Chapter CXV: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (46)

Gabon
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface
ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide
Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG
[Simplice Nguedet MANZELA] (former sole party); Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE]; Gabonese Union for
Democracy and Development or UGDD [Zacherie MYBOTO]; National Rally
of Woodcutters or RNB; National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon
or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity
Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress
or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre
Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for Democracy and Social
Integration or UDIS; Union of Gabonese Patriots or UPG [Pierre
MAMBOUNDOU]

Gambia, The
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or
APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH] (the ruling party); Gambia People's
Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ]; National Alliance for
Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH]; National
Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation
Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for
Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

Georgia
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's
Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Georgia's Way Party [Salome ZOURABICHVILI];
Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry Will Save Georgia
(Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor Party [Shalva
NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA];
National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI] bloc
composed of National Movement and Burjanadze-Democrats; National
Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE];
Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI]; Rightist Opposition [David
GAMKRELIDZE] bloc composed of Industrialists and New Right Party;
Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki
ASATIANI]; Union of National Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI
and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Germany
Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party.PDS (Linkspartei.PDS)
[Lothar BISKY]; note - a merger with the Electoral Alternative-Work
and Social Justice or WASG [Klaus ERNST] is planned for summer 2007;
Social Democratic Party or SPD [Kurt BECK]

Ghana
Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general
secretary]; Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Obed ASAMOAH,
chairman]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National
Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's
Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]; United Renaissance Party or
URP [Charles Wayo, chairman]

Gibraltar
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social
Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos
ALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New
Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];
Popular Orthodox Rally or LAOS [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Greenland
Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring
continuing close relations with Denmark) [Finn KARLSEN]; Demokratiit
[Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a
leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather
than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List,
an independent right-of-center party with no official platform;
Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating more
distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark)
[Hans ENOKSEN]

Grenada
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]; New National
Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]

Guam
Democratic Party [leader Michael PHILLIPS]; Republican Party
(controls the legislature) [leader Philip J. FLORES]

Guatemala
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];
Grand National Alliance or GANA [Fraterno VILLA, secretary general];
Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo];
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Alba ESTELA
Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG
[Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan Unity or MGU [Jacobo
ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principles and Values or MPV
[Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN [Leonel LOPEZ
Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvaro
COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN (formed by an alliance
of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of whom subsequently
defected) [Pablo MONSANTO]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret. Gen. Otto
PEREZ Molina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE,
secretary general]; Unionista Party [Fritz GARCIA]

Guernsey
none; all independents

Guinea
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or
PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; Dyama; National
Union for Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and
Progress or PUP [Lansana CONTE] (the governing party); People's
Party of Guinea or PPG [Charles Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean
People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]; Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or
UFDG [Mamadou BAH]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE];
Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE,
secretary-general]; Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [Ousmane
BAH]

Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Broad Republican
Front or FRA (coalition formed by PAIGC, UM, PST, UPG, FCGSD, UE,
PP, PDG, PDSG, PRP, and the International League for Ecological
Protection); Democratic Social Front or FDS; Electoral Union or UE;
Guinea-Bissau Civic Forum/Social Democracy or FCGSD [Antonieta Rosa
GOMES]; Guinea-Bissau Democratic Party or PDG; Guinea-Bissau
Socialist Democratic Party or PDSG [Serifo BALDE]; Labor and
Solidarity Party or PST [Iancuba INDJAI]; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP; Party for
Social Renewal or PRS [Kumba YALA]; Progress Party or PP; Union for
Change or UM [Amine SAAD]; Union of Guinean Patriots or UPG
[Francisca VAZ]; United Platform or UP (coalition formed by PCD,
FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB); United Popular Alliance or APU; United
Social Democratic Party or PUSD

Guyana
Alliance for Change or AFC [Raphael TROTMAN and Khemraj
RAMJATTAN]; Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Justice for All
Party [C.N. SHARMA]; People's National Congress/Reform or PNC/R
[Robert Herman Orlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or
PPP/C [Bharrat JAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi
DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; The Unity Party [Joey
JAGAN]; Vision Guyana [Peter RAMSAROOP]; Working People's Alliance
or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARAINE]

Haiti
Artibonite in Action or LAAA [Youri LATORTUE]; Assembly of
Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention
for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; Cooperative Action to
Build Haiti or KONBA [Evans LESCOUFALIR]; Democratic Alliance or
ALYANS (coalition composed of KID and PPRH) [Evans PAUL]; Effort and
Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph
JASME]; For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL]; Front for Hope or
LESPWA (alliance of ESKAMP, PLB, and grass-roots organizations
Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, the Central Plateau Peasants'
Group, and Kombit Sudest) [Rene PREVAL]; Haitian Christian
Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE];
Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT
and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together or Tet-Ansanm [Dr. Gerard
BLOT]; Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN [Luc
FLEURINORD]; Justice for Peace and National Development or JPDN
[Rigaud DUPLAN]; Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Rudy HERIVEAUX]; Liberal Party
of Haiti or PLH [Gehy MICHEL]; Merging of Haitian Social Democratic
Parties or FUSION or FPSDH (coalition of Ayiti Capable, Haitian
National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress of Democratic
Movements) [Serge GILLES]; Mobilization for Haiti's Development or
MPH [Samir MOURRA]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN
[Hubert de RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN
[Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in
Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Christian Union for the
Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH [Marie Claude GERMAIN]; National
Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE]; New
Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open
the Gate Party or PLB [Anes LUBIN]; Popular Party for the Renewal of
Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN]; Struggling People's Organization or
OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians
or UNITE [Edouard FRANCISQUE]

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Arturo CORRALES];
Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; Liberal Party or
PL [Patricia RODAS]; National Innovation and Unity Party or PINU
[Olban F. VALLADARES]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Porfirio
LOBO]

Hong Kong
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN Kai-chung];
Civic Party [KUAN Hsin-chi]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment
and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [MA Lik]; Democratic Party [Albert
HO]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing]; Liberal Party [James TIEN
Pei-chun]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - ADPL, Democratic
Party, Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - DAB, Liberal Party

Hungary
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE];
Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN];
Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman];
Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman]

Iceland
Independence Party or IP [Geir H. HAARDE]; Left-Green
Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Jon SIGURDSSON]; Social
Democratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social
Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun
GISLADOTTIR]

India
note - India has dozens of national and regional political
parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's
Assembly are listed; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI];
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or
BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu
Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M)
[Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI];
Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United)
or JD(U) [Sharad YADEV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu
SOREN]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN];
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKU]; Nationalist
Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK
[S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or
SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrasekhar RAO]; Telugu
Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]

Indonesia
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic
Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf
KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [MUHAIMIN Iskander];
National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice
Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP
[Hamzah HAZ]

Iran
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in
Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political
pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform coalition
called the 2nd Khordad Front, which includes political parties as
well as less formal pressure groups and organizations, achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000;
groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front
(IIPF), Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity
Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic
Revolution Organization (MIRO), and Militant Clerics Society
(Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles
elections in early 2004; following his defeat in the 2005
presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General Mehdi KARRUBI
formed the National Trust Party; a new apparently conservative
group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the
new Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004

Iraq
Assyrian Democratic Movement [Yunadim KANNA]; Badr Organization
[Hadi al-AMIRI]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali
Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa al-Islamiyya Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI];
General Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan al-DULAYMI]; Independent
Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB]; Iraqi Communist Party [Hamid
al-MUSA]; Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Salih al-MUTLAQ]; Iraqi
Hizballah [Karim Mahmud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent Democrats
or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP
[Tariq al-HASHIMI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI];
Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI]; Iraqi National
Council for Dialogue or INCD [Khalaf Ulayan al-Khalifawi
al-DULAYMI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad
al-KUBAYSI, chairman]; Islamic Action Organization or IAO [Ayatollah
Muhammad al-MUDARRISI]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Muhammad Ali
al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI];
Kurdistan Islamic Union [Salah ad-Din Muhammad BAHA al-DIN];
National Reconciliation and Liberation Party [Mishan al-JABBURI];
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]; Sadrist Trend
[Muqtada al-SADR] (not an organized political party, but it fields
independent candidates affiliated with Muqtada al-SADR); Supreme
Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abd al-Aziz
al-HAKIM]
note: the Kurdistan Alliance, Iraqi National List, Tawafuq
Coalition, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, and Unified Iraqi
Alliance were only electoral slates consisting of the
representatives from the various Iraqi political parties

Ireland
Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green
Party [Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABBITTE]; Progressive
Democrats [Michael McDOWELL]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist
Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Isle of Man
Alliance for Progressive Government; Liberal Vannin
Party [Peter KARRAN]; Man Labor Party; Man Nationalist Party (Mec
Vannin) (branch of the British National Party)
note: most members sit as independents

Israel
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (HADASH) [Muhammad
BARAKA]; GIL (Pensioners) [Rafael EITAN]; Kadima [Ehud OLMERT];
Labor Party [Amir PERETZ]; Likud Party [Binyamin NETANYAHU];
Meretz-YAHAD [Yossi BEILIN]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad)
[Azmi BISHARA]; National Union (NU)/National Religious Party (NRP)
[Binyamin ELON]; SHAS [Eliyahu YISHAI]; Torah and Shabbat Judaism
[Yaakov LITZMAN]; United Arab List [Ibrahim SARSOUR]; Yisrael
Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]

Italy
Center-Left Union Coalition [Romano PRODI]: Ulivo Alliance
(including Democrats of the Left or DS [Piero FASSINO];
Daisy-Democracy is Freedom or DL [Francesco RUTELLI]); Rose in the
Fist (including Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI];
Italian Radical Party [Emma BONINO]); Italian Communist Party or
PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Green Federation [Alfonso PECORARO
SCANIO]; Communist Renewal or RC [Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Italy of
Values or IdV [Antonio DI PIETRO]; Union of Democrats for Europe or
UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Republican European Movement or MRE
[Luciana SBARBATI]
Center-Right Freedom House Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI]: Forza
Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; National Alliance or AN
[Gianfranco FINI]; Union of Christian Democrats of the Center or UDC
[Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Northern League or LEGA [Umberto BOSSI];
Christian Democracy (Per la Autonomie) [Gianfranco ROTONDI]
other non-allied parties: New Italian Socialist Party or New PSI
[Gianni DE MICHELIS]; Italian Republican Party or PRI [Giorgio LA
MALFA]; Social Alternative [Alessandra MUSSOLINI]; Social
Movement-Tricolor Flame or MSI-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI]; Social Idea
Movement with Rauti or MIS [Pino RAUTI]; South Tyrol People's Party
or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE]; Union of Valley
Aosta Region or UV [Guido CESAL]

Jamaica
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; People's
National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER]

Japan
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Ichiro OZAWA]; Japan
Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]; Komeito [Akihoro OTA]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Shinzo ABE]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]

Jersey
two declared parties: Centre Party; Jersey Democratic Alliance
note: all senators and deputies elected in 2005 were independents

Jordan
al-Ahd Party; Arab Islamic Democratic Movement [Yusuf ABU
BAKR, president]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Ayishah Salih HIJAZAYN,
secretary general]; Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI,
secretary general]; Ba'th Arab Progressive Party [Fu'ad DABBUR,
secretary general]; Freedom Party; Future Party; Islamic Action
Front or IAF [Zaki Sa'ed BANI IRSHEID, secretary general]; Islamic
Center Party [Marwan al-FAURI, secretary general]; Jordanian Arab
Ansar Party; Jordanian Arab New Dawn Party; Jordanian Arab Party;
Jordanian Citizens' Rights Movement; Jordanian Communist Party
[Munir HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Jordanian Communist Workers
Party; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab Ali
MUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian Generations Party [Muhammad
KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Jordanian Green Party [Muhammad
BATAYNEH, secretary general]; Jordanian Labor Party [Dr. Mazin
Sulayman Jiryis HANNA, secretary general]; Jordanian Peace Party;
Jordanian People's Committees Movement; Jordanian People's
Democratic Party (Hashd) [Ahmad YUSUF, secretary general]; Jordanian
Rafah Party; Jordanian Renaissance Party; Mission Party; Nation
Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; National Action Party
(Haqq) [Tariq al-KAYYALI, secretary general]; National
Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI, secretary general];
National Popular Democratic Movement [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI, secretary
general]; Progressive Party [Fawwaz al-ZUBI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan
Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, co-chair, Zeynulla
ALSHIMBAYEV, co-chair, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, co-chair, Yerkin
ONGARBAYEV, co-chair, Tolegan SYDYKOV, co-chair] (formerly
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Aq Zhol Party (Bright Path)
[Alikhan BAIMENOV, chairman]; AUL (Village) [Gani KALIYEV,
chairman]; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan
[Vladislav KOSAREV, first secretary]; Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV,
acting chairman] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with
Otan); Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV, chairman]; Rukhaniyat
(Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA, chairwoman]

Kenya
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-Kenya
[Musikari KOMBO or Soita SHITANDA, disputed]; Forum for the
Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Simeon NYACHAE];
Kenya African National Union or KANU [Nicholas BIWOTT or Uhuru
KENYATTA, disputed]; National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-K
[Mwai KIBAKI, unofficially, since the break-up of Kibaki's original
coalition]; Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-Kenya [Raila
ODINGA, unofficially]

Kiribati
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];
Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati
or MKP; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North
major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong
Il]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP
control), Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Korea, South
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [MOON Seong-hyun];
Democratic Party or DP [HAHN Hwa-kap]; Grand National Party or GNP
[KANG Jae-sup]; People-First Party or PFP [SHIN Kook-hwan and SIM
Dae-pyung]; Uri Party [KIM Geun-tae]

Kuwait
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan
Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba (Banner
National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV and Roza OTUNBAYEVA];
Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Democratic Movement of
Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Viktor TCHETRNOMORETS]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party
[Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action)
[Medet SADYRKULOV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Ishak
MASALIYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV];
Party of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]; Republican Party of Labor and
Unity [Tabaldy OROZALIYEV]; Sanjira (Tree of Life) [Ednan
KARABAYEV]; Social Democratic Party [Almaz ATAMBAYEV]; Sodruzhestvo
(Cooperation) [Alisher SABIROV]; Union of Democratic Forces
[Kubatbek BAIBOLOV]

Laos
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALI Saignason];
other parties proscribed

Latvia
First Party of Latvia or LPP [Ainars SLESERS]; For Human
Rights in a United Latvia or PCTVL [Jakovs PLINERS]; For the
Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National Independence Movement or
TB/LNNK [Roberts ZILE, Maris GRINBLATS]; Harmony Center or SC [Janis
URBANOVICS, Nils USAKOVS]; Latvian Farmer's Union or LZS [Augusts
BRIGMANIS]; Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Social
Democrats) or LSDSP [Juris BOJARS]; Latvian Socialist Party or LSP
[Alfreds RUBIKS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Ivars GODMANIS, Ainars
BERZINS]; New Democrats or JD [Maris GULBIS]; New Era Party or JL
[Einars REPSE, Krisjanis KARINS]; People's Party or TP [Aigars
KALVITIS]; The Union of Latvian Greens and Farmers Party or ZZS
[Indulis EMSIS]

Lebanon
note - organized in three major political blocs; 14 March
Coalition (bloc includes Democratic Gathering [Walid JUNBLATT,
leader of Progressive Socialist Party]; Democratic Left [Ilyas
ATALLAH]; Democratic Renewal Movement [Nassib LAHUD]; Future
Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Reform Movement [Amine
GEMAYEL]; Lebanese Forces [Samir JA'JA]; Nasserite Popular Movement
[Ussama SAAD]; Qornet Shewan Gathering (a grouping composed of
political parties and independent members of the National Assembly
[no individual leader]; Tripoli Independent Bloc); Change and Reform
Alliance (bloc includes Free Patriotic Movement [Michel AWN]; Metn
Bloc [Michel MURR]; Popular Bloc [Elias SKAFF]; Tachnaq); Hizballah
and Amal Alliance (bloc includes Ba'th Party [Muhammad
MUHAMMADIYAH]; Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih BERRI, leader
of Amal Movement]; Kataeb Party [Karim PAKRADONI]; Loyalty to the
Resistance [Mohammad RA'AD]; Syrian National Socialist Party [Ali
QANSU])

Lesotho
All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas THABANE]; Basotholand
African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE]; Basotho Congress
Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho National Party or BNP
[Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing LEKHANYA]; Kopanang Basotho Party or KPB
[Pheelo MOSALA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Pakalitha
MOSISILI] (the governing party); Lesotho Education Party or LEP
[Thabo PITSO]; Lesotho People's Congress or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE];
Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom
Party or MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Democratic Party [J.S.
Bereng]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony MANYELI];
National Progressive Party or NPP [Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; New
Lesotho Freedom Party or NLFP [Manapo MAJARA]; Popular Front for
Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]; Sefate Democratic Union or SDU
[Bofihla NKUEBE]; Social Democratic Party of SDP [Masitise SELESO];
United Democratic Party or UDP [C.D. MOFELI]; United Party or UP
[Makara SEKAUTU]

Liberia
Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH];
Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia or COTOL; Congress for
Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]; Liberian Action Party or LAP
[H. Varney SHERMAN]; Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE];
National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN]; Unity Party or UP
[Charles CLARKE]

Libya
none

Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [Adolf
HEEB]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Otmar HASLER]; The Free
List or FL [Claudia HEEB-FLECK and Egon MATT]

Lithuania
Civil Democracy Party [Viktor MUNTIANAS, chairman];
Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI,
chairman]; National Farmer's Union [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE,
chairwoman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS [Andrius
KUBILIUS, chairman]; Labor Party [Kestutis DAUKSYS, chairman];
Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS, chairman]; Liberal
Democratic Party [Rolandas PAKSAS, chairman]; Liberal Movement
[Petras AUSTREVICIUS, chairman]; Lithuanian Christian Democrats or
LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS, chairman]; Lithuanian People's Union for a
Fair Lithuania [Julius VESELKA, chairman]; Lithuanian Social
Democratic Party [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Liberal/New
Union [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Union of Christian
Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman]; Young Lithuania and
New Nationalists [Stanislovas BUSKEVICIUS, chairman]

Luxembourg
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast
GIBERYEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (also known as
Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Party
or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg
Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed
Communist Party dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal
leadership]; other minor parties

Macau
Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development
Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG
On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New
Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces

Macedonia
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic League of
the Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
PDSh/DPA [Arben XHAFERI]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan
STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic
Renewal of Macedonia [Liljana POPOVSKA]; Democratic Union of Vlachs
for Macedonia [Mitko KOSTOV]; Democratic Union for Integration or
BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Vesna JANEVSKA]; League
for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
[Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV]; National Alternative
[Harun ALIU]; National Democratic Party-New Democratic Forces or
PDK-FRO [Hysni SHAQIR]; New Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Tito
PETKOVSKI]; Party for Democratic Future [Alajdin DEMIRI]; Party for
Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP [Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Party for
European Future or PEI [Fijat CANOSKI]; Social Democratic Alliance
of Macedonia or SDSM [Radmila SEKERINSKA]; Socialist Party of
Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV-ZINGO]; Union of Romas or SR [Saliu
SHABAN]; United Party for Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Madagascar
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA
[Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc
RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD
[Evariste MARSON]

Malawi
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Congress
for National Unity or CONU; Democratic Progressive Party or DPP
[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO];
Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for
Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George MNESA]; Mgwirizano
Coalition or MC [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA] (coalition of MAFUNDE, MDP,
MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP); Movement for Genuine Democratic Change
or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA
[Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Party or NUP [Harry CHIUME];
People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's
Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party
or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF

Malaysia
ruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,
consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party
or PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal
Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputera Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti
Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti
Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];
United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad
Badawi]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization
(Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard
DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk
Malaysia) or PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party
or SPDP [William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action
Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic
Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI
Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN
AZIZAH Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG];
opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA -
consists of PAS and PKR

Maldives
political parties were allowed to register in June 2005;
the first entrants are: Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Abdul
Majeed Abdul BARI]; Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's
Party) or DRP [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]; Islamic Democratic Party or
IDP [Omar NASEER]; Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed
NASHEED]

Mali
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of 14
political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to
support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for
Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party chairman]; Convergence
2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]; Hope 2002 (a coalition of CNID, MPR,
RDT, and RPM); National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID
[Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP
[Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile
DRAME, secretary general]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR
[Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT; Rally for
Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, chairman]; Sudanese
Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE,
secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD
[Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and Democracy or URD
[Soumaila CISSE]

Malta
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Marshall Islands
traditionally there have been no formally organized
political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions
or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,
formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"
have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Aelon Kein
Ad Party [Michael KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa
TOMEING]

Mauritania
Alternative or Al-Badil; Coalition for Forces for
Democratic Change or CFCD (coalition of political parties including
RFD, United Forces of Progress or UDP, APP, Islamists, HATEM-PMUC,
RD, UDC); Democratic Renewal or RD; Islamists (Centrist Reformists);
Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC; National Rally
for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNDLE; Popular Front or FP
[Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progressive Alliance or APP
[Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed
Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI
BABA]; Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR (formerly
ruling Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS) [Boullah Ould
MOGUEYA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint
MOUKNASS]; Union of Democratic Centre or UCD

Mauritius
Alliance Sociale or AS; Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed
FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM];
Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER] (in coalition
with MSM); Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles
Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist Movement or MSM [Pravind
JUGNAUTH] (the governing party); Rodrigues Movement or MR [Joseph
(Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR [Serge
CLAIR]

Mayotte
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR (UMP)
[Mansour KAMARDINE]; Force of the Rally and the Alliance for
Democracy or FRAP; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM
[Mouhoutar SALIM]; Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC [Omar
SIMBA]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti
Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF
[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Luis MALDONADO Venegas];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Mariano PALACIOS Alcocer];
Labor Party or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]; Mexican Green
Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ Martinez]; National
Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Manuel ESPINO
Barrientos]; New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA
[Miguel Angel JIMENEZ Godinez]; Party of the Democratic Revolution
(Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Leonel COTA Montano];
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (Partido Alternativa
Socialdemocrata y Campesina) or Alternativa [Alberto BEGNE Guerra]

Micronesia, Federated States of
no formal parties

Moldova
Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA];
Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir
VORONIN, first chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Dumitru DIACOV];
National Liberal Party or NLP [Vitalia PAVLICENKO]; Our Moldova
Alliance or AMN [Serafim URECHEAN]; Party for Social Democracy or
PSD [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Oleg SEREBRIAN]

Monaco
National and Democratic Union or UND [Guy MAGNAN]; Union for
Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or
UNAM)

Mongolia
Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil
Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic
Party or DP [Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New
Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT];
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Miegombyn ENKHBOLD];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN];
People's Party or PP [Lamjav GUNDALAI]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in
2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;
MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Montenegro
Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak
Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Democratic League-Party of Democratic
Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Party of Socialists or
DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS
[Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA];
Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Movement for
Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; Party of Serb Radicals or SSR
[Dusko SEKULIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag
POPOVIC]; People's Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC]; Serbian
People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party
or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]

Montserrat
Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS];
Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY];
New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco
Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance of
Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj
[Abdellah EL HARIF]; Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS
[Ahmed BENJELLOUN]; Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic and
Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and Social
Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD
[Aissa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front of
Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party
(Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI]; Justice and Development
Party or PJD [Saad Eddine El OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML
[Mohamed ZIANE]; National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of Popular
Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL
OUAZZANI, chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail
ALAOUI]; Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Party
of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
Popular Movement Union or UMP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and
Development Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center
Party or PSC [Lahcen MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or
USFP [Mohammed El-YAZGHI]

Mozambique
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA,
president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or RENAMO-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN]; National Democratic
Movement for Change or NamDMC; National Unity Democratic
Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO]; Republican Party or RP [Henk
MUDGE]; South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Rihupisa
KANDANDO]; South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam
Shafishuna NUJOMA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Nauru
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal); Nauru First (Naoero Amo) Party

Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Pashupati
Shumsher RANA, chairman]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [Sher Bahadur
DEUBA, president]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA,
party president, Sushil KOIRALA, vice president]; Nepal Sadbhavana
(Goodwill) Party or NSP - Mandal [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, party
president]; Nepal Sadbhavana Party - Ananda Devi [Ananda DEVI,
president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man
BIJUKCHHE, party chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana
Morcha) [Amik SHERCHAN, chairman]; Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP
[Surya Bahadur THAPA, chairman]; note - split from RPP in March
2005; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [leader NA]; note - merged with
People's Front Nepal or PFN in 2002

Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jan Peter
BALKENENDE]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats 66 or
D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD]; Green Left Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor
Party or PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Olaf STUGER]; Party
for Freedom [Geert WILDERS]; People's Party for Freedom and
Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Mark RUTTE]; Socialist Party [Jan
MARIJNISSEN]; Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS]; Party for
the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME]; Reformed Political Party of
SGP [Bas VAN DER VLIES]; plus a few minor parties

Netherlands Antilles
Bonaire: Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB
[Jopi ABRAHAM]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramonsito BOOI]
Curacao: Ban Vota [Norbert GEORGE]; C-93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic
Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ]; E Mayoria [Aurelio PEDRO];
Forsa Korsou [Nelson NAVARRO]; Liste Ni'un Paso Atras [Nelson
PIERRE]; Movemiento Patriotiko Korsou [Reginald LAK]; New Antilles
Movement or MAN [Charles COOPER]; Partido Akshon Pa Prosperidat I
Seguridat [Sonja BERKEMEYER]; Partido Laboral Krusada Popular or
PLKP [Errol COVA]; Party for the Restructured Antilles or PAR [Emily
de JONGH-ELHAGE]; People's National Party or PNP [Ersilia DE
LANNOOY]; Pidjin [Jasmin PINEDO]; Pueblo Soberano [Herman WIELS];
Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT]
Saba: Saba Labor Party [Akilah LEVENSTONE]; Windward Islands
People's Movement or WIPM [Ray HASSELL]
Sint Eustatius: Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E
[Julian WOODLEY]; Progressive Labor Party [Clyde VAN PUTTEN]; St.
Eustatius Alliance [Ingrid HOUTMAN-WHITFIELD]
Sint Maarten: Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Freedom Slate of National Democratic Party
[Theophilus PRIEST]; National Alliance or NA [William MARLIN];
People's Progressive Alliance or PPA [Gracita ARRINDELL]; St.
Maarten People's Party [Johan LEONARD]; United People's Labor Party
[Bienvenido RICHARDSON]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia
Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX];
Caledonian Union or UC; Federation des Comites de Coordination des
Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Guy
GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Kanak
Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [leader NA]
(includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or
PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for Caledonia in
the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques LAFLEUR]; The
Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale pour
l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer exist,
but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de
Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM
[Victor TUTUGORO]

New Zealand
ACT New Zealand [Rodney HIDE]; Green Party [Jeanette
FITZSIMONS]; Maori Party [Whatarangi WINIATA]; National Party or NP
[John KEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New
Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; Progressive Party [James
(Jim) ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter DUNNE]

Nicaragua
Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon];
Central American Unionist Party or PUCA [Blanca ROJAS]; Christian
Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLA Espinoza]; Conservative
Party or PC [Azalia AVILES Salmeron]; Independent Liberal Party or
PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Independent
Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN [Carlos GUERRA Gallardo];
Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Liberal
Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZ Hernandez]; New Liberal
Party or PALI [Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel]; Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
or ALN [Eduardo MONTEALEGRE]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or
PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or
FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS
[Dora Maria TELLEZ]; Unity Alliance or AU

Niger
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama
[Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing
Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Hama AMADOU]; Niger Social
Democratic Party or PSDN; Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social
Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni DJERMAKOYE];
Nigerien Party for Autonomy or PNA-Alouma'a [Sanousi JACKOU];
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Issifou
MAHAMADOU]; Nigerien Progressive Party or PPN-RDA [Abdoulaye DIORI];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP-jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Cheiffou AMADOU]

Nigeria
Action Congress or AC [Bise Akande]; Advanced Congress of
Demorats or ACD [Alex Anielo]; Alliance for Democracy or AD
[Mojisoluwa AKINFENWA]; All Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Edwin
UME-EZEOKE]; All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [disputed
leadership]; Democratic People's Party or DPP [Jerry Useni]; Fresh
Democratic Party [Chris OKOTIE]; Movement for the Restoration and
Defense of Democracy or MRDD [Mohammed Gambo JIMETA]; National
Democratic Party or NDP [Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party
or PDP [Dr. Ahmadu ALI]; Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir
Balarabe MUSA]; Peoples Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE];
United Nigeria Peoples Party or UNPP [disputed leadership]

Niue
Alliance of Independents or AI; Niue People's Action Party or
NPP [Young VIVIAN]

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL];
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO]; Republican Party [Juan S.
REYES]

Norway
Center Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party
[Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Roy WAAGE]; Conservative Party
[Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars
SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Siv JENSEN]; Red Electoral Alliance
[Torstein DAHLE]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman
none

Pakistan
Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN];
Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH];
Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH];
Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL];
Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM [Altaf
HUSSAIN]; National Alliance or NA [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI] (merged
with PML); Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan
ACHAKZAI]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan
Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan
Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF];
Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as
of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the
PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed
Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP
[Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN];
Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau
none

Panama
Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic
Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hugo GUIRAUD]; Liberal Party or PL
[Joaquin F. Franco VASQUEZ]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
or MOLIRENA [Gisela CHUNG]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the
Arnulfista Party) [Juan Carlos VARELA]; Patriotic Union Party or PUP
[Jose Raul MULINO and Anibal GALINDO]; Popular Party or PP (formerly
Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Rene ORILLAC]

Papua New Guinea
Christian Democratic Party [Dr. Banare BUN];
Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL]; National Alliance
Party or NA [Michael SOMARE]; National Party; Papua and Niugini
Union Party or PANGU [Rabbie NAMALIU]; Papua New Guinea First Party
[Cecilking DORUBA]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob DANAYA]; Papua
New Guinea Party or PNGP (was People's Democratic Movement or PDM)
[Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Moses MALADINA];
People's Labor Party or PLP [Ekis ROPENU]; People's National
Congress or PNC [Peter O'NEILL]; People's Progress Party or PPP
[Byron CHAN]; Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE]; United Party [Bire
KIMASOPA]; United Resources Party or URP [Tim NEVILLE] (2007)

Paraguay
Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR
[Jose A. ALDERETE, interim president]; Movimiento Union Nacional de
Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [Enrique GONZALEZ Quintana, acting
chairman]; Patria Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro
Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Luis
TORALES Kennedy]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Blas
LLANO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto FILIZZOLA
Pallares]
note: Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS on leave as party leader of the Colorado
Party or ANR while serving as President of Paraguay; Lino Cesar
OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currently serving a ten-year
prison term

Peru
Alliance For Progress (Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA
Peralta]; Alliance For The Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF - a
coalition of pro-FUJIMORI parties including Cambio 90, Nueva
Mayoria, and Si Cumple [Martha CHAVEZ Cossio]; Centrist Front
(Frente Del Centro) or FC - a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos
Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes [Drago KISIC];
Independent Moralizing Front (Frente Independiente Moralizador) or
FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; Nationalist Party Uniting Peru (Partido
Nacionalista Uniendo al Peru) or UPP - a coalition of Union for Peru
(UPP) and Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso];
National Restoration (Restauracion Nacional) or RN [Humberto LAY
Sun]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano];
Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or PP [David WAISMAN]; Peruvian Aprista
Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP - also referred to by its
original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA [Alan
GARCIA]

Philippines
Kabalikat Ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) [Ronaldo PUNO];
Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or
LDP [Edgardo ANGARA]; Lakas Ng Edsa (National Union of Christian
Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA]; Liberal Party or LP [Franklin
DRILON/Eli QUINTO]; Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR]; National People's
Coalition or NPC [Frisco SAN JUAN]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL];
People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO]; PROMDI [Emilio
OSMENA]; Pwersa Ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine Masses)
or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA]; Reporma [Renato DE VILLA]

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic
Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or SKL
[Artur BALASZ]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wojciech
OLEJNICZAK]; Democratic Party or PD [Janusz ONYSZKIEWICZ]; Dom
Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO
[Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League
of Polish Families or LPR [Roman GIERTYCH]; Peasant-Democratic Party
or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI];
Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Ruch Patriotyczny or
RP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; Social
Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movement
or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Andrzej
SPYCHALSKI]

Portugal
Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa Augusta Baiao de
Brito APOLONIA]; Popular Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO];
Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE SOUSA]; Portuguese
Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Luis Manuel Goncalves Marques
MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian
Democratic Coalition or CDU (includes PEV and PCP) [Jeronimo DE
SOUSA]

Puerto Rico
National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive
Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic
Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican
Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Qatar
none

Romania
Conservative Party or PC [Dan VOICULESCU], formerly Humanist
Party or PUR; Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Calin Popescu-TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA], formerly Party of Social Democracy
in Romania or PDSR

Russia
A Just Russia or JR [Sergey MIRONOV] (formed from the merger
of three small political parties: Rodina (Motherland), Pensioners
Party, and Party of Life); Communist Party of the Russian Federation
or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of
Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; People's Party
[Gennadiy GUDKOV]; Union of Right Forces or SPS [Nikita BELYKH];
United Russia or UR [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party
[Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

Rwanda
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA];
Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA];
Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially
banned); Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal
Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal
(officially banned); Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsay GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia
National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia
Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or
SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher
HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Sir John COMPTON]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Left Radical Party or PRG; Rassemblement
pour la Republique or RPR (now UMP); Socialist Party or PS; Union
pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim
EUSTACE]; Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the
coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for
National Unity or MNU)

Samoa
Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi
TUILA'EPA]; Samoa Christian Party or TCP [Tuala Tiresa MALIETOA];
Samoa Democratic United Party or SDUP [LE MAMEA Ropati]; Samoa Party
or SP [Su'a Rimoni Ah CHONG]; Samoa Progressive Political Party or
SPPP [Toeolesulusulu SIUEVA]

San Marino
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [Glauco
SANSOVINI]; New Socialist Party [Augusto CASALI]; Party of
Socialists and Democrats [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Christian
Democratic Party or PDCS [Pier Marino MENICUCCI]; San Marino Popular
Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino
Socialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform or
SR [Renzo GIARDI]; United Left

Sao Tome and Principe
Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM; Independent Democratic
Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao
Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto
Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA];
Ue-Kedadji coalition; other small parties

Saudi Arabia
none

Senegal
African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP];
And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism (also known as
AJ/PADS) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; Alliance of Forces of
Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic
Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM];
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye
BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye
Bamba DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS];
Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; Jef-Jel [Talla
SYLLA]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF]; People's
Labor Party or PTP [Elhadji DIOUF]; Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim
AGNE]; Rewmi [Idrissa SECK]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS
[Abdoulaye WADE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI
Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS); Union for
Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]

Serbia
Coalition of Albanians of the Presevo Valley or KAPD [Riza
HALIMI]; Coalition for Sandzak or KZS [Sulejman UGLJANIN];
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic
Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; G17 Plus [Mladjan DINKIC]; League of
Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Liberal Democratic Party
or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Roma
Party or RP [Srdjan SAJN]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav
SESELJ (currently on trial at The Hague), but Tomislav NIKOLIC is
acting leader]; Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC];
Union of Roma of Serbia or URS [Rajko DJURIC]; Kosovo Albanian
Christian Democatic Party or PShDK [Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the
Future of Kosovo or AAK [Rmuch HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of
Gora or GIG [Rustem IBISI]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or
PDAK [Sabit RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Fatmir
SEJDIU]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice
Party or PD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of
KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergi
DEDAJ]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Xhevdet
NEZIRAJ]; Ora Citizens' List or Ora [Veton SURROI]; Party of
Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular Movement of Kosovo
or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Serb List for Kosovo and Metohija or SLKM
[Oliver IVANOVIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS KiM [Slavisa
PETKOVIC]; United Roma Partty of Kosovo or PREBK [Zylfi MERXHA]

Seychelles
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Paul CHOW];
Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the
United Opposition or UO); Seychelles People's Progressive Front or
SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] (the governing party)

Sierra Leone
All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]; Peace
and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];
People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI];
Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Solomon BEREWA]; numerous others

Singapore
People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien Loong]; Singapore
Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong]; Singapore Democratic
Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan]; Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia LIM Swee
Lian]
note: SDA includes National Solidarity Party or NSP, Singapore
Justice Party or SJP, Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS,
Singapore People's Party or SPP

Slovakia
Parties in the Parliament: Christian Democratic Movement or
KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY]; Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SD [Robert
FICO]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR];
People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia or LS-HZDS
[Vladimir MECIAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU-DS
[Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Jan SLOTA];
Parties outside the Parliament: Agrarian Party of the Provinces or
ASV [Jozef VASKEBA]; Civic Conservative Party or OKS [Peter TATAR];
Free Forum [Zuzana MARTINAKOVA]; Hope or NADEJ [Alexandra NOVOTNA];
Left-wing Bloc or LB [Jozef KALMAN]; Mission 21 - New Christian
Democracy or MISIA 21 [Ivan SIMKO]; Movement for Democracy or HZD
[Jozef GRAPA]; New Citizens Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party of
the Democratic Left or SDL [Ladislav KOZMON]; Prosperita Slovenska
or PS [Frantisek A. ZVRSKOVEC]; Slovak Communist Party or KSS
[Vladimir DADO]; Slovak National Coalition or SLNKO [Vitazoslav
MORIC]; Slovak People's Party or SLS [Jozef SASIK]; Union of the
Workers of Slovakia or ZRS [Jan LUPTAK]

Slovenia
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Jelko KACIN]; New Slovenia
or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez
JANSA]; Slovenian Democratic Pensioners' Party or DeSUS [Karl
ERJAVEC]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC]; Slovene
People's Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party or SMS
[Darko KRANJC]; Social Democrats or SD [Borut PAHOR]

Solomon Islands
Association of Independent Members or AIM [Thomas
CHAN]; Christian Alliance Solomon Islands or CASI [Edward RONIA];
LAFARI Party [John GARO]; National Party [Francis HILLY]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [Sir Allan KEMAKEZA]; Social Credit Party or
SOCRED [Manasseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon First Party [David
QUAN]; Solomon Islands Democratic Party [Gabriel SURI]; Solomon
Islands Labor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]; Solomon Islands
Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon Islands Party for
Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Job D. TAUSINGA]; United Party [Sir
Peter KENILOREA]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions

Somalia
none

South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance or DA [Anthony LEON, president];
Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter MULDER, president]; Inkatha
Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Motsoko PHEKO, president]; United
Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Spain
Aragonese Party or CHA [Bizen FUSTER]; Basque Nationalist
Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Basque Solidarity or EA [Begona
ERRAZTI]; Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties)
[Paulino RIVERO Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i
Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or
CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or
UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a
Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV,
EUA); Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA
Gonzalez]; Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan SAURA i
Laporta]; Navarra yes or Na Bai (a coalition of four Navarran
parties) [Uxue BARKOS Berruezo]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY
Brey]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis
CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis
RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of parties
including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES Trigo]