Chapter XCVI: Part 96

Bulgaria
leva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006),
1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003)

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),
581.2 (2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Burma
kyats (MMK) per US dollar - 1,296 (2007), 1,280 (2006), 5.761
(2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003)
note: unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US
dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by yearend 2005, the
unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown for
2003-05 are official exchange rates

Burundi
Burundi francs (BIF) per US dollar - 1,065 (2007), 1,030
(2006), 1,138 (2005), 1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003)

Cambodia
riels (KHR) per US dollar - 4,006 (2007), 4,103 (2006),
4,092.5 (2005), 4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)

Canada
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334
(2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 81.235 (2007),
87.946 (2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars (KYD) per US dollar - NA (2007),
0.8496 (2006)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 481.8 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)

Chile
Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar - 526.25 (2007), 530.29
(2006), 560.09 (2005), 609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003)

China
Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006),
8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137
(2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003)

Colombia
Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar - 2,013.8 (2007),
2,358.6 (2006), 2,320.75 (2005), 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 361.4 (2007), 391.8
(2006), 395.6 (2005), 396.21 (2004), 435.9 (2003)
note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs (CDF) per US
dollar - NA (2007), 464.69 (2006), 437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004),
405.34 (2003)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 483.6 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003)

Cook Islands
NZ dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408
(2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar - 519.53 (2007),
511.3 (2006), 477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),
581.2 (2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Croatia
kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 5.3735 (2007), 5.8625 (2006),
5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003)

Cuba
Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2007), 0.9231 (2006)
note: Cuba has two currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP)
and the convertible peso (CUC); in April 2005 the official exchange
rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per $1),
both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24 Cuban
pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each CUC
bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1
ratio.

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds (CYP) per US dollar -: 0.4286 (2007), 0.4586
(2006), 0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003)

Czech Republic
koruny (CZK) per US dollar - 20.53 (2007), 22.596
(2006), 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003)

Denmark
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468
(2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)

Dhekelia
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.4286 (2007), 0.46019 (2006),
0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar - 177.71 (2007),
174.75 (2006), 177.72 (2005), 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 33.113
(2007), 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003)

Ecuador
the US dollar is used; the sucre was eliminated in 2000

Egypt
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.67 (2007), 5.725
(2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003)

El Salvador
the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 481.83 (2007), 522.4 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.5 (2007), 15.4 (2006), 14.5
(2005), 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003)
note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar

Estonia
krooni (EEK) per US dollar - 11.535 (2007), 12.473 (2006),
12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003)
note: the krooni is pegged to the euro

Ethiopia
birr (ETB) per US dollar - 8.96 (2007), 8.69 (2006), 8.68
(2005), 8.6356 (2004), 8.5997 (2003)
note: since 24 October 2001, exchange rates are determined on a
daily basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds (FKP) per US
dollar - 0.4993 (2007), 0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004),
0.6125 (2003)
note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007),
5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)

Fiji
Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.7313 (2006),
1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003)

Finland
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

France
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)

Gambia, The
dalasis (GMD) per US dollar - 27.79 (2007), 28.066
(2006), 28.575 (2005), 30.03 (2004), 27.306 (2003)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007),
4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)

Georgia
laris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.7 (2007), 1.78 (2006), 1.8127
(2005), 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003)

Germany
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Ghana
cedis (GHC) per US dollar - 0.95 (2007), 9,174.8 (2006),
9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003)
note: in 2007 Ghana revalued its currency with 10,000 old cedis
equal to 1 new cedis

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),
0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Greenland
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468
(2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7
(2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales (GTQ) per US dollar - 7.6833 (2007), 7.6026
(2006), 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003)

Guernsey
Guernsey pound 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs (GNF) per US dollar - 4,122.8 (2007), 5,350
(2006), 3,644.3 (2005), 2,225 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004),
581.2 (2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 201.89 (2007), 200.28
(2006), 200.79 (2005), 198.31 (2004), 193.88 (2003)

Haiti
gourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 37.138 (2007), 40.232 (2006),
40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007),
0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Honduras
lempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.9 (2007), 18.895 (2006),
18.92 (2005), 18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.802 (2007),
7.7678 (2006), 7.7773 (2005), 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003)

Hungary
forints (HUF) per US dollar - 186.16 (2007), 210.39 (2006),
199.58 (2005), 202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 63.391 (2007), 70.195
(2006), 62.982 (2005), 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003)

India
Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 41.487 (2007), 45.3
(2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.),
9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003)

Iran
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1
(2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars (NID) per US dollar - 1,255 (2007), 1,466
(2006), 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second half, 2003)

Ireland
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Isle of Man
Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418
(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Israel
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007), 4.4565
(2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)

Italy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 69.034 (2007), 65.768
(2006), 62.51 (2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003)

Japan
yen (JPY) per US dollar - 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006), 110.22
(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006),
0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2007), 0.709
(2006), 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003)

Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006),
132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 68.309 (2007), 72.101
(2006), 75.554 (2005), 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003)

Kiribati
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137 (2007),
1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)

Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar - 140 (2007), 141
(2006), 170 (December 2004), market: North Korean won per US dollar
- 2,500-3,000 (December 2006)

Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 929.2 (2007),
954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003)

Kosovo
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2844 (2007), 0.29
(2006), 0.292 (2005), 0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003)

Kyrgyzstan
soms (KGS) per US dollar - 37.746 (2007), 40.149 (2006),
41.012 (2005), 42.65 (2004), 43.648 (2003)

Laos
kips (LAK) per US dollar - 9,658 (2007), 10,235 (2006), 10,820
(2005), 10,585.5 (2004), 10,569 (2003)

Latvia
lati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.5162 (2007), 0.5597 (2006),
0.5647 (2005), 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715 (2003)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2007),
1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003)

Lesotho
maloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006),
6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)

Liberia
Liberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43
(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)

Libya
Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2604 (2007), 1.3108
(2006), 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.1973 (2007),
1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003)

Lithuania
litai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.5362 (2007), 2.7498 (2006),
2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003)

Luxembourg
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Macau
patacas (MOP) per US dollar - 8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006),
8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 44.732 (2007),
48.978 (2006), 48.92 (2005), 49.41 (2004), 54.322 (2003)

Madagascar
Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,880 (2007),
2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005), 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 141.12 (2007), 135.96
(2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003)

Malaysia
ringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.46 (2007), 3.6683 (2006),
3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003)

Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - NA (2007), 12.8 (2006), 12.8
(2005), 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Malta
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6795 (January 2008), Maltese
liri per US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005),
0.34466 (2004), 0.37723 (2003)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is used

Mauritania
ouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - NA (2007), 271.3 (2006),
267.04 (2005), 265.8 (2004), 263.03 (2003)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 31.798 (2007),
31.656 (2006), 29.496 (2005), 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003)

Mayotte
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Mexico
Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 10.8 (2007), 10.899
(2006), 10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 12.177 (2007), 13.131
(2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003)

Monaco
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Mongolia
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,170 (2007), 1,179.6
(2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5 (2003)

Montenegro
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722
(2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003)

Mozambique
meticais (MZM) per US dollar - 26.264 (2007), 25.4
(2006), 23,061 (2005), 22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003)
note: in 2006 Mozambique revalued its currency, with 1000 old
meticais equal to 1 new meticais

Namibia
Namibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.18 (2007), 6.7649
(2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)

Nauru
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285
(2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - NA (2007), 72.446
(2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003)

Netherlands
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964
(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US
dollar - NA (2007), 1.79 (2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79
(2003)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 87.59 (2007), 95.025 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007),
1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 18.457 (2007), 17.582
(2006), 16.733 (2005), 15.937 (2004), 15.105 (2003)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Nigeria
nairas (NGN) per US dollar - 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006),
132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004), 129.22 (2003)

Niue
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408
(2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2137
(2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.8396 (2007), 6.4117
(2006), 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003)

Oman
Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2007), 0.3845 (2006),
0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 60.6295 (2007),
60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2007), 1 (2006), 1 (2005), 1
(2004), 1 (2003)

Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK) per US dollar - 3.03 (2007), 3.0643
(2006), 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003)

Paraguay
guarani (PYG) per US dollar - 5,031 (2007), 5,672.8 (2006),
6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003)

Peru
nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 3.1731 (2007), 3.2742 (2006),
3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003)

Philippines
Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 46.148 (2007),
51.246 (2006), 55.086 (2005), 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811
(2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)

Poland
zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006),
3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006),
3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003)

Romania
lei (RON) per US dollar - 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006), 3
(2005), 3 (2004), 3 (2003)

Russia
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 25.659 (2007), 27.19
(2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 585 (2007), 560 (2006),
610 (2005), 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003)

Saint Barthelemy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964
(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds (SHP) per US dollar - 0.4993
(2007), 0.5434 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -
2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Martin
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964
(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007),
0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US
dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Samoa
tala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103
(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)

San Marino
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras (STD) per US dollar - 13,700 (2007),
12,050 (2006), 9,900.4 (2005), 9,902.3 (2004), 9,347.6 (2003)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.745 (2007), 3.745
(2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004), 3.75 (2003)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Serbia
Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 6.5 (2007), 5.5
(2006), 5.5 (2005), 5.5 (2004), 5.4007 (2003)

Sierra Leone
leones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),
2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)

Singapore
Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.507 (2007),
1.5889 (2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003)

Slovakia
Slovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 24.919 (2007), 29.611
(2006), 31.018 (2005), 32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003)

Slovenia
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), tolars per US
dollar - 190.85 (2006), 192.71 (2005), 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003)
note: Slovenia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2007

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA
(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)

Somalia
Somali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1,438.3
(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about
23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.05 (2007), 6.7649 (2006),
6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)

Spain
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 110.78 (2007),
103.99 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003)

Sudan
Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.06 (2007), 2.172
(2006), 2.4361 (2005), 2.5791 (2004), 2.6098 (2003)
note: in October 2007 Sudan redenominated its currency by
transforming 100 units of Sudanese dinar into one unit of Sudanese
pound

Suriname
Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),
2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)
note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with the
Surinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.8396 (2007),
6.4117 (2006), 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.4 (2007), 6.85 (2006), 6.3593
(2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)

Sweden
Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 6.7629 (2007), 7.3731
(2006), 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003)

Switzerland
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539
(2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003)

Syria
Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689
(2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)
note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03
are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate
for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during
2004-06,

Taiwan
New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 32.84 (2007), 32.534
(2006), 31.71 (2005), 34.418 (2004), 34.575 (2003)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 3.4418 (2007),
3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003)

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,255 (2007),
1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 33.599 (2007), 37.882 (2006), 40.22
(2005), 40.222 (2004), 41.485 (2003)

Timor-Leste
the US dollar is used

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
482.71 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.3811 (2007),
1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003)

Tonga
pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96
(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar
- 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107 (2006), 6.2842 (2005), 6.299 (2004), 6.2951
(2003)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.2776 (2007), 1.331
(2006), 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003)

Turkey
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.319 (2007), 1.4286
(2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003)
note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to
new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish
lira

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 6,250 (2007)
official rate
note: the commercial rate was 19,800 Turkemen manat per US$ (2007)

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 1,685.8 (2007),
1,834.9 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003)

Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 5.05 (2007), 5.05 (2006),
5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.673
(2007), 3.673 (2006), 3.6725 (2005), 3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003)
note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002

United Kingdom
British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),
0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)

United States
British pounds per US dollar: 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418
(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006), 1.2118
(2005), 1.3010 (2004), 1.4011 (2003)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006) 110.22
(2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003)
euros per US dollar: 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.8860 (2003)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005),
8.2768 (2004), 8.2770 (2003)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 23.947 (2007), 24.048
(2006), 24.479 (2005), 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,263.8 (2007),
1,219.8 (2006), 1,020 (2005), 971.265 (2004), 771.029 (2003)

Vanuatu
vatu (VUV) per US dollar - NA (2007), 111.93 (2006), NA
(2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)

Venezuela
bolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006),
2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003)
note: On 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000
old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivar

Vietnam
dong (VND) per US dollar - 16,119 (2007), 15,983 (2006),
15,746 (2005), NA (2004), 15,510 (2003)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - NA (2007), 95.03 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 4.14 (2007),
4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3563 (2007),
8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.5744 (2003)

Yemen
Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 199.14 (2007), 197.18
(2006), 192.67 (2005), 184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5
(2006), 4,463.5 (2005), 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - 30,000 (2007),
162.07 (2006), 77.965 (2005), 5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003)
note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates vary
significantly

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2077 Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents
Ahmad Zia MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; former King ZAHIR Shah held the honorific, "Father of
the Country," and presided symbolically over certain occasions but
lacked any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary;
King ZAHIR Shah died on 23 July 2007
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); Vice Presidents Ahmad Zia
MASOOD and Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)
cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no
candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of
voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a
second round; a president can only be elected for two terms;
election last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANUNI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL 1.2%

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Richard LACEY
(since 26 April 2006); note - reports to the British Ministry of
Defense
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since
24 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); four election rounds
held between 8 and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Bamir TOPI elected president; People's Assembly
vote, fourth round (three-fifths majority (84 votes) required):
Bamir TOPI 85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 23 June 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a third term under 2008 amendment to constitution);
election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%

American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US
president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic
and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and
lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for
four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 4
and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent of
vote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16
May 2007); represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002) and
Spanish Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May
2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since 30 July 2003)
head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTAT
SANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held in April-May
2009)
election results: Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister by
MPLA on 26 September 2008
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) under
the 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in
1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for
reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September
1992 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI
40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held
because SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the
civil war resumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the
president

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Andrew N. GEORGE (since 10 July 2006)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK
(since 17 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen by the
monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER
(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10
December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since
10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in 2011)
election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;
percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO
23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%

Armenia
chief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February 2008
(next to be held February 2013); prime minister appointed by the
president based on majority or plurality support in parliament; the
prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National
Assembly refuses to accept their program
election results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote
- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, Artur
BAGHDASARIAN 16.7%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980); represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held in 2005 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since
5 September 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Kevin RUDD (since 3 December
2007); Deputy Prime Minister Julia GILLARD (since 3 December 2007)
cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to
serve as government ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of
a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor
general

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July
2004)
head of government: Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2
December 2008); Vice Chancellor Josef PROELL (OeVP) (since 2
December 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held
25 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2010); chancellor formally
chosen by the president but determined by the coalition parties
forming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by the
president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER 47.6%
note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2008
(next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and first deputy
prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the
National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote
- Ilham ALIYEV 88.7%, Igbal AGHAZADE 2.9%, five other candidates
with smaller percentages
note: several political parties boycotted the election due to unfair
conditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meet
international standards

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1
February 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 4 May
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa
(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman
al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDH
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by
the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002)
note: the country has a caretaker government until a general
election is held; Iajuddin AHMED remains as President and Minister
of Defense, and all other Cabinet portfolios are held by Caretaker
Advisers (CAs); the Chief CA, Fakhruddin AHMED, is roughly
equivalent to a prime minister
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election scheduled for 16
September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the only
presidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (next
election NA); following legislative elections, the leader of the
party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister
by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared president-elect by the
Election Commission; he ran unopposed as president; percent of
National Parliament vote - NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister David THOMPSON (since 16 January
2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergey SIDORSKIY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a
November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;
an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and
allowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on
19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed
by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,
Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Yves LETERME (20 March 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the monarch and then approved by parliament

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Dean BARROW (since 8 February
2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Benin
chief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April
2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); runoff election held 19 March 2006
(next to be held in March 2011)
election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent of
vote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%

Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 12 December 2007)
head of government: Premier Ewart BROWN (since 30 October 2006);
Deputy Premier Paula COX
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
premier by the governor

Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14
December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the
throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him
head of government: Prime Minister Jigme THINLEY (since 9 April 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July
1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch
with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly occurred
in March 2008; the leader of the majority party is nominated as the
prime minister

Bolivia
chief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18
December 2005 (next to be held in 2010)
election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma elected president; percent
of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 53.7%; Jorge Fernando QUIROGA
Ramirez 28.6%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 7.8%; Michiaki NAGATANI
Morishit 6.5%; Felipe QUISPE Huanca 2.2%; Guildo ANGULA Cabrera 0.7%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman since 6 November 2008; presidency
member since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other members of the
three-member presidency rotating (every eight months): Haris
SILAJDZIC (presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Bosniak); and
Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Croat)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola
SPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term
(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);
the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it
left off following each national election; election last held 1
October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% of
the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC received 39.6% of the
votes for the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC received 62.8% of the
votes for the Bosniak seat
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Borjana
KRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC
(since NA 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since NA 2007); President of the
Republika Srpska: Rajko KUSMANOVIC (since 28 December 2007)

Botswana
chief of state: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1
April 2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April
2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004
(next to be held in October 2009); vice president appointed by the
president
election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 52%

Brazil
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio "LULA" DA SILVA (since
1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio "LULA" DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1
October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October
2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)
election results: Luiz Inacio "LULA" DA SILVA (PT) reelected
president - 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%

British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Colin ROBERTS (since July 2008);
Administrator Joanne YEADON (since December 2007); note - both
reside in the UK and are represented by the officer commanding
British Forces on Diego Garcia
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor David PEAREY (since 18 April
2006)
head of government: Premier Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 23 August 2007)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the House of Assembly
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
premier by the governor

Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967)
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August
2005); Deputy Prime Ministers Ivaylo KALFIN, Daniel VULCHEV, and
Emel ETEM (since 16 August 2005) and Meglena PLUGCHIEVA (since 25
April 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011);
chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by
the president and elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime
ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the
National Assembly
election results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of
vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Sergei STANISHEV
elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67

Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Tertius ZONGO (since 4 June 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 13 November 2005
(next to be held in 2010); in April 2000, the constitution was
amended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years,
enforceable as of 2005; prime minister appointed by the president
with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent of
popular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.3%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA
4.9%

Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24
October 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by SPDC; military junta assumed power
18 September 1988 under name State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC)
elections: none

Burundi
chief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August
2005); First Vice President Yves SAVINGUVU - Tutsi (since 9 November
2007); Second Vice President Gabriel NTISEZERANA - Hutu (since 9
February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August
2005); First Vice President Yves SAVINGUVU - Tutsi (since 9 November
2007); Second Vice President Gabriel NTISEZERANA - Hutu (since 9
February 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adopted
in February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected
by a two-thirds majority of the parliament; vice presidents
nominated by the president, endorsed by parliament
election results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA was elected president by the
parliament by a vote of 151 to 9; note - the constitution adopted in
February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected by
a two-thirds majority of the legislature

Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
[co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime
Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime
Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR
NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5
September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 25 September 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in
practice named by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or
majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the
National Assembly and appointed by the king

Cameroon
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 December
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 11 October 2004
(next to be held by October 2011); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, Garga
Haman ADJI 3.7%

Canada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Michaelle JEAN (since 27 September
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February
2006)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from
among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year
term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of
Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the governor
general

Cape Verde
chief of state: President Pedro Verona PIRES (since 22
March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 12 February 2006
(next to be held in February 2011); prime minister nominated by the
National Assembly and appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES reelected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 51.2%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 48.8%