Chapter XXXVI: Introduction: Of Agriculture--Quiché Tradition of the (2)

Captives, if of noble blood or high rank, were sacrificed to the gods, and were rarely ransomed. The captor of a noble prisoner received high honors, but was punished if he accepted a ransom, the penalty being death in Nicaragua. The heads of the sacrificed captives were in Yucatan suspended in the branches of the trees, as memorials of victory, a separate tree being set apart for each hostile province. The bones, as Landa tells us, were kept by the captors, the jaw-bone being worn on the arm, as an ornament. We read of no actual torture of prisoners, but the Cakchiquels danced about the victim to be sacrificed, and loaded him with insults. Among the Pipiles it was left to the priests to decide whether the sacrifice should be in honor of a god or goddess; if the former, the festival lasted, according to Palacio, fifteen days; the captives were obliged to march in procession through the town, and one was sacrificed each day; if the feast was dedicated to a deity of the gentler sex, five days of festivities and blood sufficed. Prisoners of plebeian blood were enslaved, or only sacrificed when victims of higher rank were lacking. They were probably the property of the captors. At the close of a campaign in which no captives were taken, the Nicaraguan captains went together to the altar, and there wept ceremonial tears of sorrow for their want of success. The authorities record no details of the methods by which peace was ratified; the Yucatecs, however, according to Cogolludo, expressed to the Spaniards a desire for a suspension of hostilities, by throwing away their weapons, and by kissing their fingers, after touching them to the ground.[1095]

FOOTNOTES:

[1060] This history, written with Roman characters, but in the Quiché language, in the early years of the Conquest, was quoted by Brasseur de Bourbourg as the _MS. Quiché de Chichicastenango_, in his _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., pp. 59-60; a translation into Spanish by Ximenez appeared in 1857, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, pp. 79-80; and a translation into French by Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1861, _Popol Vuh_, pp. 195-9. Brasseur's rendering is followed for the most part in my text, but so far as this extract is concerned there are only slight verbal differences between the two translations.

[1061] _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 130; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, in _Id._, p. 361. On the coast of Yucatan, 'des racines dont ils font le pain, et qu'ils nomment maïs.' _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 8. The Lacandones applied themselves 'al trabajo de sus Milpas, y Sementeras de Maiz, Chile, y Frixoles, entre que sembravan Piñas, Platanos, Batatas, Xicamas, Xacotes, Zapotes, y otras Frutas;' their milpas were large, and were cleared with stone hatchets. _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 310-11. The Itzas had 'mucha Grana, Cera, Algodòn, Achiote, Baynillas, y otras Legumbres.' _Id._, pp. 353, 499. Many varieties of beans raised in Nicaragua. _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., p. 285. 'Vi muchos destos perales en la provinçia de Nicaragua, puestos á mano en las heredades é plaças ó assientos de los indios, é por ellos cultivados. É son tan grandes árboles como nogales algunos dellos.' _Id._, p. 353. Planting of maize, _Id._, pp. 265-6; tom. iv., pp. 104-5. See also on agriculture: _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, pp. 102-3; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viajes_, tom. iii., pp. 413-14; _Cortés_, _Cartas_, p. 405; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 551, 556; _Viollet-le-Duc_, in _Charnay_, _Ruines Amér._, p. 71; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 269; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, tom. i., p. 8.

[1062] _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, pp. 190-1; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 183; _Palacio_, _Carta_, pp. 72-4; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., p. 285; _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. i., p. 233; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 565-6.

[1063] In the province of Campeche the Spaniards were feasted on 'Peacockes and crammed foule both of the Mountaynes, Woods, and Water, as Patryches, Quayles, Turtles, Duckes, Geese, and fourefooted wilde beastes, as Boores, Hartes, and Hares: besides Wolfes, Lyons, Tygers, and Foxes.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. iv., lib. ii. 'Juntanse tambien para la caça de L en L, mas o menos, y la carne del venado assan en parillas, porque no se les gaste, y venidos al pueblo, hazen sus presentes al señor, y distribuyen como amigos y el mesmo hazen en la pesca.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 130-2, 46. In Vera Paz 'tejones, que tienen buena carne, el bilab es mejor que carnero: venadillos vermejos, y otros bayos, y muchos otros que los Indios flechan, y comen algunos desollados, otros ahumados, y assados, en barbocoa, y en charque, y todo malguisado.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiii., xiv., ii. At Cozumel 'el pescado es su casi principal manjar.' _Gomara_, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 22. See also _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 355, 424, 497, tom. iv., p. 33; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 187; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética_, MS., cap. 177; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, p. 63.

[1064] _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 118; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 148; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 184, 187-8, 700; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 41, 311; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 206-7, 411, 497, 507, tom. iii., p. 227; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iv., lib. vi., ii., dec. vi., lib. iii.; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. v., cap. v., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. viii.; _Gomara_, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 23; _Id._, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 61-2; _Cortés_, _Cartas_, p. 449; _Fancourt's Hist. Yuc._, p. 32.

[1065] Cortés, _Cartas_, p. 23, tells us that no bread was made in Yucatan, but that maize was eaten roasted. The best tortillas in Nicaragua were called _tascalpachon_. _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 267, 324, 355, 411, 513, 523, tom. iii., p. 227. See also _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 116-20, 135; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiii.

[1066] _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 69; _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 120; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 180; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 111.

[1067] _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 89, 98, 312; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 116-20, 192; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. v., cap. v., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ix., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 267, 317-18, tom. iv., p. 95; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 102-3, 109; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética_, MS., cap. clxxvii.; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 40; _Cortés' Despatches_, p. 4; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 51-2, 499.

[1068] In Yucatan: 'These Barbarians eate onely their enemies, or such strangers as come vnto them, otherwise they abstaine from mans flesh.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. iv., lib. vi. In Guatemala the heads and tripe were seasoned with wine. _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética_, MS., cap. clxxvii.; _Id._, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 147; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 649, 651; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 62; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vi., vii., lib. vii., cap. iii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 37, 51-2, 56, 108; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viajes_, tom. iii., p. 420; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 35, 104; _Albornoz_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 486; _Helps' Span. Conq._, vol. iii., p. 88; _Pimentel_, _Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena_, p. 23; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 191.

[1069] The Itzas, men and women, wore 'faxas' 4 varas long and 1/3 vara wide. _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 312, 402, 498. At Campeche, a strip of cotton one hand wide, twisted and wound 20 or 30 times about the body. _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 512-13. This garment called _mastate_. _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2. Ends embroidered and decorated with feathers. _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 116. _Almayzares_, called in New Spain _mastil_; otherwise naked. _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. v., cap. v., dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Cortés' Despatches_, p. 4. The Chiapanecs naked except this cloth about the loins. _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, pp. 292, 302.

[1070] Plate showing the costume of an Indian of the interior. _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, pl. v. Trowsers of cotton in Salvador. _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 321.

[1071] Called _tilmas_ or _hayates_, a yard and a half square. _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 187. Mantles called _zuyen_. _Id._, p. 2. 'Mantas pintadas.' _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 147.

[1072] Cotton robes of bright colors. _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 551. 'Tuniques.' _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 52. 'Sacks.' _Fancourt's Hist. Yuc._, pp. 284-5. 'Camisetas de colores.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., p. 497. 'Xaquetas de algodon.' _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2. 'Camisette senza maniche.' _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, pp. 98, 104.

[1073] _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 172. Mayas dress like the Mexicans. _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.

[1074] _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 148-50; _Palacio_, _Carta_, pp. 62-4; _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, p. 137; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. x., dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. xvii.; _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, p. 197; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 54.

[1075] 'L'étoffe rayée d'une ou de plusieurs couleurs que les femmes se roulent encore autour du corps en la serrant à la ceinture comme un jupon, descendant plus ou moins bas au-dessous du genou, se trouve être exactement la même que l'on voit aux images d'Isis et aux femmes égyptiennes des époques pharaoniques.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 67. Skirt from the waist to feet, called _pic_. _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 187-8, 699. 'Ropas de algodon, que llaman naguas.' _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viajes_, tom. iii., p. 414; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 184-6, 16, 144-6, 180.

[1076] 'Es lo mas dificultoso en los Indios el reduzirlos à cortarles el pelo.' _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 498, 312. In Guatemala somewhat less attention seems to have been paid to the hair. 'Trayanlo encrespado, ò rebujado en la cabeça como estopas, à causa de que no se lo peynauan.' _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, p. 302; Cogolludo, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 187, speaks of straw and palm-leaf hats, but he probably refers to his own time. Hair of priests filled with blood. _Id._, p. 5; _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 3; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 321, 551. In Nicaragua 'traen rapadas las cabeças de la mitad adelante é los aladares por debaxo, é déxanse una coleta de oreja á oreja por detrás desde la coronilla.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 38, 108; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 112-14, 184; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 68; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii., lib. viii., cap. x. Aguilar wore a 'corona y trença de cabellos, como los naturales.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 62; _Id._, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 23; _Palacio_, _Carta_, p. 62.

[1077] _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, p. 35; _Charnay_, _Ruines Amér._, p. 341; _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 114; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 111.

[1078] 'Traian sandalias de cañamo o cuero de venado por curtir seco.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 116. They generally went barefoot. _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 187. Sandals in Nicaragua called _gutaras_. _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 38-9; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 347; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, p. 77.

[1079] _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 54; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 345; _Id._, in _Palacio_, _Carta_, p. 106; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 114, 180, 194.

[1080] _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 182.

[1081] A war party: 'Agujeradas narizes, y orejas con sus narigeras, y orejeras de Cuzcas, y otras piedras de diuersos colores.' _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 73. The Itzas wore in the nose 'una baynilla olorosa,' and in the ears, 'vn palo labrado.' _Id._, p. 699. 'Sartales de Caracoles colorados,' much prized by the Itzas. _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p. 48. Small sticks in the ears, and little reeds or amber rings, or grains of vanilla, in the nose. _Id._, pp. 312, 402. A few silver and gold ear-ornaments. _Id._, pp. 497-9. On the peninsula of Yucatan, 'trayan las orejas horadadas para çarcillos.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 114. The priest carried 'un isopo en la mano de un palo corto muy labrado, y por barbas o pelos del isopo ciertas colas de unas culebras que son como caxcaveles.' _Id._, pp. 149-50. Women pierced nose and ears. _Id._, p. 182. In Nicaragua 'traen sajadas las lenguas por debaxo, é las orejas, é algunos los miembros viriles, é no las mugeres ninguna cosa destas, y ellos y ellas horadadas las orejas de grandes agujeros.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 38-9, tom. i., p. 497. King in Yucatan wore 'des bracelets et des manchettes d'une élégance égale à la beauté de la matière.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 54. '_Tecaüh_, qui est le bijou que les chefs indiens portaient fréquemment à la lèvre inférieure ou au cartilage du nez.' _Id._, p. 92. See also _Cortés_, _Cartas_, p. 3; _Camargo_, _Hist. Tlax._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom. xcix., p. 144; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., lib. vii., cap. ix., dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iii., lib. x., cap. iii., iv.; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 60, 62; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 347; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 551; _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, p. 197; _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., pp. 16, 25, 39; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 147.

[1082] 'Los oficiales dello labravan la parte que querian con tinta, y despues sejavanle delicadamente las pinturas, y assi con la sangre y tinta quedavan en el cuerpo las señales, y que se labran poco a poco por el tormento grande, y tambien se ponen despues malos, porque se les enconavan los labores, y haziase materia, y que con todo esso se mofavan de los que no se labravan.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 120, 182; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 186, 699; _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, p. 293; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 402, 498; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 38; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 47; _Fancourt's Hist. Yuc._, pp. 121, 285; _Bussierre_, _L'Empire Mex._, p. 205.

[1083] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, p. 302; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 114-16, 178-80, 182, 184; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 6, 77; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 107, 402, 490, 499; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 297, 318, 498, tom. iv., p. 111; _Cortés_, _Cartas_, p. 422; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 62; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, pp. 71-2, 189.

[1084] 'Eran amigos de buenos olores y que por esto usan de ramilletes de flores y yervas olorosas, muy curiosos y labrados.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 114. 'Des roseaux longs de deux palmes, et qui répandaient une excellente odeur quand on les brûlait.' _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 7; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 68; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 206.

[1085] 'Se vañavan mucho, no curando de cubrirse de las mugeres, sino quando podia cubrir la mano.' _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 114. 'Se lavan las manos y la boca despues de comer.' _Id._, p. 120. The women stripped naked in the wells where they bathed; they took hot baths rather for health than cleanliness. _Id._, p. 184. The women 'tienen poco secreto, y no son tan limpias en sus personas ni en sus cosas con quanto se lavan como los ermiños.' _Id._, p. 192. 'Los hombres haçen aguas puestos en cluquillas, é las mugeres estando derechas de piés á dó quiera que les viene la gana.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 38; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii., iv.; _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. i., p. 203; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 263; _Carbajal Espinosa_, _Hist. Mex._, tom. i., p. 263; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 68.

[1086] The following are my authorities on the Maya commerce, many references to simple mentions of articles bought and sold and to the use of cacao as money being omitted. _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, p. 203; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., pp. 137, 147; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec i., lib. v., cap. v., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., lib. v., cap. xii., lib. vii., cap. ix., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., ix.; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 32, 128-30, 156-8; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 181, 183; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p. 311; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., p. 316, tom. iii., p. 253, tom. iv., pp. 36-7, 49, 54, 104; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iv., lib. i.; _Cortés_, _Cartas_, p. 422; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 102, 109; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 50-1, 71, 564; _Id._, _Popol Vuh_, p. 97; _Squier's Nicaragua_ (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 346; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 320; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 8; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viajes_, tom. iii., p. 414.

[1087] _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 4; _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2; _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 21; _Id._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 292; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 353, 369, 489, 76; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. v.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 100; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. v., cap. v.; _Folsom_, in _Cortés' Despatches_, pp. 3-4; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, pp. 226-7. See vol. i., p. 699, of this work.

[1088] _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 174, 48; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv., lib. iii., cap. iii. The Chiapanecs were among the boldest warriors. _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 178.

[1089] _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 38, 53; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 264; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 342; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 272.

[1090] _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 172; _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, p. 202.

[1091] _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 38; _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 172; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. viii., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., lib. v., cap. x., lib. vii., cap. iii., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. x.; _Palacio_, _Carta_, pp. 70-2; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 391, 498-9; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 342; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 558-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 270.

[1092] Cotton armor called in some places _escaupiles_. _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iii. Both white and colored. _Id._, dec. iii., lib. v., cap. x., lib. iv., cap. vi., dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. xvii., lib. iii., cap. i. Called by the Quichés _achcayupiles_. _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 91; _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 172; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, p. 6; _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 62; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 148; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 484, tom. iv., p. 53; _Alvarado_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 140; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 347.

[1093] Macanas used as weapons in Nicaragua. _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., pp. 53, 33, tom. i., pp. 511-12, tom. iii., pp. 231, 484. Crystal-pointed arrows used by the Itzas, and chiefs had short flint knives, with feathers on the handles. _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 495, 41, 92. Hardened rods, or pikes. _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 77, 2. Darts thrown from a 'tiradera.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap, xvii., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vi., lib. v., cap. x., lib. vii., cap. iii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii. A bat was the sign of a Cakchiquel armory. _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, p. 225. See also Maya weapons. _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 341, 347; _Peter Martyr_, dec. vi., lib. v.; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 258; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 63; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 48, 170; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 148; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 64, with cut; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 186, 194; _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 25; _Id._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 295; _Bernal Diaz_, _Hist. Conq._, fol. 2; _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, p. 127.

[1094] See vol. iv., chap. iv., v., for a full description of Maya ruins, with plates. See _Landa_, _Relacion_, p. 174; _Alvarado_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., pp. 112, 117; _Godoi_, in _Id._, p. 158; _Cortés_, _Cartas_, pp. 425-6; _Juarros_, _Hist. Guat._, p. 87; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., p. 534, tom. iii., pp. 477-8; _Fuentes_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., p. 243; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iii., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p. 41; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viajes_, tom. iii., p. 407.

[1095] _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 386; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. Yuc._, pp. 5, 77, 130, 181; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii., dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iii., lib. viii., cap. x., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 72-3, 76, 142, 281; _Landa_, _Relacion_, pp. 168, 174, 176; _Las Casas_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. viii., pp. 144, 148; _Palacio_, _Carta_, pp. 70-2; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. i., pp. 276, 511-12, 523, tom. iii., pp. 230, 477, tom. iv., pp. 53-4; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 61, 264; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 185, etc.; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. v.; _Ximenez_, _Hist. Ind. Guat._, pp. 170, 198, 202-3; _Alvarado_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., pp. 112, 138; _Diaz_, _Itinéraire_, in _Id._, pp. 17-18; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 325, 333; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 342; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 544, 558-9; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 46; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 186; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 259; _Fancourt's Hist. Yuc._, pp. 92, 116.