Chapter XC: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (21)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)

Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but
rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be
called Phoenicians

Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia
indigenous African 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Lithuania
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or
unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)

Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)
1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)

Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,
others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Marshall Islands
Micronesian

Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,
Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Montenegro
Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,
other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%

Montserrat
black, white

Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique
African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and
others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%,
Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,
Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other
32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander
4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)

Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more
than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesian

Northern Mariana Islands
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,
Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,
Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%
(2000 census)

Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,
other 25.3% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar
Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Russia
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,
Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese

Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia
Serb 66%, Albanian 17%, Hungarian 3.5%, other 13.5% (1991)

Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone
20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000
census)

Slovakia
Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,
Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Slovenia
Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or
unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,
other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)

South Africa
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,
Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)

Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,
Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)

Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

Tajikistan
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,
other 2.6% (2000 census)

Tanzania
mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting
of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,
and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo
African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,
and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau
Polynesian

Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans

Trinidad and Tobago
Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed
20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%

Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom
white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh
4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani
1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)

United States
white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%
(2003 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically
nonexistent)

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu
Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome
1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)

Virgin Islands
black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,
mixed 3.5% (2000 census)

Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian

West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara
Arab, Berber

Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 541 (2005), 48 (2004), 49
(2003), 41 (2002), note, in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the
currency stabilized at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002,
the market rate varied widely from the official rate

Akrotiri
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641
(2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002)

Albania
leke per US dollar - 98.5927 (2006), 102.649 (2005), 102.78
(2004), 121.863 (2003), 140.155 (2002)

Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 73.2 (2006), 73.276 (2005),
72.061 (2004), 77.395 (2003), 79.682 (2002)

American Samoa
the US dollar is used

Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 80.3 (2006), 88.6 (2005), 83.541
(2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53 (2002)

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since 1976

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since
1976

Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.05999 (2006), 2.9037
(2005), 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006 (2003), 3.0633 (2002)

Armenia
drams per US dollar - 436.8 (2006), 457.69 (2005), 533.45
(2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35 (2002)

Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2005), 1.79
(2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002)

Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3382 (2006), 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 0.89131 (2006),
4,727.1 (2005), 4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002)
note: on 1 January 2006 Azerbaijan revalued its currency, with 5,000
old manats equal to 1 new manat

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1
(2003), 1 (2002)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2006), 0.376 (2005),
0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002)

Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 70.235 (2006), 64.328 (2005), 59.513
(2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002)

Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2
(2003), 2 (2002)

Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,220 (2006), 2,150
(2005), 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27 (2003), 1,790.92 (2002)

Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2006), 2 (2005), 2
(2004), 2 (2003), 2 (2002)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 44.101 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317
(2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)
note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee

Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 8.01039 (2006), 8.0661 (2005),
7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.55818 (2006), 1.5727
(2005), 1.5752 (2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002)
note: the marka is pegged to the euro

Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 5.90646 (2006), 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929
(2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002)

Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.19132 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251
(2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002)

British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902
(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002)

Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.56441 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751
(2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002)

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 523.721 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)

Burma
kyats per US dollar - 1,310 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459
(2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), note, these are official
exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815
kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by year-end 2005,
the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar

Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,170 (2006), 1,138 (2005),
1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002)

Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 4,119 (2006), 4,092.5 (2005),
4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.13186 (2006), 1.2118
(2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 86.2664
(2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
508.494 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 532.115 (2006), 560.09 (2005),
609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003), 688.94 (2002)

China
yuan per US dollar - 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768
(2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),
1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,382.9 (2006), 2,320.75
(2005), 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24 (2002)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 395.6 (2005), 396.21
(2004), 435.9 (2003), 522.74 (2002), note, the Comoran franc is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677 Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003), 696.99 (2002)

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),
1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 513.302 (2006),
477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003), 359.82 (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)

Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 5.85506 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358
(2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002)

Cuba
Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93 (2006), note, Cuba has
three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP), the
convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although the dollar
is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the official
exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per
$1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24
Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each
CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1
ratio.

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641 (2005),
0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), Turkish lira per US
dollar - 1.44514 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.426 million (2004), 1.501
million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1.226 million (2001)

Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 22.3072 (2006), 23.957 (2005),
25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002)

Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969 (2005),
5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)

Dhekelia
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641
(2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2005), 177.72
(2004), 177.72 (2003), 177.72 (2002)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 33.6046 (2006),
30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002)

East Timor
the US dollar is used

Ecuador
1 (2006), 25,000 (2005), 25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003),
25,000 (2002)

Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.75 (2006), 5.78 (2005),
6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002)

El Salvador
8.75 (2006), the US dollar became El Salvador's currency
in 2001

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 522.594 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003), 696.99 (2002)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 14 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788
(2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002)

Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 12.5153 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596
(2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612 (2002), note - the krooni is pegged to
the euro

Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - 8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005), 8.6356
(2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678 (2002), note, since 24 October 2001
exchange rates are determined on a daily basis via interbank
transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the
Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969
(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)

Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004),
1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002)

Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

France
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),
126.71 (2002)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - 30 (2006), 30.38 (2005), 30.03
(2004), 27.306 (2004), 19.918 (2003), 15.687 (2002), 15.687 (2001)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482
(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)

Georgia
lari per US dollar - 1.79 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167
(2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002)

Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Ghana
cedis per US dollar - 9,178.85 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6
(2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7 (2002)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55
(2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969
(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.60102 (2006), 7.6339 (2005),
7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003), 7.8217 (2002)

Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5441 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Guernsey
pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - 5,555 (2006), 3,644.3 (2005),
2,225 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003), 1,975.8 (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),
note, since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 200.281 (2006), 200.79
(2005), 198.31 (2004), 193.88 (2003), 190.67 (2002)

Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 45.189 (2006), 40.449 (2005), 38.352
(2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251 (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041
(2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 18.9278 (2006), 18.92 (2005),
18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003), 16.433 (2002)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.77367 (2006), 7.7773
(2005), 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989 (2002)

Hungary
forints per US dollar - 215.105 (2006), 199.58 (2005),
202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89 (2002)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 69.5108 (2006), 62.982
(2005), 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003), 91.662 (2002)

India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.5 (2006), 44.101 (2005),
45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,207.18 (2006), 9,704.7
(2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)

Iran
rials per US dollar - 9,246.94 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614
(2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), note, Iran has been using a
managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple
exchange rates in March 2002

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,477.17 (2006), 1,475 (2005),
1,890 (second half, 2003), 0.3109 (2001)

Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Isle of Man
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002)

Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5 (2006), 4.4877
(2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)

Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 65.9329 (2006), 62.51
(2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002)

Japan
yen per US dollar - 116.175 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19
(2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Jersey pound
is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005),
0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002)

Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 125.556 (2006), 132.88 (2005),
136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 72.7649 (2006), 75.554
(2005), 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003), 78.749 (2002)

Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 141 (2006),
170 (December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001);
market: North Korean won per US dollar - 2,500-3,000 (December 2006)

Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 952 (2006), 1,024.1
(2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.29 (2006), 0.292 (2005),
0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 40.673 (2006), 41.012 (2005), 42.65
(2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937 (2002)

Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5
(2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002)

Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.55991 (2006), - 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402
(2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5
(2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5 (2002)

Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 6.6 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597
(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)

Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2005), 54.906 (2004),
59.379 (2003), 61.754 (2002)

Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.315 (2006), 1.3084 (2005),
1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2508 (2006), 1.2452
(2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002)

Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 2.7508 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806
(2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002)

Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021
(2003), 8.033 (2002)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - 48.9962 (2006), 48.92
(2005), 49.41 (2004), 54.322 (2003), 64.35 (2002)

Madagascar
Malagasy ariary per US dollar - 2,167.5 (2006), 2,003
(2005), 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003), 1,366.4 (2002)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 139.786 (2006), 108.894
(2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002)

Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.67 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8
(2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002)

Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2006), 12.8 (2005), 12.8
(2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)

Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005),
0.34466 (2004), 0.37723 (2003), 0.43362 (2002)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is used

Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2005), NA (2004), 263.03
(2003), 271.74 (2002)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 31.4607 (2006), 29.496
(2005), 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003), 29.962 (2002)

Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 11.024 (2006), 10.898 (2005),
11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
lei per US dollar - 13.1571 (2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33
(2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571 (2002)

Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,187.17 (2005), 1,185.3
(2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002)

Montenegro
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.77508 (2006), 8.865
(2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003), 11.021 (2002)

Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 24.9245 (2006), 23,061 (2005),
22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003), 23,678 (2002)

Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005),
6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)

Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 71.368 (2005), 73.674 (2004),
76.141 (2003), 77.877 (2002)

Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),
126.71 (2002)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.55677 (2006),
1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 17.5815 (2006), 16.733
(2005), 15.937 (2004), 15.105 (2003), 14.251 (2002)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)

Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - 127.573 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89
(2004), 129.22 (2003), 120.58 (2002)

Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087
(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),
1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.41332 (2006), 6.4425
(2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002)

Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2006), 0.3845 (2005),
0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 60.5 (2006), 59.515
(2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1
(2003), 1 (2002)

Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.08 (2006), 3.08 (2005),
3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002)

Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 5,680.71 (2006), 6,178 (2005),
5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003), 5,716.3 (2002)

Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.28069 (2006), 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132
(2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002)

Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 51.5747 (2006), 55.086
(2005), 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003), 51.604 (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),
1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)

Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.11 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576
(2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), note, zlotych is the plural form
of zloty

Portugal
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64
(2004), 3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002)

Romania
lei per US dollar - 2.84 (2006), 3 (2005), 3 (2004), 3
(2003), 3 (2002)

Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 27.5 (2006), 28.284 (2005),
28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003), 31.349 (2002)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 560 (2006), 610 (2005), 574.62
(2004), 537.66 (2003), 476.33 (2002)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Saint
Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)

Samoa
tala per US dollar - 2.7103 (2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732
(2003), 3.3763 (2002)

San Marino
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - 12,134 (2006), 9,900.4
(2005), NA (2004), 9,347.6 (2003), 9,088.3 (2002)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2006), 3.747
(2005), 3.75 (2004), 3.75 (2003), 3.75 (2002)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Serbia
Serbian dinars per US dollar - 58.6925

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2006), 5.5 (2005),
5.5 (2004), 5.4007 (2003), 5.48 (2002)

Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,985.4 (2006), 2,889.6 (2005),
2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003), 2,099 (2002)

Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.595 (2006), 1.6644
(2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002)

Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 29.9315 (2006), 31.018 (2005),
32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003), 45.327 (2002)

Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 190.465 (2006), 192.71 (2005),
192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25 (2002)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.5299
(2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003), 6.7488 (2002)

Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), note, the Republic of
Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized by
any foreign government, issues its own currency, the Somaliland
shilling

South Africa
rand per US dollar - 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597
(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)

Spain
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 102.987 (2006), 100.498
(2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003), 95.662 (2002)

Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 217.402 (2006), 243.61 (2005),
257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003), 263.31 (2002)

Suriname
Surinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7317 (2005),
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003),
2.3468 (2002), note, during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into
four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the
guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate
plunged; in January 2004, the government introduced the Surinamese
dollar as replacement for the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominated
currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.4133 (2006), 6.4425
(2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 6.6 (2006), 6.3593 (2005),
6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)

Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 7.43321 (2006), 7.4731 (2005),
7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003), 9.7371 (2002)

Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2508 (2006), 1.2452
(2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002)

Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (public sector rate): 50 (2006),
50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), (parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut):
NA (2005), NA (2004), 52.8 (2003), 52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2001),
(official rate for repaying loans): 11.25 (2004-06)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 32.19 (2006), 31.71
(2005), 34.418 (2004), 34.575 (2003), 33.8 (2002)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.2475 (2006), 3.1166
(2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641 (2002)

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,259.54 (2006),
1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 38.2472 (2006), 40.22 (2005), 40.222
(2004), 41.485 (2003), 42.96 (2002)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
525.817 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087
(2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)

Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar - 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142
(2003), 2.1952 (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.2944 (2006), 6.2842 (2005), 6.299 (2004), 6.2951 (2003), 6.2487
(2002)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.31281 (2006), 1.2974
(2005), 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217 (2002)

Turkey
Turkish liras per US dollar - 1.44514 (2006), 1.3436 (2005),
1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003), 1.5072 (2002), note, on 1 January 2005
the old Turkish Lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish Lira (YTL)
at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish Lira

Turkmenistan
11,100 (2006), in recent years the unofficial rate has
hovered around 24,000 to 25,000 Turkmen manats to the dollar; the
official rate has consistently been 5,200 manat to the dollar

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,855.59 (2006), 1,780.7
(2005), 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003), 1,797.6 (2002)

Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192
(2004), 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.673 (2006),
3.6725 (2005), 3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003), 3.6725 (2002), note,
officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002

United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55
(2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002)

United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.5500 (2005), 0.5462
(2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001); Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.3010 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),
1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001); Japanese yen per US dollar - 110.22
(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001);
euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.8866 (2003),
1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001); Chinese yuan per US dollar - 8.1943
(2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.2770 (2003), 8.2770 (2002), 8.2271 (2001)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 23.9911 (2006), 24.479
(2005), 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 21.257 (2002)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum per US dollar - 1,219.58 (2006), 1,020
(2005), 971.265 (2004), 771.029 (2003), 423.832 (2002)

Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - NA (2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19
(2003), 139.2 (2002)

Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005),
1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003), 1,161 (2002)

Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 16,037 (2006), 15,746 (2005), (2004),
15,510 (2003), 15,280 (2002)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),
126.71 (2002)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482
(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.865 (2005), 8.868
(2004), 9.5744 (2003), 11.0206 (2002)

Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 197.467 (2006), 192.67 (2005),
184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003), 175.63 (2002)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 3,371.98 (2006), 4,463.5
(2005), 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 195.107 (2006), 77.965
(2005), 5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003), 0.055 (2002), note, these are
official exchange rates; non-official rates vary significantly

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@2077 Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents
Ahmad Zia MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; former King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of
the Country," and presides symbolically over certain occasions, but
lacks any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents Ahmad Zia
MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)
cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no
candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of
voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a
second round; a president can only be elected for two terms;
election last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANUNI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL 1.2%

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Richard LACEY
(since 26 April 2006); note - reports to the British Ministry of
Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 June 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 24
June 2002 (next to be held June 2007); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 134: for 97, against 19, abstained 14,
invalid votes 4

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Abdelaziz BELKHADEM
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 8 April 2004 (next
to be held in April 2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%

American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: under the US Consitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US
president and vice president; governor and lieutenant governor
elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms
(eligible for a second term); election last held 2 and 16 November
2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of vote
- Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),
represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTAT
SANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held April-May
2009)
election results: Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) under
the 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in
1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for
reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September
1992 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI
40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held
and SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war
resumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Andrew N. GEORGE (since 10 July 2006)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir James B.
CARLISLE (since 10 June 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May
2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held 27 April 2003 (next election to be held in 2007)
election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election

Armenia
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARGARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February and 5
March 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister appointed by
the president and confirmed with the majority support of the
National Assembly; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must
resign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 2005 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)
cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to
serve as government ministers
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Alfred GUSENBAUER (SPOe) (since 11
January 2007); Vice Chancellor Wilhelm MOLTERE (OeVP) (since 11
January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held
25 April 2004 (next to be held April 2010); chancellor formally
chosen by the president but determined by the coalition parties
forming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by the
president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%
note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2003
(next to be held October 2008); prime minister and first deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the
National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1
February 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa
(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman
al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDH
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election scheduled for 16
September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the only
presidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (next
election to be held by 2007); following legislative elections, the
leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed
prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 7
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKIY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a
November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;
an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and
allowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on
19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed
by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,
Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional;
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime
minister by the monarch and then approved by parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister