Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (146)

Syria
-$791 million (2008 est.)
$402 million (2007 est.)

Taiwan
$24.89 billion (2008 est.)
$32.98 billion (2007 est.)

Tajikistan
$47.6 million (2008 est.)
-$495.1 million (2007 est.)

Tanzania
-$3.536 billion (2008 est.)
-$1.856 billion (2007 est.)

Thailand
-$113 million (2008 est.)
$15.76 billion (2007 est.)

Timor-Leste
$1.161 billion (2007 est.)

Togo
-$272 million (2008 est.)
-$154 million (2007 est.)

Tonga
-$23 million (2007 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$5.401 billion (2008 est.)
$5.364 billion (2007 est.)

Tunisia
-$1.667 billion (2008 est.)
-$904 million (2007 est.)

Turkey
-$41.69 billion (2008 est.)
-$37.7 billion (2007 est.)

Turkmenistan
$4.669 billion (2008 est.)
$3.285 billion (2007 est.)

Tuvalu
-$11.68 million (2003)

Uganda
-$1.088 billion (2008 est.)
-$744.7 million (2007 est.)

Ukraine
-$12.76 billion (2008 est.)
-$5.918 billion (2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$22.31 billion (2008 est.)
$25.84 billion (2007 est.)

United Kingdom
-$45.68 billion (2008 est.)
-$78.78 billion (2007 est.)

United States
-$706.1 billion (2008 est.)
-$731.2 billion (2007 est.)

Uruguay
-$1.484 billion (2008 est.)
-$82.7 million (2007 est.)

Uzbekistan
$6.257 billion (2008 est.)
$4.267 billion (2007 est.)

Vanuatu
-$60 million (2007 est.)

Venezuela
$39.21 billion (2008 est.)
$20 billion (2007 est.)

Vietnam
-$10.71 billion (2008 est.)
-$6.993 billion (2007 est.)

Yemen
-$1.113 billion (2008 est.)
-$1.547 billion (2007 est.)

Zambia
-$977 million (2008 est.)
-$198 million (2007 est.)

Zimbabwe
-$584.6 million (2008 est.)
-$494.8 million (2007 est.)

======================================================================

@2188

Field Listing :: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

This entry gives the dollar value for the stock of all financial
assets that are available to the central monetary authority for use
in meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-date
of the period specified. This category includes not only foreign
currency and gold, but also a country's holdings of Special Drawing
Rights in the International Monetary Fund, and its reserve position
in the Fund.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Albania
$2.364 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.162 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Algeria
$143.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$110.6 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Angola
$18.36 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$11.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Argentina
$46.37 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$46.12 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Armenia
$1.407 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.659 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Australia
$32.92 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$26.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Austria
$16.7 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$18.22 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Azerbaijan
$6.519 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.273 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bahrain
$3.803 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.101 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bangladesh
$5.789 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.278 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Barbados
$620 million (2007)
$620 million (2007)

Belarus
$2.687 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.952 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Belgium
$15.65 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Belize
$166.2 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$108.5 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Benin
$1.261 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.209 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bolivia
$7.722 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.318 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$3.516 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.525 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Botswana
$9.119 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.79 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Brazil
$193.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$180.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bulgaria
$17.93 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.54 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Burkina Faso
$926.3 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.029 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Burma
$3.412 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.312 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Burundi
$266.7 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$177.1 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Cambodia
$2.641 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.143 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cameroon
$3.091 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.932 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Canada
$43.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$41.08 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cape Verde
$258 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$281 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Chad
$1.347 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$964.4 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Chile
$23.08 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

China
$1.955 trillion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.534 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)

Colombia
$23.67 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$20.95 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$3.873 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.184 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Costa Rica
$3.799 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.114 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$2.252 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.519 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Croatia
$12.96 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$13.67 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cuba
$4.047 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.747 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cyprus
$1.003 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.507 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Czech Republic
$36.68 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$34.59 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Denmark
$42.32 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$34.32 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Dominican Republic
$2.288 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.562 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ecuador
$4.473 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.521 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Egypt
$33.85 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$31.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

El Salvador
$2.545 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.199 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$4.431 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.846 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Eritrea
$24 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$34 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Estonia
$3.972 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.27 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ethiopia
$870.5 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.29 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

European Union
$NA

Finland
$8.346 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$8.385 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

France
$102.9 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$115.7 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Gabon
$1.925 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.238 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Gambia, The
$140 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$142.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Georgia
$1.48 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.361 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Germany
$138 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$136.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ghana
$2.028 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.831 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Greece
$3.473 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.658 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Guatemala
$4.471 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.139 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Guinea
$93 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$86 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Guyana
$355.9 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$313 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Haiti
$708 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$555 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Honduras
$2.492 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.546 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Hong Kong
$182.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$152.7 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Hungary
$33.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$24.05 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Iceland
$2.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.436 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

India
$254 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$273.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Indonesia
$51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Iran
$96.56 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$82.06 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Iraq
$49.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$30.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ireland
$1.023 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$926.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Israel
$42.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$28.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Italy
$105.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$94.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Jamaica
$1.767 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.879 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Japan
$1.011 trillion (31 December 2008 est.)
$954.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Jordan
$8.918 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.929 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Kazakhstan
$19.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.63 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Kenya
$2.879 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.355 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Korea, South
$201.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$262.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Kosovo
$NA

Kuwait
$17.23 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$1.225 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.177 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Laos
$803 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$540 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Latvia
$5.248 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.758 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Lebanon
$28.28 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$20.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Lesotho
$993 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$874 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Libya
$92.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$79.6 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Lithuania
$6.441 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.721 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Luxembourg
$397.8 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$205.5 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Macedonia
$2.109 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.265 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Madagascar
$982.3 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$846.7 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Malawi
$185 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$217.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Malaysia
$91.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$101.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Malta
$373.4 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.798 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Mauritius
$1.785 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.822 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Mexico
$95.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$87.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Moldova
$1.672 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.334 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Montenegro
$NA

Morocco
$22.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$24.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Mozambique
$1.578 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.445 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Namibia
$1.293 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$896 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Netherlands
$28.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$26.98 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

New Zealand
$11.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.25 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Nicaragua
$1.141 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.103 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Nigeria
$53 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$51.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Norway
$50.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$60.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Oman
$11.58 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.524 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Pakistan
$8.903 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$15.69 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Panama
$2.693 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.935 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.987 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.087 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Paraguay
$2.863 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.462 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Peru
$31.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$27.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Philippines
$37.55 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Poland
$62.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$65.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Portugal
$11.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$11.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Qatar
$9.998 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.752 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Romania
$39.47 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$39.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Russia
$427.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$476.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Rwanda
$596 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$552.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Samoa
$70.15 million (FY03/04)

Sao Tome and Principe
$43 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$39 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$30.59 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$34.01 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Senegal
$1.601 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Serbia
$14.22 billion (2007 est.)
$14.22 billion (2007 est.)

Seychelles
$64 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$40.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Singapore
$174.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$163 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Slovakia
$18.78 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$18.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Slovenia
$7.57 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.682 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

South Africa
$34.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$32.94 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Spain
$20.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$19.05 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Sri Lanka
$2.655 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.644 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Sudan
$1.399 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.378 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Suriname
$263.3 million (2006)

Swaziland
$752 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$774.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Sweden
$29.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$31.04 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Switzerland
$74.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$75.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Syria
$6.765 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.507 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Taiwan
$296.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$275 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Tajikistan
$195 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$328 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Tanzania
$2.869 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Thailand
$111 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$87.46 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Togo
$580 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$438 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Tonga
$40.83 million (yearend, FY04/05)

Trinidad and Tobago
$9.496 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.745 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Tunisia
$8.853 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.854 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Turkey
$73.66 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$76.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Turkmenistan
$13.88 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$13.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Uganda
$2.301 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.56 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ukraine
$31.54 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$32.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$31.69 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$77.24 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

United Kingdom
$52.98 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$57.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

United States
$77.65 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$70.57 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Uruguay
$6.36 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.121 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Uzbekistan
$10.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.413 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Vanuatu
$40.54 million (2003)

Venezuela
$42.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Vietnam
$24.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$23.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Yemen
$8.157 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.759 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Zambia
$1.096 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Zimbabwe
$96 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$117 million (31 December 2007 est.)

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@2189

Field Listing :: Union name

Country

Union name

European Union
conventional long form: European Union
abbreviation: EU

======================================================================

@2190

Field Listing :: Political structure

Country

Political structure

European Union
a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational
organization

======================================================================

@2191

Field Listing :: Member states

Country

Member states

European Union
27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, UK; note - Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira
(Portugal), French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion
(France) are sometimes listed separately even though they are
legally a part of Spain, Portugal, and France; candidate countries:
Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey

======================================================================

@2192

Field Listing :: Preliminary statement

Country

Preliminary statement

European Union
The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a
regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to
today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the
European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the
annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation
were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level
unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number
of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching
entity is truly unique.
Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far
more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or
Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with
independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and
currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy
in its dealings with other nations.
In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely
to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has
been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World
Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this
description is placed after the regular country entries.

======================================================================

@2193

Field Listing :: Major infectious diseases

This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered
in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very
high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases
represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the
specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree
of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these
infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being
affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not
necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the
local population.
The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the
specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of
accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a
travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and
recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines.
Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories
shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk.
Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual
country entries may vary according to local conditions.
food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on
the local economy:
Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of
the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated
with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims
exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will
experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available.
Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the
functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal
contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, and dark colored urine.
Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food
or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit
sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%.
vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected
arthropod:
Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium;
transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito;
parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting
in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death
due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to
the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of
cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths
occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.
Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of
fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and
hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases.
Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from
influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever;
occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where
most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%.
Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus)
viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute
encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality
rates 30%.
African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking
Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and,
in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous
system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan
Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the
parasites.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results
in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries;
90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans
can act as reservoirs of infection.
Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated
with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible;
recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South
America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages;
manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes;
disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to
pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease;
infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or
tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle
East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and
muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose,
and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%.
Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and
humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects;
infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or
contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and
southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are
generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the
disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular
disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases.
Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever;
characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain
usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis.
water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in
freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers:
Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans;
infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil
contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe
headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease
can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or
respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated
recovery can take months.
Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm
Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release
larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed
to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood
vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become
trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as
either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or
learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in
advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74
developing countries with 80% of infected people living in
sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite.
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation
of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine:
Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys;
endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct
contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or
fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50%
in epidemic outbreaks.
respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an
infectious person:
Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation
of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most
important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of
its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high
fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person
to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and
prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often
with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases,
typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of
meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of
sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches
from Senegal east to Ethiopia.
animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local
animals:
Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the
bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the
central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms
initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to
neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of
symptoms.
Country

Major infectious diseases

Afghanistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Angola
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Argentina
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Bangladesh
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Belize
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Benin
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Bhutan
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Bolivia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Botswana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)

Burkina Faso
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Burma
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Burundi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Cambodia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and
malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Cameroon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Central African Republic
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Chad
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

China
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever
soil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS)
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Colombia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Congo, Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness)
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Costa Rica
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2009)

Cote d'Ivoire
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Croatia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Cuba
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2009)

Djibouti
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Dominican Republic
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Ecuador
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Egypt
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

El Salvador
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Equatorial Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Eritrea
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)

Estonia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Ethiopia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Gabon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and chikungunya
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Gambia, The
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Ghana
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Guatemala
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2009)

Guinea-Bissau
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Guyana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Haiti
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Honduras
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Hungary
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

India
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese
encephalitis, and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Indonesia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Iran
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Iraq
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Kenya
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Laos
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)
(2009)

Latvia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Liberia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Lithuania
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Madagascar
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, malaria, and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Malawi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Malaysia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Mali
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2009)

Mauritania
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Mexico
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Montenegro
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)

Mozambique
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Namibia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Nepal
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue
fever (2009)

Nicaragua
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Niger
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Nigeria
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly
endemic areas for Lassa fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis and shistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Pakistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Panama
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Papua New Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Paraguay
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Peru
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid
fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Philippines
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Poland
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Russia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Rwanda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Sao Tome and Principe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Senegal
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever,
malaria, Rift Valley fever, and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Serbia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Sierra Leone
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2009)

Somalia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

South Africa
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Sri Lanka
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and chikungunya
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Sudan
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Suriname
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever, Mayaro virus, and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Swaziland
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Tajikistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)

Tanzania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Thailand
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and
malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Timor-Leste
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Togo
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Uganda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Venezuela
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Vietnam
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Yemen
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Zambia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Zimbabwe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

======================================================================

@2194

Field Listing :: Refugees and internally displaced persons

This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees
or internally displaced persons (IDPs). The definition of a refugee
according to a United Nations Convention is "a person who is outside
his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a
well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political
opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the
protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of
persecution." The UN established the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950 to handle refugee matters
worldwide. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East (UNRWA) has a different operational definition for a
Palestinian refugee: "a person whose normal place of residence was
Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost
both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
However, UNHCR also assists some 400,000 Palestinian refugees not
covered under the UNRWA definition. The term "internally displaced
person" is not specifically covered in the UN Convention; it is used
to describe people who have fled their homes for reasons similar to
refugees, but who remain within their own national territory and are
subject to the laws of that state.
Country

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Afghanistan
IDPs: 132,246 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in
south and west due to drought and instability) (2007)

Algeria
refugees (country of origin): 90,000 (Western Saharan
Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the
southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf)
IDPs: undetermined (civil war during 1990s) (2007)

Angola
refugees (country of origin): 12,615 (Democratic Republic of
Congo)
IDPs: 61,700 (27-year civil war ending in 2002; 4 million IDPs
already have returned) (2007)

Armenia
refugees (country of origin): 113,295 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh,
majority have returned home since 1994 ceasefire) (2007)

Azerbaijan
refugees (country of origin): 2,400 (Russia)
IDPs: 580,000-690,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh)
(2007)

Bangladesh
refugees (country of origin): 26,268 (Burma)
IDPs: 65,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2007)

Benin
refugees (country of origin): 9,444 (Togo) (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
refugees (country of origin): 7,269 (Croatia)
IDPs: 131,600 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced in
1992-95 war) (2007)

Burma
IDPs: 503,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent
groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen,
Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2007)

Burundi
refugees (country of origin): 9,849 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo)
IDPs: 100,000 (armed conflict between government and rebels; most
IDPs in northern and western Burundi) (2007)

Cameroon
refugees (country of origin): 20,000-30,000 (Chad); 3,000
(Nigeria); 24,000 (Central African Republic) (2007)

Central African Republic
refugees (country of origin): 7,900
(Sudan); 3,700 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); note - UNHCR
resumed repatriation of Southern Sudanese refugees in 2006
IDPs: 197,000 (ongoing unrest following coup in 2003) (2007)

Chad
refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central
African Republic)
IDPs: 178,918 (2007)

China
refugees (country of origin): 300,897 (Vietnam); estimated
30,000-50,000 (North Korea)
IDPs: 90,000 (2007)

Colombia
IDPs: 1.8-3.5 million (conflict between government and
illegal armed groups and drug traffickers) (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
refugees (country of origin):
132,295 (Angola); 37,313 (Rwanda); 17,777 (Burundi); 13,904
(Uganda); 6,181 (Sudan); 5,243 (Republic of Congo)
IDPs: 1.4 million (fighting between government forces and rebels
since mid-1990s; most IDPs are in eastern provinces) (2007)

Congo, Republic of the
refugees (country of origin): 46,341
(Democratic Republic of Congo); 6,564 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 48,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic
Lari) (2007)

Costa Rica
refugees (country of origin): 9,699-11,500 (Colombia)
(2007)

Cote d'Ivoire
refugees (country of origin): 25,615 (Liberia)
IDPs: 709,000 (2002 coup; most IDPs are in western regions) (2007)

Croatia
IDPs: 2,900-7,000 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992-95
war) (2007)

Cyprus
IDPs: 210,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many
displaced for over 30 years) (2007)

Djibouti
refugees (country of origin): 8,642 (Somalia) (2007)

Ecuador
refugees (country of origin): 11,526 (Colombia); note -
UNHCR estimates as many as 250,000 Columbians are seeking asylum in
Ecuador, many of whom do not register as refugees for fear of
deportation (2007)

Egypt
refugees (country of origin): 60,000 - 80,000 (Iraq); 70,198
(Palestinian Territories); 12,157 (Sudan) (2007)

Eritrea
IDPs: 32,000 (border war with Ethiopia from 1998-2000; most
IDPs are near the central border region) (2007)

Ethiopia
refugees (country of origin): 66,980 (Sudan); 16,576
(Somalia); 13,078 (Eritrea)
IDPs: 200,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000, ethnic
clashes in Gambela, and ongoing Ethiopian military counterinsurgency
in Somali region; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela Provinces)
(2007)

Gabon
refugees (country of origin): 7,178 (Republic of Congo) (2007)

Gambia, The
refugees (country of origin): 5,955 (Sierra Leone) (2007)

Gaza Strip
refugees (country of origin): 1.017 million (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2007)

Georgia
refugees (country of origin): 1,100 (Russia)
IDPs: 220,000-240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
(2007)

Ghana
refugees (country of origin): 35,653 (Liberia); 8,517 (Togo)
(2007)

Guatemala
IDPs: undetermined (the UN does not estimate there are any
IDPs, although some NGOs estimate over 200,000 IDPs as a result of
over three decades of internal conflict that ended in 1996) (2007)

Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 21,856 (Liberia); 5,259 (Sierra
Leone); 3,900 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 19,000 (cross-border incursions from Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia,
Sierra Leone) (2007)

Guinea-Bissau
refugees (country of origin): 7,454 (Senegal) (2007)

India
refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China); 69,609
(Sri Lanka); 9,472 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu
and Kashmir) (2007)

Indonesia
IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against
rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central
Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Iran
refugees (country of origin): 914,268 (Afghanistan); 54,024
(Iraq) (2007)

Iraq
refugees (country of origin): 10,000-15,000 (Palestinian
Territories); 11,773 (Iran); 16,832 (Turkey)
IDPs: 2.4 million (ongoing US-led war and ethno-sectarian violence)
(2007)

Israel
IDPs: 150,000-420,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in
northern Israel) (2007)

Jordan
refugees (country of origin): 1,835,704 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)); 500,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 160,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)

Kazakhstan
refugees (country of origin): 3,700 (Russia); 508
(Afghanistan) (2007)

Kenya
refugees (country of origin): 173,702 (Somalia); 73,004
(Sudan); 16,428 (Ethiopia)
IDPs: 250,000-400,000 (2007 post-election violence; KANU attacks on
opposition tribal groups in 1990s) (2007)

Korea, North
IDPs: undetermined (flooding in mid-2007 and famine
during mid-1990s) (2007)

Kosovo
IDP's: 21,000 (2007)

Lebanon
refugees (country of origin): 405,425 (Palestinian refugees
(UNRWA)); 50,000-60,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 17,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions); 200,000
(July-August 2006 war) (2007)

Liberia
refugees (country of origin): 12,600 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 13,000 (civil war from 1990-2004; IDP resettlement began in
November 2004) (2007)

Libya
refugees (country of origin): 8,000 (Palestinian Territories)
(2007)

Macedonia
IDPs: fewer than 1,000 (ethnic conflict in 2001) (2007)

Malaysia
refugees (country of origin): 15,174 (Indonesia); 21,544
(Burma) (2007)

Maldives
IDPs: 1,000-10,000 (December 2004 tsunami victims) (2007)

Mali
refugees (country of origin): 6,300 (Mauritania) (2007)

Mexico
IDPs: 5,500-10,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista
uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region) (2007)

Montenegro
refugees (country of origin): 7,000 (Kosovo); note -
mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
IDPs: 16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)

Namibia
refugees (country of origin): 4,700 (Angola) (2007)

Nepal
refugees (country of origin): 107,803 (Bhutan); 20,153
(Tibet/China)
IDPs: 50,000-70,000 (remaining from ten-year Maoist insurgency that
officially ended in 2006; displacement spread across the country)
(2007)

Nigeria
refugees (country of origin): 5,778 (Liberia)
IDPs: undetermined (communal violence between Christians and Muslims
since President OBASANJO's election in 1999; displacement is mostly
short-term) (2007)

Pakistan
refugees (country of origin): 1,043,984 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South
Waziristan); 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake; most of those
displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006)
(2007)

Papua New Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 10,177 (Indonesia)
(2007)

Peru
IDPs: 60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are
indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)

Philippines
IDPs: 300,000 (fighting between government troops and
MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2007)

Russia
IDPs: 18,000-160,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North
Ossetia) (2007)

Rwanda
refugees (country of origin): 46,272 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo); 4,400 (Burundi) (2007)

Saudi Arabia
refugees (country of origin): 240,015 (Palestinian
Territories) (2007)

Senegal
refugees (country of origin): 19,630 (Mauritania)
IDPs: 22,400 (approximately 65% of the IDP population returned in
2005, but new displacement is occurring due to clashes between
government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2007)

Serbia
refugees (country of origin): 71,111 (Croatia); 27,414
(Bosnia and Herzegovina); 206,000 (Kosovo), note - mostly ethnic
Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999 (2007)

Sierra Leone
refugees (country of origin): 27,311 (Liberia) (2007)

Solomon Islands
IDPs: 5,400 (displaced by tsunami on 2 April 2007)
(2007)

Somalia
IDPs: 1.1 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based
competition for resources) (2007)

South Africa
refugees (country of origin): 10,772 (Democratic
Republic of Congo); 7,818 (Somalia); 5,759 (Angola) (2007)

Sri Lanka
IDPs: 460,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to
long-term civil war between the government and the separatist
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)) (2007)