Chapter VII (4)

In the first place, invaders do not exterminate and, by what seems to be almost a law, the old Somatic types tend continually to reassert themselves; a new invasion, that is, changes for a time the numerical proportion of different types, but as the newcomers are absorbed the old order returns, and the preponderating elements in the population become increasingly evident. It is a commonplace in Egypt that a Turk of the third generation is indistinguishable from a native.

In the second place, invasions and migrations have gone on from time immemorial, but they have always come from the same regions. Kollmann, as we saw, makes a four-fold division of the prehistoric inhabitants of Abydos; this corresponds to our four-fold division into Semites, Nubians, Libyans, and Negroes. The successive inroads into our area have meant, therefore, not the introduction of new constituents but the stiffening of an element already present by a fresh influx of kindred blood.

These two facts simplify the problem: they do not enable us to say that so-and-so is an Arab, indeed they make it impossible to say so with scientific certainty, but they will enable us _ultimately_ to say which original stock has contributed most to the population of any given district. “Ultimately” because at present the data which alone will permit us to delimit the frontiers of the various peoples are wanting.[238] Along the river, especially, one stock shades into another with such delicate gradations that no two observers seem to agree as to the point of division, and the theories of the people themselves as to their own origin and that of their neighbours—theories which seldom agree—have little foundation in fact, albeit to some they may prove of greater interest and political importance than the future classifications of the learned.

We must at present renounce all pretensions to scientific exactitude and confine ourselves to more or less popular distinctions; accordingly, eliminating from our survey all recent new-comers of European or Asiatic extraction, we shall divide the present inhabitants of the Sudan broadly into four groups—the Negro, the Nuba, the Bega, the Arab.

[Sidenote: (i) Negroes.]

The ancient Egyptians referred to the South—it is difficult to say where it began—as the land of the black man, just like their successors, who named it Nigritia or Belad el Sudan; and they knew, as we know, that there were pygmy blacks as well as big fighting blacks. Whether the pygmies, relics of whom have been found all over the world, were evolved first in Africa or came in as immigrants, and whether the big blacks were developed by selection from them here or elsewhere we cannot here discuss. Suffice it to say that from before the dawn of history the two have always been in Africa, and that the Negroes of the Nile land are to-day more hopelessly subdivided than the Negroes of any other part. The pygmies have been now driven into the forests of Central Africa, and the big Negroes are now found in the Sudan only on the Upper reaches of the White and Blue Niles and in the hill countries to the west; north of this they occur merely as immigrants, soldiers, slaves, etc., amounting, though, in some parts to almost 50 per cent. of the population. They vary enormously in size, colour, language, institutions, and religion, so that in spite of the great work of such explorers as Schweinfurth, Emin, and Junker, we are still far from unravelling the intricate web of their interrelations. A recent writer, who has given a popular account of the researches of travellers before the Mahdia, disclaims as impossible any attempt at scientific classification, and we can only follow him in grouping the blacks of the White Nile and its tributaries according to the picturesque impression which they made upon their visitors. In this book (“Die Heiden Neger des Aegyptischen Sudan,” Berlin, 1893), Frobenius divides the blacks within our present frontiers into four groups:—

I. The Swamp Negroes—Shilluk, Shuli, Bari, Jur, Nuer, Dinka
or Jange, Anuak, etc.

II. The Iron-working Negroes—Bongo, Mittu, Golo, Sheri,
Madi, Kreich, etc.

III. The A-Zande or Nyam Nyam.

IV. The Latuka.

For further information about these people we must refer the reader to other chapters in this compendium, and to the authors mentioned above.

It only remains to point out that the blacks of Kordofan and the Blue Nile, offer practically virgin fields to the ethnologist.

[Sidenote: (ii) Nubas.]

Under this head we include (_a_) the Barabra, who are found between the 1st and 4th cataracts, and are subdivided into natives of Dongola, Mahas, Sukkot, Halfa, each with a different dialect; (_b_) the Nubas of Kordofan, with their sub-tribes. To these some philologists add, on linguistic grounds, a number of tribes usually described as negro or negroid.[239]

Geographically, and perhaps physically also, these Nubians appear as a link between Egypt and Negro land. They are darker and smaller than the Egyptian, but still brown and not black,[240] although they often have, like so many Egyptians, the woolly hair of the Negro. It is probable that they represent the ancient Kushites, and the latest student of the old Ethiopian inscriptions has sought to prove that the Nubians and not the Begas were the rulers of ancient Napata.[241] They are enterprising people, apt linguists and great travellers, very ready to take on a veneer of European culture, the last trait being an old one caricatured by the wall-painters of ancient Thebes. It is the more strange that they should have preserved their own dialects, especially as they have been Muslims for some centuries.

It was on the ground of their language that Lepsius[242] related the Nilotic Nubians with the Nubawis of Kordofan. The connection corresponds with traditions current in Dongola, where the traveller will hear again and again that, although the particular man he is interrogating is, of course, pure Arab from the Hejaz, yet most of the people round are Nubians like the Nubawis of Kordofan. Supposing this relationship to be proved, it would be still uncertain whether the Kordofan people are a colony from the Nilotes or _vice versâ_. But it is also possible that the Nubawis of Kordofan adopted a Nuba language in some by-gone age when there was a powerful Christian or pre-Christian Nubian kingdom on the Nile. If we are to believe Hartmann[243]—a very good observer—the majority of the Shaigia “Arabi” and many of the Jaalin really belong to the same stock.

[Sidenote: (iii) Begas.]

This name is derived from medieval Arab historians and has been identified with the Bugatæ and Buka of earlier days. It is applied to the tribes living in the eastern desert who speak various languages belonging to the so-called Hamitic group of languages. The principal tribes are Ababda, Bisharin, Amarar, Hadendoa, Halenga, Beni Amer, Habab.

In type they are far more “Caucasian” than those we have previously mentioned, and they occupy the same position and present the same characteristics as many turbulent pastoral tribes mentioned by Egyptian scribes and classical writers.[242] As Hamites, one school of anthropologists represented by the Italian Sergi, regards them as an off-shoot of the great Euro-African stock which populated North Africa and Europe: others bring them from Asia. “Non nostri est tantas componere lites.” Nor do we like to hazard an opinion as to whether they or the Nubians were the creators of ancient Meroe. The termination _ab_ which is so common throughout the Berber Province proves that people of the Bega stock once held this district, and their immediate descendants are probably to be looked for among the riverain “Arabs” rather than the desert Begas, for no civilized people would exchange a settled life for a nomad life, least of all so warlike a race as the Begas.

According to W. Max Müller (“Aethiopien,” Berlin, 1904, p. 19), we have in the legend quoted on p. 224, a distorted version of one Hamitic settlement in this very area. The word Sembridae or Semberritae is a hybrid name formed by a North Hamitic people out of a Semitic root, and means, not “Deserters,” but “Nomads,” “Wanderers.” The legend above-mentioned will therefore be the echo of an early Hamitic invasion of a district then peopled by Nubas or Negroes, and of the adoption of a sedentary life by these invading “Wanderers,” whose success may explain the shifting of the capital from Napata to Meroe (p. 225).

[Sidenote: (iv) Arabs.]

The first three stocks have been in the country for as long as our records go. The Arabs are comparative newcomers; it is improbable that they came in any numbers until after the fall of the Christian kingdoms of Dongola and Alwa (Soba). The traditions of some tribes are against this, but historians only mention raids, and the traditions are not to be set against the historians’ testimony. The extension of these raids, which led to the downfall of Christianity and a consequent increase of Arab immigration, was probably due to pressure caused on tribes elsewhere by the conquests of Spain and Portugal on the one side and Turkey on the other. This would give the Arabs an occupation of from four to six centuries, though a slow infiltration from Arabia into the Sudan must have gone on from the beginning.

Now, at any rate, the Arab dominates the northern half of the Sudan, that is, from Egypt to Kordofan. He has nowhere exterminated the original inhabitants; he has in many cases not yet succeeded in forcing even his language upon them; he has, unlike the Arabs in Arabia, intermarried freely with them; but his conquest has been so far complete that his religious ideals and tribal organisation have replaced the older faith and institutions wherever he has cared to carry them. This fact upsets our perspective. The people call themselves Arabs and we accept the name, but it would certainly be a mistake to regard them as Arabians or to recognise as genuine their long pedigrees “of unsullied (?) Arab descent” “going back to early Mohammedan times” (Keane). The present writer believes that the materials newly published by Naum Bey Shoucair (“History of the Sudan,” Cairo, 1904—in Arabic), enable him to trace two distinct steps in the Arabization of the Central Sudan.

Up to 1500 A.D., the Christians reigned on the Blue Nile; there are no Gubbas, no mention of Fikis, earlier than this, as would certainly have been the case if many Arabs had been here. About this time the Fungs, a powerful black tribe under Amara Dunkas, became Muslims and, assisted by some Arab immigrants, overthrew the kingdom of Soba. Hardly had they done so when they were themselves menaced by Sultan Selim, the Turkish conquerer of Egypt and Suakin; it was their policy then to represent themselves as orthodox Muslims connected with the most venerated Arab tribes, and a certain Sheikh El Samarakandi, who had wandered to the court of Dunkas, provided the necessary pedigrees, which were duly sent to Selim and by him much admired (Naum II, pp. 73, 74). But the Sheikh did his work clumsily, if it may be judged from a Jaali pedigree which purports to be extracted from his work, for he left at the crucial point several non-Arabic names, and few, if any, Sudanese pedigrees are accepted by Muslim genealogists elsewhere.

At this point the Arabization of Central Sudan seems to have stood almost still for three centuries. Gubbas were built and Fikis became powerful, but the tribal organization, although indigenous among the Begas, did not supplant the very different political division of the land into small kingdoms tributary to Sennar. The emblems of kingly power, a throne called the K-K-R and a two-horned cap (Naum II, pp. 100, 101), are also clearly African, not Arab. Burkhardt, again, who knew the Arabs in Syria and Arabia, is never tired of contrasting their manners and morals with those of the Sudanese Arabs.

This period was closed by the Egyptian conquest of Mohammed Ali, which continued the process begun in the time of Selim, and finally obliterated several of the most characteristic survivals from pre-Islamic days. Indeed, all the events of the last century, including the great upheaval in which it culminated, had the same tendency. Having lost their native kingdoms, the people have been forced to adopt the Arab tribal system, and, unlike the Berbers in Algiers, have identified themselves enthusiastically with all things Arab. The more striking is it that they should have still kept such African customs as the Akh-el-banat, the scarring of the cheeks, female excision,[244] all alien from the true Arab of Arabia.

If this reading of history be accepted, the people of the Central Sudan will be described as a mixed race recently forced into an Arab mould and in varying degrees modified by Arab blood. And we may prophesy that future researches will prove the other elements in this race to be akin to the other races on its borders, to the Nubians and Begas on the north, to the Negroes, Gallas, Abyssinians, etc., on the south and south-east.

In the above sketch there are so many necessary gaps, and so many controverted points of necessity passed over in silence, that it seems fair to the reader to give a brief statement of a different theory recently put forward by Sir H. H. Johnston on this subject. We therefore append a _résumé_ of his views compiled by Captain Morant from “The Nile Quest”:—

In pre-historic times the land on each side of the Red Sea is said to have joined in the south as well as in the north. By these necks of land man came to Africa from Asia in the form of dwarfs of a very low negroid type, resembling the now much-advanced pigmy of the Congo or the bushman of South Africa. Thus perhaps, say, 10,000 years ago, the Nile basin south of N. latitude 15° was peopled by a negroid species from the east. It seems also not improbable that Egypt proper and Arabia were within the domains of this negroid race.

These indigenous pigmies appear to have been at an early date ousted (say 9,000 years ago) by races of Caucasian stock resembling the Dravidians of India, of aquiline type, possibly of nearly pure Caucasian “Khafra” origin, and probably emanating from Syria, Cyprus, or Libya.

In Gallaland, Somaliland, and Abyssinia a handsome race of Caucasian ancestry, mingled no doubt with proto-negroes and Dravidians, formed originally in Southern Arabia, sprang up. The lips of this people, destined to become the basis of a world-renowned and historic type, were full and their noses straight and finely shaped, whilst their skin was dark and their hair had a tendency to curl, and like the modern Somali, Galla, or Danakil, the men grew thin and wedge-shaped beards.

It was by emigrants of this new Hamitic race to the Lower Nile Basin that the stock of the ruling type of ancient Egyptians was formed. In the latter, nevertheless, an appreciable amount of Negro blood from the early Negro population must doubtless have been absorbed.

So degraded and transformed, however, has been the ancient Egyptian type by the infusion of the blood of their many successive rulers, that though facial resemblances may remain, their famous characteristics have vanished, and the Egyptian of to-day is the descendant of Slavs and Turks, Arabs, Armenians, and Circassians.

But it was not only to Egypt that this Hamitic race extended, but also, though more faint-heartedly, towards the negroid districts to the south-west to Uganda, Zululand, and even it is thought to the Atlantic. In Uganda their descendants are now distinctly traceable.

To recapitulate:—The country of Ethiopia, which included not only the highlands of Abyssinia but also the country north, to Berber or even Dongola, was probably originally populated by a very low type of pigmy or bushman, then perhaps partially by a race of big black negroes, such as Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer, and Bari, which in turn gave way to the Hamitic race already described. The ruling class of Ethiopia, however (the present “Abyssinian” in contradistinction to the “Galla or Somali”), became of Semitic origin through the Sabæan Arab conquest of Abyssinia some 3,000 to 4,000 years ago.

The break up of the Israelitish Empire by the Abyssinians and subsequent scattering of the Jews, many of whom settled in Abyssinia, introduced a further admixture of Semitic blood.

In comparing this ancient history, much of which is little more than guesswork, with the state of affairs at the present day, we find the descendants of the original pigmies, but in a more advanced state, having been ousted from place to place at length survive in hiding, as it were, in the forests of the most central of Central Africa. The big black negro tribes have withdrawn to and are content to remain in the swampy fever-stricken districts of which no higher human race has ever yet desired to deprive them. The Ethiopians have retired before the Arab invaders to their hills, whilst the Arabs continue to dominate all the country they cared to conquer.

The Hadendoa, Ababda, Bisharin, Beni Amer, etc., Arabs who speak a “rotana” somewhat resembling the Somali language, are, undoubtedly, not true Arabs, but are probably descended from the Hamitic race above described which also was the origin of the Somali and Galla races.

[Footnote 237: Die Gräber von Abydos. Correspondenzblatt der Deutschen anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1902, pp. 119 foll.]

[Footnote 238: Only one ethnologist of the first rank—R. Hartmann—has spent any considerable time in the Sudan, and this was forty years ago. Except for his work we have to depend on (1) reports of officials and travellers: these are often very valuable, but the different criteria of race, language, etc., used by these writers make it very difficult to use them with any confidence; (2) the observations of “arm-chair savants” who base great theories upon stray skulls, fragmentary vocabularies, chance studies of natives touring about Europe “on show,” etc. This is not the place for a nice criticism of the respective values of these works.]

[Footnote 239: _E.g._, Cust (Modern languages of Africa, London, 1883, I, p. 142) includes as “Nubas-Berta, Fung, Hameg, Golo, Sheri Monbutto, Nyam-Nyam, and others.”]

[Footnote 240: The Nubas of Kordofan, although certainly not negroes, are black.—G.]

[Footnote 241: Heinrich Schäfer, “Die Aethiopische Königsinschrift des Berliner Museums,” Leipzig, 1901.]

[Footnote 242: “Nubische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1880, p. lxxvii.]

[Footnote 243: Skizze der Nilländer, Berlin, 1860, p. 258.]

[Footnote 244: Mentioned in Strabo and Makrizi. To these African customs in vogue among the Sudanese “Arabs” may be added the Dilka and the Tadkhin. The former is their method of cleaning themselves: instead of washing they prefer, like the ancient Greeks, first to grease themselves over and then scrape the skin with a stone or other scraper. For the Tadkhin, _see_ Baker, “Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” p. 81.]

=APPENDIX F.=

* * * * *

LIST OF TRIBES AND SHEIKHS. (FOR TRIBES IN THE BAHR EL GHAZAL
PROVINCE, _vide_ CHAP. VII.)

---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
Tribe. | Head Sheikh. | Habitat. | Remarks.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
BERBER PROVINCE. Population 83,000 (1904).
| | |
Ababda |Abdel Azim Bey |Abu Hamed, Ban |Branch of the Ababda
(Bilhush) |Wad Khalifa and|Nagaa, and |in Egyptian
|Mohammed Nura. |Segadi |territory. Poor and
| | |unimportant.
| | |
Arteiga |Abu Fatma Wad |Adarama |Nomads. Unimportant
|Omar | |tribe.
| | |
Bisharin, Um |No Nazir |Atbai |Sub-divided into
Ali | | |Aliab, Shantirab,
| | |Amrab, and
| | |Hamadorab. Nomad
| | |Arabs, owners of
| | |camels, sheep, and
| | |goats; do a little
| | |cultivation.
| | |
„ Um Nagi |Karar Ahmed |R. Atbara, |Sub-divided into
| |between Adarama|Hanr, Nafab,
| |and its mouth. |Mansurab, Hamdab,
| |Also in the |Ariab, (Negemab,
| |Southern Atbai.|Kurbab, and
| | |Bilanib). Nomads as
| | |above.
| | |
Fadnia (east) |Ahmed El Haj |Um Hatab |Nomads. Owners of
|Taher | |camels, cattle, and
| | |sheep, etc.
| | |
„ (west) |Abbas Shedid |Goz Naim |Mostly sedentary and
| | |cultivators with
| | |sagias.
| | |
| | |This tribe claims
| | |descent from Imam
| | |Ali, cousin of the
| | |Prophet, and
| | |therefore belong to
| | |the Alluia. They now
| | |consider themselves
| | |Jaalin.
| | |
Hāmak |Abdalla Wad El |Near Berber |Very few. Nomads;
|Aila | |originally belonging
| | |to the Bisharin.
| | |
Hassania |Omar Idris El |Upper part of |A large and
|Fazari |basin of Wadi |important nomad
| |Bayuda, and |tribe. Pay £250
| |whole of basin |tribute (1903).
| |of Wadi Abu |Owners of a few
| |Dom. J. Gilif |camels and cattle,
| |and J. Jakdul, |but chiefly owners
| |Abu Tleh, and |of sheep and goats.
| |at times west |Small cultivators on
| |bank of Nile, |rainland. Claim to
| |Metemma to |be descended from
| |Berber. |Zubeir Ibn El Awam
| | |(Zubeir’s mother was
| | |aunt of the Prophet)
| | |and therefore from
| | |the Beni Hashim
| | |tribe.
| | |
Jaalin |Hamad Suleiman |Debbaghat—El |Nomads and
|Osman (nomads) |Hawad—Kabushia,|sedentary. Formerly
| |etc. Both banks|a large and powerful
| |of the Nile |tribe; now much
| |from Metemma to|reduced in wealth
| |the junction of|and numbers by the
| |the Atbara. |Dervishes.
| | |
|Ibrahim Wad | |Cultivators by
|Ferah | |sagias. Owners of
|(sedentary) | |sheep and goats. The
| | |Jaalin say they are
| | |descended from
| | |Abbas, uncle of the
| | |Prophet, and
| | |therefore belong to
| | |the Abbasia tribe.
| | |
Khawawir |Gar El Nabi |Abu Safār |Nomads. Owners of
|Kador | |camels, sheep and
| | |goats.
| | |
Kimilab |Suleiman Hamad |Shigla and El |This tribe was one
|Salem |Nebis |of the first to
| | |settle on the
| | |Atbara, and fought
| | |the Bisharin who
| | |arrived later from
| | |the Atbai. They have
| | |now lost their
| | |pristine power and
| | |importance.
| | |
Monasir |Osman Suleiman |Dar Monasir; |Mostly sedentary
|Wad Gamr |left bank of |Arabs. Poor tribe
| |Nile, south and|living in a poor
| |south-west of |country.
| |Abu Hamed at |
| |Sani. |
| | |
Nefeidab |Ali Wad Sebib |Atbara |Of tribes now on
| | |Atbara the Nefeidab
|Mohammed Abu | |and Abdel Kerimab
|Abda. | |were the first to
| | |settle there.
| | |Formerly owned right
| | |bank from Goz Regeb-
| | |El Kian. Now very
| | |few.
| | |
Rasheida |Abdalla Mubarak|Atbara and Gash|Nomads. Came from
| | |Arabia in 1846. The
| | |Dervish Emir Abu
| | |Girga, during the
| | |Mahdia, is said to
| | |have killed 75 men
| | |of this tribe and
| | |captured 1,700 of
| | |their camels. They
| | |then took refuge at
| | |Massaua and returned
| | |to the Sudan after
| | |the fall of
| | |Omdurman. Part of
| | |this tribe live near
| | |Agik in Suakin
| | |Province.
| | |
Robatab |Habiballa Abdel|Both banks of |Sedentary.
|Majid |the Nile from |Cultivators. Poor.
| |about the 5th |
| |Cataract to a |
| |little below |
| |Abu Hamed. |
| | |
Shaigia, Onia |Abdel Rahman |Goz El Basabir.|Chiefly nomads.
(east) |Zayad |Also east bank |Owners of camels,
| |south of |sheep, and goats.
| |Metemma. |
| | |
„ Onia (west)|Naim El Fiki |Nasri Island |
|Mohammed Kheir |and west bank. |
| | |
„ Sauarab |Nasr El Meki |Wad Ban Naga |Nomads. Major part
| | |of this tribe lives
| | |in Dongola Province.
| | |Not a large tribe.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
DONGOLA PROVINCE.[245] Population 127,000 (1904).

Gararish |El Ata Abdalla |Right bank Nile|Nomads. Small and
| |between Kerma |unimportant tribe.
| |and Debba. |Owners of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats.
| | |Pay £E47 tribute.
| | |
Hawawir |Hassan Khalifa |Bayuda Desert |Nomads. Large tribe
| |between Korti, |owning camels,
| |Debba, and |sheep, and goats.
| |Gabra. |Pay £E480 tribute
| | |(1903). Head Sheikh
| | |lives at Korti.
| | |
Kababish, |Fadi El Mula |Wadi El Gab and|Nomads. Owners of
Omatto |Wad Rekha |south to Ein |camels, sheep, and
| |Hamed and |goats. Pay £E235
| |Gabra. |tribute.
| | |
„ Dar Hamed |Isawi Salem |Wadi El Gab and|Nomads. Owners of
| |south to Ein |camels, sheep, and
| |Hamed and |goats. Pay £E25
| |Gabra. |tribute. Head Sheikh
| | |lives at Dongola.
| | |
Shaigia |Ibrahim Wad El |Debba to Merowe|Nomads. Not an
(Sauarab) |Kheir |and Bir Bayuda |important tribe; it
| | |is under Sheikh
| | |Hassan Khalifa of
| | |the Hawawir.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
GEZIRA (BLUE NILE) PROVINCE.[246] Population 132,000 (1904)

Agaliin[247] |Mohammed El |Right bank |Sedentary. Not a
|Fiki Ahmed |White Nile, |large tribe but
| |Gezira Um Garf,|moderately wealthy.
| |between Kalakla|Owners of cattle and
| |and Um Arda. In|sheep; cultivators.
| |rains at |
| |Fatjuba and El |
| |Arak. |
| | |
Ahamda |Mohammed |Eastern part of|Sedentary. Rich in
|Kheiralla Ali |Kamlin |cattle. Number about
|Abu Zaman. |district. |250 males.
| |Mesellemia |Comfortably off.
| |district. |
| | |
Alkamab |Abdel Bagi |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Fairly
|Ghabashi |district |well off.
| | |
Arakiin |Yusef Fadl El |El Kreimet |Sedentary. This
|Mula |(Managil) |section is neither
| | |numerous nor
| | |wealthy.
| | |
|Ibrahim Ahmed |Maatuk (Kawa) |Sedentary. Numerous
|El Natifa[247] | |and well off;
| | |chiefly cultivators.
| | |
Aramab[247] |Idris El Kinen |Scattered on |Sedentary. Large
|and Mohammed |right bank |tribe and very
|Abu El Hassan. |White Nile |wealthy. During
| |between J. |Mahdia and up to
| |Breima and |1902 Mohammed Abu El
| |Geteina. In |Hassan was Nazir. It
| |rains inland at|is now split into
| |Mikheirif El |two sections.
| |Kheiran, Kitra,|
| |and Abdel |
| |Magid. |
| | |
Arawab[247] |Magbul Ahmed |Scattered on |Sedentary. A large
|Jar El Nebi |right and left |and very wealthy
| |banks of White |tribe; chiefly
| |Nile from J. |cultivators.
| |Auli to El |
| |Mohammedia and |
| |inland at |
| |Garada, |
| |Hashaba, |
| |Malaga. |
| | |
Awamra[247] |Ahmed Idris El |Interior of |Sedentary. Large and
|Fadl |Gezira, east of|moderately wealthy
| |J. Auli, and on|tribe.
| |left bank of |
| |White Nile near|
| |Um Rummat. |
| | |
Batahin |Ali Abudi |Um Daka |Sedentary. Few and
| |(Managil) |poor.
| | |
|Mohammed Zein |Mesellemia |Nomads. Poor; have a
|Shakhib |district |few camels.
| | |
|Mohammed Talha |Abu Deleig |Nomads. Large tribe,
| |district |rich in cattle, also
| | |owners of camels.
| | |
Bija[247] |Abdel Gader |Right bank of |Sedentary. A section
|Ibrahim |White Nile, |of the Agaliin; few,
| |Gezira Um Garf,|but well off.
| |and inland at |
| |Wazra. |
| | |
Dabassiin |Rahmatalla |Gab El Gedad, |Sedentary. About 260
|Kheir El Sid |El Dabiba, etc.|males in tribe.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Danagila |Ahmed El Niama |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Small
| |district |tribe, but well off.
| | |
|Mohammed Osman |Geteina |Sedentary. Small
|Abdel | |tribe, but well off.
|Rahman[247] | |
| | |
Dar |Ahmed Mohammed |Scattered on |Nomads. Divided into
Mahareb[247] |Abu Afsh |right and left |many branches; all
| |banks of White |fairly well off.
| |Nile from Hagar|
| |El Asalai to |
| |Jebelein. |
| | |
Diwa[247] |Ali Babikr |Aba Island |Sedentary. Very
| |(Kawa) |small tribe.
| | |
Eseilat |Mohammed El Haj|Eseilat |Sedentary Arabs.
|Saad |(Kamlin) |About 360 males.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Fardiin |Ahmed El Taif |Managil and Um |Sedentary. Very
| |Talha |small tribe, but
| | |wealthy.
| | |
Fung |Mohammed El Rih|Dar Nail, Wad |Sedentary. Very
|Guma |Odun (Managil) |small tribe, but
| | |wealthy.
| | |
Gemmuiya[247] |Nasr Ibrahim El|Left bank of |Sedentary. Large
|Mek |White Nile, |tribe and well off.
| |between |Cattle and sheep
| |Omdurman and |owners.
| |Jebel Mandara. |
| | |
Halawin |Abdalla Wad |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Excellent
|Musaid | |cultivators.
| | |
Hassanab[247] |Abdalla |Arak and |Sedentary. Very poor
|Suleiman |Gezira, Um Garf|cultivators.
| |(Geteina) |
| | |
Hassania |Ali Wad Yusef |Mahriba |Sedentary. Small
| |(Kamlin) |section.
| | |
|Idris Habbani, |Scattered on |Sedentary. Related
|Musellim |right and left |to the Berber
|Magbul, and Ali|bank of White |Hassania. A very
|Musa El |Nile from |large and very
|Bida.[247] |Geteina to |wealthy tribe. Idris
| |Dueim; also |was Sheikh of whole
| |inland near |tribe during Mahdia,
| |eastern |but it is now
| |boundary of |divided into three
| |Geteina |sections. Owners of
| |district. |cattle, sheep, and
| | |goats.
| | |
Hussanatt[247] |Ali Awadalla |Umat Shaar, |Sedentary. Large and
| |Sharafat, J. |wealthy tribe.
| |Maturi (Kawa). |Owners of cattle,
| | |goats, and few
| | |camels.
| | |
|Ahmed Sogheirun|Scattered on |Sedentary. Large and
| |right and left |wealthy tribe.
| |banks of White |Owners of cattle,
| |Nile between |goats, and few
| |Wad Belal and |camels.
| |Geteina. |
| | |
Kawahla |Imam Ali |Abud, El Walia,|Nomad and sedentary.
|Ibrahim El |and Kadibat |Largest and
|Bedawi |(Managil). |wealthiest tribe in
| | |Managil district.
| | |Owners of camels and
| | |cattle. Good
| | |lighting men.
| | |
Lahawin[247] |Saleh Yagub El |Um Hagar, Wad |Sedentary. Not well
|Imam |Badri (Kawa) |off.
| | |
Mesellemia |Mohammed Gamal |Um Shedida |Sedentary.
|El Din[247] |(Kawa) |
| | |
|Awad El Bari |Wad El Meslami |Sedentary. Few and
|Mohammed |(Managil) |poor.
| | |
|Abbas Mohammed |East of Kamlin |Nomad and sedentary.
|Badr (Sheikh El|district |Rich in cattle.
|Obeid). | |Number about 500
| | |males.
| | |
Mogharba |Mohammed Osman |El Abdanab, Wad|Sedentary. Few and
| |El Zein |well off.
| |(Managil) |
| | |
|Mubarak El |Um Sunta (Kawa)|Sedentary. Few and
|Gezuli[247] | |well off.
| | |
Mohammedia[247]|Abdalla Idris |Scattered on |Sedentary. Large and
|El Kereil |right and left |wealthy tribe.
| |banks of White |Owners of camels,
| |Nile between |cattle, and sheep.
| |Hellet Wad El |
| |Kereil and J. |
| |Breima. In |
| |rains inland at|
| |Um Sidra. |
| | |
Nefeidia |El Melik Rahma |Abu Siwa |Nomad and sedentary.
| |(Managil) |Large and wealthy
| | |tribe.
| | |
Nurab[247] |Saleh Wad El |Shawal (Kawa) |Sedentary.
|Imam | |
| | |
Rufaa |Shai El Nur Tai|El Azazi and |Sedentary. Few, but
|El Din |Shukheir |well off.
| |(Managil) |
| | |
Shaigia |Ahmed Wad El |Wad Kunjari |Sedentary. Few, but
|Awad |(Managil) |rich.
| | |
|El Gazuli |Tura El Khadra |Sedentary. Few, and
|Omar[247] |(Geteina) |very poor.
| | |
Shenabla |Musaid Mohammed|Mesellemia |Sedentary.
| |district |
| | |
Shukria |Abdalla Awad El|Rufaa district |Nomads and
|Kerim Abu Sin. | |sedentary. Numerous,
| | |but now poor tribe.
| | |
„ Gadurab |El Zubeir El |Eastern part of|Nomads and
|Nur |Kamlin district|sedentary. Rich in
| | |cattle. Number about
| | |230 men.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KASSALA PROVINCE. Population 74,700 (1904).

Beni Amer |Mohammed Osman |Debeloeid |Nomads. This is only
|(Wakil Yagub | |a small branch of
|Mohammed). | |the large tribe
| | |living in Eritrea.
| | |Pay £E150 tribute.
| | |
Debania |Awad El Kerim |Gedaref, Asar, |Sedentary Arabs. The
|Wad Zaid (Wakil|Shasheina, Abu |Debania tribe are
|Mustafa Bakr |Gelud, Sofi, |now very poor and
|Wad El Sultan).|etc. |reduced in numbers.
| | |Sheikh Awad Wad Zaid
| | |is also head of all
| | |the Forawis and
| | |blacks under Mustafa
| | |Bakr.
| | |
Hadendoa |Sheikh Idris |Kassala |The Hadendoa under
|Gadi | |the Governor of
|(Nazir)[249] | |Kassala pay £E480
| | |tribute (1904).
„ El Berinab |Minni and Onur |Adarghayai. |Their principal
|Ali, Mohammed | |grazing grounds are
|Ahmed Abbas. | |the right bank of
| | |the Atbara and the
„ „ |Ahmed Belal |Maman. |Gash, north of
| | |Kassala. Both these
„ Gemilab |Omar Lalai |Maman. |districts, however,
(Taulil) | | |are subject to
| | |invasions of the
„ Haikolab |Mohammed El Hag|Tebilol. |Suakin Arabs. Filik,
| | |on the Gash, used to
„ „ (Odi) |Ahmed Wakili |Odi. |be and is now to a
| | |lesser extent a
„ Kalulei |Ali El Hadab |Atbara. |great centre of the
| | |Hadendoa tribe. The
„ Gism El Gash|Mustafa Hamed |Temitatei. |Hadendoa are nomads
| | |and own large
„ Shebodinab |Hammad Musa |Tendera. |numbers of camels
(Kokreb.) | | |sheep, and goats,
| | |also cattle. They do
„ Shebodinab |Hamed Isa |Atbara north of|a little
(El Bahr.) | |Goz Regeb. |cultivating. They
| | |speak a Rotana
| | |similar to that of
| | |the Beni Amer and
| | |Bisharin, etc.,
| | |which is said to be
| | |allied to that
| | |spoken by the
| | |Somalis. They
| | |usually carry very
| | |neatly made spears
| | |with shafts about 5
| | |feet long bound at
| | |intervals with
| | |silver or brass
| | |wire, also circular
| | |shields about 2 feet
| | |6 inches in
| | |circumference made
| | |of hippo, buffalo,
| | |or giraffe hide.
| | |Like the Bisharin,
| | |Beni Amer, Kababish,
| | |etc., they wear
| | |their hair in the
| | |well-known “fuzzy-
| | |wuzzy” style. The
| | |Wililiab are the
| | |leading family of
| | |the Hadendoa tribe.
| | |
Halenga |Jaafar Ali |Kassala |Sedentary Arabs.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Hamran Arabs |Omar Burbur |Setit |Sedentary Arabs.
| | |Very few and poor,
| | |but nearly all own
| | |horses. Omar Burbur
| | |is under Awad El
| | |Kerim Wad Zaid.
| | |
Shukria, Butana|Ali Awad El |Butana, Rera, |Nomads. Cultivators
Section |Kerim Abu Sin, |El Sofeiya, Um |and graziers.
|called also |Rueishid, |Formerly owned many
|“Ali El Had.” |Gileita, etc. |camels, now possess
| | |very few. Some of
| | |the Lahawin,
| | |Kawahla, and Batahin
| | |live in the Butana
| | |under “Ali El Had.”
| | |Pay £E450 tribute.
| | |
„ Atbara |Amara Mohammed |River Atbara |The Lahawin (a White
Section |Hammad Abu Sin.|between K. |Nile camel-owning
| |Kutut and Ramet|tribe), some of the
| |Gaied. |Awaida, Kawahla, and
| | |Mogharba, also live
| | |on the Atbara under
| | |Amara Abu Sin. Pay
| | |£E325 tribute.
| | |
„ Gedaref |Hammad Abu Sin |Gedaref, Wad |Sedentary. Chiefly
Section | |Kabu, Beila, |cultivators. There
| |Rahad, Galaat |are more than 220
| |Arang, etc. |villages in the
| | |Gedaref district.
| | |
Takarir |Sheraf Mohammed|Gallabat and |Shiekh Sheraf is
|Abdalla |district |head of all the
| | |Gallabat district,
| | |the people of which
| | |are chiefly
| | |Takruris, Forawis,
| | |Kunjara, etc.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KHARTOUM PROVINCE.[248] Population 81,000 (1904).

Ahamda |Mohammed El Ata|Geili |Sedentary. Small
| | |tribe. _Vide_ Blue
| | |Nile Province.
| | |
Batahin |Mohammed Talha |Geili-Elwan |Sedentary.
(Ashama) |Abdel Bagi | |Cultivators. Camel
| | |and sheep owners.
| | |_Vide_ Gezira
| | |Province.
| | |
Butukab |Mohammed Talha |Geili-Elwan |Sedentary.
|Abdel Bagi | |Cultivators. Camel
| | |and sheep owners.
| | |_Vide_ Gezira
| | |Province.
| | |
Ereikat |Jadalla Isa |Omdurman and |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum |Like the Taaisha and
| | |Habbania are now
| | |poor and earn their
| | |living as best they
| | |can in Khartoum and
| | |Omdurman, or
| | |cultivate in Gezira.
| | |
Geriat |Mohammed Kirsha|Gaerin—Wadi |Nomads. Small tribe.
| |Mogaddam |
| | |
Habbania |Mahmud Abu Saad|Omdurman and |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum |Many are employed by
| | |Works Department,
| | |etc., at Khartoum.
| | |
Hassanab |Hassan Meki |Wad Hassuna |_Vide_ Gezira.
| | |
Hassania |Awad El Kerim |Wad Hassuna, |Majority belong to
|Suleiman Kasir |Wadi Tibna, |White Nile Province.
| |West Bishara, |
| |and north of |
| |Gabra. |
| | |
Mashaikha |El Taib Abdel |Um Dom, Karkoj,|
|Salam |etc. |
| | |
Mogharba |Hassan Hamad El|Wad Ramla |_Vide_ Gezira
(nomad) |Deisis |district |Province.
| | |
„ (sedentary)|El Taib Abdel |Melaha, etc. |
|Salam | |
| | |
Taaisha |Mahmud Abu Saad|Omdurman, |Belong to Darfur.
|(of Habbania) |Khartoum, and |_Vide_ also Ereikat.
| |scattered in |
| |Gezira. |
| | |
Zeiadia |Jadalla Isa |Omdurman, |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum, and |_Vide_ also Ereikat.
| |scattered in |
| |Gezira. |
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KORDOFAN PROVINCE. Population 550,000 (1904).

Agrab Nahud |Mustafa Ibrahim|Nahud |Sedentary.
|Abu Renat | |
| | |
Ahamda[250] |Abdel Rahim |Dar El Ahamda |Very poor. Sedentary
|Taha | |Arabs.
| | |
Aulad Hameid |Didan El |South of Dar El|Baggara. Nomads.
|Dervish |Ahamda |Poor and now
| | |unimportant. Pay
| | |£E60 tribute.
| | |
Bederia |Abdel Samad Abu|Birket Sungikai|Large sedentary
|Safia |and Abu Haraz |tribe. Pay £E400
| | |tribute (1903). Good
|Ebeid El Hag |El Obeid. |fighting men.
| | |
Beni Jerar[250]|Ahmed Mohammed |Helba and Homra|Nomads. Large tribe.
|Nubawi | |Pay about £E130
| | |tribute. Camel and
| | |sheep owners. Good
| | |fighters.
| | |
Feraha |Omar Wad Gash |Khor Kheiran |Unimportant tribe.
| | |
Ghodiat |Ibrahim Baggara|Rahad |Unimportant tribe.
| | |
Gimma[250] |Ahmed El Bedawi|Gedid |Sedentary Arabs.
|Asaker | |Important tribe.
| | |Good horsemen.
| | |Cultivators and gum
| | |collectors.
| | |
Gowama |Yasin Yusef |Between El |Large sedentary Arab
| |Obeid and Dueim|tribe. Cultivators
| | |and collectors of
|Adam Maznuk |Rahad. |gum, and owners of
| | |sheep, goats, etc.
„ (Nahud) |Bokhari Ali |Nahud. |
| | |
Habbania |El Tom Audun |Sherkeila and |Sedentary Baggara
| |Ageila |Arabs. Not numerous.
| | |Branch of the
| | |Habbania of Darfur.
| | |
Hamar, Asaker |Ismail Mohammed|Nahud to Foga |Large and important
|El Sheikh | |Arab tribe. Camel
| | |owners and
„ Degegin |Hamid Bey | |cultivators. Pay
|Fatin. | |£E1,200 tribute
| | |(1903). Partly
„ Gherasia |Abdel Rahim Bey| |sedentary and partly
|Abu Dagal. | |nomad. Good fighting
| | |men.
| | |
Hawazma, Abdel | | |A large and powerful
Ali | | |Baggara nomad Arab
| | |tribe, scattered
„ Dar Beti |Hamed Asosa |Sungikai, Nila,|over the plains
| |and Dilling. |amongst the Nuba
| | |hills. Own many
„ Walad | | |horses, cattle,
Ghabush. | | |sheep, etc. Pay
| | |about £E800 tribute
„ Dar Gawad |Gad El Kerim. | |(1903).
| | |
„ Khalifa |Nur Hanur |J. Kadero to J.|
| |Gedir. |
| | |
|Toto Mahub. | |
| | |
|Bedawi Gadum. | |
| | |
|Hamad Abu | |
|Shilluk. | |
| | |
„ Rowauga |Soma Lua |J. El Joghub |
| |and south. |
| | |
|Mohammed | |
|Bahlul. | |
| | |
|Shein Tobein. | |
| | |
Homr |Ali Gula | |Large and
|(Nazir) | |comparatively rich
| | |Baggara tribe,
„ Ageira Walad|Mohammed Khadam|Muglad. |owning cattle and
Omram | | |horses. At present
| | |(1903) pay £E450
„ Ageira Walad|Masaud Iris |Muglad to Bahr |tribute.
Kamil | |El Arab. |
| | |
„ Felaita |El Hag Wad |Keilak and |
|Yagub |Abiad Lakes. |
| | |
Kababish |Ali Tom |Kagmar and |Large nomad Arab
| |north |tribe owning camels,
| | |sheep, etc. Pay
| | |£E850 tribute.
| | |Another branch lives
| | |in Dongola Province.
| | |
Kaja (Serrug) |Ibrahim Gurud |Kaja |Sedentary tribe.
| | |Poor; robbers.
| | |
Kawahla |Abdalla Wad |North-west of |Large nomad Arab
|Gadalla |Bara |tribe, owning many
| | |camels. Pay £E1,000
|Badai Bakr |Dar Nuba. |tribute (1903).
| | |
Maagla |Beshir Dau El |El Gleit. |
|Beit | |
| | |
Maalia |Abdalla Hanatir|El Mazrub |The bulk of this
| | |tribe belongs to
| | |Darfur. Pay £E60
| | |tribute.
| | |
Maganin |Mohammed Ali El|Dar Hamid |Sedentary Arabs,
|Akheida | |living in Dar Hamid.
| | |Pay £E150 tribute.
| | |
Messeria |Mohammed El |Dar Messeria |}
|Fagir El Gaburi|(east and |}
|(Nazir). |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
| | |}
| | |}
„ Un Selim. | | |}
| | |}
„ El Ghazaya |Bigada Abu |Dar Messeria |}
|Edena |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Derai |Nasr Mahil |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Enenat |Zakharia Adam |Dar Messeria |} A large and
| |(east and |} powerful Baggara
| |south-east of |} tribe, owning large
| |El Eddaiya). |} numbers of cattle
| | |} and horses. Pay
„ Aulad Abu |Omar Ahmed |Dar Messeria |} £E800 tribute.
Naaman | |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Terg |Ahmed Nurein |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ Aulad Haibun|Gebero Khalil |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |
Shanabla |Manhil |Between Um Dam |Nomads. Camel and
|Kheiralla |and Dueim |sheep owners. Pay
| | |£E400 tribute.
| | |
Shankhab[250] |Gubara Wad |Left bank of |More or less
|Geifun |White Nile |nomadic. Own cattle
| |between Kawa |and sheep. Cultivate
| |and Goz Abu |and collect gum.
| |Guma. |
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------

SOME NUBA MOUNTAINS AND THEIR MEKS.

---------------+---------------+-------------------------------
Mountain. | Mek. | Remarks.
---------------+---------------+-------------------------------
Daier |Abu Zeida, etc.|All these Meks own to a
| |varying number of rifles, with
Dilling |Isa El Deif. |which they have been wont to
| |fight each other, and which
Eliri |Rizgalla Eluan |have hitherto been
|(Hawazma |indispensable for defence
|Mowallad). |against the raids of the
| |Baggara Arabs of the
|Abdalla Kaka |surrounding plains.
|(Kawahla |
|Mowallad). |
| |
Garada |El Fiki Fadl |
|Zubeir. |
| |
Gedir |Bosh Dau El |
|Beit. |
| |
Gulfan |El Ebeid El |Experience so far shows that
|Nima. |neighbouring mountains will
| |not support each other in
El Joghub |Rahal Andal. |combined opposition to the
| |Government, but that rather
Kadero |Gader Bey |almost any mountain is
|Ibrahim. |prepared to assist in the
| |attack of any other.
Kawalib |Nasr Wad El |
|Maksur. |
| |
Kowarma |Orlandi and |
|Kafi. |
| |
Krongo |Kobang. |
| |
Miri |Hamed Abu |The Nuba mountains pay about
|Sikin. |£E1,000 per annum tribute
| |(1903).
Niyima |Sultan Arauga. |
| |
Rashad |Mohammed |
|Zeibak. |
| |
Saburi |Kafi Hamed. |
| |
Sema |Gura Harun. |
| |
Shat |Daldum Taib. |
| |
Shuwei |Nasr Hamed. |
| |
Tagale |Geili Adam. |
| |
Tagoi |Mohammed Gedeil|At enmity with Mek Zeibak of
| |Rashad.
| |
Talodi |Sherif Am Omo |
|(Homr |
|Mowallad). |
| |
Teisr |Toto Kilia. |
| |
Tira El Akhdar |Ti Wad Ardila. |
| |
Tira Mandi |Newi Omba. |
---------------+---------------+-------------------------------

LIST OF TRIBES AND SHEIKHS (_continued_).

-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
Tribe. |Head Sheikh. | Habitat. | Remarks.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
SENNAR PROVINCE.[251] (Population 117,000 (1904).

Agaliin |Mohammed |Right bank of |Partly nomads and partly
|Ahmed Abu |Blue Nile |sedentary. Poor and not
|Duma |between Karkoj,|numerous. Nomad portion
| |Badus, and Khor|graziers and breeders of
| |Agaliin (K. |camels, sheep, etc., and
| |Undul). |a few cattle.
| | |
| | |Sedentary, cultivators.
| | |Weapons: spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Arakiin |Mohammed Wad |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Tom |Arakiin Khor, |and breeders of sheep and
| |in the Medani |goats. Poor and not
| |district. |numerous; indifferent
| | |fighters.
| | |
Burun |Idris Wad |Jebel Gule, |A black race somewhat
|Regab |Surkum, and |resembling the Nuers, but
| |south |not warlike like them.
| | |Spears and bows and
| | |arrows.
| | |
Dar Ageil | „ „ „ |Northern |Nomads. Breeders of
| |portion, Dar |cattle, sheep, and
| |Fung |horses. Small tribe.
| | |
Fung | „ „ „ |Jebel Gule, |Sedentary. Cultivators on
| |etc. |small scale. Poor and not
| | |very numerous. Good
Hameg | „ „ „ |J. Gerebin, |fighters, about 150
| |Roro, and |rifles, also swords and
| |south. |spears. Breeders of
| | |sheep, goats, and a few
| | |cattle.
| | |
„ |Ahmed Abu |Roseires and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|Shotal |vicinity, both |and breeders of sheep,
| |banks of Blue |and goats. Neither
| |Nile. |wealthy nor numerous.
| | |Good fighters. Spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Ingassana |Mohammed |J. Tabi and |Blacks. Armed with
|Ahmed El |district. |sickle-shaped swords.
|Fungiawi | |
| | |
Jaalin |Saad El |Wad Medani, |Sedentary. Cultivators
|Shafii, |Senga, Karkoj |and breeders of cattle,
|Medani Ahmed,| |sheep, and goats. Wealthy
|Mohammed | |and numerous. Good
|Mahmud | |fighters. Spears and
|Agamia, Omar | |swords.
|Mohammed. | |
| | |
Jebelawiin |Regab Hussein|Fazogli and |Sedentary. Cultivators
| |Khor Tumat |and breeders of sheep and
| | |goats. Fairly wealthy.
| | |Not numerous; fair
| | |fighters. 150 rifles,
| | |some spears and swords.
| | |
Kawahla |Yusef |Wad Medani on |Nomads. Poor, and are
|Mohammed Wad |east bank of |small section of the big
|Ais |Blue Nile; also|tribe in Kordofan;
| |near Sennar. |breeders of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats. Fair
| | |fighters. Nomads are
| | |graziers. Spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
|Abdalla Shah |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Din |Kawahla Khot in|and breeders of sheep and
| |Medani |goats. Poor and not
| |district. |numerous. Indifferent
| | |fighters.
| | |
Kenana, Abu |Hamed Abdalla|Wad Medani, |Nomads. Small tribe.
Rihan |Wad Gales |between Rahad |During the rains these
| |and Blue Nile. |nomads move into Kassala
| |In rains move |Province. Wealthy.
| |to El Butana. |Breeders of camels,
| | |cattle, and sheep, etc.
| | |Graziers, good fighters.
| | |Spears and swords. Pay
| | |£E270 tribute (1903).
| | |
„ Kawatil |Vacant |Senga district,|Partly sedentary (Abu
| |in the Kenana |Rihan), but own more
| |Khot; during |cattle and less camels. A
| |winter and |few horses; these are on
| |spring move as |the increase. During the
| |far south as |rains the nomad section
| |Roseires; in |moves to Segadi. Pay
| |rains partly to|£E160 tribute.
| |Segadi. |
| | |
„ El |Abd El Nabi |East bank of |Nomads. A few horses. Pay
Siragia |Doheish |Blue Nile. Move|£E230 tribute (1903).
| |to El Butana |
| |during rains. |
| | |
El Khawalda |Mohammed Wad |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Dau |Khawalda Khot, |and breeders of sheep and
| |in Wad Medani |goats. Indifferent
| |district. |fighters. Numerous and
| | |wealthy. A few spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Rufaa El Hoi |Vacant |Left bank of |Mostly nomads. Some
| |Blue Nile, |sedentary. (Same as
| |between |Agaliin.) Pay about £E100
| |Gesheish and El|tribute.
| |Disa. |
| | |
Rufaa El |El Agab Abu |R. Dinder |Partly nomads, partly
Sharg |Gin | |sedentary. Wealthy and
| | |numerous. The nomad
| | |portion are breeders and
| | |graziers of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats. The
| | |sedentary portion are
| | |cultivators with few
| | |cattle. Spears and
| | |swords; fair fighters.
| | |During the rains a
| | |certain number move into
| | |Kassala Province. Pay
| | |£E200 tribute.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
SUAKIN PROVINCE.[252] Population 60,000 (1904);
without Nomads, 14,000.

Amarar, |None |Dissibil and |The Amarar are a large
Fadlab |appointed |Akarbei |and comparatively wealthy
| | |nomad tribe about whom,
| | |however, little is known
| | |at present. Their tribute
| | |was assessed at £E1,100
| | |(1903). Hamed Bey was
| | |formerly Nazir, but is
| | |now so no longer. He is
| | |in receipt of monthly
| | |pension (£4) for his past
| | |loyalty to Government.
| | |There is at present
| | |(1904) no Nazir of this
| | |tribe.
| | |
„ Abdel |Onur Ali |Wadi Amur and |
Rahmanab |Lebab |Agent. |
| | |
„ Kilab and|Mohammed |Hadai and Wadi |Another branch “Minniab”
Aliab |Dobalob |Amur |live on Atbara under Musa
| | |Adlan.
| | |
„ Kurbab |Mohammed Ali |Selalat and K. |
(Hawan) |Hamed |Haieit. |
| | |
„ „ |Hassan Bufori|J. Girba and K.|
(Wagadab) | |Asser. |
| | |
„ Nurab |Abu Fatma |Abdalla Rai, |Ali Adam, formerly
|Hassab |Tokar |Sheikh, is in receipt of
| | |monthly pension (£2) for
| | |past good services.
| | |
„ Musaiab |Ahmed Bakash |Ariab, Amur, |
| |etc. |
| | |
„ Sandarait|Mohammed |Sotriba and |Gwali Or was the last
|Gwali Or |Bawati |Amarar Sheikh to
| | |acknowledge Government.
| | |
Arteiga |Badani Rashid|Tokar |Cultivate near Tokar.
| | |
Ashraf |O’Sheikh |Ambakta, |
|Walad Koi |Tantik, and |
| |Tokar. |
| | |
Beni Amer |Mohammed |Khor Haieit, |Mohammed Osman lives at
|Osman Hamed |Karora, Agik, |Kassala—Saleh Idris is
|(Nazir) |and Tokar |his Wakil at Suakin. The
| | |Suakin Beni Amer pay £350
| | |tribute (1903).
| | |
Habab |Mahmud |Adwan and Tokar|Came from Eritrea where
|Kantibai | |greater part of tribe is
| | |still.
| | |
Hadendoa |Said El |Sinkat |The Hadendoa are a
(Amerab) |Hassan | |powerful nomad tribe
|(Nazir)[253] | |owning many camels, sheep
| | |and goats, and few
| | |cattle. They live,
| | |roughly speaking, between
| | |Suakin, Goz Regeb, and
| | |Kassala. Like the
| | |Bisharin, Beni Amer,
| | |etc., they speak a Rotana
| | |said to be allied to that
| | |of the Somalis. _Vide_
| | |also Kassala. The Suakin
| | |Hadendoa pay £E600
| | |tribute (1903).
| | |
„ |Mohammed Adam|Hadarbab and |
(Bishariab) |Halgo |Tebilol. |
| | |
„ (Garieb) |Ismail Abu |Sidate, Dirbob,|
|Aisha |and K. Abent. |
| | |
„ (Gemilab)|Abu Bakr |Warriba, |A large sub-tribe,
|Ahmed El Amin|Dageint, Shaba,|divided into two main
| |K. Osir, and |branches “Hararwab” and
| |Siterab. |“Taulil,” former belong
| | |to Suakin, latter to
| | |Kassala. Hararwab section
| | |pay £120 tribute (1903).
| | |
„ (Hamdab) |Abdel Gader |Wadi Amur, K. |Cultivate a good deal of
|Hamed Dau |Arab, Kokreb, |dura. Pay £150 tribute
| |and Hareitri. |(1903).
| | |
„ (Samarar |El Amin |Warateb. |
— Abdel — |Mohammed | |
Aar). |Hamagab | |
| | |
„ (Samarar |Musa Mohammed|Khor Baraka |Part graze on Gash in
— Farag — |Ali | |autumn, part cultivate
aliab). | | |near Tokar.
| | |
„ (Sharaab)|Omar Tita |Erkowit |Visit the Gash for
| | |grazing in the autumn.
| | |
Kemilab |Mohammed |Tokar and Durur|Most go to Gash for
|Abdel Gader | |grazing in autumn, rest
| | |cultivate near Tokar.
| | |
Shaiab |Mohammed Musa|Tokar and K. |Cultivate near Tokar. Pay
|Adam |Langeb |£E150 tribute.
| | |
Rasheida |Marshud Saleh|Atbara |In 1900 Marshud’s father,
| | |formerly Sheikh of this
| | |tribe, was imprisoned for
| | |slave-dealing and was
| | |subsequently expelled
| | |from the Sudan. _Vide_
| | |also tribes of Berber
| | |Province.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
UPPER NILE PROVINCE.[254] Population 150,000 (?).