Chapter LXVII: Front Matter (67)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10,350 (2000 est.)

Internet users:
1,018,057,389 (2005)

Transportation World

Airports:
49,024 (2006)

Heliports:
2,021 (2006)

Railways:
total: 1,115,205 km
broad gauge: 257,481 km
standard gauge: 671,413 km
narrow gauge: 186,311 km (2003)

Roadways:
total: 32,345,165 km
paved: 19,403,061 km
unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)

Waterways:
671,886 km (2004)

Merchant marine:
total: 33,222 ships (1000 GRT or over) (2006)

Military World

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide has increased in the
beginning of the 21st century, with the largest increase in the US;
a rough estimate for 2005 is $1.2 trillion (at puchasing power
parity) (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
roughly 2% of gross world product (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues World

Disputes - international:
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international land
boundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural
clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial
fragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or in
rivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundary
conflict; other sources of contention include access to water and
mineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable
land; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify their
international boundaries and to resolve territorial and resource
disputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so much
between the armed forces of independent states as between stateless
armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant
refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental
degradation

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated
that in December 2005 there was a global population of 8.4 million
registered refugees, the lowest number in 26 years, and as many as
23.7 million IDPs in more than 50 countries; the actual global
population of refugees is probably closer to 10 million given the
estimated 1.5 million Iraqi refugees displaced throughout the Middle
East (2006)

Trafficking in persons:
current situation: about 600,000 to 800,000 people, mostly women
and children, are trafficked annually across national borders, not
including millions trafficked within their own countries; at least
80% of the victims are female; 75% of all victims are trafficked
into commercial sexual exploitation; roughly two-thirds of the
global victims are trafficked intra-regionally within East Asia and
the Pacific (260,000 to 280,000 people) and Europe and Eurasia
(170,000 to 210,000 people)

Illicit drugs:
cocaine: worldwide coca cultivation in 2004 amounted to 166,200
hectares; Colombia produced slightly more than two-thirds of the
worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine
production of 645 metric tons in 2004 marked the lowest level of
Andean cocaine production in the past 10 years; Colombia conducts
aggressive coca eradication campaign, but both Peruvian and Bolivian
Governments are hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas; 376
metric tons of export-quality cocaine are documented to have been
seized in 2003, and 26 metric tons disrupted (jettisoned or
destroyed); consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to
have been 800 metric tons
opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation reached 258,630
hectares in 2004; potential opium production of 5,444 metric tons
was highest total recorded since estimates began in mid-1980s;
Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 91% of
the global supply; Southeast Asia - responsible for 7% of global
opium - continued to diminish in importance in the world opium
market; Latin America produced 2% of global opium, but most refined
into heroin destined for United States; if all opium processed into
pure heroin, the potential global production would be 632 metric
tons of heroin in 2004

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@Yemen

Introduction Yemen

Background:
North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The
British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port
of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South
Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist
orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis
from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility
between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the
Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994
was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a
delimitation of their border.

Geography Yemen

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea,
between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 48 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR
or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:
total: 1,746 km
border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Coastline:
1,906 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western
mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry,
harsh desert in east

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged
mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the
desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold,
lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west

Land use:
arable land: 2.91%
permanent crops: 0.25%
other: 96.84% (2005)

Irrigated land:
5,500 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards:
sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Environment - current issues:
very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of
potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea
and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes

People Yemen

Population:
21,456,188 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.4% (male 5,067,762/female 4,881,333)
15-64 years: 51% (male 5,568,078/female 5,375,263)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 275,878/female 287,874) (2006 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.6 years
male: 16.6 years
female: 16.6 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.46% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
42.89 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 59.88 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 64.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 54.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62.12 years
male: 60.23 years
female: 64.11 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.58 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Yemeni(s)
adjective: Yemeni

Ethnic groups:
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Religions:
Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of
Jewish, Christian, and Hindu

Languages:
Arabic

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.2%
male: 70.5%
female: 30% (2003 est.)

Government Yemen

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman
former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]

Government type:
republic

Capital:
name: Sanaa
geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:
19 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Ad
Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit,
'Amran, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah,
San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz
note: for electoral and administrative purposes, the capital city of
Sanaa is treated as an additional governorate

Independence:
22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen established with the merger of the
Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the
Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen had become
independent in November of 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

National holiday:
Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Constitution:
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Legal system:
based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local
tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990,
the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger
of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab
Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL; Deputy
Prime Ministers Rashid Muhammad al-ALIMI, Alawi Salah al-SALAMI,
Ahmad Muhammad Abdallah al-SUFAN
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 20 September 2006 (next to be held September
2013); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 77.2%, Faysal BIN SHAMLAN 21.8%

Legislative branch:
a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created
a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats;
members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives
(301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held in April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
GPC 228, Islah 47, YSP 7, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab
Socialist Ba'th Party 2, independents 14

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
there are more than 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of
the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President
Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh
Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdal Malik
al-MAKHLAFI]; National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Dr. Qasim SALAM];
Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer),
OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNOCI,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Abd al-Wahab Abdallah al-HAJRI
chancery: 2319 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760
FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI
embassy: Sa'awan Street, Sanaa
mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
telephone: [967] (1) 755-2000 ext. 2153 or 2266
FAX: [967] (1) 303-182

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and of
Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription), in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag
of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Economy Yemen

Economy - overview:
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, reported
average annual growth of 3.5% from 2000 through 2006. Its economic
fortunes depend mostly on oil. Oil revenues probably increased in
2006 as a result of higher prices. Yemen was on an IMF-supported
structural adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline
the economy, which led to substantial foreign debt relief and
restructuring. However, government dedication to the program waned
in 2001 for political reasons. Yemen is struggling to control
excessive spending and rampant corruption. Yemen is dependent on
foreign aid to finance its budget deficits and development projects.
In November, Yemen secured $4.7 billion in assistance from Arabian
Gulf and Western donors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$20.38 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
$15.16 billion (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.2% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$900 (2006 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12.5%
industry: 43.8%
services: 43.7% (2006 est.)

Labor force:
5.759 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
note: most people are employed in agriculture and herding;
services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than
one-fourth of the labor force

Unemployment rate:
35% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
45.2% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.9% (2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
33.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14.8% (2006 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
15.7% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $7.314 billion
expenditures: $6.984 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA
(2006 est.)

Public debt:
30% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat, coffee, cotton; dairy
products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry; fish

Industries:
crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production
of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts;
small aluminum products factory; cement; commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.077 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.792 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
387,500 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:
85,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
370,300 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
3.72 billion bbl (2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
478.6 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Current account balance:
$1.69 billion (2006 est.)

Exports:
$8.214 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Exports - partners:
China 35.3%, India 16.2%, Thailand 11.9%, Japan 6.3%, South Korea
6.3%, Switzerland 5.5% (2005)

Imports:
$5.042 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:
UAE 18.9%, Saudi Arabia 8.9%, Switzerland 8.6%, Kuwait 6.7%, China
6.1%, US 4.5% (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$6.735 billion (2006 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.469 billion (2006 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)

Currency (code):
Yemeni rial (YER)

Currency code:
YER

Exchange rates:
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 197.467 (2006), 192.67 (2005), 184.78
(2004), 183.45 (2003), 175.63 (2002)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Yemen

Telephones - main lines in use:
900,000 (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,074,846 (2006)

Telephone system:
general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been
made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay,
cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone
systems
international: country code - 967; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
1.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
470,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ye

Internet hosts:
171 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
220,000 (2005)

Transportation Yemen

Airports:
46 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 16
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 30
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 4 (2006)

Pipelines:
gas 71 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,284 km (2006)

Roadways:
total: 71,300 km
paved: 6,200 km
unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 15,400 GRT/18,072 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 9 (Bolivia 1, Cambodia 3, North Korea
2, Panama 3) (2006)

Ports and terminals:
Aden, Nishtun

Military Yemen

Military branches:
Army (includes Special Forces), Navy (includes Marines), Unified
Yemen Air Force (includes Air Defense Force) (2006)

Military service age and obligation:
in May 2001, Yemen's National Defense Council abolished compulsory
military service and authorized a voluntary program for military
service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,058,223
females age 18-49: 3,868,112 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,790,705
females age 18-49: 2,792,406 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males age 18-49: 236,517
females age 18-49: 230,641 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$992.2 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
6.4% (2005 est.)

Military - note:
a Coast Guard was established in 2002

Transnational Issues Yemen

Disputes - international:
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to
Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; Saudi Arabia still maintains the
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the
border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;
Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a
security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in
sections of the boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 78,582 (Somalia) (2006)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@Zambia

Introduction Zambia

Background:
The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the
[British] South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by
the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining
spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia
upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper
prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991
brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996
saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001
was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a
legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate
Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched an anticorruption task
force in 2002, but the government has yet to make a prosecution. The
Zambian leader was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed
free and fair.

Geography Zambia

Location:
Southern Africa, east of Angola

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 752,614 sq km
land: 740,724 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania
338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

Terrain:
mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Natural resources:
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 6.99%
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 92.97% (2005)

Irrigated land:
1,560 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards:
periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)

Environment - current issues:
air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and
refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; poaching seriously
threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water
treatment presents human health risks

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with
Zimbabwe

People Zambia

Population:
11,502,010
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.3% (male 2,673,891/female 2,656,268)
15-64 years: 51.3% (male 2,925,910/female 2,969,324)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 117,877/female 158,740) (2006 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.5 years
male: 16.3 years
female: 16.7 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.11% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
41 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 86.84 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 94.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.03 years
male: 39.76 years
female: 40.31 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.39 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
16.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
920,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
89,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Nationality:
noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian

Ethnic groups:
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Religions:
Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:
English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda,
Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 80.6%
male: 86.8%
female: 74.8% (2003 est.)

Government Zambia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia

Government type:
republic

Capital:
name: Lusaka
geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka,
Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

Independence:
24 October 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Constitution:
24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential term
limits

Legal system:
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Rupiah BANDA (since 9 October 2006); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Rupiah BANDA (since 9 October 2006); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 28 September 2006
(next to be held 2011); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Levy MWANAWASA reelected president; percent of
vote - Levy MWANAWASA 43.0%, Michael SATA 29.4%, Hakainde HICHILEMA
25.3%, Godfrey MIYANDA 1.6%, Winright NGONDO 0.8%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (158 seats; 150 members are elected by
popular vote, eight members are appointed by the president, to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 28 September 2006 (next to be held in 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
MMD 72, PF 44, UDA 27, ULP 2, NDF 1, independents 2; seats not
determined 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by
the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil
and criminal cases)

Political parties and leaders:
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA]; Forum for
Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO]; Heritage Party or
HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger
CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Levy
MWANAWASA, acting president]; National Leadership for Development or
NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE]; National Party or NP [Dr. Sam CHIPUNGU];
Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Gwendoline KONIE]; United National Independence Party or UNIP
[Francis NKHOMA, president]; United Party for National Development
or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; Zambian Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin
MWILA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA
chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Carmen M. MARTINEZ
embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues, Lusaka
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone: [260] (1) 250-955
FAX: [260] (1) 252-225

Flag description:
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side),
black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of
the flag

Economy Zambia

Economy - overview:
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's
economic growth in 2005-06 remained somewhat below the 6%-7% per
year needed to reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of
government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering
mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the
chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur
economic growth. Copper output has increased steadily since 2004,
due to higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize
harvest was again good in 2005, helping boost GDP and agricultural
exports. Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs
to reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF
in the second quarter of 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help
cut inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with high
public debt.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.51 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
$5.806 billion (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,000 (2006 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 19.9%
industry: 28.9%
services: 51.2% (2006 est.)

Labor force:
4.903 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 85%
industry: 6%
services: 9%

Unemployment rate:
50% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
86% (1993)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 41% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
52.6 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.8% (2006 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26.5% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.674 billion
expenditures: $2.99 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA
(2006 est.)

Public debt:
65.7% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers,
tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), coffee; cattle,
goats, pigs, poultry, milk, eggs, hides

Industries:
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages,
chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture

Industrial production growth rate:
10.1% (2006 est.)

Electricity - production:
9.962 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 0.5%
hydro: 99.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.692 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
2.975 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
403 million kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
140 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
NA bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Current account balance:
$-165.4 million (2006 est.)

Exports:
$3.928 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity; tobacco, flowers, cotton

Exports - partners:
Switzerland 28.7%, South Africa 18.6%, UK 14.4%, Democratic
Republic of the Congo 5.4%, Tanzania 5.1%, Zimbabwe 4.1% (2005)

Imports:
$3.092 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
South Africa 47.6%, UK 12.6%, Zimbabwe 4.3% (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.05 billion (2006 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.397 billion (2006 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$640.6 million (2002)

Currency (code):
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Currency code:
ZMK

Exchange rates:
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 3,371.98 (2006), 4,463.5 (2005),
4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Zambia

Telephones - main lines in use:
94,700 (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
946,600 (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: facilities are aging but still among the best
in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation;
Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: country code - 260; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
1.2 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
9 (2002)

Televisions:
277,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zm

Internet hosts:
3,227 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
231,000 (2005)

Transportation Zambia

Airports:
111 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 101
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 64
under 914 m: 32 (2006)

Pipelines:
oil 771 km (2006)

Railways:
total: 2,173 km
narrow gauge: 2,173 km 1.067-m gauge
note: includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority
(TAZARA) (2005)

Roadways:
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Waterways:
2,250 km (includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula
rivers) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
Mpulungu

Military Zambia

Military branches:
Zambian National Defense Force (ZNDF): Army, Air Force, Police,
National Service

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,219,739
females age 18-49: 2,159,688 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,043,702
females age 18-49: 953,328 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$121.7 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Zambia

Disputes - international:
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and
Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto
recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia
boundary in the river

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 75,468 (Angola), 61,243 (Democratic
Republic of the Congo), 5,669 (Rwanda) (2006)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small
amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@Zimbabwe

Introduction Zimbabwe

Background:
The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the [British] South Africa
Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored
whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its
independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more
complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country
(then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising
finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe)
in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been
the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated
the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land
redistribution campaign, which began in 2000, caused an exodus of
white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread
shortages of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation,
MUGABE rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his
reelection. Opposition and labor strikes in 2003 were unsuccessful
in pressuring MUGABE to retire early; security forces continued
their brutal repression of regime opponents. The ruling ZANU-PF
party used fraud and intimidation to win a two-thirds majority in
the March 2005 parliamentary election, allowing it to amend the
constitution at will and recreate the Senate, which had been
abolished in the late 1980s. In April 2005, Harare embarked on
Operation Restore Order, ostensibly an urban rationalization
program, which resulted in the destruction of the homes or
businesses of 700,000 mostly poor supporters of the opposition,
according to UN estimates. ZANU-PF announced in December 2006 that
they would combine presidential and parliamentary elections in 2010
to ensure MUGABE remains in office.

Geography Zimbabwe

Location:
Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Terrain:
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Natural resources:
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore,
vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use:
arable land: 8.24%
permanent crops: 0.33%
other: 91.43% (2005)

Irrigated land:
1,740 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water
pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest
concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly
reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste
and heavy metal pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with
Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on
the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water

People Zimbabwe

Population:
12,236,805
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.4% (male 2,307,170/female 2,265,298)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 3,616,528/female 3,621,190)
65 years and over: 3.5% (male 199,468/female 227,151) (2006 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.9 years
male: 19.7 years
female: 20 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.62% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
28.01 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa
and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 51.71 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 39.29 years
male: 40.39 years
female: 38.16 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.13 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
24.6% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.8 million (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
170,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean

Ethnic groups:
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%,
white less than 1%

Religions:
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian
25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages:
English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele,
sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 90.7%
male: 94.2%
female: 87.2% (2003 est.)

Government Zimbabwe

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
name: Harare
geographic coordinates: 17 50 S, 31 03 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:
8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*,
Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East,
Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South,
Midlands

Independence:
18 April 1980 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Constitution:
21 December 1979

Legal system:
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
December 1987); Vice President Joseph MSIKA (since December 1999)
and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Vice President Joseph MSIKA (since December 1999)
and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote for a six-year term (no term
limits); election last held 9-11 March 2002 (next to be held March
2008); co-vice presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of a House of Assembly (150 seats -
120 elected by popular vote for five-year terms, 12 nominated by the
president, 10 occupied by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers,
and eight occupied by provincial governors appointed by the
president) and a Senate (66 seats - 50 elected by popular vote for a
five-year term, six nominated by the president, 10 nominated by the
Council of Chiefs)
elections: House of Assembly last held 31 March 2005 (next to be
held in 2010), Senate last held 26 November 2005 (next to be held in
2010)
election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party -
ZANU-PF 59.6%, MDC 39.5%, other 0.9%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 78,
MDC 41, independents 1; Senate - percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF
73.7%, MDC 20.3%, other 4.4%, independents 1.6%; seats by party -
ZANU-PF 43, MDC 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
African National Party or ANP; Movement for Democratic Change or
MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; Peace Action is Freedom for All or PAFA;
United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; United People's Party [Daniel
SHUMBA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga
[Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or
ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or
ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]; Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance or ZIYA

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition [Wellington CHIBEBE]; National
Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Zimbabwe Congress
of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Machivenyika T. MAPURANGA
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100
FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher W. DELL
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone: [263] (4) 250-593 and 250-594
FAX: [263] (4) 796-488

Flag description:
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red,
yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black
with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing
the long history of the country is superimposed on a red
five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which symbolizes
peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral wealth, red -
blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands for the native
people

Economy Zimbabwe

Economy - overview:
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult
economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal
deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and bare
shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from
the economy. The government's land reform program, characterized by
chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector,
the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the
provider of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of
food products. Badly needed support from the IMF has been suspended
because of the government's arrears on past loans, which it began
repaying in 2005. The official annual inflation rate rose from 32%
in 1998, to 133% in 2004, 585% in 2005, and approached 1000% in
2006, although private sector estimates put the figure much higher.
Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell from approximately 1
(revalued) Zimbabwean dollar per US dollar in 2003 to 250 per US
dollar in August 2006.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$25.05 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
$3.146 billion (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-4.4% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,000 (2006 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 17.7%
industry: 22.9%
services: 59.4% (2006 est.)

Labor force:
3.958 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 66%
industry: 10%
services: 24% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
80% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line:
80% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
56.8 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
976.4% official data; private sector estimates are much higher
(2006 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.1% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.411 billion
expenditures: $1.924 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA
(2006 est.)

Public debt:
108.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; sheep,
goats, pigs

Industries:
mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous
metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel; wood products, cement,
chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
-1.8% (2006 est.)

Electricity - production:
9.412 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 47%
hydro: 53%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
11 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
2.25 billion kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
22,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
23,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Current account balance:
$-264.6 million (2006 est.)

Exports:
$1.766 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing

Exports - partners:
South Africa 27%, China 7.9%, Japan 6.8%, Zambia 5.6%, Netherlands
5.4%, US 4.9%, Italy 4.5%, Germany 4.4% (2005)

Imports:
$2.055 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals,
fuels

Imports - partners:
South Africa 52.5%, China 5.7%, Botswana 4.1% (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$140 million (2006 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.26 billion (2006 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

Currency code:
ZWD

Exchange rates:
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 195.107 (2006), 77.965 (2005),
5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003), 0.055 (2002), note, these are official
exchange rates; non-official rates vary significantly

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Zimbabwe

Telephones - main lines in use:
328,000 (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
699,000 (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: system was once one of the best in Africa, but
now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding
requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed
but unused main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns
and for some of the smaller ones
international: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and
Gweru)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.14 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
16 (1997)

Televisions:
370,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zw

Internet hosts:
7,954 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
1 million (2005)

Transportation Zimbabwe

Airports:
403 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 386
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 187
under 914 m: 194 (2006)

Pipelines:
refined products 261 km (2006)

Railways:
total: 3,077 km
narrow gauge: 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2005)

Roadways:
total: 97,440 km
paved: 18,514 km
unpaved: 78,926 km (2002)

Waterways:
on Lake Kariba, length small (2005)

Ports and terminals:
Binga, Kariba

Military Zimbabwe

Military branches:
Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of
Zimbabwe (AFZ), Zimbabwe Republic Police (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,778,404
females age 18-49: 2,681,531 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,304,424
females age 18-49: 1,115,096 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$124.7 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Zimbabwe

Disputes - international:
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has placed
military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 6,536 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
IDPs: 569,685 (MUGABE-led political violence, human rights
violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2006)

Trafficking in persons:
current situation: Zimbabwe is a source, transit, and destination
country for women and children trafficked for forced labor and
sexual exploitation; children may be trafficked internally for
forced agricultural labor, domestic servitude, and sexual
exploitation; women and girls are lured out of the country to South
Africa, China, Egypt, and Zambia with false job or scholarship
promises that result in domestic servitude or commercial sexual
exploitation; there are reports of South African employers demanding
sex from undocumented Zimbabwean workers under threat of
deportation; women and children from Malawi, Zambia, and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo transit Zimbabwe en route to South
Africa; small numbers of South African girls are trafficked to
Zimbabwe for domestic labor
tier rating: Tier 3 - Zimbabwe does not fully comply with the
minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not
making significant efforts to do so

Illicit drugs:
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax,
and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European
markets

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2001 GDP (purchasing power parity)

Afghanistan
$21.5 billion (2004 est.)

Albania
$20.21 billion
note: Albania has a large gray economy that may be as large as 50%
of official GDP (2006 est.)

Algeria
$253.4 billion (2006 est.)

American Samoa
$510.1 million (2003 est.)

Andorra
$1.84 billion (2004)

Angola
$51.95 billion (2006 est.)

Anguilla
$108.9 million (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$750 million (2002 est.)

Argentina
$599.1 billion (2006 est.)

Armenia
$15.99 billion (2006 est.)

Aruba
$2.258 billion (2005 est.)

Australia
$666.3 billion (2006 est.)

Austria
$279.5 billion (2006 est.)

Azerbaijan
$58.1 billion (2006 est.)

Bahamas, The
$6.476 billion (2006 est.)

Bahrain
$17.7 billion (2006 est.)

Bangladesh
$330.8 billion (2006 est.)

Barbados
$5.108 billion (2006 est.)

Belarus
$80.74 billion (2006 est.)

Belgium
$330.4 billion (2006 est.)

Belize
$2.307 billion (2006 est.)

Benin
$8.931 billion (2006 est.)

Bermuda
$4.5 billion (2004 est.)

Bhutan
$2.9 billion (2003 est.)

Bolivia
$27.21 billion (2006 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$24.8 billion
note: Bosnia has a large informal sector that could also be as much
as 50% of official GDP (2006 est.)

Botswana
$18.72 billion (2006 est.)

Brazil
$1.616 trillion (2006 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$853.4 million (2004 est.)

Brunei
$6.842 billion (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
$77.13 billion (2006 est.)

Burkina Faso
$17.87 billion (2006 est.)

Burma
$83.84 billion (2006 est.)

Burundi
$5.744 billion (2006 est.)

Cambodia
$36.78 billion (2006 est.)

Cameroon
$42.2 billion (2006 est.)

Canada
$1.165 trillion (2006 est.)

Cape Verde
$3.129 billion (2006 est.)

Cayman Islands
$1.939 billion (2004 est.)

Central African Republic
$4.913 billion (2006 est.)

Chad
$15.26 billion (2006 est.)

Chile
$203 billion (2006 est.)

China
$10 trillion (2006 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$366.7 billion (2006 est.)

Comoros
$441 million (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$44.6 billion (2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$4.958 billion (2006 est.)

Cook Islands
$183.2 million (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
$48.77 billion (2006 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$28.47 billion (2006 est.)

Croatia
$59.41 billion (2006 est.)

Cuba
$44.54 billion (2006 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $17.79 billion; north Cyprus: $4.54
billion (2006 est.)

Czech Republic
$221.4 billion (2006 est.)

Denmark
$198.5 billion (2006 est.)

Djibouti
$619 million (2002 est.)

Dominica
$384 million (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
$73.74 billion (2006 est.)

East Timor
$370 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$60.48 billion (2006 est.)

Egypt
$328.1 billion (2006 est.)

El Salvador
$33.2 billion (2006 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$25.69 billion (2005 est.)

Eritrea
$4.471 billion (2005 est.)

Estonia
$26 billion (2006 est.)

Ethiopia
$71.63 billion (2006 est.)

European Union
$12.82 trillion (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$75 million (2002 est.)

Faroe Islands
$1 billion (2001 est.)

Fiji
$5.504 billion (2006 est.)

Finland
$171.7 billion (2006 est.)

France
$1.871 trillion (2006 est.)

French Polynesia
$4.58 billion (2003 est.)

Gabon
$10.21 billion (2006 est.)

Gambia, The
$3.25 billion (2006 est.)

Gaza Strip
$5.327 billion (2005 est.)

Georgia
$17.79 billion (2006 est.)

Germany
$2.585 trillion (2006 est.)

Ghana
$59.15 billion (2006 est.)

Gibraltar
$769 million (2000 est.)

Greece
$251.7 billion (2006 est.)

Greenland
$1.1 billion (2001 est.)

Grenada
$440 million (2002 est.)

Guam
$2.5 billion (2005 est.)

Guatemala
$60.57 billion (2006 est.)

Guernsey
$2.742 billion (2005)

Guinea
$19.4 billion (2006 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$1.244 billion (2006 est.)

Guyana
$3.62 billion (2006 est.)

Haiti
$14.56 billion (2006 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
$NA

Honduras
$22.13 billion (2006 est.)

Hong Kong
$253.1 billion (2006 est.)

Hungary
$172.7 billion (2006 est.)

Iceland
$11.4 billion (2006 est.)

India
$4.042 trillion (2006 est.)

Indonesia
$935 billion (2006 est.)

Iran
$610.4 billion (2006 est.)

Iraq
$94.1 billion (2005 est.)

Ireland
$177.2 billion (2006 est.)

Isle of Man
$2.113 billion (2003 est.)

Israel
$166.3 billion (2006 est.)

Italy
$1.727 trillion (2006 est.)

Jamaica
$12.71 billion (2006 est.)

Japan
$4.22 trillion (2006 est.)

Jersey
$3.6 billion (2003 est.)

Jordan
$28.89 billion (2006 est.)

Kazakhstan
$138.7 billion (2006 est.)

Kenya
$40.77 billion (2006 est.)

Kiribati
$206.4 million (2004 est.)

Korea, North
$40 billion
note: North Korea does not publish any reliable National Income
Accounts data; the datum shown here is derived from purchasing power
parity (PPP) GDP estimates for North Korea that were made by Angus
Maddison in a study conducted for the OECD; his figure for 1999 was
extrapolated to 2005 using estimated real growth rates for North
Korea's GDP and an inflation factor based on the US GDP deflator;
the result was rounded to the nearest $10 billion (2006 est.)

Korea, South
$1.18 trillion (2006 est.)

Kuwait
$52.17 billion (2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$10.49 billion (2006 est.)

Laos
$13.43 billion (2006 est.)

Latvia
$35.08 billion (2006 est.)

Lebanon
$21.45 billion (2006 est.)

Lesotho
$5.195 billion (2006 est.)

Liberia
$2.911 billion (2006 est.)

Libya
$74.97 billion (2006 est.)

Liechtenstein
$1.786 billion (2001 est.)

Lithuania
$54.03 billion (2006 est.)

Luxembourg
$32.6 billion (2006 est.)

Macau
$10 billion (2004)