Chapter LXXXVIII: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (19)

Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)

Romania
leu (ROL) is being phased out in 2006; "new" leu (RON) was
introduced in 2005 due to currency revaluation: 10,000 ROL = 1 RON

Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)

Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa
tala (SAT)

San Marino
euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia
Serbian Dinar (RSD)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)

Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 2007, Slovenia's currency became the euro; both
the tolar and the euro were in circulation from 1 January until 15
January

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa
rand (ZAR)

Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Suriname
Surinam dollar (SRD)

Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan
somoni

Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand
baht (THB)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey
Turkish lira (YTL); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January
2005

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar

Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)

United States
US dollar (USD)

Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum (UZS)

Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)

Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam
dong (VND)

Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan
20.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Albania
5.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Algeria
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

American Samoa
3.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Andorra
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Angola
24.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Anguilla
5.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Argentina
7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Armenia
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Aruba
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Australia
7.51 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Austria
9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Azerbaijan
9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bahamas, The
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bahrain
4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bangladesh
8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Barbados
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belarus
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belgium
10.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Belize
5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Benin
12.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bermuda
7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bhutan
12.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bolivia
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Botswana
29.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Brazil
6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Brunei
3.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Bulgaria
14.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burkina Faso
15.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burma
9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Burundi
13.46 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cambodia
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cameroon
13.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Canada
7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cape Verde
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cayman Islands
4.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Central African Republic
18.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Chile
5.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

China
6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population

Colombia
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Comoros
8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
13.27 deaths/1,000 population
(2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
12.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population

Costa Rica
4.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
14.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Croatia
11.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cuba
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Cyprus
7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Czech Republic
10.59 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Denmark
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Djibouti
19.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Dominica
6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Dominican Republic
5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

East Timor
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ecuador
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Egypt
5.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

El Salvador
5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Eritrea
9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Estonia
13.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ethiopia
14.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

European Union
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population

Faroe Islands
8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Fiji
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Finland
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

France
9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

French Polynesia
4.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gabon
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gambia, The
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gaza Strip
3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Georgia
9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Germany
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ghana
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Gibraltar
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Greece
10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Greenland
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Grenada
6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guam
4.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guatemala
5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guernsey
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guinea
15.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Guyana
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Haiti
12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Honduras
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Hong Kong
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Hungary
13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iceland
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

India
8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Indonesia
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iran
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Iraq
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ireland
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Isle of Man
11.19 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Israel
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Italy
10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jamaica
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Japan
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jersey
9.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jordan
2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kazakhstan
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kenya
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kiribati
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, North
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, South
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kuwait
2.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Laos
11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Latvia
13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lebanon
6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lesotho
28.71 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liberia
23.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liechtenstein
7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lithuania
10.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Luxembourg
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macau
4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macedonia
8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Madagascar
11.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malawi
19.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malaysia
5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Maldives
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mali
16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malta
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Marshall Islands
4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritania
12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritius
6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mayotte
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mexico
4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006
est.)

Moldova
12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Monaco
12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mongolia
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Montenegro
9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)

Montserrat
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Morocco
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mozambique
21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Namibia
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nauru
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nepal
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Caledonia
5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Zealand
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nicaragua
4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niger
20.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nigeria
16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population

Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population

Northern Mariana Islands
2.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Norway
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oman
3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pakistan
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Palau
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Panama
5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Papua New Guinea
7.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Paraguay
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Peru
6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Philippines
5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population

Poland
9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Portugal
10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Puerto Rico
7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Qatar
4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Romania
11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Russia
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Rwanda
16.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Helena
6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Lucia
5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006
est.)

Samoa
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

San Marino
8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saudi Arabia
2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Senegal
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Seychelles
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sierra Leone
23.03 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Singapore
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovakia
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovenia
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Solomon Islands
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Somalia
16.63 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

South Africa
22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Spain
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sri Lanka
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sudan
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Suriname
7.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population

Swaziland
29.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sweden
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Switzerland
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Syria
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Taiwan
6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tajikistan
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tanzania
16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Thailand
7.04 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Togo
9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population

Tonga
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
10.57 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tunisia
5.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkey
5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkmenistan
8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tuvalu
7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uganda
12.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ukraine
14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Arab Emirates
4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Kingdom
10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United States
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uruguay
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uzbekistan
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vanuatu
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Venezuela
4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vietnam
6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Virgin Islands
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population

West Bank
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population

World
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Yemen
8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zambia
19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zimbabwe
21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@2068 Dependent areas

Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia
has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since
1999, a unique status falling between that of an independent country
and a French overseas deparment

Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan
most Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been repatriated,
but thousands still remain in Iran, many at their own choosing;
Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal
areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other
illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; regional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands
of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other
developed countries

Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; most of the
approximately 102,000 Western Saharan Sahrawi refugees are sheltered
in camps in Tindouf, Algeria; Algeria's border with Morocco remains
an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other
of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve
relations, Morocco, in mid-2004, unilaterally lifted the requirement
that Algerians visiting Morocco possess entry visas - a gesture not
reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed
bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize
southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of
about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern
Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in
southeastern Morocco

American Samoa
none

Andorra
none

Angola
many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in
neighboring states

Anguilla
none

Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some
overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many
other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made
no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);
no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in
Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their
continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

Antigua and Barbuda
none

Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Argentina
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the
UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly
occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to
seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially
overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly
region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus
of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera
Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with
Argentina in question; action by the joint boundary commission,
established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and
demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field
(Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending

Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains
closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands
of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Aruba
none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's
claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters
to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the
region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia
East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the
disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split
hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development
Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute
hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see
also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express
concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical
mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and
maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia
submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margin from both
its mainland and Antarctic claims

Austria
Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of
the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin
nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic

Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were
driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic
Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia;
Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to
Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on
dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the
Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of
their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The
disagrees with the US on the alignment of the maritime
boundary; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees
fleeing economic privation and political instability

Bahrain
none

Baker Island
none

Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall
off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Barbados
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to
compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding
award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and
Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian
waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela
to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea

Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar

Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; the whole boundary with Latvia and more than half
the boundary with Lithuania remains undemarcated; discussions toward
economic and political union with Russia proceed slowly

Belgium
none

Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely
uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS seeks to
revive the 2002 failed Belize-Guatemala Differendum that created a
small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in
Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and
substantial US-UK financial package

Benin
Benin and Burkina Faso military clash in 2006 over sections of
riverine boundary involving disputed villages and squatters; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin as a
consequence of a 2004 joint task force to resolve maritime and land
boundary disputes, but clashes among rival gangs along the border
persist; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the
boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary
stones

Bermuda
none

Bhutan
approximately 105,000 Bhutanese have lived decades as
refugees in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High
Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to
expel Indian separatists

Bolivia
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for
Bolivian natural gas and other commodities

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to
maritime access that hinder ratification of the 1999 border agreement

Botswana
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve
small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the
Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana
residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango
hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built
electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to
find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long
supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between
Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,
thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited
Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island
none

Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend
its maritime continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001 the former
inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1965 and now
residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an
immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the
exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to
the largest island in the chain;

British Virgin Islands
none

Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria
none

Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and
Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local
fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering
Ivoirian rebels

Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops; in 2005 Thailand sheltered about 121,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands

Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural
resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but
localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000
peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;
although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as
of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in
western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute
sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai
encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with
Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear
temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004,
Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions
re-erected missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,
which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally
and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of
the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of
the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and
Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria
initially rejected cession of the Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed,
but much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria
and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to
ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger
and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Cape Verde
none

Cayman Islands
none

Central African Republic
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002
civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic
skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral
populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad
since the expulsions of residents from Darfur in 2003 by
Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military, about 200,000 refugees
remain in eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the
Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from
cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern
Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which
also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Chile
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to
Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its
latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line
with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British
claims; action by the joint boundary commission, established by
Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the
disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo
Sur) remains pending

China
in 2005, China and India began drafting principles to resolve
all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes
together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate
discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's
largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under
the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does
not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in
1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India
as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the
Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the
Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by
some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of
facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil
companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint
accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China
occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and
Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu
Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East
China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain
islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute
with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is
considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens
of thousands of North Koreans; China and Russia prepare to demarcate
the boundary agreed to in October 2004 between the long-disputed
islands at the Amur and Ussuri; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and
Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province

Christmas Island
none

Clipperton Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states

Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
heads of the Great Lakes states
and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and
militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring
states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over
14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri
refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into
Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the
remainder in the DRC expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DRC and
Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address
accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the
DRC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases
to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in
the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Congo, Republic of the
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing
internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in
the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands
none

Coral Sea Islands
none

Costa Rica
in September 2005, Costa Rica took its case before the
ICJ to advocate the navigation, security, and commercial rights of
Costa Rican vessels using the Rio San Juan over which Nicaragua
retains sovereignty

Cote d'Ivoire
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central
government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out
foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted
in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote
d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;
the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of
supporting Ivorian rebels

Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime
access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as
a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform
to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and
commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close
cross-border ties with Croatia

Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots
later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on
24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities
voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve
the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the 30-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north

Czech Republic
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II; Austrian
anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian
border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in
the Czech Republic

Denmark
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; thousands of Somali refugees await
repatriation in UNHCR camps in Djibouti

Dominica
Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge
Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other
island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico
to find work

East Timor
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has
maintained about 1,000 peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and
delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many refugees who left East Timor in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia
and East Timor agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the
boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly
outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002
Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia has hampered creation of a
southern maritime boundary with Indonesia

Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to
flee into Ecuador in 2004

Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who
largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition
as refugees

El Salvador
in 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled
on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; in 2005 Eritrea began severely
restricting the operations of the UN Peacekeeping Mission to
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitoring the 25km-wide Temporary
Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000; Sudan sustains over 110,000
Eritrean refugees and accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel
groups

Estonia
in 2005, Russia refuses to sign the 1996 technical border
agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a unilateral
declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses;
Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population
in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for
realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty
that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules

Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing prevail,
preventing demarcation despite international intervention; Ethiopia
refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors
made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed,
including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war;
Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately
without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and
no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia
where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the
unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland"
secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked
Ethiopia; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have
been delayed by civil war

Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar

European Union
as a political union, the EU has no border disputes
with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land
boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and
maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and
maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area -
consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention
implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free
movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in
Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into
EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1
May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as
part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area
since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current
membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take
part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect
to police and criminal matters; the 12 new member states that joined
the EU in 2004 and 2007 eventually are expected to participate in
Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade their border
controls and procedures

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in
1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK
continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm

Fiji
none

Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands

France
Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros
claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial
dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of
French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica
(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,
east of New Caledonia

French Polynesia
none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US

Gabon
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to
establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only
a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who
fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west
African states

Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip
in August 2005

Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany
none

Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the
government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar

Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Greenland
managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland

Grenada
none

Guam
none

Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain
forests of Belize's border region; Organization of American States
(OAS) is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that
created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime
corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed
Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package;
Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US

Guernsey
none

Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone has pressured Guinea to remove
its forces from the town of Yenga, occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region

Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration
under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican
Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
in 1992, International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the
delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras border, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the
ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Hong Kong
none

Howland Island
none

Hungary
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special
social and cultural benefits - and voted down a referendum to extend
dual citizenship - to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring
states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue
between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its
portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the
Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm

Iles Eparses
Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan
de Nova Island: claimed by Madagascar
Tromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius

India
since China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and
confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse
tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005
earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of
the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in
Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly
militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the
impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has
maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;
disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to
defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;
Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat
State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in
both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal
cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with
Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay
of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam
separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint
Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed
boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep
out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities
from Nepal

Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a
northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and
Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but
outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan
islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to
and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia
and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam
Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a
problem in the Malacca Strait

Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute
Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Isle of Man
none

Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four
settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is
Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan
Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor
ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region

Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa

Jamaica
none

Jan Mayen
none