Chapter CXIV: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (45)

Venezuela
Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which
account for roughly 90% of export earnings, more than 50% of the
federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. Tax
collection-Venezuela's primary source of non-oil revenue-is expected
to surpass $23 billion in 2006, exceeding the yearend collection
goal by more than 20%. A nationwide strike between December 2002 and
February 2003 had far-reaching economic consequences - real GDP
declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003 - but economic output
since then has recovered strongly. Fueled by higher oil prices,
record government spending helped to boost GDP growth in 2004 and
2005 to approximately 18% and 11%, respectively. Economic growth in
2006 reached around 9%. This spending, combined with recent minimum
wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has fueled a
consumption boom - car sales in 2006 increased by around 70% - but
has come at the cost of higher inflation. Despite government
attempts to withdraw liquidity from the economy, Venezuela's money
supply set a record in June 2006, approximately 70% higher than the
previous year. Imports have also jumped significantly.

Vietnam
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in
the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the
loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the
rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Substantial progress was
achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low
level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy
and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress toward
a market-oriented economy. GDP growth averaged 6.8% per year from
1997 to 2004 even against the background of the Asian financial
crisis and a global recession, and growth hit 8% in 2005 and 7.8% in
2006. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed
their commitment to economic liberalization and international
integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms
needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive,
export-driven industries. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral
Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes
in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US
doubled in 2002 and again in 2003. Vietnam joined the World Trade
Organization in January 2007. This should provide an important boost
to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of
liberalizing reforms. Among other benefits, accession will allow
Vietnam to take advantage of the phase out of the Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and
clothing for WTO partners on 1 January 2005. Agriculture's share of
economic output has continued to shrink, from about 25% in 2000 to
20% in 2006. Deep poverty, defined as a percent of the population
living under $1 per day, has declined significantly and is now
smaller than that of China, India, and the Philippines. Vietnam is
working to promote job creation to keep up with the country's high
population growth rate. However, high levels of inflation have
prompted Vietnamese authorities to tighten monetary and fiscal
policies. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate between 7.5 and
8% over the next five years.

Virgin Islands
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for 80% of GDP and employment. The islands hosted 2.6 million
visitors in 2005. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum
refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch
assembly. One of the world's largest petroleum refineries is at
Saint Croix. The agricultural sector is small, with most food being
imported. International business and financial services are small
but growing components of the economy. The islands are vulnerable to
substantial damage from storms. The government is working to improve
fiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the private
sector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to
protect the environment.

Wake Island
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food
and manufactured goods must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% of labor force earnings from agriculture
(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.
About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come
from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to
Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate
workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank
The West Bank - the larger of the two areas under the
Palestinian Authority (PA) - has experienced a general decline in
economic conditions since the second intifadah began in September
2000. The downturn has been largely the result of Israeli closure
policies - the imposition of border closures in response to security
incidents in Israel - which disrupted labor and trading
relationships. In 2001, and even more severely in 2002, Israeli
military measures in PA areas resulted in the destruction of
capital, the disruption of administrative structures, and widespread
business closures. International aid of at least $1.14 billion to
the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 2004 prevented the complete collapse
of the economy and allowed some reforms in the government's
financial operations. In 2005, high unemployment and limited trade
opportunities - due to continued closures both within the West Bank
and externally - stymied growth. Israel's and the international
community's financial embargo of the PA since HAMAS took office in
March 2006 has interrupted the provision of PA social services and
the payment of PA salaries.

Western Sahara
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,
and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the
population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable
agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban
population must be imported. Incomes in Western Sahara are
substantially below the Moroccan level. The Moroccan Government
controls all trade and other economic activities in Western Sahara.
Morocco and the European Union signed a four-year agreement in July
2006 allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco,
including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara.
Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore for
oil off the coast of Western Sahara, which has angered the
Polisario. However, in 2006, the Polisario awarded similar
exploration licenses in the disputed territory, which would come
into force if Morocco and the Polisario resolve their dispute over
Western Sahara.

World
Global output rose by 4.4% in 2005, led by China (9.3%), India
(7.6%), and Russia (5.9%). The other 14 successor nations of the
USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely
divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong
performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted by the
major industrial countries varied from no gain for Italy to a strong
gain by the United States (3.5%). The developing nations also varied
in their growth results, with many countries facing population
increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the nation-state,
as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing
control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and
technology. Internally, the central government often finds its
control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements -
typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the
successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former
Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.
Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers
to international bodies, notably the EU. In Western Europe,
governments face the difficult political problem of channeling
resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment
and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80
million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is
exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification,
underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own
internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries
devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer
areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view,
are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as
the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while
paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic
risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political
differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks
on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a further growing risk to
global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of
resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The
opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq
added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the
coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high
economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major
global problems that continued through 2006.

Yemen
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,
reported average annual growth of 3.5% from 2000 through 2006. Its
economic fortunes depend mostly on oil. Oil revenues probably
increased in 2006 as a result of higher prices. Yemen was on an
IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize
and streamline the economy, which led to substantial foreign debt
relief and restructuring. However, government dedication to the
program waned in 2001 for political reasons. Yemen is struggling to
control excessive spending and rampant corruption. Yemen is
dependent on foreign aid to finance its budget deficits and
development projects. In November, Yemen secured $4.7 billion in
assistance from Arabian Gulf and Western donors.

Zambia
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economic growth in 2005-06 remained somewhat below the
6%-7% per year needed to reduce poverty significantly. Privatization
of government-owned copper mines relieved the government from
covering mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly
improved the chances for copper mining to return to profitability
and spur economic growth. Copper output has increased steadily since
2004, due to higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The
maize harvest was again good in 2005, helping boost GDP and
agricultural exports. Cooperation continues with international
bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a new lending
arrangement with the IMF in the second quarter of 2004. A tighter
monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a
serious problem with high public debt.

Zimbabwe
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable
fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and
bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from
the economy. The government's land reform program, characterized by
chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector,
the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the
provider of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of
food products. Badly needed support from the IMF has been suspended
because of the government's arrears on past loans, which it began
repaying in 2005. The official annual inflation rate rose from 32%
in 1998, to 133% in 2004, 585% in 2005, and approached 1000% in
2006, although private sector estimates put the figure much higher.
Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell from approximately 1
(revalued) Zimbabwean dollar per US dollar in 2003 to 250 per US
dollar in August 2006.

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2117 Pipelines (km)

Afghanistan
gas 466 km (2006)

Albania
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2006)

Algeria
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas
2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2005)

Angola
gas 235 km; liquid petroleum gas 122 km; oil 867 km;
oil/gas/water 5 km (2006)

Argentina
gas 29,804 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 10,373 km;
refined products 8,540 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2006)

Armenia
gas 2,002 km (2006)

Australia
condensate/gas 546 km; gas 31,323 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,808 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2006)

Austria
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2006)

Azerbaijan
gas 3,190 km; oil 2,436 km (2006)

Bahrain
gas 20 km; oil 52 km (2006)

Bangladesh
gas 2,604 km (2006)

Belarus
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,321 km; refined products 1,686 km (2006)

Belgium
gas 1,561 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2006)

Bolivia
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,475 km;
refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2006)

Brazil
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 11,669 km; liquid petroleum gas
341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2006)

Brunei
gas 672 km; oil 463 km (2006)

Bulgaria
gas 2,505 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2006)

Burma
gas 2,224 km; oil 558 km (2006)

Cameroon
gas 70 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,107 km (2006)

Canada
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980
km (2005)

Chad
oil 205 km (2006)

Chile
gas 2,567 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil
1,003 km; refined products 757 km; unknown (oil/water) 97 km (2006)

China
gas 22,664 km; oil 15,256 km; refined products 6,106 km (2006)

Colombia
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,140 km; refined products 3,158 km (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
gas 54 km; oil 78 km (2006)

Congo, Republic of the
gas 89 km; liquid petroleum gas 4 km; oil 744
km (2006)

Costa Rica
refined products 242 km (2006)

Cote d'Ivoire
condensate 109 km; gas 240 km; oil 112 km (2006)

Croatia
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2006)

Cuba
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2006)

Czech Republic
gas 7,010 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km
(2006)

Denmark
condensate 12 km; gas 3,931 km; oil 626 km; oil/gas/water 2
km (2006)

Ecuador
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined
products 1,185 km (2006)

Egypt
condensate 464 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,021 km; liquid
petroleum gas 897 km; oil 5,120 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 897 km (2006)

Equatorial Guinea
condensate 46 km; condensate/gas 5 km; gas 47 km;
oil 31 km (2006)

Estonia
gas 859 km (2006)

Finland
gas 694 km (2006)

France
gas 14,588 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2006)

Gabon
gas 272 km; oil 1,354 km (2006)

Georgia
gas 1,349 km; oil 1,010 km (2006)

Germany
condensate 37 km; gas 25,035 km; oil 3,546 km; refined
products 3,827 km (2006)

Ghana
oil 13 km; refined products 316 km (2006)

Greece
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2006)

Guatemala
oil 480 km (2006)

Hungary
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2006)

India
condensate/gas 8 km; gas 5,184 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,993
km; oil 6,500 km; refined products 6,152 km (2006)

Indonesia
condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km;
oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products 1,367 km (2006)

Iran
condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 397 km; gas 17,099 km; liquid
petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,521 km; refined products 7,808 km (2006)

Iraq
gas 2,228 km; liquid petroleum gas 918 km; oil 5,506 km;
refined products 1,637 km (2006)

Ireland
gas 1,728 km (2006)

Israel
gas 193 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2006)

Italy
gas 17,589 km; oil 1,136 km (2006)

Japan
gas 8,015 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2006)

Jordan
gas 426 km; oil 49 km (2006)

Kazakhstan
condensate 658 km; gas 11,019 km; oil 10,338 km; refined
products 1,095 km (2006)

Kenya
refined products 894 km (2006)

Korea, North
oil 154 km (2006)

Korea, South
gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2006)

Kuwait
gas 269 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2006)

Kyrgyzstan
gas 254 km; oil 16 km (2006)

Laos
refined products 540 km (2006)

Latvia
gas 1,097 km; oil 82 km; refined products 415 km (2006)

Lebanon
gas 43 km (2006)

Libya
condensate 882 km; gas 3,481 km; oil 6,916 km (2006)

Liechtenstein
gas 20 km (2006)

Lithuania
gas 1,696 km; oil 228 km; refined products 121 km (2006)

Luxembourg
gas 155 km (2006)

Macedonia
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2006)

Malaysia
condensate 282 km; gas 5,372 km; oil 1,715 km;
oil/gas/water 19 km; refined products 114 km (2006)

Mexico
gas 22,705 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,875 km; oil 8,688 km;
oil/gas/water 228 km; refined products 6,520 km (2006)

Moldova
gas 606 km (2006)

Morocco
gas 715 km; oil 285 km (2006)

Mozambique
gas 918 km; refined products 294 km (2006)

Netherlands
condensate 81 km; gas 7,229 km; oil 578 km; refined
products 716 km (2006)

New Zealand
condensate 224 km; gas 1,693 km; liquid petroleum gas 45
km; oil 280 km; refined products 288 km (2006)

Nicaragua
oil 54 km (2006)

Nigeria
condensate 126 km; gas 2,812 km; liquid petroleum gas 125
km; oil 4,278 km; refined products 3,517 km (2006)

Norway
condensate 508 km; gas 5,910 km; oil 2,557 km; oil/gas/water
746 km (2006)

Oman
gas 4,072 km; oil 3,405 km (2006)

Pakistan
gas 10,257 km; oil 2,001 km (2006)

Papua New Guinea
oil 264 km (2006)

Peru
gas 983 km; gas/lpg 61 km; liquid natural gas 106 km; liquid
petroleum gas 517 km; oil 1,754 km; refined products 13 km (2006)

Philippines
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 105 km (2006)

Poland
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)

Portugal
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2006)

Qatar
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 844 km (2006)

Romania
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2006)

Russia
condensate 122 km; gas 156,285 km; oil 72,283 km; refined
products 13,658 km (2006)

Saudi Arabia
condensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,183 km; oil 4,531 km; refined products 1,150 km (2006)

Senegal
gas 43 km (2006)

Serbia
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2006)

Singapore
gas 139 km; refined products 8 km (2006)

Slovakia
gas 6,769 km; oil 416 km (2006)

Slovenia
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2006)

South Africa
condensate 100 km; gas 1,062 km; oil 966 km; refined
products 1,354 km (2006)

Spain
gas 7,962 km; oil 622 km; refined products 3,447 km (2006)

Sudan
gas 156 km; oil 3,930 km; refined products 1,613 km (2006)

Suriname
oil 51 km (2006)

Sweden
gas 798 km (2006)

Switzerland
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2006)

Syria
gas 2,764 km; oil 2,000 km (2006)

Taiwan
condensate 25 km; gas 661 km (2006)

Tajikistan
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2006)

Tanzania
gas 254 km; oil 872 km (2006)

Thailand
gas 3,760 km; refined products 379 km (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago
condensate 253 km; gas 1,278 km; oil 571 km
(2006)

Tunisia
gas 2,945 km; oil 1,227 km; refined products 351 km (2006)

Turkey
gas 4,621 km; oil 3,543 km (2006)

Turkmenistan
gas 6,441 km; oil 1,361 km (2006)

Ukraine
gas 19,951 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2006)

United Arab Emirates
condensate 520 km; gas 2,580 km; liquid
petroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,950 km; oil/gas/water 5 km; refined
products 156 km (2006)

United Kingdom
condensate 565 km; condensate/gas 6 km; gas 21,575
km; liquid petroleum gas 59 km; oil 5,094 km; oil/gas/water 161 km;
refined products 4,444 km (2006)

United States
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km
(2003)

Uruguay
gas 257 km; oil 160 km (2006)

Uzbekistan
gas 9,594 km; oil 868 km (2006)

Venezuela
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,369 km; oil 7,607 km;
refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2006)

Vietnam
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 163 km; oil 50 km; refined
products 206 km (2006)

Yemen
gas 71 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,284 km (2006)

Zambia
oil 771 km (2006)

Zimbabwe
refined products 261 km (2006)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2118 Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan
note - includes only political parties approved by the
Ministry of Justice; De Afghan Watan Islami Gond [Mohammad Osman
SALEKZADA]; De Afghanistan De Mili Mubarizeeno Islami Gond [Amanat
NINGARHAREE]; De Afghanistan De Mili Wahdat Wolesi Tahreek [Abdul
Hakim NOORZAI]; De Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz
TANAI]; De Afghanistan De Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mohammood
Popal ZAI]; Hezb-e Esteqlal-e-Mili Afghanistan [Taj Mohammad
WARDAK]; Hezb-e Hambastagee Mili Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zarif
NASERI]; Hezb-e Harakat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Ali JAWID];
Hezb-e Jamihat-e-Islami [Ustad RABBANI]; Hezb-e Paiwand Mihahani
Afghanistan [Sayed Kamal SADAT];
Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
Hezb-e-Aazaadi Khwahan Maihan [Abdul Hadi DABEER]; Hezb-e-Aazadee
Khwahan Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Feda Mohammad EHSAS];
Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabir MARZBAN];
Hezb-e-Afghan Melat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Naween
[Mohammad Yunis QANUNI]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid [Mohammad Wasil
RAHIMEE]; Hezb-e-Azadee-e-Afghanistan [Ilaj Abdul MALEK];
Hezb-e-Democracy Afghanistan [Tawos ARAB];
Hezb-e-Domcrat-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Kabir RANJBAR];
Hezb-e-Eatedal-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Qara Bik Eized YAAR];
Hezb-e-Eqtedar-e-Mili [Sayed Mustafa KAZEMI];
Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Ustad Mohammad ZAREEF];
Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil
KARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hambastagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Islami Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hussain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Nadir
AATASH]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqooq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATI]; Hezb-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Sayed Jawad
HUSSINEE]; Hezb-e-Isteqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Ghulam Farooq
NEJRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamahat-ul-Dawat ilal Quran-wa-Sunat-e-Afghanistan
[Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahane-Afghanistan
[Sebghatullah SANJAR]; Hezb-e-Junbish Democracy Mardom-e-Afghanistan
[Sharif NAZARI]; Hezb-e-Junbish Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Sayed
NOORULLAH]; Hezb-e-Kangra-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Latif PEDRAM];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiqar OMID];
Hezb-e-Lebral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SUHAIL];
Hezb-e-Majmeh Mili Faleen-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shamsul Haq Noor
SHAMS]; Hezb-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Ahmad Shah ASAR];
Hezb-e-Mardom-e-Mosalman-e-Afghanistan [Besmellah JOYAN];
Hezb-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rashid ARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili Heward
[GHULAM MOHAMMAD]; Hezb-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Rohullah
LOUDIN]; Hezb-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad
Shah KHOGYANI]; Hezb-e-Mutahed Mili [Noorul Haq ULOOMI];
Hezb-e-Nahzat-e-Aazadee Wa Democracy-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Raqib
Jawid KOHISTANEE]; Hezb-e-Nahzat-e-Hambastagee Mili-e-Afghanistan
[Pir Sayed Eshaq GAILANEE]; Hezb-e-Nakhbagan-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan
[Abdul Hamid JAWAD]; Hezb-e-Paiwand Mili Afghanistan [Sayed Mansoor
NADREEI]; Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Sayed Zahir
Qayed Omul BELADI]; Hezb-e-Refah-e-Afghanistan [Meer Asef ZAEEFI];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASIQ];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mili Afghanistan [Mohammad Hassan JAHFAREE];
Hezb-e-Resalat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEENE];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Osman
SALEKZADA]; Hezb-e-Subat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Same
KHAROTI]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan [Gulabuddin
Shir ZAEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qaher SHARIATEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum Wa Democracy-e-Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan [Sultan
Mohammad GHAZI]; Hezb-e-Tahreek Wahdat-ul-Musimeen Afghanistan
[Wazir Mohammad WAHDAT]; Hezb-e-Tanzim Jabha Mili
Nejat-e-Afghanistan [Seghatullah MOJADDEDI]; Hezb-e-Taraqee Democrat
Afghanistan [Wali ARYA]; Hezb-e-Taraqee Mili Afghanistan [Dr. Aref
BAKTASH]; Hezb-e-Umat-e-Islam-e-Afghanistan [Toran Noor Aqa Ahmad
ZAI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Ustad Mohammad
MOHAQQEQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami-e-Melat-e-Afghanistan [Qurban Ali
URFANI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rashid JALILI];
Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad AKBAREE];
Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Pir Sayed Ahmad GAILANEE]; Mili
Dreez Gong [Habibullah JANBDAD];
Nahzat-e-Hakemyat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan [Hayatullah SUBHANEE];
Nahzat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOOUD]; Tanzim
Daawat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Rasoul SAYYAF]; (20 August 2005)

Albania
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA]; Communist Party of
Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or AD
[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality
Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or BLD
[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK
[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party
of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party
or PDRN [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
Social Democracy Party of Albania or PDSSh [Paskal MILO]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for
Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA];
Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]

Algeria
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; National
Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed
OUYAHIA, secretary general]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS
(outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR];
National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National
Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general];
National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah
DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE];
Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and
Democracy or RCD [Said SADI]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda
Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait
AHMED, secretary general]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed
KHELIL]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

American Samoa
Democratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party
[Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO]

Andorra
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic
Party or PD); Century 21 or S21 [Enric TARRADO]; Liberal Party of
Andorra or PLA (formerly Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT
SANTOLARIA]; Social Democratic Party or PS (formerly part of
National Democratic Group or AND) [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY]

Angola
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest
opposition party); Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or
MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975);
Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA,
Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats; they and the other 115 smaller parties
have little influence in the National Assembly

Anguilla
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The
Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a
coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla
National Alliance or ANA; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy
ROGERS]; Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL]; Barbuda People's
Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; Barbuda People's Movement for
Change [Arthur NIBBS]; National Democratic Congress [Tillman
THOMAS]; United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a
coalition of three parties - Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement
or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM, United National
Democratic Party or UNDP)

Argentina
Affirmation for an Egalitarian Republic or ARI [Elisa
CARRIO]; Front for Victory or FV [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque
Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12 parties
including PRO); Justicialist Front or FJ [leader NA]; Justicialist
Party or PJ (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical
Civic Union or UCR [Gerardo MORALES]; Republican Proposal or PRO
(including Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ
MURPHY] and Commitment for Change or CPC [Mauricio MACRI]);
Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia
BULLRICH]; several provincial parties

Armenia
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALYAN]; Armenia Party
(Hayastan) [Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM
[Artashes ZURABYAN]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK
[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Democratic Party [Aram
SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, the People's
Party, and the Republic Party) [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; National
Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or
NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Revival Party [Albert BAZEYAN];
National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMYAN, chairman]; People's Party
of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Aram SARKISYAN,
chairman]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARGARYAN]; Rule of Law
Party [Artur BAGHDASARYAN]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant
KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENYAN]

Aruba
Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; Aruban
Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic
Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA
[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People's
Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracy
or PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platform
or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Australia
Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [Bob
BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party
[Jodeen CARNEY]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party
[John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]

Austria
Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Peter
WESENTHALER]; Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wilhelm MOLTERE];
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social
Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens
[Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of
"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"
faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic
Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA
[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party
for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party
[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat
HACIYEVA]; Motherland Party; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; Yeni
Azerbaijan Party; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or
PNIA [Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of
Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The
Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM];
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain
political parties prohibited but political societies were
legalized per a July 2005 law

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq
AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP
[David COMISSIONG]

Belarus
pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail
SHIMANSKY]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
Party of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV]; Social-Sports Party
[Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]
opposition parties: 10 Plus Coalition [Alyaksandr MILINKEVICH],
includes: Belarusian Party of Communists or PKB [Syarhey KALYAKIN];
Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered) [Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV,
Leonid LEMESHONAK]; Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Vintsyuk
VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada [Stanislav
SHUSHKEVICH]; Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO]; Party of Freedom and
Progress (unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD]; United Civic Party or
UCP [Anatol LYABEDKA]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina
MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
other opposition includes: Belarusian Social-Democratic Party
Nardonaya Hromada or BSDP NH [Alyaksandr KOZULIN, chairman];
Christian Conservative BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK]; Ecological Party of
Greens [Mikhail KARTASH]; Party of Popular Accord [Sergei YERMAKK];
Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]

Belgium
Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V
[Jo VANDEURZEN]; Flemish Liberal and Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];
GROEN! (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish
Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Progressive Alternative or
SP.A [Johan Vande LANOTTE]; Spirit [Geert LAMBERT] (new party now
associated with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Frank
VANHECKE]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Isabelle DURANT, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center of
CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Reform
Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI
RUPO]; other minor parties

Belize
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party
chairman]

Benin
Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP; African Movement for
Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Impulse for Progress and
Democracy or IPD; Key Force or FC; Movement for Development and
Solidarity or MDS; Movement for Development by the Culture-Salute
Party-Congress of People for Progress Alliance or Alliance
MDC-PS-CPP; New Alliance or NA; Rally for Democracy and Progress or
RDP; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star
Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's Benin
or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Ewart BROWN]; United Bermuda
Party or UBP [Wayne FURBERT]

Bhutan
no legal parties

Bolivia
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or
MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or
VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR
[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo
MORALES Ayma]; Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO];
National Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA];
New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti
Indigenous Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE Huanca]; Poder Democratico
Nacional or PODEMOS [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Socialist
Party or PS [Jeres JUSTINIANO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party
of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS
[Marko TADIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
or HDZ-BH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ1990
[Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic
National Union or DNZ [Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Peoples Alliance or
DNS [Marko PAVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC];
New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and
Herzegovina or SBiH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Action
or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen
IVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb Radical
Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb
Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC];
Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party of
Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE];
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or
BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic Front or NDF
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the
United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence
Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union
[D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Flavio de CASTRO
MARTINEZ]; Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy Fidelix
DA CRUZ]; Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS
SANTOS]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso
JEREISSATI]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB
[Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto
LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES];
Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of
Solidarity or PHS [leader NA]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy
Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA
[Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas Ferreira CARNEIRO]; Partido Municipalista
Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO]; Popular
Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive
Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian Party or
PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose
Ribeiro BERZOINI]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
Brunei Solidarity National Party (PPKB) [Haji Mohd HATTA bin
Haji Zainal Abidin]; National Development Party (NDP) [YASSIN
Affendi]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR) [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin
Haji Ahmad]
note: parties are small and have limited activity (2005)

Bulgaria
ATAKA (Attack Coalition) (coalition of parties headed by
the Attack National Union); Attack National Union [Volen SIDEROV];
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia
MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and
BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];
Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by
BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB
[Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or
IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or
MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic
Forces or UDF [Petar STOYANOV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD
[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition
of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO]; Confederation for
Federation and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress
for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE];
Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo
KABORE]; Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO];
Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party or PDP/PS [Ali
LANKOANDE]; Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Ram
OUEDRAGO]; Republican Party for Integration and Solidarity or PARIS
[Cyril GOUNGOUNGA]; Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel
COULIBALY]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(pro-regime) [TUN YE]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or
SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Burundi
the three national, mainstream, governing parties are:
Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA,
president]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Front for
the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Hussein RADJABU, president];
Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD; National
Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or
MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National
Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Cambodia
Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United
Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative
Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI]; Norodom Ranariddh Party or
NRP [Norodom RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]; Movement
for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement
for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel
YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne TINA];
National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO
BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of
Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party
[Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO, president];
Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio
MONTEIRO]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES,
president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico
MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias
RODRIGUES, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM,
president]

Cayman Islands
no national teams (loose groupings of political
organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic
Party or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC
[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];
Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for
Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the
Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Ange-Felix
PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National Convergence or
KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's
Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity
Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire
COUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh
KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar
Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh
AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol
Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [Jean
ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC (including National
Renewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena] and Independent Democratic Union
or UDI [Hernan LARRAIN Fernandez]); Coalition of Parties for
Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD (including Christian Democratic
Party or PDC [Soledad ALVEAR], Socialist Party or PS [Camilo
ESCALONA], Party for Democracy or PPD [Sergio BITAR Chacra], Radical
Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia]);
Communist Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered
small parties controlled by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Colombian Conservative Party or PC [Julio MANZUR Abdala];
Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Samuel MORENO Rojas]; Liberal
Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo]; Social National Unity Party or
PSUN [Carlos GARCIA]; Radical Change or CR [German VARGAS Lleras]
note: Colombia has 15 formally recognized political parties, and
numerous unofficial parties that did not meet the vote threshold in
the March 2006 legislative elections required for recognition

Comoros
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros [AZALI Assowmani];
Camp of the Autonomous Islands (a coalition of parties organized by
the island Presidents in opposition to the Union President); Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in
opposition); Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC
[Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress
or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; Rassemblement National pour le Development
or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese Rally for Democracy or
RCD [Azaria RUBERWA]; Forces for Renovation for Union and Solidarity
or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa
NYAMWISI]; Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC
[Jean-Pierre BEMBA]; National Congolese Lumumbist Movement or MNC
[Francois LUMUMBA]; People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy
or PPRD [Joseph Kabila]; Social Movement for Renewal or MSR; Unified
Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and
Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]

Congo, Republic of the
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO,
president] (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy,
Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National
Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National
Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal); Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin
MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre
Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic
or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or
UDR; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]; Democratic
Party or Demo [Dr. Terepai MAOATE]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party or PFD
[Vladimir DE LA CRUZ]; General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto
FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas];
Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona];
Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National
Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora]; National
Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO]; National
Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas]; National
Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos AVENDANO]; Nationalist Democratic
Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; Patriotic Union or
UP [Humberto ARCE Salas]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis
FILMAN]; Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti];
United Leftist Coalition or IU [Humberto VARGAS Carbonel]

Cote d'Ivoire
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG];
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or
PDCI-RDA [Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent
GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Opposition
Movement of the Future or MFA [Anaky KOBENAN]; Rally of the
Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and
Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Mabri TOIKEUSE]; over 20 smaller
parties

Croatia
Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian Christian
Democratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic
Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS];
Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of
Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC]; Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Josip
FRISCIC]; Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN];
Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC] (in 2005 party merged
with Libra to become Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats or
NS-LD [Vesna PUSIC]); Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Djurdja
ADLESIC]; Croatian True Revival Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN];
Democratic Centre or DC [Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic
Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic
Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia
or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

Cuba
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]

Cyprus
area under government control: Democratic Party or DIKO
[Marios KAROYIAN]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
European Democracy or EURO.DI [Prodromos PRODROMOU] (evolved from
For Europe which merged with New Horizons); European Party or
EURO.KO [Demetris SYLLOURIS]; Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK
[Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS];
Movement for Social Democrats or EDEK [Yannakis OMIROU]; Political
Movement of Hunters [Michalis PAFITANIS]; Progressive Party of the
Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS];
United Democrats or EDI [Michalis PAPAPETROU]; area administered by
Turkish Cypriots: Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Huseyin
ANGOLEMLI]; Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Kazim ONGEN]; Democratic
Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; Freedom and Reform Party or OP
[Turgay AVCI]; National Unity Party or UBP [Tahsin ERTUGRULOGLU];
Nationalist Justice Party or MAP [Ata TEPE]; New Party or YP
[Huseyin TURAN]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity
Movement or YBH [Oguz OZEN]; Peace and Democratic Movement or BDH
[Mustafa AKINCI]; Renewal Progress Party or YAP [Ertugrul
HASIPOGLU]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Ferdi Sabit SOYER];
United Cyprus Party or BKP [Isset IZCAN]

Czech Republic
Association of Independent Candidates-European
Democrats or SNK-ED [Jana Hybaskova, chairman]; Christian Democratic
Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Jiri CUNEK, chairman];
Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA, chairwoman];
Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman]; Communist
Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP, chairman];
Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Jiri PAROUBEK, chairman];
Freedom Union-Democratic Union or US-DEU [Jan HADRAVA, chairman];
Green Party [Martin BURSIK, chairman]; Independent Democrats
(NEZDEM) [Vladimir ZELEZNY, chairman]; Party of Open Society (SOS)
[Pavel NOVACEK, chairman]; Path of Change [Jiri LOBKOWITZ, chairman]

Denmark
Christian Democrats (was Christian People's Party) [Bodil
KORNBEK]; Conservative Party (sometimes known as Conservative
People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia
KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Red-Green Unity
List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of
Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]; Social
Democratic Party [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party
(sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Soren
BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]

Djibouti
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti
Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la
Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing
party); Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon
FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ

Dominica
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; Dominica United Workers
Party or UWP [Earl WILLIAMS]

Dominican Republic
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon
ALBURQUERQUE]; National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO,
Pelegrin CASTILLO]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC
[Enrique ANTUN]

East Timor
Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco
Xavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC
[Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC
[Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de
ARAUJO]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Francisco
Guterres Lu OLO]; Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario
CARRASCALAO]; Socialist Party of Timor or PST [Pedro da COSTA]; Sons
of the Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese
Heroes) or KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union
or UDT [Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas
DA SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]

Ecuador
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; Ethical and Democratic
Network or RED [Leon ROLDOS]; National Action Institutional Renewal
Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik Plurinational Unity
Movement - New Country or MUPP-NP [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic
Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or
DP [Dr. Juan Manuel FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD
[Gustavo TERAN Acosta]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian
ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz,
director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO];
Socialist Party - Broad Front or PS-FA [Victor GRANDA]

Egypt
National Democratic Party or NDP [Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK
(governing party)]; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or
Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA];
Tomorrow Party [Naji AL-GHATRIFI]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government

El Salvador
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER,
secretary general]; Democratic Convergence or CD (formerly United
Democratic Center or CDU) [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general];
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ,
coordinator general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ
ZEPEDA, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias
Antonio SACA Gonzalez]; Popular Social Christian Party or PPSC [Rene
AGUILUZ]; Revolutionary Democratic Front or FDR [Julio Cesar
HERNANDEZ Carcamo, coordinator general]

Equatorial Guinea
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido MIKO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
[Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO] (ruling party); Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP

Eritrea
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only
party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - a
National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in
January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or
voted on it

Estonia
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR,
chairman]; Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN,
chairman]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP];
Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG,
chairman]; Social Democratic Party (formerly People's Party Moodukad
or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR, chairman]; Social Liberals (group of
eight parliamentarians, former Center Party members) [Peeter
KREITZBERG]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res
Publica Liit) [Tonis LUKAS and Taavi VESKIMAGI, co-chairman]

Ethiopia
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP; Benishangul Gumuz
People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE];
Coalition for Unity and Democracy or CUD [HAILU Shawel]; Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an
alliance of Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM, Oromo
People's Democratic Organization or OPDO, the South Ethiopean
People's Democratic Front or SEPDF, and TigrAyan Peoples' Liberation
Front or TPLF); Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM;
Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA Demeksa];
Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP; United Ethopian Democratic
Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; dozens of small parties

European Union
Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic
Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Joseph DAUL]; Group of the
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Graham R.
WATSON]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA
[Monica FRASSONI and Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Identity, Tradition,
Sovereignty Group [Bruno GOLLNISCH]; Independence/Democracy Group or
IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Socialist Group in the
European Parliament or PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Union for Europe of the
Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana MUSCARDINI]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none; all independents

Faroe Islands
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Kari
P. HOJGAARD]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Kaj Leo JOHANNESEN]

Fiji
Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic
Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat
Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or
FAP, Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Sitiveni
RABUKA], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]); Fiji Labor
Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; General Voters Party or GVP
(became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP;
Justice and Freedom Party or AIM; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR;
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];
Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of
National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the Truth or
POTT; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or SDL
[Laisenia QARASE]; United Peoples Party or UPP [Millis Mick BEDDOES]

Finland
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats
or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left
Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Martti KORHONEN]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Stefan WALLIN]

France
Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean Pierre
CHEVENEMENT]; Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainly
Radical Republican and Socialist Parties, and PRG) [Jacques
PELLETIER]; French Communist Party or PCF [Marie-George BUFFET];
Greens [Yann WEHRLING, national secretary]; Left Radical Party or
PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical
Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement for France or MPF
[Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN];
Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Socialist Party or PS
[Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Francois
BAYROU]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Nicolas SARKOZY]

French Polynesia
Alliance for a New Democracy or ADN [Nicole BOUTEAU
and Philip SCHYLE](includes the parties The New Star and This
Country is Yours); Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia
(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)
[Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia or
RPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; Union for Democracy or
UPD [Oscar TEMARU]