Chapter XCII: Part 92

Austria
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent
rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate
summers with occasional showers

Azerbaijan
dry, semiarid steppe

Bahamas, The
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Bahrain
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime

Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)

Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter

Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas

Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast

Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Bouvet Island
antarctic

Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south

British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds

British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds

Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)

Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February
to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to
August and December to January)

Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north

Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north

Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic

Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)

Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers

Chad
tropical in south, desert in north

Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south

China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Christmas Island
tropical with a wet season (December to April) and
dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, wet season (May to October)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
tropical; hot and humid in
equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands;
cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet
season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south
of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to
October)

Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cook Islands
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry
season from April to November and a more humid season from December
to March

Coral Sea Islands
tropical

Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)

Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast

Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)

Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers

Dhekelia
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry

Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation; seasonal variation in rainfall

Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest
June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands

Estonia
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

European Union
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to
temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
cold marine; strong westerly
winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year;
average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all
year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate

Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy

Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers,
but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional
strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation
Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds;
moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable
to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool
and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)

French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:
oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity
Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy
Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy
Iles Eparses: tropical

Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)

Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season
(July to December); little seasonal temperature variation

Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast

Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)

Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic

Holy See (Vatican City)
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to
May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Hong Kong
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and
rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers

India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq

Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time

Isle of Man
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about
one-third of the time

Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south

Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid

Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Kosovo
influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
maximum rainfall between October and December

Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical
in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)

Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters

Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Macedonia
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall

Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)

Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons

Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy,
humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to
February)

Malta
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers

Marshall Islands
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to
November; islands border typhoon belt

Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)

Mexico
varies from tropical to desert

Micronesia, Federated States of
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall,
especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the
typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)

Montenegro
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and
relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Mozambique
tropical to subtropical

Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Nauru
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)

Navassa Island
marine, tropical

Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north

Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature
variation

Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October

Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast

Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December

Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north

Palau
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November

Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation

Paracel Islands
tropical

Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes

Philippines
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)

Pitcairn Islands
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast
trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

Poland
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers

Portugal
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and
drier in south

Puerto Rico
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature
variation

Qatar
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Romania
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Russia
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to
frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool
along Arctic coast

Rwanda
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Barthelemy
tropical, with practically no variation in
temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)

Saint Helena
Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade
winds
Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid
Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
(tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season
January to April, rainy season May to August

Saint Martin
temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low
humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers;
July-Novemeber is the hurricane season

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
cold and wet, with much mist and fog;
spring and autumn are windy

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
tropical; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Samoa
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to
October)

San Marino
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Sao Tome and Principe
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season
(October to May)

Saudi Arabia
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Senegal
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind

Serbia
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts,
continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Seychelles
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)

Singapore
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons
- Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon
(June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early
evening thunderstorms

Slovakia
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate
with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and
valleys to the east

Solomon Islands
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather

Somalia
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to
February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south;
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in
the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)
between monsoons

South Africa
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny
days, cool nights

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
variable, with mostly
westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of
calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Southern Ocean
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius
to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the
continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature
contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about
latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average
winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward
to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees
south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures
well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense
persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline
ice-free throughout the winter

Spain
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
and cool along coast

Spratly Islands
tropical

Sri Lanka
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Sudan
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November)

Suriname
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Svalbard
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool
summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and
north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most
of the year

Swaziland
varies from tropical to near temperate

Sweden
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Switzerland
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers

Syria
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and
mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather
with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Taiwan
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June
to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Tajikistan
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Tanzania
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Thailand
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Timor-Leste
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Togo
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Tokelau
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)

Trinidad and Tobago
tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Tunisia
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south

Turkey
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior

Turkmenistan
subtropical desert

Turks and Caicos Islands
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry

Tuvalu
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Uganda
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Ukraine
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Arab Emirates
desert; cooler in eastern mountains

United Kingdom
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds
over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are
overcast

United States
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,
arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low
winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker, Howland, and
Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning
sun
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry;
consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature
variation
Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to
February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by
prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual
rainfall occurs during the winter
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and
southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between
4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year

Uruguay
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Uzbekistan
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east

Vanuatu
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to
October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected
by cyclones from December to April

Venezuela
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Vietnam
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)

Virgin Islands
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November

Wake Island
tropical

Wallis and Futuna
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year
(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C

West Bank
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Western Sahara
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air
currents produce fog and heavy dew

World
a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates -
bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that
separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates

Yemen
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east

Zambia
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)

Zimbabwe
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

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@2060 Coastline (km)

Afghanistan
0 km (landlocked)

Akrotiri
56.3 km

Albania
362 km

Algeria
998 km

American Samoa
116 km

Andorra
0 km (landlocked)

Angola
1,600 km

Anguilla
61 km

Antarctica
17,968 km

Antigua and Barbuda
153 km

Arctic Ocean
45,389 km

Argentina
4,989 km

Armenia
0 km (landlocked)

Aruba
68.5 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
74.1 km

Atlantic Ocean
111,866 km

Australia
25,760 km

Austria
0 km (landlocked)

Azerbaijan
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian
Sea (713 km)

Bahamas, The
3,542 km

Bahrain
161 km

Bangladesh
580 km

Barbados
97 km

Belarus
0 km (landlocked)

Belgium
66.5 km

Belize
386 km

Benin
121 km

Bermuda
103 km

Bhutan
0 km (landlocked)

Bolivia
0 km (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 km

Botswana
0 km (landlocked)

Bouvet Island
29.6 km

Brazil
7,491 km

British Indian Ocean Territory
698 km

British Virgin Islands
80 km

Brunei
161 km

Bulgaria
354 km

Burkina Faso
0 km (landlocked)

Burma
1,930 km

Burundi
0 km (landlocked)

Cambodia
443 km

Cameroon
402 km

Canada
202,080 km

Cape Verde
965 km

Cayman Islands
160 km

Central African Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Chad
0 km (landlocked)

Chile
6,435 km

China
14,500 km

Christmas Island
138.9 km

Clipperton Island
11.1 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
26 km

Colombia
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448
km)

Comoros
340 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37 km

Congo, Republic of the
169 km

Cook Islands
120 km

Coral Sea Islands
3,095 km

Costa Rica
1,290 km

Cote d'Ivoire
515 km

Croatia
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Cuba
3,735 km

Cyprus
648 km

Czech Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Denmark
7,314 km

Dhekelia
27.5 km

Djibouti
314 km

Dominica
148 km

Dominican Republic
1,288 km

Ecuador
2,237 km

Egypt
2,450 km

El Salvador
307 km

Equatorial Guinea
296 km

Eritrea
2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea
1,083 km)

Estonia
3,794 km

Ethiopia
0 km (landlocked)

European Union
65,992.9 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,288 km

Faroe Islands
1,117 km

Fiji
1,129 km

Finland
1,250 km

France
total: 4,668 km
metropolitan France: 3,427 km

French Polynesia
2,525 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et
Ile Saint-Paul): 28 km
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):
Iles Kerguelen: 2,800 km
Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
Europa Island (Iles Eparses): 22.2 km
Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 24.1 km
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): 3.7 km

Gabon
885 km

Gambia, The
80 km

Gaza Strip
40 km

Georgia
310 km

Germany
2,389 km

Ghana
539 km

Gibraltar
12 km

Greece
13,676 km

Greenland
44,087 km

Grenada
121 km

Guam
125.5 km

Guatemala
400 km

Guernsey
50 km

Guinea
320 km

Guinea-Bissau
350 km

Guyana
459 km

Haiti
1,771 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
101.9 km

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 km (landlocked)

Honduras
820 km

Hong Kong
733 km

Hungary
0 km (landlocked)

Iceland
4,970 km

India
7,000 km

Indian Ocean
66,526 km

Indonesia
54,716 km

Iran
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Iraq
58 km

Ireland
1,448 km

Isle of Man
160 km

Israel
273 km

Italy
7,600 km

Jamaica
1,022 km

Jan Mayen
124.1 km

Japan
29,751 km

Jersey
70 km

Jordan
26 km

Kazakhstan
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral
Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian
Sea (1,894 km)

Kenya
536 km

Kiribati
1,143 km

Korea, North
2,495 km

Korea, South
2,413 km

Kosovo
0 km (landlocked)

Kuwait
499 km

Kyrgyzstan
0 km (landlocked)

Laos
0 km (landlocked)

Latvia
498 km

Lebanon
225 km

Lesotho
0 km (landlocked)

Liberia
579 km

Libya
1,770 km

Liechtenstein
0 km (doubly landlocked)

Lithuania
90 km

Luxembourg
0 km (landlocked)

Macau
41 km

Macedonia
0 km (landlocked)

Madagascar
4,828 km

Malawi
0 km (landlocked)

Malaysia
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607
km)

Maldives
644 km

Mali
0 km (landlocked)

Malta
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Marshall Islands
370.4 km

Mauritania
754 km

Mauritius
177 km

Mayotte
185.2 km

Mexico
9,330 km

Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112 km

Moldova
0 km (landlocked)

Monaco
4.1 km

Mongolia
0 km (landlocked)

Montenegro
293.5 km

Montserrat
40 km

Morocco
1,835 km

Mozambique
2,470 km

Namibia
1,572 km

Nauru
30 km

Navassa Island
8 km

Nepal
0 km (landlocked)

Netherlands
451 km

Netherlands Antilles
364 km

New Caledonia
2,254 km

New Zealand
15,134 km

Nicaragua
910 km

Niger
0 km (landlocked)

Nigeria
853 km

Niue
64 km

Norfolk Island
32 km

Northern Mariana Islands
1,482 km

Norway
25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long
fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km;
length of island coastlines 58,133 km)

Oman
2,092 km

Pacific Ocean
135,663 km

Pakistan
1,046 km

Palau
1,519 km

Panama
2,490 km

Papua New Guinea
5,152 km

Paracel Islands
518 km

Paraguay
0 km (landlocked)

Peru
2,414 km

Philippines
36,289 km

Pitcairn Islands
51 km

Poland
440 km

Portugal
1,793 km

Puerto Rico
501 km

Qatar
563 km

Romania
225 km

Russia
37,653 km

Rwanda
0 km (landlocked)

Saint Helena
Saint Helena: 60 km
Ascension Island: NA
Tristan da Cunha: 40 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
135 km

Saint Lucia
158 km

Saint Martin
58.9 km (for entire island)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
120 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84 km

Samoa
403 km

San Marino
0 km (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe
209 km

Saudi Arabia
2,640 km

Senegal
531 km

Serbia
0 km (landlocked)

Seychelles
491 km

Sierra Leone
402 km

Singapore
193 km

Slovakia
0 km (landlocked)

Slovenia
46.6 km

Solomon Islands
5,313 km

Somalia
3,025 km

South Africa
2,798 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA km

Southern Ocean
17,968 km

Spain
4,964 km

Spratly Islands
926 km

Sri Lanka
1,340 km

Sudan
853 km

Suriname
386 km

Svalbard
3,587 km

Swaziland
0 km (landlocked)

Sweden
3,218 km

Switzerland
0 km (landlocked)

Syria
193 km

Taiwan
1,566.3 km

Tajikistan
0 km (landlocked)

Tanzania
1,424 km

Thailand
3,219 km

Timor-Leste
706 km

Togo
56 km

Tokelau
101 km

Tonga
419 km

Trinidad and Tobago
362 km

Tunisia
1,148 km

Turkey
7,200 km

Turkmenistan
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea
(1,768 km)

Turks and Caicos Islands
389 km

Tuvalu
24 km

Uganda
0 km (landlocked)

Ukraine
2,782 km

United Arab Emirates
1,318 km

United Kingdom
12,429 km

United States
19,924 km

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Johnston Atoll: 34 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km

Uruguay
660 km

Uzbekistan
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Vanuatu
2,528 km

Venezuela
2,800 km

Vietnam
3,444 km (excludes islands)

Virgin Islands
188 km

Wake Island
19.3 km

Wallis and Futuna
129 km

West Bank
0 km (landlocked)

Western Sahara
1,110 km

World
356,000 km
note: 94 nations and other entities are islands that border no other
countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean
Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands,
Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica,
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada,
Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island,
Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island,
Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar,
Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte,
Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru,
Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island,
Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands,
Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint
Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao
Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka,
Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos
Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and
Futuna, Taiwan

Yemen
1,906 km

Zambia
0 km (landlocked)

Zimbabwe
0 km (landlocked)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2061 Imports - partners (%)

Afghanistan
Pakistan 36.8%, US 11%, India 5%, Germany 4.2% (2007)

Albania
Italy 27.6%, Greece 14.8%, Turkey 7.4%, China 6.8%, Germany
5.6%, Switzerland 5%, Russia 4.2% (2007)

Algeria
France 18.7%, China 9%, Italy 8.5%, Spain 6%, US 5.5%,
Germany 5.3%, Russia 4.6%, Turkey 4.1% (2007)

American Samoa
Australia 66%, Samoa 13.8%, NZ 10.8% (2006)

Angola
Portugal 19.7%, US 10.9%, China 10.5%, Brazil 10.3%, South
Africa 6.6%, France 6.3%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2007)

Anguilla
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2006)

Antigua and Barbuda
US 21.1%, China 16.4%, Germany 13.3%, Singapore
12.7%, Spain 6.5% (2006)

Argentina
Brazil 34.6%, US 12.6%, China 12%, Germany 5% (2007)

Armenia
Russia 15.1%, Ukraine 7.7%, Kazakhstan 7.4%, Germany 6.8%,
China 6%, France 4.6%, US 4.5%, Iraq 4.3% (2007)

Aruba
US 54.6%, Netherlands 12%, UK 4.7% (2007)

Australia
China 15.5%, US 12.8%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 5.6%, Germany
5.2%, UK 4.3%, Thailand 4.2% (2007)

Austria
Germany 45.5%, Italy 7.1%, Switzerland 5%, Netherlands 4.3%
(2007)

Azerbaijan
Russia 17.6%, Turkey 10.9%, Germany 8.2%, Ukraine 8.2%,
UK 7.2%, Japan 5.2%, China 4.9%, US 4.7% (2007)

Bahamas, The
US 26.7%, South Korea 14.1%, Japan 13.5%, Italy 7.5%,
Singapore 5.2%, Venezuela 4.5%, Spain 4.3% (2007)

Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 37.7%, Japan 7.2%, US 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, UK
4.5%, UAE 4.2%, China 4.1% (2007)

Bangladesh
China 15%, India 14.3%, Kuwait 8.3%, Singapore 6.2%, Hong
Kong 4.2% (2007)

Barbados
US 30.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 27.6%, UK 6.5% (2007)

Belarus
Russia 59.9%, Germany 7.6%, Ukraine 5.4% (2007)

Belgium
Germany 17.7%, Netherlands 17.6%, France 11.2%, UK 6.2%, US
5.4%, Ireland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2007)

Belize
US 31.2%, Mexico 13.6%, Cuba 8.5%, Guatemala 8%, Russia 4.6%
(2007)

Benin
China 44.5%, France 8.2%, US 6.5%, Thailand 6.3%, Malaysia
4.8% (2007)

Bermuda
South Korea 36.4%, US 15.7%, Germany 13.2%, Italy 11.8%
(2007)

Bhutan
India 74.5%, Japan 7.4%, Sweden 3.2% (2007)

Bolivia
Brazil 29.9%, Argentina 16.2%, Chile 10.5%, US 9.8%, Peru
8.1% (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia 24.7%, Slovenia 13.3%, Germany 13.1%,
Italy 10.4%, Austria 7%, Turkey 6.5%, Hungary 5.4% (2007)

Botswana
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2006)

Brazil
US 15.7%, China 10.5%, Argentina 8.6%, Germany 7.2%, Nigeria
4.4% (2007)

British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US (2006)

Brunei
UK 46.4%, Singapore 19.5%, Malaysia 11.3% (2007)

Bulgaria
Russia 12.3%, Germany 12.3%, Italy 8.7%, Ukraine 7.2%,
Turkey 6.9%, Greece 6.2%, Romania 4.5%, Austria 4.3% (2007)

Burkina Faso
Cote d'Ivoire 25.8%, France 20.6%, Togo 7.1% (2007)

Burma
China 33.7%, Thailand 19.1%, Singapore 15.5%, South Korea
5.8%, Indonesia 5.2%, Malaysia 4.2% (2007)

Burundi
Saudi Arabia 17%, Kenya 11.4%, Belgium 8.7%, France 6.1%,
Uganda 5.4%, Germany 5.4%, India 4.8%, Pakistan 4.2% (2007)

Cambodia
Thailand 23.1%, Vietnam 16.9%, China 15%, Hong Kong 10.4%,
Singapore 7.5%, Taiwan 7.2%, South Korea 4.8% (2007)

Cameroon
France 23.4%, Nigeria 12.8%, China 9%, Belgium 5.8%, US 4%
(2007)

Canada
US 54.1%, China 9.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2007)

Cape Verde
Portugal 40.7%, Netherlands 10.9%, France 6.5%, Spain
5.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9%, Brazil 4.7%, Italy 4.7% (2007)

Cayman Islands
US, Netherlands Antilles, Japan (2006)

Central African Republic
France 16.6%, Netherlands 13%, Cameroon
9.7%, US 6.3% (2007)

Chad
France 20.4%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.9%, China 10%, Germany
7.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2007)

Chile
US 16.7%, China 11.2%, Brazil 10.3%, Argentina 9.9% (2007)

China
Japan 14%, South Korea 10.9%, Taiwan 10.5%, US 7.3%, Germany
4.7% (2007)

Christmas Island
principally Australia (2006)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia (2006)

Colombia
US 26.2%, China 10.1%, Mexico 9.3%, Brazil 7.3%, Venezuela
4.2% (2007)

Comoros
France 18.2%, UAE 10.8%, South Africa 8.5%, Pakistan 7.2%,
Kenya 5.7%, China 5.4%, India 5% (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
South Africa 22.5%, Belgium 10.3%,
Zambia 8.9%, Zimbabwe 7.5%, France 6.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 4.1%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4.1% (2007)

Congo, Republic of the
France 18.1%, South Korea 14.7%, China 12.6%,
Italy 10.3%, India 4.7%, US 4.2% (2007)

Cook Islands
NZ 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6% (2006)

Costa Rica
US 41%, Mexico 6.1%, Venezuela 5.7%, Japan 5.4%, China
5.1%, Brazil 4.3% (2007)

Cote d'Ivoire
Nigeria 31.1%, France 16.7%, China 7.3% (2007)

Croatia
Italy 16.1%, Germany 14.4%, Russia 10.1%, China 6.2%,
Slovenia 6%, Austria 5.3% (2007)

Cuba
Venezuela 29.6%, China 13.4%, Spain 10.4%, Canada 6%, US 5.1%
(2007)

Cyprus
Greece 17.7%, Italy 10.2%, UK 9.6%, Germany 9.4%, Israel
6.5%, France 5.4%, China 5.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)

Czech Republic
Germany 31.8%, Netherlands 6.7%, Slovakia 6.4%,
Poland 6.3%, Austria 5.1%, China 5.1%, Russia 4.5%, Italy 4.4%,
France 4.1% (2007)

Denmark
Germany 21.6%, Sweden 14.4%, Netherlands 7.1%, Norway 6%,
China 5.4%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.1%, France 4% (2007)

Djibouti
Saudi Arabia 21%, India 18.1%, China 9.4%, Ethiopia 4.7%,
Malaysia 4.6%, Japan 4.2% (2007)

Dominica
US 24.1%, China 21.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, Japan
11.1% (2007)

Dominican Republic
US 46%, Venezuela 8.1%, Mexico 5.9%, Colombia
4.7% (2007)

Ecuador
US 23.7%, Colombia 10.3%, China 7.6%, Brazil 5.3%, Japan
4.3% (2007)

Egypt
US 11.7%, China 9.7%, Italy 6.4%, Germany 6.3%, Saudi Arabia
4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2007)

El Salvador
US 35.7%, Mexico 9.8%, Guatemala 8.5%, China 4.7% (2007)

Equatorial Guinea
US 19.6%, Spain 13.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.9%, France
9.6%, China 7.7%, Italy 6.6%, UK 6.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)

Eritrea
Saudi Arabia 19.1%, Italy 15.1%, China 11.1%, Turkey 8.3%,
Germany 7.2%, Ukraine 5.1% (2007)

Estonia
Finland 15.9%, Germany 12.8%, Sweden 10.1%, Russia 10%,
Latvia 7.6%, Lithuania 6.9%, Poland 4.5% (2007)

Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia 17%, China 15.9%, India 7.8%, Italy 5.1% (2007)

European Union
US 13.8%, China 13.4%, Russia 8.2%, Japan 6.2% (2006)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
UK 72.5%, US 15.1%, Netherlands
8.5% (2006)

Faroe Islands
Denmark 51.9%, Norway 21.6%, Sweden 5%, UK 4.6% (2007)

Fiji
Singapore 30.4%, Australia 21.6%, NZ 17.7%, China 4.5% (2007)

Finland
Germany 15.8%, Russia 14%, Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.8%,
China 5.5%, UK 4.9% (2007)

France
Germany 18.9%, Belgium 11.4%, Italy 8.4%, Spain 7.1%,
Netherlands 7%, UK 5.6%, US 4.4%, China 4% (2007)

French Polynesia
France 52.7%, Singapore 14.9%, NZ 6.8%, US 6.6%
(2006)

Gabon
France 27.7%, US 19.1%, Belgium 5.4%, Netherlands 4.7%, China
4.1% (2007)

Gambia, The
China 23.7%, Senegal 11.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.3%, Brazil
8%, Netherlands 5.2% (2007)

Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank (2006)

Georgia
Turkey 14%, Russia 12.3%, Ukraine 8.5%, Azerbaijan 7.3%,
Germany 6.8%, US 5%, Bulgaria 4.6% (2007)

Germany
Netherlands 12%, France 8.6%, Belgium 7.8%, China 6.2%,
Italy 5.8%, UK 5.6%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.4% (2007)

Ghana
Nigeria 15.1%, China 14.9%, UK 5.2%, US 5.1% (2007)

Gibraltar
Spain 23.4%, Russia 12.3%, Italy 12%, UK 9%, France 8.9%,
Netherlands 6.8%, US 4.7% (2006)

Greece
Germany 12.9%, Italy 11.7%, Russia 5.6%, France 5.6%, China
5%, Netherlands 5% (2007)

Greenland
Denmark 68.1%, Sweden 19.3%, Canada 2.5% (2007)

Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago 36.5%, US 23.3%, Italy 4.1% (2007)

Guam
Singapore 50%, South Korea 21.4%, Japan 14%, Hong Kong 4.6%
(2006)

Guatemala
US 34.9%, Mexico 9.9%, China 6.8%, El Salvador 4.6%, Costa
Rica 4.1% (2007)

Guernsey
UK; note - regarded as internal trade (2006)

Guinea
China 10%, France 7%, Netherlands 6.3% (2007)

Guinea-Bissau
Portugal 21.7%, Senegal 16.8%, France 6%, Pakistan
4.7% (2007)

Guyana
Trinidad and Tobago 26.2%, US 20.5%, Cuba 7.2%, China 7.1%,
UK 5.4% (2007)

Haiti
US 41.2%, Netherlands Antilles 14.9%, China 4.7%, Brazil 4.4%
(2007)

Honduras
US 52.4%, Guatemala 7.1%, El Salvador 5.2%, Mexico 4.5%,
Costa Rica 4.2% (2007)

Hong Kong
China 46.3%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 7.1%, Singapore 6.8%, US
4.9%, South Korea 4.2% (2007)

Hungary
Germany 26.6%, China 7.8%, Russia 6.9%, Austria 6.1%, Italy
4.5%, France 4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2007)

Iceland
US 13.7%, Germany 12.2%, Sweden 10.2%, Denmark 7.5%,
Netherlands 5.7%, UK 5.4%, China 5.1%, Norway 4.6% (2007)

India
China 10.6%, US 7.8%, Germany 4.4%, Singapore 4.4% (2007)

Indonesia
Singapore 13.2%, China 11.5%, Japan 8.8%, Malaysia 8.6%,
US 6.4%, Thailand 5.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.5%, South Korea 4.3%,
Australia 4% (2007)

Iran
China 14.2%, Germany 9.6%, UAE 9.1%, South Korea 6.3%, Russia
5.7%, Italy 5% (2007)

Iraq
Syria 30.5%, Turkey 19.8%, US 11.1%, Jordan 5%, China 4.8%
(2007)

Ireland
UK 38.3%, US 11.3%, Germany 9.7%, Netherlands 5%, France
4.2% (2007)

Isle of Man
UK (2006)

Israel
US 13.9%, Belgium 7.9%, Germany 6.2%, China 6.1%, Switzerland
5.1%, UK 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2007)

Italy
Germany 16.9%, France 9%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 5.5%,
Belgium 4.3%, Spain 4.2% (2007)

Jamaica
US 37.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.5%, Grenada 9.7%, Venezuela
8.3%, Brazil 4.2% (2007)

Japan
China 20.5%, US 11.6%, Saudi Arabia 5.7%, UAE 5.2%, Australia
5%, South Korea 4.4%, Indonesia 4.2% (2007)

Jersey
UK (2006)

Jordan
Saudi Arabia 21%, China 9.7%, Germany 7.5%, US 4.7%, Egypt
4.4% (2007)

Kazakhstan
Russia 35.4%, China 22.1%, Germany 8% (2007)

Kenya
UAE 11.4%, China 9.9%, India 8.7%, Saudi Arabia 8%, South
Africa 6.9%, US 6.2%, Japan 5.9%, UK 4.6% (2007)

Kiribati
Australia 33%, Fiji 27.1%, Japan 18.1%, NZ 6.9% (2006)

Korea, North
China 27%, South Korea 16%, Thailand 9%, Russia 7%
(2006)

Korea, South
China 17.7%, Japan 15.8%, US 10.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.9%
(2007)

Kosovo
EU 35%, Macedonia 15%, Serbia 13%, Turkey 8% (2006)

Kuwait
US 12.7%, Japan 8.5%, Germany 7.3%, China 6.8%, South Korea
6.6%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Italy 5.8%, UK 4.6% (2007)

Kyrgyzstan
Russia 40.5%, China 14.7%, Kazakhstan 12.9%, Uzbekistan
5% (2007)

Laos
Thailand 68.5%, China 9.3%, Vietnam 5.5% (2007)

Latvia
Germany 15.1%, Lithuania 13.8%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 8%,
Poland 6.9%, Finland 5.1%, Sweden 4.9% (2007)

Lebanon
Syria 12.1%, Italy 8.5%, France 8.3%, US 7%, China 5.9%,
Germany 5.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2007)

Lesotho
China 30%, Hong Kong 29.6%, India 10%, South Korea 6.6%,
Germany 6.4%, Pakistan 4.6% (2007)

Liberia
South Korea 31.4%, Singapore 22.1%, Japan 14.9%, China 10.1%
(2007)

Libya
Italy 18.9%, Germany 7.7%, China 7.3%, Tunisia 6.8%, France
5.7%, Turkey 5.4%, US 4.3% (2007)

Liechtenstein
EU, Switzerland (2006)

Lithuania
Russia 18%, Germany 15%, Poland 10.6%, Latvia 5.5%,
Netherlands 4.3% (2007)

Luxembourg
Belgium 27.4%, Germany 23.8%, China 17.1%, France 9.2%,
Netherlands 5% (2007)

Macau
China 42.6%, Hong Kong 10.1%, Japan 9%, US 5.6%, Germany 4.4%,
France 4.2% (2007)

Macedonia
Germany 13.2%, Greece 12.9%, Bulgaria 9.6%, Serbia and
Montenegro 7.7%, Turkey 6.6%, Italy 6.3%, Slovenia 5% (2007)

Madagascar
France 13.6%, China 13%, Iran 8.1%, South Africa 6.4%,
Hong Kong 4.9%, Mauritius 4.8% (2007)

Malawi
South Africa 36.1%, India 8.5%, Tanzania 6.1%, US 6.1%, China
4.9% (2007)

Malaysia
Japan 13%, China 12.9%, Singapore 11.5%, US 10.8%, Taiwan
5.7%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 4.9%, Germany 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2%
(2007)

Maldives
Canada 35.2%, Singapore 15%, UAE 10.2%, India 7.4%,
Malaysia 7.1% (2007)

Mali
France 12.9%, Senegal 12.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.9%, China 4.9%
(2007)

Malta
Italy 26%, UK 15%, France 9.5%, Germany 8.8%, Singapore 5.2%
(2007)

Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,
Philippines (2006)

Mauritania
France 16.5%, China 8.1%, Spain 6.7%, US 6.1%, Belgium
5.8%, Brazil 5.7% (2007)

Mauritius
India 21.2%, China 11.4%, France 10.7%, South Africa 7.4%
(2007)

Mayotte
France 49%, Seychelles 8.8%, China 4.1% (2006)

Mexico
US 49.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 5.8%, South Korea 4.5% (2007)

Micronesia, Federated States of
US, Japan, Hong Kong (2006)

Moldova
Russia 20.5%, Ukraine 15.8%, Romania 15%, Germany 8.7%,
Italy 5.7%, Poland 4.1% (2007)

Mongolia
China 32%, Russia 29.4%, South Korea 7.9%, Japan 7.2% (2007)

Montenegro
Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 9.2% (2006)

Montserrat
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (2006)

Morocco
France 16.1%, Spain 13.6%, China 7.3%, Italy 6.7%, Saudi
Arabia 6.4%, Germany 5.9%, US 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)

Mozambique
South Africa 36.7%, Australia 8.5%, China 4.6% (2007)

Namibia
South Africa 85.2%, US (2006)

Nauru
South Korea 43.8%, Australia 36.2%, US 5.9%, Germany 4.3%
(2006)

Nepal
India 58.9%, China 13.6%, Japan 1.6% (2007)

Netherlands
Germany 17.7%, China 10.5%, Belgium 9.3%, US 7.3%, UK
5.8%, Russia 5.1%, France 4.4% (2007)

Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 59.1%, US 17.7%, Brazil 7.1% (2007)

New Caledonia
France 36.7%, Singapore 14.7%, Australia 12.1%, NZ
5.2%, Germany 4.6% (2007)

New Zealand
Australia 20.7%, China 13.4%, US 9.7%, Japan 9.5%,
Singapore 4.9%, Germany 4.7% (2007)

Nicaragua
US 22.5%, Mexico 13.5%, Costa Rica 8.4%, Venezuela 6.4%,
Guatemala 6.2%, El Salvador 4.8% (2007)

Niger
France 15.9%, French Polynesia 8.8%, Nigeria 8.6%, Belgium
8.6%, US 6.9%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.6% (2007)

Nigeria
China 10.6%, Netherlands 7.9%, US 7.8%, South Korea 6.6%, UK
5.7%, France 4.3%, Brazil 4.2%, Germany 4.1% (2007)

Niue
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2006)

Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe (2006)

Northern Mariana Islands
US, Japan (2006)

Norway
Sweden 14.7%, Germany 13.6%, UK 6.9%, Denmark 6.4%, China
6.1%, US 4.8%, Canada 4.3% (2007)

Oman
UAE 19.3%, Japan 17.6%, US 7.4%, Germany 5.2%, India 4.1% (2007)

Pakistan
China 16.2%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, UAE 10.1%, US 5.7%, Kuwait
4.9%, Japan 4.4% (2007)

Palau
US, Singapore, Japan, South Korea (2006)

Panama
US 32.8%, Netherlands Antilles 7.6%, China 5.6%, Japan 5.1%,
Costa Rica 5.1%, South Korea 4.1% (2007)

Papua New Guinea
Australia 51.3%, Singapore 11.6%, China 7.9%, Japan
5.7% (2007)

Paraguay
Brazil 30.4%, US 22.8%, Argentina 14.4%, China 8.6% (2007)

Peru
US 20.5%, China 10.8%, Brazil 9%, Ecuador 6.1%, Argentina 5.6%,
Chile 5%, Colombia 4.8% (2007)

Philippines
US 14.1%, Japan 12.3%, Singapore 11.2%, Taiwan 7.3%,
China 7.2%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, South Korea 5.9%, Malaysia 4.1%,
Thailand 4.1% (2007)

Poland
Germany 29%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.7%,
France 5.1%, China 4.2% (2007)

Portugal
Spain 29.5%, Germany 12.9%, France 8.4%, Italy 5.2%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2007)

Puerto Rico
US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2006)

Qatar
US 13.3%, Italy 10.8%, Japan 8.9%, France 7.9%, Germany 7.3%,
UK 5.7%, South Korea 5.6%, UAE 5.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2007)

Romania
Germany 17.2%, Italy 12.8%, Hungary 6.9%, Russia 6.3%,
France 6.2%, Turkey 5.4%, Austria 4.8% (2007)

Russia
Germany 13.3%, China 12.2%, Ukraine 6.7%, Japan 6.4%, US
4.8%, Belarus 4.4%, South Korea 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2007)

Rwanda
Kenya 19.6%, Uganda 6.9%, Germany 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, China
5% (2007)

Saint Helena
UK 53.5%, South Africa 14.3%, Spain 10.3%, Tanzania
8.5%, US 4.6% (2006)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 47.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.3%, UK 5.6%
(2007)

Saint Lucia
Brazil 63.6%, US 10.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.2% (2007)

Saint Martin
US, Mexico (2006)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
France 51.3%, Canada 31.8%, Belgium 4.1%
(2006)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Singapore 15.9%, Trinidad and
Tobago 14.9%, Italy 13.3%, US 13%, China 5% (2007)

Samoa
NZ 22.1%, Fiji 17.2%, Singapore 16.1%, Australia 7.9%, Japan
6.8%, Indonesia 5.4%, US 5.3% (2007)

Sao Tome and Principe
Portugal 62.2%, US 11.6%, Gabon 4.5% (2007)

Saudi Arabia
US 12.6%, China 9.4%, Germany 8.8%, Japan 8.1%, Italy
5%, South Korea 4.9%, UK 4.5% (2007)

Senegal
France 22.2%, Netherlands 10%, China 7.4%, UK 6.2%, Thailand
5.2%, Belgium 4.5% (2007)

Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 17.6%, Germany 10.8%, France 8.1%, Spain
7.6%, South Africa 6.4%, Singapore 5.8% (2007)

Sierra Leone
Cote d'Ivoire 10%, China 10%, US 9.5%, UK 6.2%,
Netherlands 5.1%, India 4.7% (2007)

Singapore
Malaysia 13.1%, US 12.5%, China 12.1%, Japan 8.2%, Taiwan
5.9%, Indonesia 5.6%, South Korea 4.9% (2007)

Slovakia
Germany 22.1%, Czech Republic 17.3%, Russia 9.2%, Hungary
6.7%, Austria 5.1%, Poland 4.9%, South Korea 4.7% (2007)

Slovenia
Germany 18.1%, Italy 17.1%, Austria 11.7%, France 5%,
Croatia 4.6% (2007)

Solomon Islands
Singapore 28.2%, Australia 25.4%, Japan 4.6%, NZ
4.5%, Fiji 4% (2007)

Somalia
Djibouti 34.4%, India 9.1%, Kenya 9%, Oman 6%, UAE 5.6%,
Yemen 5.5% (2007)

South Africa
Germany 10.9%, China 10%, Spain 8.2%, US 7.2%, Japan
6.1%, UK 4.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.2% (2007)

Spain
Germany 15.7%, France 12.7%, Italy 8.4%, China 5.8%, UK 4.8%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2007)

Sri Lanka
India 23.1%, Singapore 9.9%, China 8.2%, Iran 7.5%, Hong
Kong 6.4% (2007)

Sudan
China 27.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, India 6.3%, Egypt 5.6%, UAE
5.5%, Japan 4.2% (2007)

Suriname
US 27%, Netherlands 17.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.3%, China
5.9%, Japan 5.1% (2007)

Swaziland
South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9% (2006)

Sweden
Germany 18.4%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 8.3%, UK 6.8%, Finland
6.1%, Netherlands 5.8%, France 5%, China 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2007)

Switzerland
Germany 32.6%, Italy 10.8%, France 9.5%, US 5.8%,
Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4.2%, UK 4.2% (2007)

Syria
Saudi Arabia 12%, China 8.7%, Egypt 6.2%, Italy 6%, UAE 5.9%,
Ukraine 4.8%, Russia 4.8%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.3% (2007)

Taiwan
Japan 22.7%, US 13.3%, China 11.2%, South Korea 6.6%, Saudi
Arabia 4.8%, Singapore 4.6% (2007)

Tajikistan
Russia 32.1%, Kazakhstan 13.1%, China 10.8%, Uzbekistan
8.4% (2007)

Tanzania
China 12%, Kenya 8%, South Africa 7.7%, India 6.9%, UAE
5.9% (2007)

Thailand
Japan 20.3%, China 11.6%, US 6.8%, Malaysia 6.2%, UAE 4.9%,
Singapore 4.5%, Taiwan 4.1% (2007)

Togo
China 36.3%, Estonia 9.6%, US 7.6%, Netherlands 7.3%, France 7%
(2007)

Tokelau
New Zealand (2006)

Tonga
Fiji 32.5%, NZ 27.5%, US 9%, Australia 7.4%, China 5% (2007)

Trinidad and Tobago
US 28.2%, Brazil 11%, Venezuela 8.2%, Colombia
5.4%, Gabon 4.9%, China 4.2% (2007)

Tunisia
France 23.8%, Italy 21.9%, Germany 9.7%, Spain 5%, Libya
4.4% (2007)

Turkey
Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 5.9%, US 4.8%,
France 4.6% (2007)

Turkmenistan
UAE 14.3%, Russia 11.6%, Turkey 10.3%, China 9.1%,
Ukraine 8.7%, Iran 7%, Germany 6.5%, US 5.6% (2007)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK (2006)

Tuvalu
Fiji 46.1%, Japan 18.9%, China 18.2%, Australia 7.7%, NZ 4.1%
(2006)

Uganda
Kenya 31.8%, China 7.8%, UAE 7.7%, South Africa 5.9%, India
5.2%, Japan 4.8% (2007)

Ukraine
Russia 23.9%, Germany 11.8%, China 8.5%, Poland 8.1%,
Turkmenistan 5.4% (2007)

United Arab Emirates
China 12.8%, India 10%, US 8.7%, Japan 6.1%,
Germany 5.9%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.6% (2007)

United Kingdom
Germany 14.2%, US 8.6%, China 7.3%, Netherlands 7.3%,
France 6.9%, Belgium 4.7%, Norway 4.7%, Italy 4.2% (2007)

United States
China 16.9%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.6%, Japan 7.4%,
Germany 4.8% (2007)

Uruguay
Brazil 19.1%, Argentina 17.9%, US 9.5%, China 9.1%, Paraguay
7.7%, Nigeria 4.7% (2007)

Uzbekistan
Russia 30.1%, China 13.3%, South Korea 13%, Germany 6.3%,
Kazakhstan 6.2%, Ukraine 4% (2007)

Vanuatu
Australia 20.7%, Singapore 11.8%, NZ 11.2%, Norway 8.5%, US
8.3%, Fiji 8.1%, China 7.2%, New Caledonia 4.5% (2007)

Venezuela
US 26.6%, Colombia 13.5%, Brazil 9.5%, China 6.7%, Mexico
5.2%, Panama 5% (2007)

Vietnam
China 19.9%, Singapore 12.1%, Taiwan 11%, Japan 9.9%, South
Korea 8.5%, Thailand 6% (2007)

Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico (2006)

Wallis and Futuna
France 97%, Australia 2%, NZ 1% (2006)

West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2006)

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2006)

World
China 10.7%, Germany 9.23%, US 8.28%, Japan 5.14%, France
3.99% (2007)

Yemen
UAE 15.1%, China 11.6%, US 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Kuwait
5.3%, Germany 4.8% (2007)

Zambia
South Africa 47.4%, UAE 6.3%, China 6%, India 4.1%, UK 4%
(2007)

Zimbabwe
South Africa 50.7%, China 8.4%, US 4.5%, Botswana 4.3%
(2007)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

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@2062 Economic aid - donor

Australia
ODA, $2.123 billion (2006)

Austria
ODA, $1.498 billion (2006)

Belgium
ODA, $1.978 billion (2006)

Canada
ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)

Cyprus
$25.9 million (2006)

Denmark
ODA, $2.236 billion (2006)

Finland
ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)

France
ODA, $10.6 billion (2006)

Germany
ODA, $10.44 billion (2006)

Greece
$424 million (2006)

Iceland
$6.7 million (2004)

Ireland
ODA, $1.022 billion (2006)

Italy
ODA, $3.641 billion (2006)

Japan
ODA, $11.19 billion (2006)

Korea, South
ODA, $455.3 million (2006)

Luxembourg
ODA, $291 million (2006)

Netherlands
ODA, $5.452 billion (2006)

New Zealand
ODA, $259 million (2006)

Norway
ODA, $2.954 billion (2006)

Portugal
ODA, $396 million (2006)

Saudi Arabia
since 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480
million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supported
Palestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief and
Works Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab League
funds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance
over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007;
pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1
billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133
million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and
$153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief;
pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance and
deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an
additional $1.1 billion in early 2007

Spain
ODA, $3.814 billion (2006)

Sweden
ODA, $3.955 billion (2006)

Switzerland
ODA, $1.646 billion (2006)

United Arab Emirates
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund
for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries
(2004)

United Kingdom
ODA, $12.46 billion (2006)

United States
ODA, $23.53 billion (2006)

This page was last updated on 13 November 2008

======================================================================

@2063 Constitution

Afghanistan
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January
2004; signed 16 January 2004

Akrotiri
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal
document

Albania
adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998;
promulgated 28 November 1998

Algeria
8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22
November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28
November 1996, and 12 November 2008

American Samoa
ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967

Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991,
approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993

Angola
adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992

Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981

Argentina
1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860

Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments
adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005

Aruba
1 January 1986

Australia
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Austria
1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the
period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative)
constitution in place

Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973

Bahrain
adopted 14 February 2002