. The bishop takes the knight.(e)

14.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

15.
W. The knight at his queen’s 2d.(f)

(c) He might with his knight have attacked your queen’s bishop’s pawn, which you would have defended with your queen’s knight.

(d) This move is necessary, because he could have taken your king’s pawn by sacrificing his knight, and afterwards have taken your queen’s knight’s pawn with his bishop.

(e) He could not have sustained the king’s or gambit pawn for more than two or three moves.

(f) In this situation, it is better to advance the king under the pawns, than to castle, and you will have then a better game than your adversary.

=_Second Party_=

OF THE SALVIO GAMBIT,

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th square.(a)
B. The queen gives check.

(a) You might castle at the fifth move, and suffer him to take your knight; you then take his knight’s pawn with your queen, and depend for reprisals on attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn. All your pieces would easily get out, and before he could secure his king, it would be easy for you to regain some advantage.

6.
W. The king at his bishop’s square.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

7.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) ☜
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

8.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d)
B. King’s pawn 1 square.

(b) If you had taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, he would, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares, have gained two pieces for his king’s rook. As the same pawn might have been taken by the bishop, and check given at the same time, it will form the subject of a back game.

(c) Had he brought out his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and then offered queen for queen at your king’s square.

(d) Had you taken his king’s pawn with your knight, he would have left his rook exposed, playing his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, as a prelude to a double attack on your king and rook, which would throw you into a disagreeable situation.

9.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e)
B. The queen gives check.

10.
W. The king at his bishop’s 2d.
B. The queen gives check.

11.
W. The king at his 3d square.
B. The king’s bishop gives check.

12.
W. The king’s knight covers the check.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(f)

13.
W. The queen at its king’s bishop’s square.
B. The queen takes the queen.

(e) Had you taken the pawn with yours, he would, by taking with his king’s knight’s pawn, have opened the line for his queen’s bishop; by which you would be exposed to the hazard of losing your queen, or receiving check-mate.

(f) He plays this pawn to prevent his queen being forced. (See the situation at the thirteenth move of the second back game of the first gambit, volume the first.) And should he castle, or otherwise vary his play, it would be your game to propose queen for queen, at your king’s bishop’s square.

14.
W. The king’s bishop takes the queen.
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)

15.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

16.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(h)

(g) It was of consequence to withdraw his bishop, for by pushing your king’s rook’s pawn two squares, you would have broken all his pawns.

(h) From this period the endeavour of each must be, to bring out the pieces as soon as possible; but the white must persist in not taking the king’s knight’s pawn with his rook’s pawn; and, though the black have the advantage in numbers, by a pawn, the situation of the white will then be preferable.

BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

7.
W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.
B. The king at his 2d square.(a)

8.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b)

9.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.
B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

(a) Had he withdrawn his king to his queen’s square, you should have pushed your queen’s pawn to its extent, and you would have obtained a firm position; but by this move, he dictates the retreat of your king’s bishop, otherwise by pushing his queen’s pawn he would gain a piece.

(b) He had two other ways of playing; the one, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, on which you play your queen to your king’s second square, letting him give double check with his knight, that sacrificing your rook for the knight, you might win the game. The other way would be, to transport his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, in which case you ought to propose an exchange of queen’s at your king’s square.

10.
W. The queen at her king’s square.
B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(c)

11.
W. King’s pawn 1 square.
B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

12.
W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check.
B. The queen takes the queen.

13.
W. The king’s knight takes the queen.(d)

(c) Had he given double check with his knight, you ought to have withdrawn your king to his knight’s square, and then he would lose a piece; and had he taken your queen, you ought to have taken with your knight, to facilitate the bringing out your pieces.

(d) In the present situation the white seem to have the best of the game.

=_Supplements to former Games_=.

SUPPLEMENT

To the First Gambit in the First Volume:

WITH TWO BACK GAMES;

_On the Fifth Move of the Black, and the Sixth of the White_.

1.
W. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The same.

2.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.

3.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.

5.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) ☜
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

7.
W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.
B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.

8.
W. The queen’s bishop takes the pawn.(b)
B. The queen at her king’s 2d.

9.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(c)
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.

(a) You might have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with yours, but your pieces would then have been too much entangled; nevertheless, I shall make it the subject of a back game.

(b) At present he has the superiority over you of a pawn: but in abatement of that advantage, it is to be observed, that the pawn which should be foremost, being left behind, will remain useless till it attain your king’s bishop’s fourth square.

(c) Let him have played what piece he would, you certainly should have played as you have done, unless he had exposed some piece to be taken.

10.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.
B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

11.
W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

12.
W. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.
B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)

13.
W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

14.
W. The king castles with his rook.(e)
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

(d) His knight, which he arms with two pawns, you must forbear taking; as it would unite his pawns in the centre, introducing his king’s bishop’s pawn, now useless, to a post that would ensure him the game.

(e) It is better to castle on your right than on your left; because your king will sustain the knight’s pawn, in case your adversary takes your queen’s bishop.

15.
W. The king at his rook’s 2d.
B. The king castles.(f)

(f) The position of the two parties is nearly even. The white pieces must carry all their disposable force against the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, in order to take it: the black, on the other hand, must manœuvre to exchange the king’s knight, in order to unite their pawns in the centre. It is apparent from this gambit, that it is not advantageous to push the king’s rook’s pawn two squares, at the fourth move.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. The queen at her king’s 2d.

6.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a)
B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

7.
W. The king’s knight takes the king’s knight’s pawn.
B. The queen takes the king’s pawn, and gives check.

8.
W. The queen covers the check.(b)

(a) Had you taken the exposed pawn with your knight, he would have pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn upon your knight, forcing him to retire to your king’s bishop’s second: he then, taking your king’s pawn with that of his bishop, would have secured the advantage of position.

(b) In this situation you must exchange queens, as the most eligible step; and afterwards take the gambit pawn. The two games are even. It is easily seen, that this way of playing the gambit is neither of a very interesting nature, nor affords the same after-games or numberless variations that spring from Salvio’s gambits.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Sixth Move of the White_.

6.
W. The king’s knight takes the knight’s pawn.(a)
B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(b)

7.
W. The queen at her king’s 2d.
B. The same.(c)

(a) Had you played your king’s bishop to your queen’s bishop’s fourth, attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn, he would have removed his queen to her king’s second square, and rendered your position far from good.

(b) It would be bad play to take your knight with his.

(c) Though he defends his knight with his queen, he might without danger have sustained him, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares: in which case you must have removed your king’s knight to his bishop’s second.

8.
W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d)
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.

9.
W. The queen takes the queen.
B. The king’s bishop takes the queen.

10.
W. King’s rook at its 2d square.
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(e)

11.
W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

12.
W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.

(d) You play the knight to hinder him from pushing his queen’s pawn two squares; but if, contrary to your expectation, he should move the pawn to its full extent, you may take it without danger.

(e) Had he played the knight to his king’s bishop’s fourth, you must have attacked his king’s bishop with your queen’s knight, to procure his removal; and if he had afterwards taken the rook’s pawn and given check, you should have taken his bishop with your rook, to give check with your queen’s knight.

13.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.

14.
W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(f)

(f) The game is nearly even: the gambit pawn will in time be taken, as it is separated, and cannot be sustained, but by the pieces.

SUPPLEMENT

To the Third Party in the First Volume; the Black moving first.

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

1.
B. The king’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The same.

2.
B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

3.
B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

4.
B. The queen’s pawn takes the king’s pawn.
W. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.

5.
B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)

(a) It is better to push this pawn the second square, than to expose the queens, which would bring on a series of very puzzling moves; whereas, on the mode intended to be pursued, whether he takes the king’s pawn, or the king’s knight, you will find ways to defend yourself.

6.
B. Queen’s pawn moves to the adverse king’s 3d.
W. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.

7.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b) ☜

8.
B. The king’s knight takes the pawn.
W. The king’s bishop gives check.

9.
B. The queen’s bishop covers the check.
W. The bishop takes the bishop.

10.
B. The queen’s knight takes the bishop.
W. The king castles.(c)

(b) If you had sustained your queen’s pawn with that of your queen’s bishop, you would have lost the game; but in this situation he cannot take the pawn that is upon the file of your king, without losing in return the one that is at your king’s third. There is yet another way of playing, giving check with the king’s bishop: it will make the subject of a back game.

(c) The pieces of the white seem to be the better placed.

BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

7.
B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.
W. The king’s bishop gives check.

8.
B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)
W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

9.
B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.
W. King’s bishop’s pawn at the adverse king’s 3d.(b)

10.
B. The queen’s rook’s pawn takes the bishop.
W. The queen takes the knight.

11.
B. The queen takes the pawn.
W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 4th.

(a) Had he covered the check with his queen’s bishop, you had been enabled to take his king’s knight with your queen.

(b) If he take this pawn with his king’s bishop’s pawn, you take his queen’s knight, giving check; and afterwards take his king’s knight with your queen.

12.
B. The queen at the adverse king’s 4th.(c)
W. The pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn, and gives check.

13.
B. The king takes the pawn.
W. The queen gives check.

14.
B. The king’s knight’s pawn covers the check.
W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s 4th.

15.
B. The queen takes the queen.
W. The knight takes the queen.

16.
B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.
W. The king’s knight takes the pawn.

17.
B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.
W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

(c) Had he taken the pawn that is at his king’s third, and attacked your queen, you must have taken his queen with your knight; and upon the capture of your queen, your knight, by attacking the king and rook, would have ensured the game.

18.
B. King’s rook at its king’s square.
W. The king castles.

The advantage of position inclines to the white party.

=_Practical Mates_=

AND

=_Ends of Parties_=.

METHOD

OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A ROOK AND
A BISHOP AGAINST A ROOK.(a)

_Situation of the White._
The king at the adverse king’s 3d.
The rook at its queen’s bishop’s square.
The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.

_Situation of the Black._
The king at his square.
The rook at its queen’s 2d.

1.
W. The rook gives check.
B. The rook covers the check.

(a) In a former edition, I thought it would suffice to place the black in that position, which was most favourable to a protracted defence: but, as many lovers of the game desire to know the mode of forcing the black into the position, here assigned to him, it will be displayed in a subsequent example.

2.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.(b)

3.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.(c)
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.

4.
W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.(d)
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(e) ☜

(b) He takes the situation most calculated to elude you. To give check-mate, you must force your adversary to place his rook, either at your queen’s square, or at your queen’s third square. In either position, the game will be won, after a few computed moves.

(c) He is now obliged to play his rook to your queen’s square, or to your queen’s third square.

(d) You have already forced him to play his rook to one of those squares where he is in a course to lose: but this is not enough; for your rook must not be farther from your king than the number of squares which a knight passes at a move. If you were to play your rook to its queen’s bishop’s second square, he would play his rook to your queen’s second square; and you must be eternally recommencing: whereas, by passing your rook on your right, he must, to parry the mate, play his rook to your king’s bishop’s square, which is no better than that of his queen.

5.
W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(f) ☜

6.
W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at his square.(g)

7.
W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.
B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.(h) ☜

8.
W. The bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

(e) As he might have played his king to his bishop’s square, we will make it the subject of a back-game.

(f) He could have played his rook to your king’s bishop’s third: the subject of another back-game.

(g) He brings back his king to form an interval, for his rook to cover the check of your rook.

(h) He might have played the king to his bishop’s square: the subject of the last back-game.

9.
W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

10.
W. The bishop covers the check.
B. The king at his knight’s square.

11.
W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th square, and must win.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the Black_.

4.
W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.

5.
W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(a)
B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

6.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(b)
B. The king at his knight’s square.

(a) You force him, by this move, to play his rook to your king’s knight’s square, to parry the mate; which will give you his rook gratuitously.

(b) You leave him no other way to ward the mate, than playing his king to his knight’s square; for, if he check with his rook, you preserve your attack impending in undiminished force over him, by covering with your bishop.

7.
W. The rook gives check, at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.
B. The king at his rook’s 2d.

8.
W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s square,
and must win.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5.
W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.

6.
W. The bishop at the adverse queen’s 3d.
B. The rook gives check.

7.
W. The bishop covers the check.
B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a)

8.
W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s 2d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b)

9.
W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.
B. The king at his knight’s square.

(a) If he had moved his king to his bishop’s square, you would have played your rook to his king’s rook’s second, in order to give mate the next move.

(b) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, you must have played your rook to his queen’s knight’s second, in order to give mate the next move.

10.
W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.
B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)

11.
W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th.
B. The king at his square.(d)

12.
W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th, and must win the game.

(c) If he had played his king to his rook’s square, you would have won his rook, giving check by discovery.