Chapter CXXI: Part 121

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Manjurul A. KHAN]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP
[Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI];
Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya
Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party
(Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]; Liberal Democratic Party or
LDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Mia MOTTLEY]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP
[David COMISSIONG]

Belarus
pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail
SHIMANSKY]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH];
Party of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV]; Social-Sports Party
[Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]
opposition parties: Belarusian Christian Democracy Party
(unregistered) [Pavel SEVERINETS]; Belarusian Party of Communists or
PKB [Sergey KALYAKIN]; Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered)
[Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV, Leonid LEMESHONAK]; Belarusian Popular Front
or BPF [Vintsyuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada
[Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH]; Belarusian Social Democratic Party Hramada
(People's Assembly) or BSDPH [Aleksandr KOZULIN; Anatoliy LEVKOVICH,
acting]; Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO]; Party of Freedom and Progress
(unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD]; United Civic Party or UCP
[Anatoliy LEBEDKO]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina MATUSEVICH,
chairperson]
other opposition includes: Christian Conservative BPF [Zyanon
PAZNIAK]; Ecological Party of Greens [Mikhail KARTASH]; Party of
Popular Accord [Sergey YERMAKK]; Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]

Belgium
Flemish parties: Christian Democratic and Flemish or CDV
[Marianne THYSSEN]; Dedecker List [Jean-Marie DEDECKER]; Flemish
Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Bart SOMERS]; Groen! [Mieke
VOGELS] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens); New Flemish Alliance or
N-VA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A
[Caroline GENNEZ]; VlaamsProgressieven (Flemish Progressives) or VP
[Bettina GEYSEN] - formerly Spirit; Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest)
or VB [Bruno VALKENIERS]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Isabelle DURANT, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center or
CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel HUYGENS]; Reform
Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI
RUPO]; other minor parties

Belize
National Alliance for Belizean Rights or NABR; National
Reform Party or NRP [Cornelius DUECK]; People's National Party or
PNP [Wil MAHEIA]; People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United
Democratic Party or UDP [Dean BARROW]; Vision Inspired by the People
or VIP [Paul MORGAN]; We the People Reform Movement or WTP [Hipolito
BAUTISTA]

Benin
Alliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD; Alliance of Progress
Forces or AFP; African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP
[Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Benin Renaissance or RB [Rosine SOGLO];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Force Cowrie
for an Emerging Benin or FCBE; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or
IPD [Theophile NATA]; Key Force or FC [Lazare SÈHOUÉTO]; Movement
for the People's Alternative or MAP [Olivier CAPO-CHICHI]; Rally for
Democracy and Progress or RDP [Dominique HOUNGNINOU]; Social
Democrat Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU]; Union for the Relief or UPR
[Issa SALIFOU]; Union for Democracy and National Solidarity or UDS
[Sacca LAFIA]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Ewart BROWN]; United Bermuda
Party or UBP [Kim SWAN]

Bhutan
Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or
DPT [Jigme THINLEY]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Sangay NGEDUP]

Bolivia
Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Movement
Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]; Movement Without
Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; National Revolutionary Movement or
MNR [Mirta QUEVEDO]; National Unity [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana];
Poder Democratico Nacional or PODEMOS [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA
Ramirez]; Social Alliance [Rene JOAQUINO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party
of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS
[Marko TADIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
or HDZ-BH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ1990
[Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 100 or HDZ100; Croatian
Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic National Union or DNZ
[Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Peoples Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croat Initiative
or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH
[Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman
TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Serb
Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb Radical Party of the
Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical
Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC]; Social
Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party of
Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE];
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or
BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic Front or NDF
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the
United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence
Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union
[D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON];
Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz];
Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS SANTOS];
Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Sergio GUERRA];
Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Governor Eduardo Henrique Accioly
CAMPOS]; Christian Labor Party or PTC [Daniel TOURINHO]; Communist
Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor
Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]; the Democrats or DEM (formerly
Liberal Front Party or PFL) [Federal Deputy Rodrigo MAIA]; Freedom
and Socialism Party or PSOL [Heloisa HELENA]; Green Party or PV
[Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS
[Paulo Roberto MATOS]; Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [Luis Henrique
de Oliveira RESENDE]; Liberal Front Party or PFL (now known as the
Democrats or DEM); National Mobilization Party or PMN [Oscar Noronha
FILHO]; Party of the Republic or PR [Sergio TAMER]; Popular
Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Fernando CORUJA]; Progressive
Party or PP [Francisco DORNELLES]; Social Christian Party or PSC
[Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose
Ribeiro BERZOINI]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
National Development Party or NDP [YASSIN Affendi]
note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin
Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin
Haji Ahmad] were deregistered; parties are small and have limited
activity

Bulgaria
ATAKA (Attack Coalition) (coalition of parties headed by
the Attack National Union); Attack National Union [Volen SIDEROV];
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia
MOZER]; Bulgarian New Democracy [Borislav RALCHEV]; Bulgarian
People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and BANU); Bulgarian
Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]; Citizens for the European
Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Tsvetan TSVETANOV]; Coalition for
Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by BSP) [Sergei
STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV];
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or IMRO [Krasimir
KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed
DOGAN]; National Movement for Stability and Progress or NMSS [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2);
New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Petar
STOYANOV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD [Stefan SOFIYANSKI];
United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition of center-right
parties dominated by UDF)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO]; Citizen's Popular Rally
or RPC [Antoine QUARE]; Coalition of Democratic Forces of Burkina or
CFD-B [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for Democracy and Progress
or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance and
Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE]; Party for African
Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and
Progress/Socialist Party or PDP/PS [Ali LANKOANDE]; Party for
Democracy and Socialism or PDS [Felix SOUBEIGA]; Party for National
Rebirth or PAREN [Oumar DJIGUIMDE]; Rally for the Development of
Burkina or RDB [Antoine KARGOUGOU]; Rally of Ecologists of Burkina
Faso or RDEB [Ram OUEDRAGO]; Republican Party for Integration and
Solidarity or PARIS [Cyril GOUNGOUNGA]; Union for Democracy and
Social Progress or UDPS [Fidele HIEN]; Union for Rebirth - Sankarist
Movement or UNIR-MS [Benewende STANISLAS]; Union for the Republic or
UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]; Union of Sankarist Parties or UPS
[Ernest Nongma OUEDRAOGO]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, AUNG SAN SUU
KYI]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-regime) [TUN YE]; Shan
Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other
smaller parties

Burundi
governing parties: Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU
[Leonce NGENDAKUMANA]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy
- Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Jeremie
NGENDAKUMANA]; Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [Leonard
NYANGOMA]; National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of
the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party
for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Cambodia
Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United
Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative
Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI]; Norodom Ranariddh Party or
NRP [Norodom RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or RDPC [Paul BIYA]; Movement
for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement
for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel
YONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari
BELLO BOUBA]; Progressive Movement or MP; Social Democratic Front or
SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Augustin
Frederic KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
[Stephen HARPER] (a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the
Progressive Conservative Party); Green Party [Elizabeth MAY];
Liberal Party [Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]; Democratic
Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]; Democratic and Independent
Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]; Movement for
Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES]; Party for Democratic Convergence
or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS
[Isaias RODRIGUES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

Cayman Islands
United Democratic Party or UDP [McKeeva BUSH];
People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Kurt TIBBETTS]; note - no
national teams (loose groupings of political organizations) were
formed for the 2000 elections

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Andre
KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic
Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic
Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Londo Association or LONDO;
Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO];
Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC
[Ange-Felix PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National
Convergence or KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel
GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy
MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire
KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh
KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar
Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh
AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol
Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile (Alianza) or APC (including National
Renewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena] and Independent Democratic Union
or UDI [Hernan LARRAIN Fernandez]); Coalition of Parties for
Democracy (Concertacion) or CPD (including Christian Democratic
Party or PDC [Soledad ALVEAR], Socialist Party or PS [Camilo
ESCALONA Medina], Party for Democracy or PPD [Sergio BITAR Chacra],
Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ
Urrutia]); Communist Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER]; Humanist
Party [Marilen CABRERA Olmos]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered
small parties controlled by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Colombian Conservative Party or PC [Efrain Jose CEPEDA
Sarabia]; Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Carlos GAVIRIA Diaz];
Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo]; Radical Change or CR
[German VARGAS Lleras]; Social National Unity Party or U Party
[Carlos GARCIA Orjuela]
note: Colombia has 15 formally recognized political parties, and
numerous unofficial parties that did not meet the vote threshold in
the March 2006 legislative elections required for recognition

Comoros
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI
Assowmani]; Camp of the Autonomous Islands or CdIA (a coalition of
parties organized by the islands' presidents in opposition to the
Union President); Front National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed
RACHID] (Islamic party in opposition); Mouvement pour la Democratie
et le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Parti Comorien pour la
Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; Rassemblement
National pour le Development or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid
AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Christian Democrat Party or PDC
[Jose ENDUNDO]; Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias
RUBERWA]; Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC; Forces of
Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI]; Movement for the Liberation of the
Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA]; People's Party for Reconstruction
and Democracy or PPRD [Joseph KABILA]; Social Movement for Renewal
or MSR [Pierre LUMBI]; Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine
GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne
TSHISEKEDI]; Union of Mobutuist Democrats or UDEMO [MOBUTU Nzanga]

Congo, Republic of the
Action Movement for Renewal or MAR; Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Congolese Labour Party or PCT; Movement for Solidarity
and Development or MSD; Pan-African Union for Social Development or
UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or
RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy
and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for
Democracy and Republic or UDR; United Democratic Forces or FDU
[Sebastian EBAO]; many less important parties

Cook Islands
Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]; Democratic
Party or Demo [Dr. Terepai MAOATE]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Epsy CAMPBELL Barr]; Costa Rican Renovation
Party or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party
or PFD [Marco NUNEZ Gonzalez]; General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos
Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS
Fallas]; Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO
Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];
National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora];
National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO Fernandez];
National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas];
National Restoration Party or PRN [Fabio Enrique DELGADO Hernandez];
National Union Party or PUN [Arturo ACOSTA Mora]; Nationalist
Democratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; Patriotic
Union or UP [Jose Miguel CORRALES Bolanos]; Social Christian Unity
Party or PUSC [Luis FISHMAN Zonzinski]; Union for Change Party or
UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti]; United Leftist Coalition or IU
[Humberto VARGAS Carbonel]

Cote d'Ivoire
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG];
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE];
Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Pascale Affi N'GUESSAN]; Ivorian
Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Opposition Movement of the
Future or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY]; Rally of the Republicans or
RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote
d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Toikeuse MABRI]; over 144 smaller registered
parties

Croatia
Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or
HDSSB [Vladimir SISLJAGIC]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo
SANADER]; Croatian Party of the Right or HSP [Anto DJAPIC]; Croatian
Peasant Party or HSS [Josip FRISCIC]; Croatian Pensioner Party or
HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC];
Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Djurdja ADLESIC]; Independent
Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian
Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Social Democratic Party
of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC]

Cuba
Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Cyprus
area under government control: Democratic Party or DIKO
[Marios KAROYIAN]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
European Democracy or EURO.DI [Prodromos PRODROMOU] (evolved from
For Europe which merged with New Horizons); European Party or
EURO.KO [Demetris SYLLOURIS]; Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK
[Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS];
Movement for Social Democrats or EDEK [Yannakis OMIROU]; Political
Movement of Hunters [Michalis PAFITANIS]; Progressive Party of the
Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitris CHRISTOFIAS];
United Democrats or EDI [Michalis PAPAPETROU]
area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Communal Liberation Party or
TKP [Huseyin ANGOLEMLI]; Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Kazim
ONGEN]; Democratic Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; Freedom and Reform
Party or OP [Turgay AVCI]; National Unity Party or UBP [Tahsin
ERTUGRULOGLU]; Nationalist Justice Party or MAP [Ata TEPE]; New
Party or YP [Huseyin TURAN]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU];
Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Oguz OZEN]; Peace and Democratic
Movement or BDH [Mustafa AKINCI]; Renewal Progress Party or YAP
[Ertugrul HASIPOGLU]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Ferdi Sabit
SOYER]; United Cyprus Party or BKP [Isset IZCAN]

Czech Republic
Association of Independent Candidates-European
Democrats or SNK-ED [Helmut DOHNALEK]; Christian Democratic
Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Jiri CUNEK]; Civic
Democratic Party or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK]; Communist Party of
Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP]; Czech Social Democratic
Party or CSSD [Jiri PAROUBEK]; Union of Freedom-Democratic Union or
US-DEU [Jan CERNY]; Green Party [Martin BURSIK]; Independent
Democrats (NEZDEM) [Vladimir ZELEZNY]; Party of Open Society (SOS)
[Pavel NOVACEK]; Path of Change [Jiri LOBKOWITZ]

Denmark
Christian Democrats [Bjarne Hartung KIRKEGAARD] (was
Christian People's Party); Conservative Party [Bendt BENDTSEN]
(sometimes known as Conservative People's Party); Danish People's
Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; New
Alliance [Naser KHADER]; Red-Green Unity List (Alliance) [collective
leadership] (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of
Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party); Social Democratic Party [Helle
THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party [Margrethe VESTAGER];
Socialist People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]

Djibouti
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti
Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la
Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing
party); Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon
FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD; Union for a
Presidential Majority or UMP (a coalition of parties including RPP,
FRUD, PND, and PPSD); Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ

Dominica
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; Dominica United Workers
Party or UWP [Earl WILLIAMS]

Dominican Republic
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon
ALBURQUERQUE]; National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO,
Pelegrin CASTILLO]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC
[Enrique ANTUN]

Ecuador
Alianza PAIS Movement [Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado];
Christian Democratic Union or UDC [Diego ORDONEZ Guerrero];
Democratic Left or ID [Andres PAEZ Benalcazar]; Ethical and
Democratic Network or RED [Leon ROLDOS]; Institutional Renewal and
National Action Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik
Plurinational Unity Movement - New Country or MUPP-NP [Jorge
GUAMAN]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua];
Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Ciro GUZMAN Aldaz]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or
PS-FA [Gustavo AYALA Cruz]

Egypt
National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohamed
Hosni MUBARAK]; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu
[Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA]; Tomorrow
Party [Moussa Mustafa MOUSSA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government; only parties with representation in elected bodies are
listed

El Salvador
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];
Democratic Convergence or CD [Ruben ZAMORA] (formerly United
Democratic Center or CDU); Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front
or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro
CRUZ ZEPEDA]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias Antonio
SACA Gonzalez]; Popular Social Christian Party or PPSC [Rene
AGUILUZ]; Revolutionary Democratic Front or FDR [Julio Cesar
HERNANDEZ Carcamo]

Equatorial Guinea
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido MICO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Avelino MOCACHE]; Popular Union or UP

Eritrea
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS
Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government); note - a
National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in
January 2001, but the full National Assembly has yet to debate or
vote on it

Estonia
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR];
Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Marek STRANDBERG]; Estonian People's
Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN]; Estonian Reform Party
(Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Estonian United Russian People's
Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG]; Social Democratic Party (formerly
People's Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR]; Union of Pro
Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) [Mart LAAR]

Ethiopia
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP; Benishangul Gumuz
People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE];
Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamisso]
(awarded to AYELE by the National Electoral Board on 11 January
2008, but AYELE has virtually no support among former CUD MPs, other
CUD MPs must now be affiliated with their original CUD-precursor
parties); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF
[MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of Amhara National Democratic Movement
or ANDM, Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO, the South
Ethiopian People's Democratic Front or SEPDF, and Tigrayan Peoples'
Liberation Front or TPLF); Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement
or GNDM; Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA
Demeksa]; Omoro People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]; Somali
People's Democratic Party or SPDP; United Ethiopian Democratic
Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]

European Union
Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic
Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Joseph DAUL]; Group of the
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Graham R.
WATSON]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA
[Monica FRASSONI and Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Identity, Tradition,
Sovereignty Group or ITS [Bruno GOLLNISCH]; Independence/Democracy
Group or IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Socialist
Group in the European Parliament or PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Union for
Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana
MUSCARDINI]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none; all independents

Faroe Islands
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Kari
P. HOJGAARD]; People's Party [Jorgen NICLASEN]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Kaj Leo JOHANNESEN]

Fiji
Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic
Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat
Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or
FAP, Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Sitiveni
RABUKA], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]); Fiji Labor
Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; General Voters Party or GVP
(became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP;
Justice and Freedom Party or AIM; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR;
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];
Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of
National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the Truth or
POTT; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or SDL
[Laisenia QARASE]; United Peoples Party or UPP [Millis Mick BEDDOES]

Finland
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats
or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left
Alliance or VAS [Martti KORHONEN] (composed of People's Democratic
League and Democratic Alternative); National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Stefan WALLIN]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]

France
Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously
Union for French Democracy or UDF); Democratic and Social European
Rally or RDSE [Pierre LAFFITTE] (mainly Radical Republican and
Socialist Parties, and PRG); French Communist Party or PCF
[Marie-George BUFFET]; Greens [Cecile DUFLOT]; Left Radical Party or
PRG [Jean-Michel BAYLET] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS
and the Left Radical Movement or MRG); Movement for France or MPF
[Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN];
New Center or NC [Herve MORIN]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles
PASQUA]; Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean Pierre
CHEVENEMENT and Georges SARRE]; Socialist Party or PS [Francois
HOLLANDE]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Patrick DEVEDJIAN,
Jean-Claude GAUDIN, Jean-Pierre RAFFARIN, Pierre MEHAIGNERIE];
Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO]

French Polynesia
Alliance for a New Democracy or ADN [Nicole BOUTEAU
and Philip SCHYLE](includes the parties The New Star and This
Country is Yours); Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia
(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)
[Emile VERNAUDON]; Our Home alliance; People's Rally for the
Republic of Polynesia or RPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE];
Union for Democracy alliance or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]

Gabon
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface
ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide
Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG
(former sole party) [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Benoit Mouity NZAMBA]; Gabonese Union for Democracy
and Development or UGDD [Zacherie MYBOTO]; National Rally of
Woodcutters or RNB; National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or
RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; Party of Development
and Social Solidarity or PDS [Seraphin Ndoat REMBOGO]; People's
Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Social Democratic Party or
PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for Democracy and
Social Integration or UDIS; Union of Gabonese Patriots or UPG
[Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Gambia, The
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or
APRC (the ruling party) [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambia People's
Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ]; National Alliance for
Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH]; National
Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation
Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for
Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

Georgia
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's
Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Georgia's Way Party [Salome ZOURABICHVILI];
Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry Will Save Georgia
(Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor Party [Shalva
NATELASHVILI]; National Council-New Rights (a bloc uniting a
nine-party alliance with New Rights); National Democratic Party or
NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement-Democratic Front [Mikheil
SAAKASHVILI] (bloc composed of National Movement and
Burjanadze-Democrats); National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New
Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI];
Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki
ASATIANI]; Union of National Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI
and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Germany
Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Cem OEZDEMIR];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido
WESTERWELLE]; Left Party or Die Linke [Lothar BISKY and Oskar
LAFONTAINE]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Franz MUENTEFERING]

Ghana
Convention People's Party or CPP [Ladi NYLANDER]; Democratic
Freedom Party or DFP [Alhaji Abudu Rahman ISSAKAH]; Every Ghanaian
Living Everywhere or EGLE; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP
[Dan LARTEY]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena
ADJEI]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Peter MAC-MANU]; People's
National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU]; United Renaissance Party or URP [Charles WAYO]

Gibraltar
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social
Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos
ALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New
Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];
Popular Orthodox Rally or LAOS [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Greenland
Atassut Party (Solidarity) [Finn KARLSEN] (a conservative
party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark); Demokratiit
[Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood)
[Josef MOTZFELDT] (a leftist party favoring complete independence
from Denmark rather than home rule); Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate
List) (an independent right-of-center party with no official
platform); Siumut (Forward Party) [Hans ENOKSEN] (a social
democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and
greater autonomy from Denmark)

Grenada
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]; New National
Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]

Guam
Democratic Party [leader Michael PHILLIPS]; Republican Party
[Philip J. FLORES] (controls the legislature)

Guatemala
Center of Social Action or CASA [Eduardo SUGER]; Democracy
Front or FRENTE [Alfonso CABRERA]; Democratic Union or UD [Manuel
CONDE Orellana]; Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENGRO];
Grand National Alliance or GANA [Alfredo VILLA]; Guatemalan National
Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Hector NUILA]; Guatemalan Republican
Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; National Advancement Party or PAN
[Ruben Dario MORALES]; National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvaro COLOM
Caballeros]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret. Gen. Otto PEREZ Molina];
Unionista Party or PU [Fritz GARCIA]; Unity of National Change or
UCN [Sidney SHAW]

Guernsey
none; all independents

Guinea
National Union for Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY];
Party for Unity and Progress or PUP (the governing party) [Lansana
CONTE]; People's Party of Guinea or PPG [Charles Pascal TOLNO];
Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]; Union of
Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]; Union of
Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]; Union for Progress of Guinea
or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]; Union for Progress and
Renewal or UPR [Ousmane BAH]

Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Party for Social
Renewal or PRS [Kumba YALA]; Democratic Social Front or FDS;
Electoral Union or UE; Guinea-Bissau Civic Forum/Social Democracy or
FCGSD [Antonieta Rosa GOMES]; Guinea-Bissau Democratic Party or PDG;
Guinea-Bissau Socialist Democratic Party or PDSG [Serifo BALDE];
Labor and Solidarity Party or PST [Iancuba INDJAI]; Party for
Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Party for Renewal
and Progress or PRP; Progress Party or PP [Ibrahima SOW]; Union for
Change or UM [Amine SAAD]; Union of Guinean Patriots or UPG
[Francisca VAZ]; United Platform or UP (coalition formed by PCD,
FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB); United Popular Alliance or APU; United
Social Democratic Party or PUSD

Guyana
Alliance for Change or AFC [Raphael TROTMAN and Khemraj
RAMJATTAN]; Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Justice for All
Party [C.N. SHARMA]; People's National Congress/Reform or PNC/R
[Robert Herman Orlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or
PPP/C [Bharrat JAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi
DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; The Unity Party [Joey
JAGAN]; Vision Guyana [Peter RAMSAROOP]; Working People's Alliance
or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARAINE]

Haiti
Artibonite in Action or LAAA [Youri LATORTUE]; Assembly of
Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention
for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; Cooperative Action to
Build Haiti or KONBA [Evans LESCOUFALIR]; Democratic Alliance or
ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition composed of KID and PPRH); Effort and
Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph
JASME]; For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL]; Front for Hope or
L'ESPWA [Rene PREVAL] (alliance of ESKAMP, PLB, and grass-roots
organizations Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, the Central Plateau
Peasants' Group, and Kombit Sudest); Haitian Christian Democratic
Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian
Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre
Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together or Tet-Ansanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT];
Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN [Luc
FLEURINORD]; Justice for Peace and National Development or JPDN
[Rigaud DUPLAN]; Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Rudy HERIVEAUX]; Liberal Party
of Haiti or PLH [Gehy MICHEL]; Merging of Haitian Social Democratic
Parties or FUSION or FPSDH [Serge GILLES] (coalition of Ayiti
Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress
of Democratic Movements); Mobilization for Haiti's Development or
MPH [Samir MOURRA]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN
[Hubert de RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN
[Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in
Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Christian Union for the
Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH [Marie Claude GERMAIN]; National
Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE]; New
Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open
the Gate Party or PLB [Anes LUBIN]; Popular Party for the Renewal of
Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN]; Struggling People's Organization or
OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians
or UNITE [Edouard FRANCISQUE]

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Felicito AVILA];
Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Cesar HAM]; Liberal Party or PL
[Patricia RODAS]; National Innovation and Unity Party or PINU [Jorge
AQUILAR Paredes]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Porfirio LOBO]

Hong Kong
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN Kai-chung];
Civic Party [KUAN Hsin-chi]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment
and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [TAM Yiu Cheng]; Democratic Party
[Albert HO]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing]; League of Social
Democrats [Raymond WONG]; Liberal Party [James TIEN Pei-chun]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - ADPL, Democratic
Party, Frontier Party, League of Social Democrats; pro-Beijing -
DAB, Liberal Party, The Alliance (a group of five generally
pro-government and pro-business Legco members from functional
constituencies); there is no political party ordinance, so there are
no registered political parties; politically active groups register
as societies or companies

Hungary
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor FODOR]; Christian
Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]; Hungarian Civic
Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Democratic
Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP
[Ferenc GYURCSANY]

Iceland
Independence Party or IP [Geir H. HAARDE]; Left-Green
Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Gudni AGUSTSSON]; Social
Democratic Alliance or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun GISLADOTTIR] (includes
People's Alliance or PA, Social Democratic Party or SDP, Women's
List)

India
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party
or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK];
Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN];
Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida
Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress
or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV];
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Left Front (an alliance
of Indian leftist parties); Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas
PASWAN]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [V.
Gopalswamy VAIKO]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR];
Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or
RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh
YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena
or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telangana Rashtriya Samithi or TRS [K.
Chandrashekhar RAO]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU];
United Progressive Alliance or UPA [Sonia GANDHI] (India's ruling
party coalition of 12 political parties); note - India has dozens of
national and regional political parties; only parties or coalitions
with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed

Indonesia
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic
Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf
KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB; National Mandate
Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
[Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma
ALI]

Iran
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in
Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political
pressure groups rather than parties, and often political parties or
coalitions are formed prior to elections and disbanded soon
thereafter; a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad
Front, which includes political parties as well as less formal
groups and organizations, achieved considerable success at elections
to the sixth Majles in early 2000; groups in the coalition include:
Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF), Executives of Construction
Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom
Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO), and
Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in
the seventh Majles elections in early 2004; following his defeat in
the 2005 presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General and
sixth Majles Speaker Mehdi KARUBI formed the National Trust Party; a
new conservative group, Islamic Iran Developers Coalition
(Abadgaran), took a leading position in the new Majles after winning
a majority of the seats in February 2004; following the 2004 Majles
elections, traditional and hardline conservatives have attempted to
close ranks under the United Front of Principlists; the IIPF has
repeatedly complained that the overwhelming majority of its
candidates have been unfairly disqualified from the 2008 elections

Iraq
Assyrian Democratic Movement [Yunadim KANNA]; Badr Organization
[Hadi al-AMIRI]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali
Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa al-Islamiya Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI];
General Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan al-DULAYMI]; Independent
Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB]; Iraqi Communist Party [Hamid
MAJEED]; Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Salih al-MUTLAQ]; Iraqi
Hizballah [Karim Mahmud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent Democrats
or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP
[Tariq al-HASHIMI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI];
Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI]; Iraqi National
Council for Dialogue or INCD [Khalaf Ulayan al-Khalifawi
al-DULAYMI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad
al-KUBAYSI]; Islamic Action Organization or IAO [Ayatollah Muhammad
al-MUDARRISI]; Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq or ISCI [Abd al-Aziz
al-HAKIM]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Muhammad Ali al-YAQUBI];
Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI]; Kurdistan Islamic
Union [Salah ad-Din Muhammad BAHA al-DIN]; National Reconciliation
and Liberation Party [Mishan al-JABBURI]; Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]; Sadrist Trend [Muqtada al-SADR]
(not an organized political party, but it fields independent
candidates affiliated with Muqtada al-SADR); Sahawa al-Iraq [Ahmed
al-RISHAWI]
note: the Kurdistan Alliance, Iraqi National List, Tawafuq Front,
Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, and Unified Iraqi Alliance were
only electoral slates consisting of the representatives from the
various Iraqi political parties

Ireland
Fianna Fail [Brian COWEN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green
Party [John GORMLEY]; Labor Party [Eamon GILMORE]; Progressive
Democrats [Mary HARNEY, acting leader]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS];
Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Isle of Man
Alliance for Progressive Government; Liberal Vannin
Party [Peter KARRAN]; Man Labor Party; Man Nationalist Party (Mec
Vannin) [Bernard MOFFATT]
note: most members sit as independents

Israel
Balad [Azmi BISHARA]; Democratic Front for Peace and Equality
(HADASH) [Muhammad BARAKEH]; GIL (Pensioners) [Rafael "Rafi" EITAN];
Kadima [Tzipora "Tzipi" LIVNI]; Labor Party [Ehud BARAK]; Likud
[Binyamin NETANYAHU]; Meretz-Yachad [Haim ORON]; National Democratic
Assembly (Balad) [Jamal ZAHALKA]; National Union (NU)/National
Religious Party (NRP) [Binyamin ELON]; SHAS [Eliyahu YISHAI]; Torah
and Shabbat Judaism or UTJ [Yaakov LITZMAN]; United Arab List
[Ibrahim SARSUR]; Yisrael Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]

Italy
Silvio BERLUSCONI coalition: People of Freedom or PdL [Silvio
BERLUSCONI]; Lega Nord or LN [Umberto BOSSI]; Movement for Autonomy
or MpA [Raffaele LOMBARDO]
Walter VELTRONI coalition: Democratic Party or PD [Walter VELTRONI];
Italy of Values or IdV [Antonio DI PIETRO]
other non-allied parties: Union of the Centre or UdC [Savino
PEZZOTTA]

Jamaica
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; People's
National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER]; National Democratic
Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Japan
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Ichiro OZAWA]; Japan
Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]; Komeito [Akihiro OTA]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Taro ASO]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]

Jersey
two declared parties: Centre Party; Jersey Democratic Alliance
note: all senators and deputies elected in 2005 were independents

Jordan
al-Ahd Party; Arab Islamic Democratic Movement [Yusuf ABU
BAKR]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Ayishah Salih HIJAZAYN]; Arab Socialist
Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI]; Ba'th Arab Progressive Party [Fu'ad
DABBUR]; Freedom Party; Future Party; Islamic Action Front or IAF
[Zaki Sa'ed BANI IRSHEID]; Islamic Center Party [Marwan al-FAURI];
Jordanian Arab Ansar Party; Jordanian Arab New Dawn Party; Jordanian
Arab Party; Jordanian Citizens' Rights Movement; Jordanian Communist
Party [Munir HAMARINAH]; Jordanian Communist Workers Party;
Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH]; Jordanian
Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab Ali MUSTAFA]; Jordanian
Generations Party [Muhammad KHALAYLEH]; Jordanian Green Party
[Muhammad BATAYNEH]; Jordanian Labor Party [Dr. Mazin Sulayman
Jiryis HANNA]; Jordanian Peace Party; Jordanian People's Committees
Movement; Jordanian People's Democratic Party (Hashd) [Ahmad YUSUF];
Jordanian Rafah Party; Jordanian Renaissance Party; Mission Party;
Nation Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH]; National Action Party (Haqq)
[Tariq al-KAYYALI]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi
MAJALI]; National Popular Democratic Movement [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI];
Progressive Party [Fawwaz al-ZUBI]

Kazakhstan
Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla
ALSHIMBAYEV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan
SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Agrarian and
Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic
Party); Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAIMENOV]; Auyl
(Village) [Gani KALIYEV]; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK
[Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan
[Vladislav KOSAREV]; National Social Democratic Party
(NSDP)[Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Nur-Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV] (the
Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan); Patriots' Party
[Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]

Kenya
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-Kenya
[Musikari KOMBO]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or
FORD-People [Simeon NYACHAE]; Kenya African National Union or KANU
[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-Kenya
[Raphael TUJU]; Orange Democratic Movement or ODM [Raila ODINGA];
Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]; Party
of National Unity or PNU [Mwai KIBAKI]; Shirikisho Party of Kenya or
SPK [Chirau Ali MWAKWERE]

Kiribati
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];
Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati
or MKP; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North
major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong
Il]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP
control), Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Korea, South
Creative Korea Party or CKP [MOON Kook-hyun];
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [CHUN Young-se]; Grand National Party
or GNP [PARK Hee-tae]; Liberty Forward Party or LFP [LEE Hoi-chang];
Democratic Party or DP [CHUNG Sye-kyun] (formerly the United
Democratic Party or UDP)

Kosovo
Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo or PShDK [Mark
KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush
HARADINAJ]; Alliance of Independent Social Democrats of Kososvo and
Metohija or SDSKIM [Slavisa PETKOVIC]; Autonomous Liberal Party of
SLS [Slobodan PETROVIC]; Bosniak Vakat Coalition [Dzezair MURATI];
Citizens' Initiative of Gora or GIG [Murselj HALILI]; Council of
Independent Social Democrats of Kosovo or SNSDKIM [Ljubisa ZIVIC];
Democratic League of Dardania or LDD [Nexhat DACI]; Democratic
League of Kosovo or LDK [Fatmir SEJDIU]; Democratic Party of Ashkali
of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit RAHMANI]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK
[Hashim THACI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP [Mahir
YAGCILAR]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Xhevdet
NEZIRAJ]; New Democratic Party or ND [Branislav GRBIC]; New Kosovo
Alliance or AKR [Behxhet PACOLLI]; Popular Movement of Kosovo or LPK
[Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Reform Party Ora; Serb National Party or SNS
[Mihailo SCEPANOVIC]; Serbian Kosovo and Metohija Party or SKMS
[Dragisa MIRIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi
MERXHA]; Democratic Action Party or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Serbian List
for Kosovo and Metohija [Oliver IVANOVIC]; Serbian National Council
of Northern Kosovo and Metohija or SNV [Milan IVANOVIC]; Democratic
Party of Bosniaks [Dzezair MURAIT]; Democratic Party Vatan [Sadik
IDRIZI]; Gorani Citizens Initiative [Mursel HALJILJI]; Serbian
People Party [Mihailo SCEPANOVIC]; Serbian Democratic Party of
Kosovo and Metohija [Slavisa PETKOVIC]; Serb Liberal Party [Slobodan
PETROVIC]; Independent League of Social-Democrats of Kosovo and
Metohija [Ljubisa ZIVIC]

Kuwait
none; formation of political parties is in practice illegal
but is not forbidden by law

Kyrgyzstan
Ak Jol [Avtandil ARABAYEV, Elmira IBRAIMOVA, Vladimir
NIFADYEV, co-chairs]; Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba
(Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken
(Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan
or DDK [Viktor TCHETRNOMORETS]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek
TURGUNALIYEV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Medet
SADYRKULOV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Ishak
MASALIYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV];
Party of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]; Republican Party of Labor and
Unity [Tabaldy OROZALIYEV]; Sanjira (Tree of Life) [Ednan
KARABAYEV]; Social Democratic Party [Almaz ATAMBAYEV]; Union of
Democratic Forces [Kubatbek BAIBOLOV]

Laos
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALI Saignason];
other parties proscribed

Latvia
First Party of Latvia/Latvia's Way or LPP/LC [Ainars SLESERS,
Ivars GODMANIS]; For Human Rights in a United Latvia or PCTVL
[Jakovs PLINERS]; For the Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National
Independence Movement or TB/LNNK [Roberts ZILE, Maris GRINBLATS];
Harmony Center or SC [Janis URBANOVICS, Nils USAKOVS]; Latvian
Social Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDSP [Juris
BOJARS]; Latvian Socialist Party or LSP [Alfreds RUBIKS]; New
Democrats or JD [Maris GULBIS]; New Era Party or JL [Einars REPSE,
Krisjanis KARINS]; People's Party or TP [Aigars KALVITIS]; The Union
of Latvian Greens and Farmers Party or ZZS [Augusts BRIGMANIS]

Lebanon
14 March Coalition: Democratic Gathering Bloc [Walid
JUNBLATT, leader of Progressive Socialist Party]; Democratic Left
[Ilyas ATALLAH]; Democratic Renewal Movement [Nassib LAHUD]; Future
Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Party [Amine GEMAYEL]; Lebanese
Forces [Samir JA'JA]; Tripoli Independent Bloc
8 March Coalition: Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih BERRI,
leader of Amal Movement]; Free Patriotic Movement [Michel AWN];
Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc [Mohammad RA'AD] (includes Hizballah
Party [Hassan NASRALLAH]); Nasserite Popular Movement [Ussama SAAD];
Popular Bloc [Elias SKAFF]; Syrian Ba'th Party [Sayez SHUKR]; Syrian
Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSO]
Independent: Metn Bloc [Michel MURR]; Tashnaq

Lesotho
Alliance of Congress Parties or ACP; All Basotho Convention
or ABC [Thomas THABANE]; Basotholand African Congress or BAC
[Khauhelo RALITAPOLE]; Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane
MPHANYA]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing
LEKHANYA]; Kopanang Basotho Party or KPB [Pheelo MOSALA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD (the governing party) [Pakalitha
MOSISILI]; Lesotho Education Party or LEP [Thabo PITSO]; Lesotho
Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom Party or
MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony
MANYELI]; New Lesotho Freedom Party or NLFP [Manapo MAJARA]; Popular
Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]; Sefate Democratic
Union or SDU [Bofihla NKUEBE]; Social Democratic Party of SDP
[Masitise SELESO]

Liberia
Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH];
Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia or COTOL [H. Varney
SHERMAN]; Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH];
Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE]; National Patriotic Party or
NPP [Roland MASSAQUOI]; Unity Party or UP [Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF]

Libya
none

Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union or VU [Adolf HEEB] (was Fatherland
Union); Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Marcus VOGT]; The Free
List or FL [Claudia HEEB-FLECK and Egon MATT]

Lithuania
Civil Democracy Party or PDP [Viktor MUNTIANAS]; Coalition
of Labor Party and Youth or KDP+J [Viktor USPASKICH]; Electoral
Action of Lithuanian Poles or LLRA [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI]; Homeland
Union - Lithuanian Christian Democrats or TS [Andrius KUBILIUS];
Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union or LVLS [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE];
Liberal and Center Union or LCS [Arturas ZUOKAS]; Liberal Movement
or LRLS [Eligijus MASIULIS]; National Revival or TPP [Arunas
VALINSKAS]; New Union (Social Liberal) or NS [Arturas PAULAUSKAS];
Order and Justice Party or TT [Rolandas PAKSAS]; Social Democratic
Party or LSDP [Gediminas KIRKILAS]; Young Lithuania and New
Nationalists [Stanislovas BUSKEVICIUS]

Luxembourg
Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Robert
MENLEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Francois BILTGEN]
(also known as Christian Social Party or PCS); Democratic Party or
DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg
Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; dei Lenk/la Gauche
(the Left); other minor parties

Macau
Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development
Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG
On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New
Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces
note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no
registered political parties; politically active groups register as
societies or companies

Macedonia
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic League of
Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
PDSh/DPA [Menduh THACI]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan
STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic
Renewal of Macedonia [Liljana POPOVSKA]; Democratic Union of
Albanians or BDSh [BardYL MAHMUTI]; Democratic Union of Vlachs for
Macedonia [Mitko KOSTOV]; Democratic Union for Integration or
BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; For a Better Macedonia coalition [Nikola
GRUEVSKI] (includes VMRO-DPMNE, SP, Democratic Union, Democratic
Renewal of Macedonia, Democratic Party of Turks, Democratic Party of
Serbs, SR, and smaller parties); Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Gjorgji TRENDAFILOV];
League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party
or LDP [Jovan MANSIEVSKI]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV]; National
Alternative [Harun ALIU]; National Democratic Union or BDK [Hysni
SHAQIR]; New Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Tito PETKOVSKI]; Party
for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP [Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Party for
European Future or PEI [Fijat CANOSKI]; Party of Free Democrats or
PSD [Ljubco JORDANOVSKI]; Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or
SDSM [Zoran ZAEV (until May 2009)]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or
SP [Ljubisav IVANOV-ZINGO]; Sun-Coalition for Europe [Radmila
SKERINSKA] (includes SDSM, NSDP, LDP, Liberal Party and smaller
parties); Union of Romas or SR [Shaban SALIU]; United Party for
Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Madagascar
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA
[Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO]; Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or
PSDUM [Jean LAHINIRIKO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action
for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO];
Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or
TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or
RPSD [Evariste MARSON]

Malawi
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD; Congress for National Unity
or CONU; Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Bingu wa MUTHARIKA];
Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party
or MDP [Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or
MAFUNDE [George MNESA]; Mgwirizano Coalition or MC [Gwandaguluwe
CHAKUAMBA] (coalition of MAFUNDE, MDP, MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP);
Movement for Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA];
National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National
Unity Party or NUP [Harry CHIUME]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu
CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI]

Malaysia
National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN (ruling coalition)
consists of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party or
PGRM [KOH Tsu Koon - acting]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti
Liberal Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian
Chinese Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongres India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputera Bersatu or PBB [Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti Rakyat Sarawak
or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti Progresif
Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's Party (Parti
Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam]; United
Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi];
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan
Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK];
People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) or
PPP [M.Kayveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party or SPDP
[William MAWAN])
People's Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat) or PR (opposition coalition)
consists of the following parties:: Democratic Action Party (Parti
Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party of
Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang];
People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAH
Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG]

Maldives
Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Abdul Majeed Abdul BARI];
Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's Party) or DRP [Maumoon
Abdul GAYOOM]; Islamic Democratic Party or IDP [Omar NASEER];
Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed NASHEED]; note -
political parties were allowed to register in June 2005

Mali
Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised
mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region); African Solidarity
for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary
general]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of
political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to
support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for
Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE]; Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou
Boubeye MAIGA]; Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a
coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to
oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); National
Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]; Party
for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for
National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]; Patriotic Movement for
Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or
RDT; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA]; Sudanese
Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE];
Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY];
Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Malta
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [acting leader Charles
MANGION]; Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Marshall Islands
traditionally there have been no formally organized
political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions
or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,
formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"
have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Aelon Kein
Ad Party [Michael KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa
TOMEING]