Chapter CXXVI: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (57)

Bangladesh
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Benin
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high
risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Botswana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Burkina Faso
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Burma
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Burundi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Cambodia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis are high risks in some locations
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Cameroon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Central African Republic
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Chad
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Congo, Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Cote d'Ivoire
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high
risks in some locations
water contact: schistosomiasis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Djibouti
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Equatorial Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Eritrea
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations (2007)

Ethiopia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and hepatitis E
vectorborne diseases: malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high
risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Gabon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Gambia, The
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Ghana
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2007)

Guinea-Bissau
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

India
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Indonesia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are
high risks in some locations
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Kenya
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Liberia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2007)

Libya
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through October)
(2007)

Madagascar
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Malawi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Malaysia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2007)

Mali
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Mauritania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks
in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Morocco
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2007)

Mozambique
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Namibia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Niger
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Nigeria
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly
endemic areas for Lassa fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Pakistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous
leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Papua New Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2007)

Philippines
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2007)

Rwanda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Sao Tome and Principe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)

Senegal
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever,
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high
risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Sierra Leone
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2007)

Somalia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2007)

Sudan
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Tanzania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, Rift Valley fever and plague are high
risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Thailand
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Togo
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2007)

Tunisia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2007)

Uganda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Vietnam
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified
among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a
negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens
who have close contact with birds (2007)

Western Sahara
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2007)

Zambia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Zimbabwe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@2194 Refugees and internally displaced persons

Afghanistan
IDPs: 136,565 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in
south and west due to drought and instability) (2006)

Algeria
refugees (country of origin): 90,000 (Western Saharan
Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the
southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf)
IDPs: 400,000-600,000 (conflict between government forces, Islamic
insurgents) (2006)

Angola
refugees (country of origin): 13,464 (Democratic Republic of
Congo)
IDPs: 61,700 (27-year civil war ending in 2002; 4 million IDPs
already have returned) (2006)

Armenia
refugees (country of origin): 219,324 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh,
majority have returned home since 1994 ceasefire) (2006)

Azerbaijan
refugees (country of origin): 2,800 (Russia)
IDPs: 580,000-690,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh)
(2006)

Bangladesh
refugees (country of origin): 21,053 (Burma)
IDPs: 65,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2006)

Benin
refugees (country of origin): 26,632 (Togo) (2006)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
refugees (country of origin): 7,458 (Croatia)
IDPs: 180,251 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Muslims displaced in
1992-95 war) (2006)

Burma
IDPs: 540,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent
groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen,
Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2006)

Burundi
refugees (country of origin): 20,359 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo)
IDPs: 100,000 (armed conflict between government and rebels; most
IDPs in northern and western Burundi) (2006)

Cameroon
refugees (country of origin): 39,303 (Chad) 9,711 (Nigeria)
13,000 (Central African Republic); note - there are an additional
10,000 Central African refugees unregistered with UNHCR as of
December 2006 (2006)

Central African Republic
refugees (country of origin): 19,960
(Sudan) 3,325 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); note - UNHCR
resumed repatriation of Southern Sudanese refugees in 2006
IDPs: 150,000 (ongoing unrest following coup in 2003) (2006)

Chad
refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan), 41,246 (Central
African Republic)
IDPs: 100,000 (2006)

China
refugees (country of origin): 300,897 (Vietnam) estimated
30,000-50,000 (North Korea)
IDPs: 90,000 (2006)

Colombia
IDPs: 1.8-3.8 million (conflict between government and
illegal armed groups and FARC factions; drug wars) (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
refugees (country of origin):
106,772 (Angola), 42,360 (Rwanda), 19,032 (Burundi), 18,954
(Uganda), 11,723 (Sudan), 5,243 (Republic of Congo)
IDPs: 1.1 million (fighting between government forces and rebels
since mid-1990s; most IDPs are in eastern provinces) (2006)

Congo, Republic of the
refugees (country of origin): 56,380
(Democratic Republic of Congo), 6,478 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 48,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic
Lari) (2006)

Costa Rica
refugees (country of origin): 9,470 (Colombia) (2006)

Cote d'Ivoire
refugees (country of origin): 39,919 (Liberia)
IDPs: 750,000 (2002 coup; most IDPs are in western regions) (2006)

Croatia
IDPs: 4,200-7,000 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992-95
war) (2006)

Cyprus
IDPs: 210,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many
displaced for over 30 years) (2006)

Djibouti
refugees (country of origin): 9,828 (Somalia) (2006)

East Timor
IDPs: 150,000 (2006)

Ecuador
refugees (country of origin): 9,851 (Colombia), note - UNHCR
estimates as many as 250,000 Columbians are seeking asylum in
Ecuador, many of whom do not register as refugees for fear of
deportation (2006)

Egypt
refugees (country of origin): 100,000 (Iraq), 70,255
(Palestinian Territories), 13,446 (Sudan) (2006)

Eritrea
IDPs: 40,000-45,000 (border war with Ethiopia from
1998-2000; most IDPs are near the central border region) (2006)

Ethiopia
refugees (country of origin): 73,927 (Sudan), 15,901
(Somalia), 10,700 (Eritrea)
IDPs: 100,000-280,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000 and
ethnic clashes in Gambela; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela
Provinces) (2006)

Gabon
refugees (country of origin): 7,298 (Republic of Congo) (2006)

Gambia, The
refugees (country of origin): 5,955 (Sierra Leone) (2006)

Gaza Strip
refugees (country of origin): 993,818 (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2006)

Georgia
IDPs: 220,000-240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South
Ossetia) (2006)

Ghana
refugees (country of origin): 38,684 (Liberia), 14,136 (Togo)
(2006)

Guatemala
IDPs: undetermined (estimates vary from none to 1 million
displaced from government's scorched-earth offensive in 1980s
against indigenous people) (2006)

Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 54,810 (Liberia), 5,423 (Sierra
Leone), 3,900 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 19,000 (cross-border incursions from Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia,
Sierra Leone) (2006)

Guinea-Bissau
refugees (country of origin): 7,320 (Senegal) (2006)

India
refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China), 50,730
(Sri Lanka), 9,700 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu
and Kashmir) (2006)

Indonesia
IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against
rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central
Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku), 300,000 (December 2006 floods in
Aceh regions) (2006)

Iran
refugees (country of origin): 662,355 (Afghanistan), 54,000
(Iraq) (2006)

Iraq
refugees (country of origin): 22,698 (Palestinian Territories),
13,382 (Iran), 13,332 (Turkey)
IDPs: 1.6 million (ongoing US-led war and Kurds' subsequent return)
(2006)

Israel
IDPs: 150,000-420,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in
northern Israel) (2006)

Jordan
refugees (country of origin): 1,835,704 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)), 700,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 160,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2006)

Kazakhstan
refugees (country of origin): 5,000 (Russia) (2006)

Kenya
refugees (country of origin): 150,459 (Somalia), 76,646
(Sudan), 14,862 (Ethiopia)
IDPs: 431,150 (KANU attacks on opposition tribal groups in 1990s)
(2006)

Korea, North
IDPs: 50,000-250,000 (government repression and famine)
(2006)

Lebanon
refugees (country of origin): 405,425 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)), 20,000-40,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 17,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions), 200,000
(July-August 2006 war) (2006)

Liberia
refugees (country of origin): 6,592 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 13,000 (civil war from 1990-2004; IDP resettlement began in
November 2004) (2006)

Libya
refugees (country of origin): 8,873 (Palestinian Territories)
(2006)

Macedonia
IDPs: fewer than 1,000 (ethnic conflict in 2001) (2006)

Malaysia
refugees (country of origin): 19,153 (Indonesia), 14,208
(Burma) (2006)

Maldives
IDPs: 10,000 (December 2004 tsunami victims) (2006)

Mali
refugees (country of origin): 6,165 (Mauritania) (2006)

Mexico
IDPs: 10,000-12,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista
uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region) (2006)

Namibia
refugees (country of origin): 11,900 (Angola) (2006)

Nepal
refugees (country of origin): 106,248 (Bhutan), 20,153
(Tibet/China)
IDPs: 100,000-200,000 (ongoing conflict between government forces
and Maoist rebels; displacement spread across the country) (2006)

Nigeria
refugees (country of origin): 6,051 (Liberia)
IDPs: undetermined (communal violence between Christians and Muslims
since President OBASANJO's election in 1999, displacement is mostly
short-term) (2006)

Pakistan
refugees (country of origin): 1,084,208 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South
Waziristan), 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake, most of those
displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006)
(2006)

Papua New Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 9,991 (Indonesia)
(2006)

Peru
IDPs: 60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are
indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2005)

Philippines
IDPs: 60,000 (fighting between government troops and
MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2006)

Russia
IDPs: 25,000-180,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North
Ossetia) (2006)

Rwanda
refugees (country of origin): 41,403 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo), 4,400 (Burundi) (2006)

Saudi Arabia
refugees (country of origin): 240,015 (Palestinian
Territories) (2006)

Senegal
refugees (country of origin): 19,712 (Mauritania)
IDPs: 22,400 (approximately 65 percent of the IDP population
returned in 2005 but new displacement is occurring due to clashes
between government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2006)

Serbia
refugees (country of origin): 100,651 (Croatia), 46,951
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
IDPs: 228,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999)
(2006)

Sierra Leone
refugees (country of origin): 59,952 (Liberia) (2006)

Somalia
IDPs: 400,000 (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition
for resources) (2006)

South Africa
refugees (country of origin): 10,609 (Democratic
Republic of Congo), 7,548 (Somalia), 5,764 (Angola) (2006)

Sri Lanka
IDPs: 500,000-600,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils
displaced due to long-term Tamil conflict renewed in 2006) (2006)

Sudan
refugees (country of origin): 116,746 (Eritrea), 20,000
(Chad), 14,633 (Ethiopia), 7,901 (Uganda)
IDPs: 5,300,000 - 6,200,000 (internal conflict since 1980s; ongoing
genocide in Darfur region, IDP registration for return to South
Sudan started in 2005) (2006)

Syria
refugees (country of origin): 600,000 (Iraq), 434,896
(Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967
Arab-Israeli War) (2006)

Tanzania
refugees (country of origin): 393,611 (Burundi), 150,112
(Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2006)

Thailand
refugees (country of origin): 116,499 (Burma) (2006)

Togo
refugees (country of origin): 8,000 (Ghana)
IDPs: 1,500 (2006)

Turkey
IDPs: 1-1.2 million (fighting 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK and
Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2006)

Turkmenistan
refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan) (2006)

Uganda
refugees (country of origin): 212,857 (Sudan), 20,564
(Democratic Republic of Congo), 20,213 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 1.2-1.7 million (350,000 IDPs returned in 2006 following
ongoing peace talks between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and
Government of Uganda) (2006)

United States
refugees (country of origin): the US admitted 62,643
refugees during FY04/05 including, 10,586 (Somalia), 8,549 (Laos),
6,666 (Russia), 6,479 (Cuba), 3,100 (Haiti), 2,136 (Iran) (2006)

Uzbekistan
refugees (country of origin): 39,202 (Tajikistan)
IDPs: 3,400 (forced population transfers by government from villages
near Tajikistan border) (2006)

West Bank
refugees (country of origin): 705,207 (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2006)

World
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
estimated that in December 2005 there was a global population of 8.4
million registered refugees, the lowest number in 26 years, and as
many as 23.7 million IDPs in more than 50 countries; the actual
global population of refugees is probably closer to 10 million given
the estimated 1.5 million Iraqi refugees displaced throughout the
Middle East (2006)

Yemen
refugees (country of origin): 78,582 (Somalia) (2006)

Zambia
refugees (country of origin): 75,468 (Angola), 61,243
(Democratic Republic of the Congo), 5,669 (Rwanda) (2006)

Zimbabwe
refugees (country of origin): 6,536 (Democratic Republic of
Congo)
IDPs: 569,685 (MUGABE-led political violence, human rights
violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2006)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2195 GDP (official exchange rate)

Afghanistan
$7.095 billion (2005 est.)

Albania
$9.306 billion (2006 est.)

Algeria
$92.22 billion (2006 est.)

American Samoa
$333.8 million (2005)

Andorra
NA

Angola
$28.37 billion (2006 est.)

Anguilla
$108.9 million (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$905 million (2005 est.)

Argentina
$210 billion (2006 est.)

Armenia
$6.6 billion (2006 est.)

Aruba
$2.258 billion (2005 est.)

Australia
$645.3 billion (2006 est.)

Austria
$309.3 billion (2006 est.)

Azerbaijan
$14.05 billion (2006 est.)

Bahamas, The
$6.159 billion (2006 est.)

Bahrain
$12.12 billion (2006 est.)

Bangladesh
$69.02 billion (2006 est.)

Barbados
$3.157 billion (2006 est.)

Belarus
$28.56 billion (2006 est.)

Belgium
$367.8 billion (2006 est.)

Belize
$1.141 billion (2006 est.)

Benin
$4.622 billion (2006 est.)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
$840.5 million (2005 est.)

Bolivia
$10.22 billion (2006 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$9.158 billion (2006 est.)

Botswana
$9.697 billion (2006 est.)

Brazil
$620.7 billion (2006 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$839.7 million (2003)

Brunei
$5.486 billion (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
$27.85 billion (2006 est.)

Burkina Faso
$5.821 billion (2006 est.)

Burma
$7.845 billion (2006 est.)

Burundi
$778.9 million (2006 est.)

Cambodia
$5.122 billion (2006 est.)

Cameroon
$16.37 billion (2006 est.)

Canada
$1.089 trillion (2006 est.)

Cape Verde
$1.128 billion (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
$1.542 billion (2006 est.)

Chad
$5.255 billion (2006 est.)

Chile
$100.3 billion (2006 est.)

China
$2.512 trillion (2006 est.)

Colombia
$105.5 billion (2006 est.)

Comoros
$402 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$8.061 billion (2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$5.093 billion (2006 est.)

Cook Islands
$183.2 million (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
$20.77 billion (2006 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$17.19 billion (2006 est.)

Croatia
$37.35 billion (2006 est.)

Cuba
$40 billion (2006 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $16.35 billion (2006 est.)

Czech Republic
$118.9 billion (2006 est.)

Denmark
$256.3 billion (2006 est.)

Djibouti
$702 million (2005 est.)

Dominica
$279 million (2005)

Dominican Republic
$19.91 billion (2006 est.)

East Timor
$349 million (2005)

Ecuador
$32.57 billion (2006 est.)

Egypt
$84.51 billion (2006 est.)

El Salvador
$15.14 billion (2006 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$7.644 billion (2005 est.)

Eritrea
$1.244 billion (2005 est.)

Estonia
$13.62 billion (2006 est.)

Ethiopia
$9.789 billion (2006 est.)

European Union
$13.62 trillion (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
$2.038 billion (2006 est.)

Finland
$196.2 billion (2006 est.)

France
$2.154 trillion (2006 est.)

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
$7.052 billion (2006 est.)

Gambia, The
$461.2 million (2006 est.)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
$5.272 billion (2006 est.)

Germany
$2.858 trillion (2006 est.)

Ghana
$10.18 billion (2006 est.)

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
$222.5 billion (2006 est.)

Greenland
NA

Grenada
$454 million (2005)

Guam
$2.773 billion (2001)

Guatemala
$28.84 billion (2006 est.)

Guernsey
$2.742 billion (2005)

Guinea
$3.737 billion (2006 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$295.1 million (2006 est.)

Guyana
$826.6 million (2006 est.)

Haiti
$5.947 billion (2006 est.)

Honduras
$8.414 billion (2006 est.)

Hong Kong
$187.1 billion (2006 est.)

Hungary
$113.1 billion (2006 est.)

Iceland
$13.85 billion (2006 est.)

India
$796.1 billion (2006 est.)

Indonesia
$264.4 billion (2006 est.)

Iran
$194.8 billion (2006 est.)

Iraq
$46.5 billion (2006 est.)

Ireland
$202.9 billion (2006 est.)

Isle of Man
$2.26 billion (2003)

Israel
$121.6 billion (2006 est.)

Italy
$1.78 trillion (2006 est.)

Jamaica
$8.579 billion (2006 est.)

Japan
$4.911 trillion (2006 est.)

Jersey
NA

Jordan
$12.32 billion (2006 est.)

Kazakhstan
$52.6 billion (2006 est.)

Kenya
$17.39 billion (2006 est.)

Kiribati
$76.4 million (2005 est.)

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
$768.5 billion (2006 est.)

Kuwait
$58.3 billion (2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$2.24 billion (2006 est.)

Laos
$2.768 billion (2006 est.)

Latvia
$16.13 billion (2006 est.)

Lebanon
$19.62 billion (2006 est.)

Lesotho
$1.419 billion (2006 est.)

Liberia
$902.9 million (2006 est.)

Libya
$34.83 billion (2006 est.)

Liechtenstein
$2.487 billion (2001)

Lithuania
$25.78 billion (2006 est.)

Luxembourg
$34.37 billion (2006 est.)

Macau
$11.56 billion (2005)

Macedonia
$5.649 billion (2006 est.)

Madagascar
$5.097 billion (2006 est.)

Malawi
$2.172 billion (2006 est.)

Malaysia
$131.8 billion (2006 est.)

Maldives
$817 million (2005 est.)

Mali
$5.847 billion (2006 est.)

Malta
$5.39 billion (2006 est.)

Marshall Islands
$144 million (2005)

Mauritania
$1.641 billion (2006 est.)

Mauritius
$7.135 billion (2006 est.)

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
$741.5 billion (2006 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$232 million (2005)

Moldova
$2.588 billion (2006 est.)

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
$1.54 billion (2006 est.)

Montenegro
$4.744 billion (2006 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
$56.72 billion (2006 est.)

Mozambique
$6.431 billion (2006 est.)

Namibia
$5.304 billion (2006 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
$7.154 billion (2006 est.)

Netherlands
$612.7 billion (2006 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
$98.77 billion (2006 est.)

Nicaragua
$4.816 billion (2006 est.)

Niger
$3.638 billion (2006 est.)

Nigeria
$83.36 billion (2006 est.)

Niue
$10.01 million (2003)

Northern Mariana Islands
$633.4 million (2000)

Norway
$261.7 billion (2006 est.)

Oman
$27.23 billion (2006 est.)

Pakistan
$124 billion (2006 est.)

Palau
$145 million (2005)

Panama
$16.2 billion (2006 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$4.148 billion (2006 est.)

Paraguay
$7.696 billion (2006 est.)

Peru
$76.09 billion (2006 est.)

Philippines
$98.48 billion (2006 est.)

Poland
$265.4 billion (2006 est.)

Portugal
$176.6 billion (2006 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA (2006 est.)

Qatar
$30.76 billion (2006 est.)

Romania
$79.17 billion (2006 est.)

Russia
$733 billion (2006 est.)

Rwanda
$1.968 billion (2006 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$453 million (2005)

Saint Lucia
$825 million (2005)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$428 million (2005)

Samoa
$399 million (2005)

San Marino
$880 million (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
$71.38 million (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$286.2 billion (2006 est.)

Senegal
$8.562 billion (2006 est.)

Serbia
$19.19 billion for Serbia alone (excluding Kosovo) (2006 est.)

Seychelles
$712 million (2006 est.)

Sierra Leone
$1.233 billion (2006 est.)

Singapore
$121.5 billion (2006 est.)

Slovakia
$46.9 billion (2006 est.)

Slovenia
$37.64 billion (2006 est.)

Solomon Islands
$286 million (2005)

Somalia
$2.483 billion (2006 est.)

South Africa
$200.5 billion (2006 est.)

Spain
$1.081 trillion (2006 est.)

Sri Lanka
$23.52 billion (2006 est.)

Sudan
$25.5 billion (2006 est.)

Suriname
$1.398 billion (2006 est.)

Swaziland
$2.212 billion (2006 est.)

Sweden
$371.5 billion (2006 est.)

Switzerland
$386.8 billion (2006 est.)

Syria
$27.23 billion (2006 est.)

Taiwan
$353.9 billion (2006 est.)

Tajikistan
$2.066 billion (2006 est.)

Tanzania
$13.13 billion (2006 est.)

Thailand
$196.6 billion (2006 est.)

Togo
$2.109 billion (2006 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
$244 million (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$14.99 billion (2006 est.)

Tunisia
$32.95 billion (2006 est.)

Turkey
$358.2 billion (2006 est.)

Turkmenistan
$16.16 billion (2006 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
$14.94 million (2002)

Uganda
$8.502 billion (2006 est.)

Ukraine
$81.53 billion (2006 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$110.6 billion (2006 est.)

United Kingdom
$2.341 trillion (2006 est.)

United States
$13.22 trillion (2006 est.)

Uruguay
$14.3 billion (2006 est.)

Uzbekistan
$10.78 billion (2006 est.)

Vanuatu
$341 million (2005)

Venezuela
$147.9 billion (2006 est.)

Vietnam
$48.26 billion (2006 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA

West Bank
$3.45 billion (2003)

Western Sahara
NA

World
$46.66 trillion (2006 est.)

Yemen
$15.16 billion (2006 est.)

Zambia
$5.806 billion (2006 est.)

Zimbabwe
$3.146 billion (2006 est.)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2196 Trafficking in persons

Algeria
current situation: Algeria is a transit and destination
country for men, women, and children from sub-Saharan Africa and
Asia trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation; many
victims willingly migrate to Algeria en route to European countries
with the help of smugglers, where they are often forced into
prostitution, labor, and begging to pay off their smuggling debt;
armed militants reportedly traffic women for sexual exploitation and
involuntary servitude, and children may be trafficked for forced
labor as domestic servants or street vendors
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Algeria took no steps to assess the
scope of trafficking in the country and reported no investigations
or prosecutions for trafficking offenses this year

Argentina
current situation: Argentina is primarily a destination
country for women and children trafficked for sexual and labor
exploitation with most victims trafficked internally, from rural to
urban areas, for exploitation in prostitution; foreign women and
children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation come
primarily from Paraguay, but also from Bolivia, Brazil, the
Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Chile; Bolivians are trafficked
for forced labor; Argentine women and girls are also trafficked to
neighboring countries for sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Argentina failed to show evidence
of increasing efforts to combat trafficking particularly in the key
area of prosecutions; government efforts to improve interagency
anti-trafficking coordination did not achieve significant progress
in moving cases against traffickers through the judicial system; the
government made progress in other areas, by submitting
anti-trafficking legislation to Congress in August 2005 and
sensitizing provincial and municipal government officials to the
trafficking problem

Armenia
current situation: Armenia is a major source and, to a
lesser extent, a transit and destination country for women and girls
trafficked for sexual exploitation largely to the UAE and Turkey;
traffickers, many of them women, route victims directly into Dubai
or through Moscow; profits derived from the trafficking of Armenian
victims reportedly increased dramatically from 2005
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Armenia has failed to show evidence
of increasing efforts, particularly in the areas of enforcement,
trafficking-related corruption, and victim protection; the
government increased implementation of its anti-trafficking law, but
failed to impose significant penalties for convicted traffickers and
failed to vigorously investigate and prosecute ongoing and
widespread allegations of public officials' complicity in
trafficking; victim protection efforts remain in early, formative
stages and a lack of sensitivity for victims remains a problem,
particularly in the judiciary

Bahrain
current situation: Bahrain is a destination country for men
and women from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly to
work as laborers or domestic servants, but may be subjected to
conditions of involuntary servitude when faced with exorbitant
recruitment and transportation fees, withholding of their passports,
restrictions on their movement, non-payment of wages, and physical
or sexual abuse; Eastern European women are also believed to be
trafficked to Bahrain for the purpose of commercial sexual
exploitation or forced labor
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Bahrain's efforts to address
trafficking in persons are based largely on pledges of future
efforts; the government did not enact a comprehensive
anti-trafficking law extending labor protection to domestic workers

Belize
current situation: Belize is a source, transit, and
destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the
purposes of labor and sexual exploitation; women and girls are
trafficked mainly from Central America, and exploited in
prostitution; children are trafficked to Belize for labor
exploitation; Belize's largely unmonitored borders with Guatemala,
Honduras, and Mexico facilitate the movement of illegal migrants who
are vulnerable to traffickers; girls are trafficked within the
country for sexual exploitation, sometimes with the consent and
complicity of their close relatives; there are unconfirmed reports
that Indian and Chinese migrants are trafficked for involuntary
servitude in homes and shops
tier rating: Tier 3 - Belize has failed to show evidence of
significant law enforcement or victim protection efforts

Bolivia
current situation: Bolivia is a source and transit country
for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of labor
and sexual exploitation to Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, as well as
to Spain; children are trafficked internally for sexual
exploitation, forced mining, and agricultural labor; illegal
migrants from Asia transiting Bolivia are vulnerable as trafficking
victims
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Bolivia has failed to show evidence
of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in the areas of
prosecutions and victim protection

Brazil
current situation: Brazil is a source and destination country
for women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation within Brazil
and to destinations in South America, the Caribbean, Western Europe,
Japan, the US, and the Middle East, and for men trafficked within
the country for forced agricultural labor; child sex tourism is a
problem within the country, particularly in the resort areas and
coastal cities of Brazil's northeast; foreign victims from Bolivia,
Peru, China, and Korea are trafficked to Brazil for labor
exploitation in factories
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Brazil has failed to show evidence
of increasing efforts to fight trafficking, specifically for its
failure to apply effective criminal penalties against traffickers
who exploit forced labor

Burma
current situation: Burma is a source country for men, women,
and children trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for sexual
exploitation, domestic service, and forced commercial labor; a
significant number of victims are economic migrants who wind up in
forced or bonded labor and forced prostitution; to a lesser extent,
Burma is a country of transit and destination for women trafficked
from China for sexual exploitation; internal trafficking of persons
occurs primarily for labor in industrial zones and agricultural
estates; internal trafficking of women and girls for sexual
exploitation occurs from villages to urban centers and other areas;
the military junta's economic mismanagement, human rights abuses,
and policy of using forced labor are driving factors behind Burma's
large trafficking problem
tier rating: Tier 3 - Burma does not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
significant efforts to do so

Cambodia
current situation: Cambodia is a source, destination, and
transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the
purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; a significant
number of women and children are trafficked to Thailand and Malaysia
for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; men are
trafficked primarily to Thailand for forced labor in the
construction and agricultural sectors, particularly the fishing
industry, while women and girls are trafficked for factory and
domestic work; children are trafficked to Vietnam and Thailand for
the purpose of forced begging; Cambodia is a transit and destination
point for women from Vietnam trafficked for sexual exploitation;
trafficking for sexual exploitation also occurs within Cambodia's
borders, from rural areas to the cities
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Cambodia does not fully comply with
the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however,
it is committed to making significant efforts to sustain progress
over the coming year

Central African Republic
current situation: Central African Republic
is a source and destination country for children trafficked for
domestic servitude, sexual exploitation, and forced labor in shops
and commercial labor activities; while the majority of child victims
are trafficked within the country, some are also trafficked to and
from Cameroon and Nigeria
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - the Central African Republic failed
to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in
persons during 2005, specifically its inadequate law enforcement
response to trafficking crimes

China
current situation: China is a source, transit, and destination
country for women, men, and children trafficked for purposes of
sexual exploitation and forced labor; the majority of trafficking in
China is internal, but there is also international trafficking of
Chinese citizens; women are lured through false promises of
legitimate employment into commercial sexual exploitation in Taiwan,
Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan; Chinese men and women are smuggled to
countries throughout the world at enormous personal expense and then
forced into commercial sexual exploitation or exploitative labor to
repay debts to traffickers; women and children are trafficked into
China from Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam for
forced labor, marriage, and sexual slavery; most North Koreans enter
northeastern China voluntarily, but others reportedly are trafficked
into China from North Korea; domestic trafficking remains the most
significant problem in China, with an estimated minimum of
10,000-20,000 victims trafficked each year; the actual number of
victims could be much greater; some experts believe that the serious
and prolonged imbalance in the male-female birth ratio may now be
contributing to Chinese and foreign girls and women being trafficked
as potential brides
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China failed to show evidence of
increasing efforts to address transnational trafficking; while the
government provides reasonable protection to internal victims of
trafficking, protection for Chinese and foreign victims of
transnational trafficking remain inadequate

Cuba
current situation: Cuba is a source country for women and
children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and
forced child labor; Cuba is a major destination for sex tourism,
which largely caters to European, Canadian, and Latin American
tourists and involves large numbers of minors; there are reports
that Cuban women have been trafficked to Mexico for sexual
exploitation; forced labor victims also include children coerced
into working in commercial agriculture
tier rating: Tier 3 - Cuba does not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
significant efforts to do so

Cyprus
current situation: Cyprus is primarily a destination country
for a large number of women trafficked from Eastern and Central
Europe, the Philippines, and the Dominican Republic for the purpose
of sexual exploitation; traffickers continued to fraudulently
recruit victims for work as dancers in cabarets and nightclubs on
short-term "artiste" visas, for work in pubs and bars on employment
visas, or for illegal work on tourist or student visas; there were
credible reports of female domestic workers from India, Sri Lanka,
and the Philippines forced to work excessively long hours and denied
proper compensation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Cyprus does not fully comply with
the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and failed
to show evidence of increasing efforts to address its serious
trafficking for sexual exploitation problem; however, it is making
significant efforts to do so

Djibouti
current situation: Djibouti is a source, transit, and
destination country for women and children trafficked for the
purposes of sexual exploitation and possibly forced labor; small
numbers are trafficked from Ethiopia and Somalia for sexual
exploitation; economic migrants from these countries also fall
victim to trafficking upon reaching Djibouti City or the
Ethiopia-Djibouti trucking corridor; women and children from
neighboring countries reportedly transit Djibouti to Arab countries
and Somalia for ultimate use in forced labor or sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Djibouti does not fully comply with
the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however,
it is making significant efforts to do so based partly on the
government's commitments to undertake future action

Egypt
current situation: Egypt is a transit country for women
trafficked from Eastern Europe to Israel for the purpose of sexual
exploitation; these women generally arrive as tourists and are
subsequently trafficked through the Sinai Desert by Bedouin tribes;
men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are believed to be
trafficked through the Sinai Desert to Israel and Europe for labor
exploitation; some Egyptian children from rural areas are trafficked
within the country to work as domestic servants or laborers in the
agriculture industry
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Egypt is placed on the Tier 2 Watch
List for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to
address trafficking over the past year, particularly in the area of
law enforcement

Equatorial Guinea
current situation: Equatorial Guinea is a transit
and destination country for women and children trafficked for forced
labor, involuntary domestic servitude, and commercial sexual
exploitation from surrounding countries - primarily Benin, Nigeria,
Mali, and Cameroon; victims work in the agricultural and commercial
sectors of Malabo and Bata, where demand is high due to a booming
oil sector; children work as farmhands, street vendors, or household
servants; girls and women are also trafficked for commercial sexual
exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Equatorial Guinea is placed on the
Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide adequate evidence of
concrete measures to address trafficking over the past year

India
current situation: India is a source, destination, and transit
country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of
forced or bonded labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the large
population of men, women, and children - numbering in the millions -
in debt bondage face involuntary servitude in brick kilns, rice
mills, and embroidery factories, while some children endure
involuntary servitude as domestic servants; internal trafficking of
women and girls for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation
and forced marriage also occurs; the government estimates that 90
percent of India's sex trafficking is internal; India is also a
destination for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked
for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; boys from
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are trafficked through India
to the Gulf states for involuntary servitude as child camel jockeys;
Indian men and women migrate willingly to the Persian Gulf region
for work as domestic servants and low-skilled laborers, but some
later find themselves in situations of involuntary servitude
including extended working hours, nonpayment of wages, restrictions
on their movement by withholding of their passports or confinement
to the home, and physical or sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - India has been on the Tier 2 Watch
List since 2004 for its failure to show evidence of increasing
efforts to address trafficking in persons

Indonesia
current situation: Indonesia is a source, transit, and
destination country for women, children and men trafficked for the
purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; Indonesian victims
are trafficked to Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Hong Kong,
Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore; a significant number of
Indonesian women who go overseas each year to work as domestic
servants or "cultural performers" are subjected to conditions of
involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; to a
minimal extent, Indonesia is a destination for women from East Asia,
Europe, and South America who are trafficked for sexual
exploitation; there is extensive trafficking within Indonesia from
rural to urban metropolitan areas particularly for sexual
exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Indonesia is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts
to combat trafficking

Iran
current situation: Iran is a source, transit, and destination
country for women and girls trafficked for the purposes of sexual
exploitation and involuntary servitude; according to foreign
observers, women and girls are trafficked to Pakistan, Turkey, the
Persian Gulf, and Europe for sexual exploitation, while boys from
Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan are trafficked through Iran en
route to Persian Gulf states where they are ultimately forced to
work as camel jockeys, beggars, or laborers; Afghan women and girls
are trafficked to the country for forced marriages and sexual
exploitation; women and children are also trafficked internally for
the purposes of forced marriage, sexual exploitation, and
involuntary servitude
tier rating: Tier 3 - Iran is downgraded to Tier 3 after persistent,
credible reports of Iranian authorities punishing victims of
trafficking with beatings, imprisonment, and execution

Israel
current situation: Israel is a destination country for
low-skilled workers from Eastern Europe and Asia who migrate
voluntarily for contract labor in the construction, agriculture, and
health care industries, some of whom are subsequently subjected to
conditions of involuntary servitude; many labor recruitment agencies
in source countries and in Israel require workers to pay large
up-front fees that often lead to debt bondage and vulnerability to
forced labor; Israel is also a destination country for women
trafficked from Eastern Europe for the purpose of sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Israel is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts
to address trafficking, namely the conditions of involuntary
servitude allegedly facing thousands of foreign migrant workers

Jamaica
current situation: Jamaica is a source country for men,
women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual
exploitation and labor; information suggests that women from the
Dominican Republic and Eastern Europe are also trafficked to Jamaica
for sexual exploitation; women and children are trafficked
internally from rural to urban and tourist areas for sexual
exploitation; there may also be trafficking for domestic servitude
and forced labor
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Jamaica is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List based on the determination that it is making significant
efforts to undertake future action

Kenya
current situation: Kenya is a source, transit, and destination
country for men, women, and children trafficked for forced labor and
sexual exploitation; children are trafficked within the country for
domestic servitude, street vending, agricultural labor, and sexual
exploitation; men, women, and girls are trafficked to the Middle
East, other African nations, Western Europe, and North America for
domestic servitude, enslavement in massage parlors and brothels, and
manual labor; Chinese women trafficked for sexual exploitation
reportedly transit Nairobi and Bangladeshis may transit Kenya for
forced labor in other countries
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Kenya is placed on the Tier 2 Watch
List due to a lack of evidence of increasing efforts to combat
severe forms of trafficking

Korea, North
current situation: North Korea is a source country for
men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor
and sexual exploitation; North Korea's own system of political
repression includes forced labor in a network of prison camps where
an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 persons are incarcerated; the
illegal status of North Koreans in China and other countries
increases their vulnerability to trafficking schemes and sexual and
physical abuse; North Koreans forcibly returned from China may be
subject to hard labor in prison camps operated by the government
tier rating: Tier 3 - North Korea does not fully comply with minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
significant efforts to do so

Kuwait
current situation: Kuwait is a destination country for men
and women who migrate legally from South and Southeast Asia for
domestic or low-skilled labor, but are subjected to conditions of
involuntary servitude by employers in Kuwait including conditions of
physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages, confinement to the
home, and withholding of passports to restrict their freedom of
movement; Kuwait is reportedly a transit point for South and East
Asian workers recruited for low-skilled work in Iraq; some of these
workers are deceived as to the true location and nature of this
work, and others are subjected to conditions of involuntary
servitude in Iraq; in past years, Kuwait was also a destination
country for children exploited as camel jockeys, but this form of
trafficking appears to have ceased
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Kuwait is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List because its efforts are based largely on pledges of
future actions

Laos
current situation: Laos is a source country for men and women
trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation;
a significant number are economic migrants who are subjected to
commercial sexual exploitation or conditions of forced or bonded
labor in Thailand; to a lesser extent, Laos is a transit and
destination country for women who are trafficked for sexual
exploitation including a small number of victims from China and
Vietnam trafficked to work as street vendors and for sexual
exploitation in prostitution
tier rating: Tier 3 - Laos does not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
significant efforts to do so

Libya
current situation: Libya is a transit and destination country
for men, women, and children from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation; many victims
willingly migrate to Libya en route to Europe with the help of
smugglers, but may be forced into prostitution or work as laborers
and beggars to pay off their $800-$1,200 smuggling debt; laborers
from Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia are reportedly trafficked to Libya
for the purpose of labor exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Libya is placed on the Tier 2 Watch
List for its lack of evidence of increasing efforts to address
trafficking since 2004

Macau
current situation: Macau is a transit and destination
territory for women trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual
exploitation; most females in Macau's sizeable sex industry come
from the interior regions of China or Mongolia, though a significant
number also come from Russia, Eastern Europe, Thailand, and Vietnam;
the majority of women in Macau's prostitution trade appear to have
entered Macau and the sex trade voluntarily, though there is
evidence that some are deceived or coerced into sexual servitude,
often through the use of debt bondage; organized criminal syndicates
are reportedly involved in bringing women to Macau, and fear of
reprisals from these groups may prevent some women from seeking help
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Macau is placed on the Tier 2 Watch
List for failing to show evidence of increasing efforts to address
trafficking since 2004

Malaysia
current situation: Malaysia is a destination and, to a
lesser extent, a source and transit country for men and women
trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor;
foreign victims, mostly women and girls from China, Indonesia,
Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam, are trafficked to Malaysia
for commercial sexual exploitation; economic migrants from countries
in the region who work as domestic servants or laborers in the
construction and agricultural sectors face exploitative conditions
in Malaysia that meet the definition of involuntary servitude; some
Malaysian women, primarily of Chinese ethnicity, are trafficked
abroad for sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Malaysia is placed on Tier 2 Watch
List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
combat trafficking, particularly its failure to provide protection
for victims of trafficking

Mauritania
current situation: Mauritania is a source and destination
country for children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor,
begging, and domestic servitude; adults and children are subjected
to slavery-related practices rooted in ancestral master-slave
relationships in isolated parts of the country where a barter
economy exists
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Mauritania is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to show evidence of increased efforts to
combat trafficking, particularly in the area of law enforcement