Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (114)

Swaziland
total: 68.63 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 71.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Sweden
total: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Switzerland
total: 4.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Syria
total: 25.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.13 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Taiwan
total: 5.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Tajikistan
total: 41.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 35.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Tanzania
total: 69.28 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 76.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Thailand
total: 17.63 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Timor-Leste
total: 40.65 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 46.72 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 34.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Togo
total: 56.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Tokelau
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA (2008 est.)

Tonga
total: 11.58 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 29.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 31.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 28.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Tunisia
total: 22.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Turkey
total: 25.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Turkmenistan
total: 45.36 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 36.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 13.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Tuvalu
total: 18.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Uganda
total: 64.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 68.46 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Ukraine
total: 8.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.86 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 4.85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

United States
total: 6.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Uruguay
total: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Uzbekistan
total: 23.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 49.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 51.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 46.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Venezuela
total: 21.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Vietnam
total: 22.88 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Virgin Islands
total: 7.56 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
total: 5.02 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

West Bank
total: 15.96 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Western Sahara
total: 69.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 69.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 69.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

World
total: 40.85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 43.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Yemen
total: 54.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 59.12 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 50.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Zambia
total: 101.2 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 96.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Zimbabwe
total: 32.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

======================================================================

@2092

Field Listing :: Inflation rate (consumer prices)

This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices
compared with the previous year's consumer prices.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%)

Afghanistan
13% (2007 est.)

Albania
3.4% (2008 est.)
2.9% (2007 est.)

Algeria
4.4% (2008 est.)
3.5% (2007 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
3.9% (2007)
3.2% (2005)

Angola
12.5% (2008 est.)
12.2% (2007 est.)

Anguilla
5.3% (2006 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
1.5% (2007 est.)

Argentina
8.6% (2008 est.)
8.8% (2007 est.)
note: based on official estimates, which lack credibility;
non-official estimates put inflation at 22% in 2008

Armenia
9% (2008 est.)
4.4% (2007 est.)

Aruba
3.4% (2005)

Australia
4.4% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Austria
3.2% (2008 est.)
2.2% (2007 est.)

Azerbaijan
20.8% (2008 est.)
16.7% (2007 est.)

Bahamas, The
2.4% (2007 est.)

Bahrain
7% (2008 est.)
3.3% (2007 est.)

Bangladesh
8.9% (2008 est.)
9.1% (2007 est.)

Barbados
5.5% (2007 est.)

Belarus
14.8% (2008 est.)
8.4% (2007 est.)

Belgium
4.5% (2008 est.)
1.8% (2007 est.)

Belize
6.4% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Benin
7.9% (2008 est.)
1.3% (2007 est.)

Bermuda
2.8% (November 2005)

Bhutan
4.9% (2007 est.)

Bolivia
14% (2008 est.)
8.7% (2007 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
7.3% (2008 est.)
1.6% (2007 est.)

Botswana
12.6% (2008 est.)
7.1% (2007 est.)

Brazil
5.7% (2008 est.)
3.6% (2007 est.)

British Virgin Islands
2% (2005)

Brunei
0.3% (2007 est.)

Bulgaria
12.3% (2008 est.)
9.8% (2007 est.)

Burkina Faso
10.7% (2008 est.)
-0.2% (2007 est.)

Burma
26.8% (2008 est.)
35% (2007 est.)

Burundi
24.1% (2008 est.)
8.3% (2007 est.)

Cambodia
25% (2008 est.)
5.9% (2007 est.)

Cameroon
5.3% (2008 est.)
1.1% (2007 est.)

Canada
2.4% (2008 est.)
2.1% (2007 est.)

Cape Verde
6.8% (2008 est.)
4.4% (2007 est.)

Cayman Islands
4.4% (2004)

Central African Republic
0.9% (2007 est.)

Chad
10.3% (2008 est.)
4% (2007 est.)

Chile
8.7% (2008 est.)
4.4% (2007 est.)

China
5.9% (2008 est.)
4.8% (2007 est.)

Colombia
7% (2008 est.)
5.5% (2007 est.)

Comoros
3% (2007 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
16.7% (2007 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
7.3% (2008 est.)
2.7% (2007 est.)

Cook Islands
2.1% (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
13.4% (2008 est.)
9.4% (2007 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
6.3% (2008 est.)
1.9% (2007 est.)

Croatia
6.1% (2008 est.)
4.5% (2007 est.)

Cuba
3.4% (2008 est.)
3.1% (2007 est.)

Cyprus
4.7% (2008 est.)
2.4% (2007 est.)

Czech Republic
6.3% (2008 est.)
2.9% (2007 est.)

Denmark
3.4% (2008 est.)
1.7% (2007 est.)

Djibouti
5% (2007 est.)

Dominica
2.7% (2007 est.)

Dominican Republic
10.6% (2008 est.)
6.1% (2007 est.)

Ecuador
8.3% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Egypt
18.3% (2008 est.)
9.5% (2007 est.)

El Salvador
7.3% (2008 est.)
4.6% (2007 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
7.5% (2008 est.)
6% (2007 est.)

Eritrea
18% (2008 est.)
17% (2007 est.)

Estonia
10.4% (2008 est.)
6.6% (2007 est.)

Ethiopia
44.4% (2008 est.)
17.2% (2007 est.)

European Union
3.5% (2008 est.)
1.8% (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
3.6% (1998)

Faroe Islands
1.8% (2005)

Fiji
4.8% (2007)

Finland
4.1% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)

France
2.8% (2008 est.)
1.5% (2007 est.)

French Polynesia
1.1% (2007)
1.1% (2006 est.)

Gabon
5.3% (2008 est.)
5% (2007 est.)

Gambia, The
4.5% (2008 est.)
5.1% (2007 est.)

Gaza Strip
11.5% (2008)
3.6% (2006)
note: includes West Bank

Georgia
10% (2008 est.)
9.3% (2007 est.)

Germany
2.7% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Ghana
16.5% (2008 est.)
10.7% (2007 est.)

Gibraltar
2.9% (2005)

Greece
4.1% (2008 est.)
2.9% (2007 est.)

Greenland
1% (2005 est.)

Grenada
3.7% (2007 est.)

Guam
2.5% (2005 est.)

Guatemala
11.4% (2008 est.)
6.8% (2007 est.)

Guernsey
3.4% (June 2006)

Guinea
15% (2008 est.)
23.4% (2007 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
3.8% (2007 est.)

Guyana
8.3% (2008 est.)
12.3% (2007 est.)

Haiti
15.5% (2008 est.)
8.5% (2007 est.)

Honduras
11.4% (2008 est.)
6.9% (2007 est.)

Hong Kong
4.3% (2008 est.)
2% (2007 est.)

Hungary
6.1% (2008 est.)
8% (2007 est.)

Iceland
12.7% (2008 est.)
5.1% (2007 est.)

India
8.3% (2008 est.)
6.4% (2007 est.)

Indonesia
9.9% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)

Iran
25.6% (2008 est.)
17.1% (2007 est.)
note: official Iranian estimate

Iraq
2.8% (2008 est.)
4.7% (2007 est.)

Ireland
4.1% (2008 est.)
4.9% (2007 est.)

Isle of Man
3.1% (December 2006 est.)

Israel
4.6% (2008 est.)
0.5% (2007 est.)

Italy
3.4% (2008 est.)
1.8% (2007 est.)

Jamaica
22% (2008 est.)
9.5% (2007 est.)

Japan
1.4% (2008 est.)
0.1% (2007 est.)

Jersey
3.7% (December 2006)

Jordan
14.9% (2008 est.)
5.4% (2007 est.)

Kazakhstan
17% (2008 est.)
10.8% (2007 est.)

Kenya
26.2% (2008 est.)
9.7% (2007 est.)

Kiribati
0.2% (2007 est.)

Korea, North
NA%

Korea, South
4.7% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)

Kosovo
5.3% (2007 est.)

Kuwait
10.6% (2008 est.)
5.5% (2007 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
24.5% (2008 est.)
10.2% (2007 est.)

Laos
8.6% (2008 est.)
4.5% (2007 est.)

Latvia
15.4% (2008 est.)
10.1% (2007 est.)

Lebanon
10% (2008 est.)
4.2% (2007 est.)

Lesotho
10.7% (2008 est.)
8% (2007 est.)

Liberia
11.2% (2007 est.)

Libya
10.4% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)

Liechtenstein
1% (2001)

Lithuania
10.9% (2008 est.)
5.7% (2007 est.)

Luxembourg
3.4% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Macau
6.2% (December 2008)
7.2% (2006)

Macedonia
8.3% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

Madagascar
9.2% (2008 est.)
10.3% (2007 est.)

Malawi
8.7% (2008 est.)
7.9% (2007 est.)

Malaysia
5.4% (2008 est.)
2% (2007 est.)
note: approximately 30% of goods are price-controlled

Maldives
12.8% (October 2008 est.)
5% (2007 est.)

Mali
2.5% (2007 est.)

Malta
4.3% (2008 est.)
1.3% (2007 est.)

Marshall Islands
12.9% (2008 est.)
3% (2005 est.)

Mauritania
7.3% (2007 est.)

Mauritius
9.7% (2008 est.)
8.8% (2007 est.)

Mayotte
1.7% (2005)

Mexico
5.1% (2008 est.)
4% (2007 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
2.2% (2005)

Moldova
12.8% (2008 est.)
12.3% (2007 est.)

Monaco
1.9% (2000)

Mongolia
28% (2008 est.)
9% (2007 est.)

Montenegro
3.4% (2007)

Montserrat
2.6% (2002 est.)

Morocco
3.8% (2008 est.)
2% (2007 est.)

Mozambique
10.3% (2008 est.)
8.2% (2007 est.)

Namibia
10.3% (2008 est.)
6.7% (2007 est.)

Nauru
NA%

Nepal
7.7% (2008 est.)
6.4% (2007 est.)

Netherlands
2.5% (2008 est.)
1.6% (2007 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
2.1% (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
1.4% (2000 est.)

New Zealand
4% (2008 est.)
2.4% (2007 est.)

Nicaragua
19.8% (2008 est.)
11.1% (2007 est.)

Niger
0.1% (2007 est.)

Nigeria
11.6% (2008 est.)
5.4% (2007 est.)

Niue
4% (2005)

Northern Mariana Islands
-0.8% (2000)

Norway
3.8% (2008 est.)
0.8% (2007 est.)

Oman
12.5% (2008 est.)
5.9% (2007 est.)

Pakistan
20.3% (2008 est.)
7.6% (2007 est.)

Palau
2.7% (2005 est.)

Panama
8.8% (2008 est.)
4.2% (2007 est.)

Papua New Guinea
10.7% (2008 est.)
0.9% (2007 est.)

Paraguay
10.2% (2008 est.)
8.1% (2007 est.)

Peru
5.8% (2008 est.)
1.8% (2007 est.)

Philippines
9.3% (2008 est.)
2.8% (2007 est.)

Poland
4.2% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)

Portugal
2.6% (2008 est.)
2.4% (2007 est.)

Puerto Rico
6.5% (2003 est.)

Qatar
15.2% (2008 est.)
13.7% (2007 est.)

Romania
7.8% (2008 est.)
4.8% (2007 est.)

Russia
14.1% (2008 est.)
9% (2007 est.)

Rwanda
15.4% (2008 est.)
9.1% (2007 est.)

Saint Helena
3.2% (1997 est.)
3.2% (1997 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
4.5% (2007 est.)

Saint Lucia
1.9% (2007 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8.1% (2005)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.1% (2007 est.)

Samoa
6% (2007 est.)

San Marino
-3.5% (2008)
-1.5% (2006)

Sao Tome and Principe
26% (2008 est.)
18% (2007 est.)

Saudi Arabia
9.9% (2008 est.)
4.1% (2007 est.)

Senegal
5.8% (2008 est.)
5.9% (2007 est.)

Serbia
6.8% (2007)

Seychelles
37% (2008 est.)
5.3% (2007 est.)

Sierra Leone
11.7% (2007 est.)

Singapore
6.5% (2008 est.)
2.1% (2007 est.)

Slovakia
4.6% (2008 est.)
2.8% (2007 est.)

Slovenia
5.7% (2008 est.)
3.6% (2007 est.)

Solomon Islands
6.3% (2007 est.)

Somalia
NA%
note: businesses print their own money, so inflation rates cannot be
easily determined

South Africa
11.3% (2008 est.)
6.5% (2007 est.)

Spain
4.1% (2008 est.)
2.8% (2007 est.)

Sri Lanka
22.6% (2008 est.)
15.8% (2007 est.)

Sudan
14.3% (2008 est.)
8% (2007 est.)

Suriname
6.4% (2007 est.)

Swaziland
13.4% (2008 est.)
8.1% (2007 est.)

Sweden
3.5% (2008 est.)
2.2% (2007 est.)

Switzerland
2.4% (2008 est.)
0.7% (2007 est.)

Syria
15.7% (2008 est.)
12.2% (2007 est.)

Taiwan
3.5% (2008 est.)
1.8% (2007 est.)

Tajikistan
20.5% (2008 est.)
13.1% (2007 est.)

Tanzania
10.3% (2008 est.)
7% (2007 est.)

Thailand
5.5% (2008 est.)
2.2% (2007 est.)

Timor-Leste
7.8% (2007 est.)

Togo
8.7% (2008 est.)
1% (2007 est.)

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
5.9% (2007 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
12% (2008 est.)
7.9% (2007 est.)

Tunisia
5% (2008 est.)
3.1% (2007 est.)

Turkey
10.4% (2008 est.)
8.7% (2007 est.)

Turkmenistan
13% (2008 est.)
11.3% (2007 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4% (1995)

Tuvalu
3.8% (2006 est.)

Uganda
12.1% (2008 est.)
6.1% (2007 est.)

Ukraine
25.2% (2008 est.)
12.8% (2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates
15.8% (2008 est.)
14% (2007 est.)

United Kingdom
3.6% (2008 est.)
2.3% (2007 est.)

United States
3.8% (2008 est.)
2.9% (2007 est.)

Uruguay
7.9% (2008 est.)
8.1% (2007 est.)

Uzbekistan
14% (2008 est.)
12% (2007 est.)
note: official data; based on independent analysis of consumer
prices, inflation reached 38% in 2008

Vanuatu
3.9% (2007 est.)

Venezuela
30.4% (2008 est.)
18.7% (2007 est.)

Vietnam
23.1% (2008 est.)
8.3% (2007 est.)

Virgin Islands
2.2% (2003)

Wallis and Futuna
2.8% (2005)

West Bank
11.5% (2008)
3.6% (2006)
note: data in include Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
NA%

World
developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries
5% to 20% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in
individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation
in one Third World country (Zimbabwe); inflation rates have declined
for most countries for the last several years, held in check by
increasing international competition from several low wage countries

Yemen
19% (2008 est.)
10% (2007 est.)

Zambia
12.4% (2008 est.)
10.6% (2007 est.)

Zimbabwe
14.93 billion% (2008 est.)
12,563% (2007 est.)

======================================================================

@2093

Field Listing :: Waterways

This entry gives the total length of navigable rivers, canals, and
other inland bodies of water.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Waterways(km)

Afghanistan
1,200 km (chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to
500 DWT) (2008)

Albania
43 km (2008)

Angola
1,300 km (2008)

Argentina
11,000 km (2007)

Australia
2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and
Murray-Darling river systems) (2006)

Austria
358 km (2007)

Bangladesh
8,370 km
note: includes up to 3,060 km main cargo routes; network reduced to
5,200 km in dry season (2007)

Belarus
2,500 km (use limited by location on perimeter of country
and by shallowness) (2003)

Belgium
2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2008)

Belize
825 km (navigable only by small craft) (2008)

Benin
150 km (on River Niger along northern border) (2007)

Bolivia
10,000 km (commercially navigable) (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sava River (northern border) open to shipping
but use limited (2008)

Brazil
50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population)
(2008)

Brunei
209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m) (2008)

Bulgaria
470 km (2008)

Burma
12,800 km (2008)

Burundi
mainly on Lake Tanganyika (2008)

Cambodia
2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2008)

Cameroon
navigation mainly on Benue River; limited during rainy
season (2008)

Canada
636 km
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2008)

Central African Republic
2,800 km (primarily on the Oubangui and
Sangha rivers) (2007)

Chad
Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season (2008)

China
110,000 km navigable (2008)

Colombia
18,000 km (2008)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
15,000 km (2008)

Congo, Republic of the
1,120 km (commercially navigable on Congo and
Oubanqui rivers) (2008)

Costa Rica
730 km (seasonally navigable by small craft) (2008)

Cote d'Ivoire
980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal
lagoons) (2008)

Croatia
785 km (2008)

Cuba
240 km (2008)

Czech Republic
664 km (principally on Elbe, Vltava, Oder, and other
navigable rivers, lakes, and canals) (2008)

Denmark
400 km (2008)

Ecuador
1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2008)

Egypt
3,500 km
note: includes Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway,
and numerous smaller canals in delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including
approaches) navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m
(2007)

El Salvador
Rio Lempa partially navigable for small craft (2008)

Estonia
320 km (2008)

European Union
52,332 km (2006)

Fiji
203 km
note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges
(2008)

Finland
7,842 km
note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased
from Russia (2008)

France
metropolitan France: 8,501 km (1,621 km accessible to craft
of 3,000 metric tons)
French Guiana: 3,760 km (460 km navigable by small oceangoing
vessels and coastal and river steamers, 3,300 km by native craft)
(2008)

Gabon
1,600 km (310 km on Ogooue River) (2008)

Gambia, The
390 km (on River Gambia; small ocean-going vessels can
reach 190 km) (2008)

Germany
7,467 km
note: Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North
Sea and Black Sea (2008)

Ghana
1,293 km
note: 168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano
rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta
(2008)

Greece
6 km
note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens
sea voyage by 325 km (2008)

Guatemala
990 km
note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable
during high-water season (2007)

Guinea
1,300 km (navigable by shallow-draft native craft) (2008)

Guinea-Bissau
rivers are navigable for some distance; many inlets
and creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior (2008)

Guyana
330 km
note: Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by
oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km respectively (2008)

Honduras
465 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2008)

Hungary
1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2008)

India
14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for
mechanized vessels (2008)

Indonesia
21,579 km (2008)

Iran
850 km (on Karun River; additional service on Lake Urmia) (2008)

Iraq
5,279 km
note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third
River (565 km) are principal waterways (2008)

Ireland
956 km (pleasure craft only) (2008)

Italy
2,400 km
note: used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared
to road and rail (2008)

Japan
1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2007)

Kazakhstan
4,000 km (on the Ertis ((Irtysh)) River (80%) and Syr
Darya ((Syrdariya)) River) (2008)

Kenya
part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya
(2007)

Kiribati
5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands) (2007)

Korea, North
2,250 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2008)

Korea, South
1,608 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2008)

Kyrgyzstan
600 km (2008)

Laos
4,600 km
note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,900 additional km are
intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m (2008)

Latvia
300 km (2007)

Liechtenstein
28 km (2008)

Lithuania
441 km (2007)

Luxembourg
37 km (on Moselle River) (2008)

Madagascar
600 km
note: 432 km navigable (2008)

Malawi
700 km (on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire River) (2008)

Malaysia
7,200 km
note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah 1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km
(2008)

Mali
1,800 km (2008)

Mauritania
some navigation possible on Senegal River

Mexico
2,900 km (navigable rivers and coastal canals) (2008)

Moldova
424 km (on Dniester and Prut rivers) (2008)

Mongolia
580 km
note: only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge
River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry
little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May
to September (2007)

Mozambique
460 km (Zambezi River navigable to Tete and along Cahora
Bassa Lake) (2008)

Netherlands
6,215 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2007)

Nicaragua
2,220 km (including lakes Managua and Nicaragua) (2008)

Niger
300 km (the Niger, the only major river, is navigable to Gaya
between September and March) (2008)

Nigeria
8,600 km (Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and
creeks) (2008)

Norway
1,577 km (2008)

Panama
800 km (includes 82 km Panama Canal) (2008)

Papua New Guinea
11,000 km (2006)

Paraguay
3,100 km (2008)

Peru
8,808 km
note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km
of Lago Titicaca (2008)

Philippines
3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m)
(2008)

Poland
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2007)

Portugal
210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2008)

Romania
1,731 km
note: includes 1,075 km on Danube River, 524 km on secondary
branches, and 132 km on canals (2006)

Russia
102,000 km (including 33,000 km with guaranteed depth)
note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White
Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2007)

Rwanda
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
(2008)

Senegal
1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance
rivers) (2008)

Serbia
587 km (primarily on Danube and Sava rivers) (2008)

Sierra Leone
800 km (600 km year round) (2007)

Slovakia
172 km (on Danube River) (2008)

Slovenia
some transport on Danube River (2008)

Spain
1,000 km (2008)

Sri Lanka
160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2008)

Sudan
4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile
rivers) (2008)

Suriname
1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m)
(2008)

Sweden
2,052 km (2007)

Switzerland
65 km (Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and
Schaffhausen-Bodensee) (2008)

Syria
900 km (not economically significant) (2008)

Tajikistan
200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2008)

Tanzania
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa principal
avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; rivers not navigable
(2007)

Thailand
4,000 km
note: 3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m (2008)

Togo
50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2008)

Turkey
1,200 km (2008)

Turkmenistan
1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important
inland waterways) (2008)

Uganda
on Lake Victoria, 200 km on Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, and
parts of Albert Nile (2008)

Ukraine
2,176 km (most on Dnieper River) (2007)

United Kingdom
3,200 km (620 km used for commerce) (2008)

United States
41,009 km (19,312 km used for commerce)
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with Canada (2008)

Uruguay
1,600 km (2008)

Uzbekistan
1,100 km (2008)

Venezuela
7,100 km
note: Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by
oceangoing vessels (2008)

Vietnam
17,702 km (5,000 km navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft)
(2008)

World
671,886 km (2004)

Zambia
2,250 km (includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and
Luapula rivers) (2008)

Zimbabwe
on Lake Kariba (2008)

======================================================================

@2094

Field Listing :: Judicial branch

This entry contains the name(s) of the highest court(s) and a brief
description of the selection process for members.
Country

Judicial branch

Afghanistan
the constitution establishes a nine-member Stera Mahkama
or Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for 10-year terms
by the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga) and subordinate
High Courts and Appeals Courts; there is also a minister of justice;
a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission established by
the Bonn Agreement is charged with investigating human rights abuses
and war crimes

Albania
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by
the People's Assembly for a four-year term) and multiple appeals and
district courts

Algeria
Supreme Court

American Samoa
High Court (chief justice and associate justices are
appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior)

Andorra
Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the
Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or
Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice
or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri
Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

Angola
Supreme Court and separate provincial courts (judges are
appointed by the president)

Anguilla
High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme
Court)

Antigua and Barbuda
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court consisting of a
High Court of Justice and a Court of Appeal (based in Saint Lucia;
two judges of the Supreme Court are residents of the islands and
preside over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction); Magistrates'
Courts; member of the Caribbean Court of Justice

Argentina
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the Supreme Court judges
are appointed by the president with approval of the Senate)
note: the Supreme Court has seven judges; the Argentine Congress in
2006 passed a bill to gradually reduce the number of Supreme Court
judges to five

Armenia
Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Aruba
Common Court of Justice of Aruba (judges are appointed by the
monarch)

Australia
High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are
appointed by the governor general)

Austria
Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof;
Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court
or Verfassungsgerichtshof

Azerbaijan
Supreme Court

Bahamas, The
Privy Council in London; Courts of Appeal; Supreme
(lower) Court; Magistrates' Courts

Bahrain
High Civil Appeals Court

Bangladesh
Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are
appointed by the president)

Barbados
Supreme Court of Judicature consists of a High Court and a
Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the Service Commissions for
the Judicial and Legal Services); Caribbean Court of Justice or CCJ
is the highest court of appeal; based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and
Tobago

Belarus
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president
and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Belgium
Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or
Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the
government; candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice
Council)

Belize
Summary Jurisdiction Courts (criminal) and District Courts
(civil jurisdiction); Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed
by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court
of Appeal; Privy Council in the UK; member of the Caribbean Court of
Justice (CCJ)

Benin
Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle; Supreme Court
or Cour Supreme; High Court of Justice

Bermuda
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts

Bhutan
Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges
appointed by the monarch); note - the draft constitution establishes
a Supreme Court that will serve as chief court of appeal

Bolivia
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year
terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each
department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases);
Constitutional Tribunal (five primary or titulares and five
alternate or suplente magistrates appointed by Congress; to rule on
constitutional issues); National Electoral Court (six members
elected by Congress, Supreme Court, the president, and the political
party with the highest vote in the last election for four-year
terms); note - under the 2009 Constitution, all Constitutional and
Supreme Court judges will be elected by popular vote

Bosnia and Herzegovina
BH Constitutional Court (consists of nine
members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's
House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's
National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of
the European Court of Human Rights); BH State Court (consists of
nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and
Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law
and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities); a
War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a
number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the
Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska
has five municipal courts

Botswana
High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in
each district)

Brazil
Supreme Federal Tribunal or STF (11 ministers are appointed
for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher
Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are
appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life," judges,
like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

British Virgin Islands
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting
of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of
the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the
High Court); Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary
Jurisdiction

Brunei
Supreme Court - chief justice and judges are sworn in by
monarch for three-year terms; Judicial Committee of Privy Council in
London is final court of appeal for civil cases; Sharia courts deal
with Islamic laws (2006)

Bulgaria
independent judiciary comprised of judges, prosecutors and
investigating magistrates who are appointed, promoted, demoted, and
dismissed by a 25-member Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the
chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22
members, half of whom are elected by the National Assembly and the
other half by the bodies of the judiciary for a 5-year term in
office); three levels of case review; 182 courts of which two
Supreme Courts act as the last instance on civil and criminal cases
(the Supreme Court of Cassation) and appeals of government decisions
(the Supreme Administrative Court)

Burkina Faso
Supreme Court; Appeals Court

Burma
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but
there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not
independent of the executive

Burundi
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; High
Court of Justice (composed of the Supreme Court and the
Constitutional Court)

Cambodia
Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the
constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower
courts) exercises judicial authority

Cameroon
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High
Court of Justice (consists of nine judges and six substitute judges;
elected by the National Assembly)

Canada
Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime
minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada;
Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named
variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court,
Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)

Cape Verde
Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia

Cayman Islands
Grand Court; Cayman Islands Court of Appeal; Summary
Court

Central African Republic
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
Constitutional Court (three judges appointed by the president, three
by the president of the National Assembly, and three by fellow
judges); Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Inferior Courts

Chad
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate
Courts

Chile
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the
president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates
provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is
elected every three years by the 20-member court); Constitutional
Tribunal (eight-members - two each from the Senate, Chamber of
Deputies, Supreme Court, and National Security Council - review the
constitutionality of laws approved by Congress)

China
Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National
People's Congress); Local People's Courts (comprise higher,
intermediate, and basic courts); Special People's Courts (primarily
military, maritime, railway transportation, and forestry courts)

Christmas Island
Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court

Colombia
four roughly coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme
Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (highest court of
criminal law; judges are selected by their peers from the nominees
of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms); Council of
State (highest court of administrative law; judges are selected from
the nominees of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms);
Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the
constitution; rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the
constitution, and international treaties); Superior Judicial Council
(administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; resolves
jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are
elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms)

Comoros
Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the
president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected
by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of
the republic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Constitutional Court; Appeals
Court or Cour de Cassation; Council of State; High Military Court;
plus civil and military courts and tribunals

Congo, Republic of the
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Cook Islands
High Court

Costa Rica
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected
for renewable eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)

Cote d'Ivoire
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four
chambers: Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for
financial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases,
and Administrative Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit
to the number of members

Croatia
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts
are appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the
Republic, which is elected by the Assembly

Cuba
People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president,
vice president, and other judges are elected by the National
Assembly)

Cyprus
Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president
and vice president)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in the area administered by
Turkish Cypriots

Czech Republic
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and
deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term

Denmark
Supreme Court (judges are appointed for life by the monarch)

Djibouti
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Dominica
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of
Appeal and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six
judges must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary
Jurisdiction)

Dominican Republic
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are
appointed by the National Judicial Council comprised of the
president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president
of the Supreme Court, and an additional non-governing party
congressional representative)

Ecuador
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (according to the
Constitution, new justices are elected by the full Supreme Court; in
December 2004, however, Congress successfully replaced the entire
court by a simple majority resolution)

Egypt
Supreme Constitutional Court

El Salvador
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (15 judges are selected
by the Legislative Assembly; the 15 judges are assigned to four
Supreme Court chambers - constitutional, civil, penal, and
administrative conflict)

Equatorial Guinea
Supreme Tribunal

Eritrea
High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also
have military and special courts

Estonia
Supreme Court (chairman appointed for life by Parliament)

Ethiopia
Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of
the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other
federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's
Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal
Judicial Administrative Council)

European Union
Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures
that the treaties are interpreted and applied uniformly throughout
the EU; resolve constitutional issues among the EU institutions) -
27 justices (one from each member state) appointed for a six-year
term; note - for the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 13
justices known as the "Grand Chamber"; Court of First Instance - 27
justices appointed for a six-year term

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Supreme Court (chief justice is a
nonresident); Magistrates Court (senior magistrate presides over
civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Faroe Islands
none

Fiji
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of
Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Finland
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the
president)

France
Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are
appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of
the Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel
(three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the
president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the
president of the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat

French Polynesia
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court of the First
Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative
Law or Tribunal Administratif

Gabon
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers -
Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts
of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts

Gambia, The
Supreme Court

Georgia
Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the
president's or chairman of the Supreme Court's recommendation);
Constitutional Court; first and second instance courts

Germany
Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht
(half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the
Bundesrat)

Ghana
Supreme Court

Gibraltar
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Greece
Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges
are appointed for life by the president after consultation with a
judicial council

Greenland
High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre
Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in
Copenhagen)

Grenada
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of a court of
Appeal and a High Court of Justice (two High Court judges are
assigned to and reside in Grenada); Itinerant Court of Appeal three
judges; member of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

Guam
Federal District Court (judge is appointed by the president);
Territorial Superior Court (judges appointed for eight-year terms by
the governor)

Guatemala
Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitucionalidad is
Guatemala's highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent
five-year terms); Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de
Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a
president of the Court each year from among their number; the
president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial
judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)

Guernsey
Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the
bailiff)

Guinea
Court of First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance;
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Guinea-Bissau
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists
of nine justices appointed by the president and serve at his
pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases);
Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals
for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases
valued at more than $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not
necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases valued at less
than $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases)

Guyana
Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of the High Court and
the Court of Appeal, with right of final appeal to the Caribbean
Court of Justice (CCJ)

Haiti
Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation

Holy See (Vatican City)
there are three tribunals responsible for
civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other
tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See
note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pope
PIUS XII on 1 May 1946

Honduras
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (15
judges are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)

Hong Kong
Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region

Hungary
Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National
Assembly for nine-year terms)

Iceland
Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for
life by the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices
are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)

India
Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are
appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the
age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")

Indonesia
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of
appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are
appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the
legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative
and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or
Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003)
has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a
general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from
office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began
functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has
jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent
Corruption Eradication Commission; in 2006, the Constitutional Court
declared the mechanism by which the Anti-Corruption Court was
established unconstitutional and gave the parliament until the end
of 2009 to pass Anti-Corruption Court legislation

Iran
The Supreme Court (Qeveh Qazaieh) and the four-member High
Council of the Judiciary have a single head and overlapping
responsibilities; together they supervise the enforcement of all
laws and establish judicial and legal policies; lower courts include
a special clerical court, a revolutionary court, and a special
administrative court

Iraq
the Iraq Constitution calls for the federal judicial power to
be comprised of the Higher Judicial Council, Federal Supreme Court,
Federal Court of Cassation, Public Prosecution Department, Judiciary
Oversight Commission and other federal courts that are regulated in
accordance with the law

Ireland
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister and cabinet)

Isle of Man
High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the
Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant
governor)

Israel
Supreme Court (justices appointed by Judicial Selection
Committee - made up of all three branches of the government;
mandatory retirement age is 70)

Italy
Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15
judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by
parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative
Supreme Courts)

Jamaica
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal; Privy Council in
UK; member of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

Japan
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after
designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the
cabinet)

Jersey
Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the
bailiff)

Jordan
Court of Cassation (Supreme Court)

Kazakhstan
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (seven
members)

Kenya
Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president);
High Court

Kiribati
Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges
at all levels are appointed by the president

Korea, North
Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme
People's Assembly)

Korea, South
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president with
consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices
appointed by the president based partly on nominations by National
Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)

Kosovo
Supreme Court; district courts; municipal courts
note: the Kosovo Constitution dictates that the Supreme Court of
Kosovo is the highest judicial authority, and provides for a Kosovo
Judicial Council (KJC) that proposes to the president candidates for
appointment or reappointment as judges and prosecutors; the KJC is
also responsible for decisions on the promotion and transfer of
judges and disciplinary proceedings against judges; at least 15
percent of Supreme Court and district court judges shall be from
non-majority communities

Kuwait
High Court of Appeal

Kyrgyzstan
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (judges of both the
Supreme and Constitutional Courts are appointed for 10-year terms by
the Jorgorku Kengesh on the recommendation of the president; their
mandatory retirement age is 70 years); Higher Court of Arbitration;
Local Courts (judges appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the National Council on Legal Affairs for a
probationary period of five years, then 10 years)

Laos
People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme
Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of
the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the
People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National
Assembly Standing Committee)

Latvia
Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by
parliament); Constitutional Court (judges' appointments are
confirmed by parliament)

Lebanon
four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and
commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional
Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of
laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and
prime minister as needed)

Lesotho
High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on
the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal; Magistrate
Courts; customary or traditional court

Liberia
Supreme Court

Libya
Supreme Court

Liechtenstein
Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal
or Obergericht

Lithuania
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
judges for all courts appointed by the president

Luxembourg
judicial courts and tribunals (three Justices of the
Peace, two district courts, and one Supreme Court of Appeals);
administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office,
administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court);
judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch

Macau
Court of Final Appeal in Macau Special Administrative Region

Macedonia
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; Republican Judicial
Council
note: the Assembly appoints the judges

Madagascar
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court
or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle

Malawi
Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed
by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the
Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts

Malaysia
Civil Courts include Federal Court, Court of Appeal, High
Court of Malaya on peninsula Malaysia, and High Court of Sabah and
Sarawak in states of Borneo (judges are appointed by the king on the
advice of the prime minister); Sharia Courts include Sharia Appeal
Court, Sharia High Court, and Sharia Subordinate Courts at
state-level and deal with religious and family matters such as
custody, divorce, and inheritance only for Muslims; decisions of
Sharia courts cannot be appealed to civil courts

Maldives
Supreme Court; Supreme Court judges are appointed by the
president with approval of voting members of the People's Council;
High Court; Trial Courts; all lower court judges are appointed by
the Judicial Service Commission

Mali
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Malta
Constitutional Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Marshall Islands
Supreme Court; High Court; Traditional Rights Court

Mauritania
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower
courts

Mauritius
Supreme Court

Mayotte
Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Mexico
Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la
Nacion (justices or ministros are appointed by the president with
consent of the Senate)

Micronesia, Federated States of
Supreme Court

Moldova
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for
constitutional judicature)

Monaco
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the
monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Mongolia
Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and
provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts;
judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved
by the president)

Montenegro
Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms);
Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Montserrat
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia,
one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and
presides over the High Court)

Morocco
Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of
the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)

Mozambique
Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its
professional judges are appointed by the president, and some are
elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative
Court, Constitutional Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts
marshal, labor courts

Namibia
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

Nauru
Supreme Court

Nepal
Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (the president appoints the
chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the
Constitutional Council; the chief justice appoints other judges on
the recommendation of the Judicial Council)

Netherlands
Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for
life by the monarch)

Netherlands Antilles
Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed
by the monarch)

New Caledonia
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint
Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court

New Zealand
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; High Court; note -
judges appointed by the governor general

Nicaragua
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (16 judges
elected for five-year terms by the National Assembly)

Niger
State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel

Nigeria
Supreme Court (judges recommended by the National Judicial
Council and appointed by the president); Federal Court of Appeal
(judges are appointed by the federal government from a pool of
judges recommended by the National Judicial Council)

Niue
Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue

Norfolk Island
Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions

Northern Mariana Islands
Commonwealth Supreme Court; Superior Court;
Federal District Court

Norway
Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the
monarch)

Oman
Supreme Court
note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has
judges who practice secular and Sharia law

Pakistan
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president);
Federal Islamic or Sharia Court

Palau
Supreme Court; Court of Common Pleas; Land Court

Panama
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine
judges appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three
courts of appeal

Papua New Guinea
Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by
the governor general on the proposal of the National Executive
Council after consultation with the minister responsible for
justice; other judges are appointed by the Judicial and Legal
Services Commission)

Paraguay
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine
judges appointed on the proposal of the Council of Magistrates or
Consejo de la Magistratura)

Peru
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges
are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Philippines
Supreme Court (15 justices are appointed by the
president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and
serve until 70 years of age); Court of Appeals; Sandigan-bayan
(special court for hearing corruption cases of government officials)

Pitcairn Islands
Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
judicial officers are appointed by the governor

Poland
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an
indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by
the Sejm for nine-year terms)

Portugal
Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal de Justica); judges
appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura

Puerto Rico
Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance
composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court
(justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the
consent of the Senate)

Qatar
Courts of First Instance, Appeal, and Cassation; an
Administrative Court and a Constitutional Court were established in
2007; note - all judges are appointed by Amiri Decree based on the
recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council for renewable
three-year terms

Romania
Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed
for three-year terms by the president in consultation with the
Superior Council of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister
of justice, the prosecutor general, two civil society
representatives appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and
prosecutors elected by their peers); a separate body, the
Constitutional Court, validates elections and makes decisions
regarding the constitutionality of laws, treaties, ordinances, and
internal rules of the Parliament; it is comprised of nine members
serving nine-year terms, with three members each appointed by the
president, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies

Russia
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration
Court; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the
Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

Rwanda
Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial
Courts; District Courts; mediation committees

Saint Helena
Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (consisting of
a Court of Appeal and a High Court; based on Saint Lucia; two judges
of the Supreme Court reside in Saint Kitts and Nevis); member of the
Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

Saint Lucia
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (consists of a High
Court and a Court of Appeals; based on Saint Lucia; three judges of
the Supreme Court reside in Saint Lucia); member of the Caribbean
Court of Justice (CCJ)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal
Superieur d'Appel

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
(consisting of a High Court and Court of Appeals; based on Saint
Lucia; two judges of the Supreme Court reside in Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines)

Samoa
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; District Court; Land and
Titles Court

San Marino
Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII

Sao Tome and Principe
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the
National Assembly)

Saudi Arabia
Supreme Council of Justice

Senegal
Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final
Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals

Serbia
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (to become court of
cassation under new constitution), appellate courts, district
courts, municipal courts

Seychelles
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president

Sierra Leone
Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court

Singapore
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president
with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by
the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals

Slovakia
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council);
Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of
nominees approved by the National Council); Special Court (judges
elected by a council of judges and appointed by president)

Slovenia
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly
on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court
(judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and
nominated by the president)

Solomon Islands
Court of Appeal

Somalia
following the breakdown of the central government, most
regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either
secular, traditional Somali customary law, or Sharia (Islamic) law
with a provision for appeal of all sentences

South Africa
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High
Courts; Magistrate Courts

Spain
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Sri Lanka
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president

Sudan
Constitutional Court of nine justices; National Supreme Court;
National Courts of Appeal; other national courts; National Judicial
Service Commission will undertake overall management of the National
Judiciary

Suriname
Cantonal Courts and a Court of Justice as an appellate
court (justices are nominated for life); member of the Caribbean
Court of Justice (CCJ)

Swaziland
High Court; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are
appointed by the monarch

Sweden
Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by
the prime minister and the cabinet)

Switzerland
Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms
by the Federal Assembly)