Chapter XII: Part I: The Primary Varieties of the Human Species (9)

The writer who has paid most attention to the language of these three divisions of the Siberian population is Klaproth; who, I believe, was also the first who separated the Yeniseians from the Ugrians. With these they were confounded, from the fact of their being denominated by the Russians, _Ostiaks_; a term, which from being already applied to the Ugrians of the Obi, was equivocal. To obviate this ambiguity, it was necessary to speak of two kinds of Ostiaks, those of the Obi, and those of the Yenisey; and so the nomenclature became confused. All this, however, is remedied by adhering to Klaproth's term _Yeniseian_. And such is the present custom of philologists.

Respecting the extent to which the Yeniseian, the Samöeid, and Yukahiri, are isolated languages; the classification of the present writer is opposed to that of the Asia Polyglotta. Klaproth raises each to the rank of a separate family, and neither admits any definite relationship between the three, as compared with each other, nor yet between any one of them and any of the neighbouring languages. Still he indicates some important _general_ and _miscellaneous_ affinities; and Prichard does the same. The following table helps to verify the present classification.

A.

_The Yeniseian of the Asia Polyglotta, and the Yukahiri of the
Asia Polyglotta_.

_English_, beard
Inbask, _kulye_, _kulgung_
Pumpokolsk, _clépuk_
Assan, _culup_, _chulp_
Kott, _hulup_
Arinzi, _korolep_
Yukahiri, _bu-gylbe_

_English_, head
Inbask, _tshig_
Yukahiri, _yok_

_English_, mouth
Pumpokolsk, _khan_
Yukahiri, _anya_

_English_, nose
Inbask, _olgen_, _olen_
Pumpokolsk, _hang_
Assan, _ang_
Yukahiri, _yongul_, _iongioula_.

_English_, tongue
Assan, _alûp_
Kott, _alûp_
Arinzi, _alyap_
Yukahiri, _andzhub_

_English_, ear
Assan, _kologan_, _klokan_
Kott, _kalogan_
Yukahiri, _golondzhi_

_English_, man
Inbask, _çet_, _blet_
Pumpokolsk, _ilset_
Kott, _hatket_
Yukahiri, _yadu_

_English_, dog
Inbask, _tsip_, _tip_
Yukahiri, _tabaha_

_English_, thunder
Arinzi, _esbath-yantu_
Yukahiri, _yendu_

_English_, lightning
Inbask, _yakene-bok_
Yukahiri, _bug-onshe_

_English_, egg
Inbask, _onge_
Arinze, _ang_
Pumpokolsk, _tanyangeeg_
Yukahiri, _langdzhango_

_English_, leaf
Assan, _yepan_
Kott, _dipang_
Yukahiri, _yipan_

_English_, eat
Assan, _rayali_
Yukahiri, _lagul_

_English_, yellow
Kott, _shuiga_
Yukahiri, _tshakatonni_

_English_, moon
Pumpokolsk, _tui_
Arinzi, _shui_
Yukahiri, _kinin-shi_

B.

_The Yeniseian_ _of the Asia Polyglotta, and the Samöeid of the
Asia Polyglotta_.

_English_, arm
Arinzi, _khinang_
Mangaseia, _kannamunne_

_English_, finger
Inbask, _tokan_
Pumpokolsk, _tok_
Tawgi, _fyaaka_
Yurass, _tarka_

_English_, flesh
Arinzi, _is_
Assan, _iç_, _içi_
Pumpokolsk, _ziç_
Mangaseia, _osa_
Turuchansk, _odzha_
Narym, &c., _ueç_
Karass, _hueç_

_English_, fir-tree
Inbask, _ei_
Arinzi, _aya_
Obdorsk, _ye_

_English_, egg
Inbask, _ong_
Arinzi, _ang_
Pumpokolsk, _eg_
Tas, _iga_

_English_, egg
Assan, _shulei_
Kott, _shulei_
Motorian, _shlok_

_English_, tree
Assan, _atsh_
Kott, &c., _açshe_
Motorian, &c., _cha_

_English_, brother
Assan, _pobesh_
Koibal, _pabim_=_younger_

_English_, butter
Assan, &c., _kayak_
Motorian, _chayak_

_English_, moon
Assan, _shui_
Koibal, _kui_

_English_, sun
Assan, &c., _ega_
Motorian, _kaye_

_English_, stone
Inbask, _çijgs_, _tyes_
Pumpokolsk, _çys_, _kit_
Assan, _shish_
Kott, _shish_
Arinzi, _khes_
Motorian, _dagia_

_English_, summer
Assan, _shega_
Kott, _chushshega_
Arinzi, _shei_
Motor, _daghan_
Koibal, _taga_

_English_, they
Assan, _hatin_
Arinzi, _itang_
Motor, _tin_

_English_, woman
Inbask, _bgim_
Arinzi, _byk-hamalte_
Obdorsk, _pug-utsu_
Pustoserk, _pug-iça_

_English_, river
Denka, _chuge_
Pustoserk, _yaga_

_English_, great
Assan, _paça_
Arinzi, _birkha_
Pustoserk, _pirçe_

_English_, evening
Inbask, _bis_
Pumpokolsk, _biçidin_
Assan, _pidziga_
Yurass, _pausema_
Obdorsk, _paus-emya_
Pustoserk, _paus-emye_

_English_, hill
Inbask, &c., _chai_
Samöeid, _syeo_, _ko_

_English_, bed
Inbask, _chodzha_
Obdorsk, _choba_
Tawgi, _kufu_

_English_, birch-tree
Inbask, _uusya_
Assan, _uça_
Kott, _uça_
Pustoserk, _chu_
Tawgi, &c., _kuie_
Ket, _tiue_

_English_, leaf
Yeniseian, _yp-an_
Pumpokolsk, _efig_
Pustoserk, _wyba_
Obdorsk, _wiibe_
Yurass, _newe_
Tomsk, _tyaba_
Narym, _çabe_
Kamash, _dzhaba_

Nevertheless, the present class is provisional. All that is at present asserted, is that the three divisions which it contains, are not sufficiently distinct to be separated. Whether, however, the whole section may not, hereafter, become a sub-division of either the Turanian, or the Peninsular Mongolidæ, is doubtful. Most probably it will.

FOOTNOTES:

[87] Mammarum summitates apud Samöeidas nigerrimæ. Sic apud authores reperi; quos, suspicor, aut gravidas, aut viragines fusciores vidisse. Idem de Lapponibus traditur. Præcox, quoque, pro borealibus, puellarum Venus; catameniis ante duodecimum annum accedentibus.

E.

PENINSULAR MONGOLIDÆ.

This division comprises tribes which, I believe, have not hitherto been thrown in the same class, tribes separated from each other by considerable breaks in the geographical, and even in the ethnological continuity. Some of these lie within the Arctic Circle; others as far south as 26° north latitude. Not less distant are the two extremes of their social development; one section of the group partaking of the civilization of China, another exhibiting the rudeness of the Samöeid, and Yeniseian.

PENINSULAR NATIONS AND TRIBES.

_Physical conformation._--Mongol.

_Languages._--Agglutinate. In some cases excessively
_poly_-syllabic.

_Area._--Islands and peninsulas of the north-eastern coast of
Asia.

_Divisions._--1. The Koreans. 2. The Japanese. 3. The Aino. 4.
The Koriaks. 5. The Kamskadales.

After indicating the points of difference, it is necessary to justify the present classification by showing in what way the divisions of the Peninsular Mongolidæ agree.

1. They agree in their land and water relations--being, as is expressed by the epithet applied to them, the inhabitants of either _peninsulas_ or of islands that form an extension of them; a fact wherein we have, to a certain extent, common conditions in the way of physical, and common conditions in the way of social development.

2. They lie within a few degrees of the same _longitude_. This, however, is a mere consequence of their position on the same side of the same continent.

3. They are more maritime in locality than in habit; the Japanese being the chief navigators of the group. Compared, however, with the Chinese and Malays, the Japanese are but moderate navigators.

4. Although at present interrupted, there is good reason for believing that the original area was continuous. The parts that are broken are the tracts between Korea and the mouth of the Amur, and the south-west coast of the sea of Okhotsk. Now this interval is filled up by the Tungusian tribes; tribes whose area has certainly been an _encroaching_ one.

5. As compared with the Chinese, the Japanese and Korean languages are _not_ monosyllabic.

6. As compared with the Yakut Turk, and the Lamut Tungusian, the Kamskadale and Koriak are not Turanian.

7. What applies to the language of the Peninsular tribes applies to their physical appearance also.

All this, however, may be the case without affording the least proof of a true ethnological connection, _i.e._ of a connection in the way of descent and affiliation; since even the similarity of physical appearance, which, making allowance for differences of latitude and civilization, is, from all accounts, very close, may merely be the effect of common climatologic conditions, wholly independent of relationship.

To prove this a fresh set of facts is required. Nor are they wanting.

1. The Peninsular languages have a general _glossarial_ connection with each other; the _grammatical_ structure of only one of them (the Japanese) being known.

2. The Peninsular languages have a general glossarial connection with a third class.

In the opinion of the present writer the Peninsular languages agree in the general fact of being more closely akin to those of _America_ than any other; and this, of itself, he considers to be a sufficient reason for placing them in a separate division. It also, to a certain extent, removes the evidence of their mutual affinity to another part of the work, _i.e._ that which treats of the origin of the American population; inasmuch as the same tables which connect the American languages with the Peninsular ones, connect these last with each other. In a series of monographs these proofs could have been given separate; in a systematic work, however, it is necessary to economise space by making the same lists prove two points at once. Hence, they will appear in the sequel.

THE KOREANS.

_Locality._--The peninsula of Korea; in Chinese, Kao-li.

_Political relations._--Subject to China.

_Religion._--That of Fo, modified.

_Alphabet._--Not rhæmatographic.

_Chief foreign influences._--Chinese, Mantshu, and Japanese; in
the thirteenth century, Mongolian.

_Physical appearance._--"The Kooraïan is superior in stature
to the Japanese; yet his height seldom exceeds five-and-a-half
Parisian feet: he is of strong, vigorous make, his figure
well-proportioned, active, and full of life. The shape of his
features bears in general the impress of the Mongolian race:
the coarse broad countenance; the projecting cheek-bones; the
strong under-jaw; the nose depressed at the root or upper
part, and broadly-spread alæ; the large mouth, with broad
lips; the peculiar position of the eyes, apparently angular
in the direction of their opening; the rough, thick, black
hair of the head, often inclined to a red brown colour; thick
eyebrows; thin beard; with a reddish-yellow, wheat-coloured
(_weitzen-farbich_), or straw-coloured complexion, announce
him at once and at the first look, as an inhabitant of the
north-eastern parts of Asia. This type is common to most of the
Kooraïans observed by us, and they recognise it as that which
is most distinctive of their nation."--SIEBOLD.[88]

The political relations towards China, the great amount of Chinese influences upon the civilization of Korea, and the physical likeness between the Koreans and the Chinese have had, in many instances, the effect of diverting the attention of ethnologists from the true affinities of this division of the Peninsular Mongolidæ; and it should be added that the last of the three facts just enumerated is a legitimate ground for looking, in the first instance, to China.

It is one which the present writer has no wish to conceal. The question, however, must be viewed in all its bearings; in which case we meet with the important fact that the Korean language is anything rather than monosyllabic. Siebold, as I learn from Prichard, thought that he perceived some analogies between the Japanese, the Korean, and the Aino. He might have done more. He might have been sure of their existence--and that to an extent sufficient to throw the three tongues in the same category.

According to Klaproth,[89] speaking on the authority of Chinese writers, the present inhabitants of Korea represent the mixture of two separate populations; the true aborigines being the Koreans of the south, called by the Chinese, the _Sam Han_=_the three tribes of Han_. The northern are a people who came originally from a country lying to the northward of the Chinese province of Tshy-li, called by the Chinese writers _Sian-pi_. Whether this mixture, supposing it to be real, represents the juxtaposition of tribes, widely different or different in little more than name, is uncertain. Prichard, however, has truly remarked that the physical characters of both must have been nearly alike, inasmuch as they were each within the region where the Turanian type prevails. It may also be added that no traces of a second philological element in the difference between the Northern and the Southern Korean dialects have yet been pointed out. In a language, however, so imperfectly understood, this is not saying much.

In regard to the physical difference between different Korean individuals no such negative statement can be made. Dr. Siebold[90] writes as follows:--"In the countenances of the Kooraïans we may recognise the characteristics of two different races of people. The nose pressed down near the inner angle of the orbit and expanding itself into broad alæ; the eyes obliquely placed, with the inner angles widely separated from each other; the greater projection of the cheek-bones; are marks of the race first described. But when the root of the nose is more raised and the nose more straight, the configuration of the countenance approaches to the stamp of the Caucasian type, and the form of the eyes is more like that of Europeans; the cheek-bones, too, are less prominent, and the sharp profile, which is wanting to the Mongolian race, now makes its appearance. The more the countenance belongs to the former cast the less beard does it display, whereas, in persons of a sharp profile, the beard is often rather strong. The skull is in these instances less compressed, the forehead, which elsewhere retreats, is straight, and the whole aspect of the countenance displays a certain noble expression which is looked for in vain in the rough traits of the Mongolian type."

As evidence, however, to the presence of a foreign element of the kind implied in the Chinese account, this is imperfect--indeed I have no reason to believe that it is meant to be such--since it is not said by Dr. Siebold that this difference of feature coincides with the northern and southern portions of the population.

THE JAPANESE.

_Localities._--From south to north--the Lú Chú Islands, Kiúsiú,
Sikoko, Nipon, the southern part of Jesso.

_Political relations._--Independent.

_Alphabet._--Not rhæmatographic.

_Religion._--_a._ Of Chinese origin--1. That of Fo, modified;
2. The philosophical system of Confucius, modified.

_b._ The original Paganism.

_Physical Appearance._--"The people of this nation are well
made, active, free, and easy in their motions, with stout
limbs, although their strength is not to be compared with
that of the northern inhabitants of Europe. The men are of
the middling size, and in general not very corpulent; yet I
have seen some that were fat. They are of a yellowish colour
all over, sometimes bordering on brown, and sometimes on
white. The lower class of people, who in summer, when at work,
lay bare the upper part of their bodies, are sun-burnt, and
consequently brown. Ladies of distinction, who seldom go out
in the open air without being covered, are perfectly white.
It is by their eyes that, like the Chinese, these people are
distinguishable. These organs have not that rotundity, which
those of other nations exhibit, but are oblong, small, and are
sunk deeper in the head, in consequence of which these people
have almost the appearance of being pink-eyed. Their eyes are
dark-brown, or rather black, and the eyelids form in the great
angle of the eye a deep furrow, which makes the Japanese look
as if they were sharp-sighted, and discriminates them from
other nations. The eyebrows are also placed somewhat higher.
Their heads are in general large, and their necks short; their
hair black, thick, and shining, from the use they make of
oils. Their noses, although not flat, are yet rather thick and
short."--THUNBERG.[91]

"The population of Fizen, as well as that of the whole island
of Kiúsiú, is divided between the dwellers on the coast,
and those of the interior and of the towns, who differ from
each other in their physical aspect, language, manners, and
character.

"The coasts, and the numberless islands which border on them,
are inhabited by fishers and seafaring people, men small
but vigorous, of a deeper colour than those of the other
classes. Their hair, more frequently black than of a red brown
colour,--_brun-rougeâtre_,†--is crisped in some individuals
who have also the facial angle strongly marked,--_très
prononcée_,--their lips puffed,--_enflées_,--the nose small,
slightly aquiline, and depressed at the root,--_renfoncée à la
racine_.

"Address, perseverance, boldness, a frankness which never
amounts to effrontery, a natural benevolence and a complaisance
which approaches to the abject; such are the characteristic
qualities of the sea-coast people.

"The natives of the interior of Kiúsiú, who devote themselves
chiefly to agriculture, are a larger race, and are
distinguishable by a broad and flattened countenance; by the
prominence of their cheek-bones, and the distance between
the inner canthi; by their broad and very flat nose, their
large mouth; by their hair, which is of a deep brown colour,
inclining to red-brown, _tirant sur le brun-rougeâtre_,--and by
the clearer colour of their skin. Among the cultivators, who
are perpetually exposed to the air and sun, the skin becomes
red: the women, who protect themselves from the influence of
the atmosphere, have generally a fine and white skin, and the
cheeks of the young girls display a blooming carnation.

"This agricultural race is laborious, sober, pious, cordial,
and consequently hospitable. The savage nature, tempered from
infancy by the constant observance of the forms of politeness
and the etiquette of the country, does not exclude a certain
nobility, and never degenerates into grossness as among the
peasantry of Europe. The husbandmen of Fizen are even too
ceremonious."--SIEBOLD.[92]

Of the nobles of Japan, Kæmpfer says, they "are somewhat more
majestic in their shape and countenance than the generality,
and are more like Europeans."[93]

The notices of tribes darker in colour than the dominant part of the population, of which we have seen so much in the oceanic area, re-appear in the history of Japan. They are stated to belong to either the interior or to the southern portion of the empire. This, however, may be the case without involving the necessity of assuming a second source for the population; at the same time such a second source is no ethnological improbability. The darker Amphinesians of Formosa, may possibly have tended farther northward.

The Japanese Alphabet is of Chinese origin; changed from a rhæmatographic to a syllabic form. Indeed the great civilizing influence in Japan has been from China. This, according to the doubts expressed in a previous[94] part of the present work, limits the antiquity of the Japanese history, and the value of the Japanese traditions.

The original paganism of Japan is probably to be studied in the Kurile Islands. Siebold's notice of it (extracted from Prichard)[95], is as follows:--

"The Kamis or gods of the original Japanese, were, according to a collection of the national traditions, not eternal. The first five gods originated at the separation of elements in which the world began: they are the Amatsukami. A bud, similar to that of the _Asi_, the _Erianthus Japonicus_, expanded itself between heaven and earth and produced _Kuni-soko-tatsino-mi-koto_, or the 'Maker of the dry land,' who governed the world, as yet unfashioned, during an immeasurable space of time, which was more than a hundred thousand millions of years. This kami had many successors whose reigns were nearly as long. Their temples are still places of worship in Oomi and Ise, districts of Japan. There were seven dynasties of celestial gods. The last, Iza-na-gi, standing on a bridge that floated between heaven and earth, said to his wife, Iza-na-mi, 'Come on; there must be some habitable land: let us try to find it.' He dipped his pike, ornamented with precious stones, into the surrounding waters and agitated the waves: the drops which fell from his pike when he raised it thickened and formed an island, named 'Ono-koro-sima.' On this island Iza-na-gi and his wife descended, and made the other provinces of the Japanese empire. From them descended the five dynasties or reigns of earthly gods. From the last of these originated Zin-moo-teu-woo, the ruler of men, who, as above mentioned, founded the empire of Japan, and conquered the aboriginal tribes. From Zin-moo's reign is dated the first year of the epoch of Japanese chronology, coinciding with the seventh year of the Chinese emperor Hoéï-wâng, B. C. 660. Such is the cosmogony of the Japanese. Their highest adoration is given to the deity of the sun, offspring of Iza-na-gi and Iza-na-mi: to him are subordinate all the genii or demons which govern the elements and all the operations of nature, as well as the souls of men, who after death go to the gods or to an infernal place of punishment, according to their actions on earth. Sacred festivals are held at certain seasons of the year and at changes of the moon. The whole number of kamis or gods worshipped by the Japanese amounts to three thousand one hundred and thirty-two. These gods are worshipped in different temples without idols."

THE LÚ-CHÚ ISLANDS.

_Name._--Chinese, Lieou-Khieou. Native, Oghii.

_Religion._--Buddhism.

_Political relations._--Tribute paid both to China and Japan.

_Language._--Akin to the Japanese.

_Alphabets._--Chinese and Japanese.

_Physical appearance._--"Their hair, which is of a glossy
black, is shaved off the crown. Their beards and mustachios
are allowed to grow. They are rather low in stature, but
are well formed, and have an easy, graceful carriage. Their
colour is not good, some being very dark, and others nearly
white, but in most instances they are of a deep copper. This
is fully compensated by the sweetness and intelligence of
their countenance. Their eyes, which are black, have a placid
expression."[96]

THE AINO.

_Locality._--_a._ On the Continent.--1. The mouth of the Amur.
2. The southernmost extremity of Kamskatka. _b._ The Kurile
Islands, and the northern part of Jesso. _c._ The island, or
peninsula of Saghalin.

_Political relations._--Subject to China, Russia, and Japan.

_Religion._--Imperfect Buddhism. The doctrine of Siúdú.
Paganism.

_Physical appearance._--Skin darker than that of the Japanese,
but, probably (from the iris being lighter) this is through
being more exposed.

An Aino tribe occupying the banks of the Amur, and noticed by Timkowski,[97] under the name of Kileng, or Kilerzi, is probably the same with the Gilacken[98] of Von Middendorf. Of these the appearance is varied, sometimes Japanese, sometimes Caucasian.

The moral character of the Aino has generally been described in highly favourable terms. Their religion is probably allied to the original paganism of Japan.

"The sun, the moon, the sea, and other striking objects of nature, are the divinities of the Aino: they represent them under rude symbols and offer sacrifices to them. The men of Karafto burn upon the shore the heads of animals which they have caught, as a gift to the sea. Daily the Aino addresses the following words to the divinity who protects his cabin:--'We thank thee,[99] Kamoï, for having dwelt here in our coast and watched for us,' and he repeats after the prayer, 'Kamoï ever take care of us.' They believe likewise that there is a God of heaven and of hell; this is the residence of Nitsul Kamoï. They have also little wooden temples containing images of their idols carved in wood. Yearly they have a festival termed Omsia, when all the family regale themselves with _saké_ and bear's flesh. In their marriages the Aino are careful to avoid too near relationship. In Karafto, the inhabitants of the north take wives from the southern part. The chief of the village confirms the marriage, which is concluded on the dowry or price being paid to the father of the betrothed. The women are free, and in Karafto rule their husbands.

"Before funerals the Aino puts on a new coat made of fine bark. The Smerenkow burns the body and collects the ashes which are kept in a little chapel, makes offerings to the presiding idol, and covers with branches the spot where the body was consumed. They erect stakes in honour of the defunct, from the wood of the house, which is always pulled down. Bodies of the rich receive honours of a different kind: they are embalmed, filled with odoriferous herbs, and dried during a year, then placed in a sepulchre, where they are annually visited by their relatives. Yet the Aino have no calendar and reckon time by the fall of the leaf. They have neither letters nor money. They apply two remedies in case of all sickness, a '_boletus laricis_' and the root _ikeme_, supposed to be a sort of _asclepias_."[100]

Two statements have been made concerning the Aino, which are curious if true.

1. That of all men they are the most covered with hair; even their backs being covered with it. I am inclined to class this with the tails of the Nicobar islanders.

2. That they ride upon bears; which the females suckle when young, and so tame; a fact, when verified, of equal novelty in zoology and ethnography.

The Peninsula of Sagalin, and the island of Jesso are the probable lines by which Japan was peopled; at least so far as the simple land-and-water conditions are concerned. And I know nothing that counteracts them.

_The Kachhall._--This is a tribe mentioned by Von Middenorf as inhabiting the south bank of the Amur. He knows it, however, only from the description given by the Ainos. Their stature is short; the lower extremities disproportionately so.

THE KORIAKS.

_Present area._--The parts between the Omolon, an eastern
branch of the Kolyma, the Arctic Ocean, Behring's Straits, and
the Gulf of Anadyr, except only a tract of coast in the two
latter localities, inhabited by the _Namollos_. Southwards, to
the middle of the Peninsula of Kamskatka, across the northern
portion of which it extends. The head of the Gulf of Penjinsk,
in the Sea of Okhotsk. Conterminous with the Yukahiri, Lamut
Tungusians, Kamskadales, and Namollos.

_Supposed ancient area._--As far west as the Kolyma, possibly
farther. Probably also farther south. On the other hand, _not_
so far east as at present; the Namollos being believed to have
extended so far as Shelagskoi Noss.

_Divisions._--_a._ Northern Koriaks, or Tshuktshi; _b._
Southern Koriaks, or Koræki. The two divisions separated by the
river Anadyr.

_Habits._--Nomadic. _Kora_, which is said to mean a rein-deer,
is held to be the root of the term Koræki, a name which, for
the southern Koriaks, is stated to be indigenous.

_Religion._--Shamanism. In some cases an imperfect Christianity.

_Political relations._--The Southern Koriaks tributary to
Russia; the Northern, (or Tshuktshi) independent.

_Physical appearance._--The Koræki are taller, and with eyes
less sunken, and noses less depressed than the Kamskadales;
differential points which are still more marked in the
Tshuktshi.

The southern Koriaks have probably encroached upon the Kamskadales, and been encroached upon by the Lamut Tungusians. The Tshuktshi have, in like manner, receded in one quarter and encroached in another. Before the Russians they have retreated towards the east and north. The Yukahiri tribes, however, they have displaced and, in some cases, exterminated. They still hold their independence.

This, in some measure, accounts for our imperfect knowledge of them, little being ascertained except their uncivilized, nomadic character, their political independence, the Shamanistic nature of their religion, and their general resemblance in respect to physical conformation to the _American_ Indians.

Polygamy is general amongst them, and according to Von Matiushkin, the chief authority upon the subject, the women, although certainly slaves, are allowed more influence, and are subjected to less labour than is the case amongst most other rude tribes. Deformed children are destroyed, and so are those which, for other reasons, are likely to become difficult to rear. So also are such aged and infirm persons, as have become unfit for wear and tear of a nomadic life within the Arctic circle.

So great is the influence of the Shamans, or so low is the value set upon human life, that in 1814, after a terrible storm, followed by a fatal epidemic, and by a murrain among the cattle, the result of a general consultation having been, that one of the most respected of the chiefs, named Kotshen, must be sacrificed, to appease the irritated spirits, the sacrifice took place accordingly. In the first instance, indeed, the commands of the Shamans were rejected. The plague, however, continued, when Kotshen at last declared his willingness to submit. No one, however, could be found to be his executioner; until his own son plunged a knife in his heart, and gave his body to the Shamans.

The Tshuktshi habitations consist of an outer and larger tent, under which are two or three smaller ones; these last being made of skins stretched over laths, and so low, that the persons inside can only sit upon the ground. It has no opening for air or light, and is entered by an aperture barely large enough for the body of the owner. An earthen vessel filled with train oil, and with a wick of moss, serves as a lamp rather as a fire; and so close is the atmosphere, that the heat which it affords is sufficient. Here the family sit, during the intense cold of an Arctic winter, either wholly naked, or with the very scantiest clothing.

They call themselves _Tshekto_=_people_. "They are distinguished from the other Asiatic races, by their stature and physiognomy, which appears to me to _resemble that of the Americans_,[101] but the language is different."

THE KAMSKADALES.

_Locality._--The southern half (or third) of the Peninsula
of Kamskatka, with the exception of the extreme point of the
peninsula; which is inhabited by the Aino.

_Native name._--Itülmen.

_Dialects._--Four. That of Tigil, so much mixed with Koriak, as
to be sometimes quoted as the Koriak of Tigil.

_Physical appearance._--Undersized Mongols, with little beard,
sunken eyes and depressed noses.

The true Kamskadales are a nearly extinct race. Amongst the causes of their rapid diminution a kind of death, rare amongst savage nations, is enumerated--suicide.

"According to Steller, the Kamtschatkans have no idea of a Supreme Being, but this must have been true only in some peculiar sense of the expression, for he adds an account of their mythology, which in part contradicts the above statement. They believe, as he says, in the immortality of souls. All creatures, even to the smallest fly, are destined, as they believe, to another eternal life under the earth, where they are to meet with similar adventures to those of their present state of existence, but never to suffer hunger. In that world there is no punishment of crimes, which, in the opinion of the Kamskadales, meet their chastisement in the present life, but the rich are destined to become poor and the poor here are to be enriched. The sky and stars existed before the earth, which was made by Katchu, or, as others say, brought by Katchu and his sister Katligith with them from heaven and fastened upon the sea. After Katchu had made the earth he left heaven and came to dwell in Kamtschatka. He had a son, Tigil, and a daughter, Sidanka, who married and became parents of offspring: the latter clothed themselves with the leaves of trees and fed upon the bark, for beasts were not yet made, and the gods knew not how to catch fish. When Katchu went to drink, the hills and valleys were formed under his feet, for the earth had till then been a flat surface. Tigil finding his family increase invented nets and betook himself to fishing. The Kamtschatkans have, like other pagans, images of their gods."[102]

Now _Tigil_ is the name of the chief river of Kamskatka; the one which divides the Kamskadales from the Korki; so that, in Tigil the god, we have the _eponymus_ of what in the Bodo, as in many other countries besides, is a common object of reverence.[103]

FOOTNOTES:

[88] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 522-3.

[89] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 497.

[90] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 526.

[91] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 521-2.

[92] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 527-8.

[93] Id. vol. iv. p. 528.

[94] See pp. 55-60.

[95] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 496.

[96] Captain Hall's Voyage to the Great Loo-choo Island, p. 71.--Prichard, vol. iv.

[97] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 451.

[98] Transactions of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1846.

[99] _Kami_=_God_ in Japanese.

[100] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 455-6.

[101] Von Matiushkin.

[102] Prichard, vol. iv. p. 449-50.

[103] Apud hanc gentem agarici cujusdam succus potui, inter convivia inservit. Ebrietatem inducit; quodque magis mirum est, urina ebriorum, quæ ipsa ab aliis potatur, idem pollet. Neque vim amittit per tertiam vel quartam vesicam transmissa.

F.

AMERICAN MONGOLIDÆ.

The phænomena which occur in Asiatic ethnology, in Caucasus and High Asia, prepare us for those of the ethnology of America. In Asia we found, on one side, the Turk tribes spread over a space nearly as large as Europe, and that with but little variation--a typical instance of what constitutes a large ethnological area. Then, on the other hand, were the fastnesses of Caucasus, where we found, packed up within a very limited area, a multiplicity of mutually unintelligible languages, languages that were counted by the dozen and the score--the Circassian, Georgian, Lesgian, Mizjeji, and their subordinate dialects. So that within a small geographical range we had, in juxtaposition with each other, the _maximum_ of extension and the _maximum_ of limitation.

Now this is what we shall find in America--large areas, like the Turk, in contact with small ones, like the Ossetic.

But, in America, there are two points of difference--

1st. The multiplicity of languages within a limited area is the rule rather than the exception.

2nd. There is not always so peculiar a class of physical conditions as is to be found in the mountain fastnesses of Caucasus to account for it; since in America we find steppes and prairies, like those of Turkestan and Mongolia, inhabited by tribes as different from each other as those of the most isolated and isolating mountain-valleys.

Furthermore--when the American languages differ from one another, they differ in a manner to which Asia has supplied no parallel.

Also--when the American languages agree with one another, they agree in a manner to which Asia has furnished no parallel. This, however, is at present only indicated. Its explanation will find place when we have treated of the Eskimo, Kolúch, and certain other families.

THE ESKIMO.

Unimportant as are the Eskimo in a political and historical view, their peculiar geographical position gives them an importance in all questions of ethnology: since one of the highest problems turns upon the affinities of this family.

It has long been known that the nation which inhabits Greenland and Labrador is the nation which inhabits the North-western parts of Russian America as well. It is found on the American side of Behring's Straits, and it is found on the Asiatic side also. So that the _Eskimo is the only family common to the Old and New World_; an important fact in itself, and one made more important still by the Eskimo localities being the only localities where the two continents come into proximity.

Now, if these facts had stood alone, unmodified by any phænomena that detracted from their significance, the peopling of America would have been no more a mystery than the peopling of Europe. Such, however, is not the case. They neither stand alone, nor stand unmodified.

The reasons that lie against what is, at the first blush, the common sense answer to the question, _how was America peopled?_ are, chiefly, as follows--

1. The distance of the north-eastern parts of Asia from any probable centre of population--_cradle of the human race_--so-called. For these parts to have been the passage, Kamskatka must have been full to overflowing before the the Mississippi had been trodden by the foot of a human being.

2. The physical differences between the Eskimo and the American Indian.

3. The difficulties presented by the Eskimo language.

It is only these two last reasons to which I attribute much validity. The first of the three I put low in the way of an objection; _i. e._, not much higher than I put the systems founded upon the Icelandic and Welsh traditions, the drifting of Japanese junks, and the effects of winds and currents upon Polynesian canoes. Without, at present, doubting whether the occurrences here alluded to have happened _since_ America was peopled by the present race, I limit myself to an expression of dissent from the doctrine that by any such unsatisfactory processes the _original_ population found its way: in other words, I believe that our only choice lies between the doctrine that makes the American nations to have originated from one or more separate pairs of progenitors, and the doctrine that either Behring's Straits or the line of Islands between Kamskatka and the Peninsula of Aliaska, was the highway between the two worlds--from Asia to America, or _vice versâ_. I say _vice versâ_, since it by no means follows that, because Asia and America shall have been peopled by the same race, the original of that race must, _necessarily_, have arisen in Asia; inasmuch as the statement that _the descendants of the same pair peopled two continents_, taken alone, proves nothing as to the particular continent in which that pair first appeared. Against America, and in favour of Asia being the birthplace of the Human Race--its unity being assumed--I know many valid reasons; reasons valid enough and numerous enough to have made the notion of _New_ World being the oldest of two a paradox. Nevertheless, I know no absolutely conclusive ones.

Omitting, however, this question, the chief _primâ facie_ objections to the view that America was peopled from North-eastern Asia, lie in the--

1. _Physical differences between the Eskimo and the American Indian._--Stunted as he is in stature, the Eskimo is essentially a Mongol in physiognomy. His nose is flattened, his cheek-bones project, his eyes are often oblique, and his skin is more yellow and brown than red or copper-coloured. On the other hand, in his most typical form, the American Indian is _not_ Mongol in physiognomy. With the same black straight hair, he has an aquiline nose, a prominent profile, and a skin more red or copper-coloured than either yellow or brown. Putting this along with other marked characteristics, moral as well as physical, it is not surprising that the American should have been taken as the type and sample of a variety in contrast with the Mongolian.

2. _Philological arguments._--Few languages, equally destitute of literature, have been better or longer known than the Eskimo. For this we have to thank the Danish missionaries of Greenland--Egede, most especially. From the grammar of Fabricius, the Eskimo was soon known to be a language of long compound words, and of regular, though remarkable, inflections. It was known, too, to be very unlike the better-known languages of Europe and Asia. Finally, it has been admitted to be, in _respect to its grammatical structure at least_, American.

So much for the ethnographical philology of the Eskimo language as determined by its grammatical structure; upon which we may notice the remarkable antagonism of the two tests. Physically, the Eskimo is a Mongol and Asiatic. Philologically, he is American--at least in respect to the principles upon which his speech is constructed.

And now we may examine the details of the geographical area occupied by the Eskimo. Its direction is _double_.

From east to west (or _vice versâ_) it runs along the shores of the Arctic Sea, in a line of irregular breadth; a line which is either wholly continuous or else broken at one point only--a point which will be noticed in the sequel. On the coast of the Atlantic the line widens, and in Greenland it attains its maximum breadth.

From north to south it equally keeps the line of coast, extending to irregular distances inland, but rarely very far.

However, between the direction in latitude, and the direction in longitude, as this distribution of the Eskimo area may be called, there is a difference which is a very important one. The Eskimos of the Atlantic are not only easily distinguished from the tribes of American aborigines which lie to the south or west of them, and with which they come in contact, but they stand in strong contrast and opposition to them--a contrast and opposition exhibited equally in appearance, manners, language, and one which has had full justice done to it by those who have written on the subject.

It is not so with the Eskimos of Russian America, and the parts that look upon the Pacific. _These_ are so far from being separated by any broad and trenchant line of demarcation from the proper Indians or the so-called Red Race, that they pass gradually into it; and that in respect to their habits, manner, and appearance, equally. So far is this the case that he would be a bold man who should venture, in speaking of the southern tribes of Russian America, to say _here the Eskimo area ends, and here a different area begins_.

Whenever this has been done, it has been done on the strength of an undue extension of the phenomena of the Eskimo area on the Atlantic; it being supposed that as the Eskimo and Indians differ unequivocally on one side of the continent, they must needs do so on the other also--a natural, but a hasty and incorrect assumption.

Beginning with the Eskimo of the parts between Asia and America, the first we meet with are--

_The Aleutians._--The inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands, properly so-called (_i.e._, of Behring's and Copper Islands), of the Rat-Islands, of the Andreanowsky Islands, of the Prebülowüni-Islands, of Unalashka, and of Kadiak, are all Eskimo; a fact which numerous vocabularies give us full means of ascertaining. In respect to the difference of speech between particular islands, there is external evidence that it is considerable. The people of Atcha have a difficulty in understanding the Unalashkans, and _vice versâ_. Again, the Kadiak vocabulary, as found in Lisiansky, differs very notably from the Unalashkan of the same author; indeed, I doubt whether the two languages are mutually intelligible.

_The Namollos._--These are the Asiatic Eskimo of the Continent. The distribution is along the coast from Tshuktshi-Noss to the mouth of the Anadyr; from each of which we have vocabularies in Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta. In respect to their position in Asia, two views may be taken.

1. That they are the aborigines of the country which they inhabit, and, consequently, that they are an _older_ stock than those of America.--This is favoured by the fact, that habitations of a Namollo character have been found in the country of Tshuktshi, and even in that of the Yukahiri.

2. That they are of comparatively recent date as Asiatics, and, as such, but offsets from the parent stock in America.--This is favoured by the similarity of language; since the differences between the Namollo and the American Eskimo are not such as indicate a very long separation.

_The Konægi._--Occupants of the Island of Kadiak, and of the Peninsula of Aliaska.

_The Tshugatsi._--These are the natives of Prince William's Sound, closely allied to the Kadiaks. According to tradition, they came from the North.

This is the proper place for noticing an element in the traditions, or rather in the mythology, of the Eskimo of these parts. All or most of them agree in deriving their origin from one or two animals--the _raven_ or _dog_. Now the Tshugatsi take their descent from the _dog_.

The name _Tshugatsi_ is so like that of the northern Koriaks (Tshuktshi) that it is unlikely that both are native. In which quarter it is applied correctly, is a point that some future investigator must decide.

_The Kuskokwim._--Locality from Cape Rodney to the Peninsula of Aliaska. Numbers, according to Baer, about 7,000.

Such is the direction of the Eskimos of the Asiatic side of America. It is, however, inconvenient to say that they form the _eastern_ branch of the stock, because, when we begin with the Atlantic side of America, we find that they become _western_; indeed, they are either one or the other, according to the point from which we begin to describe them.

We now take the other extremity of the Eskimo area, which is the southernmost point of Greenland, Cape Farewell, within a few days' sail of the European island of Iceland. Doing this, we move from east to west, and determine where the two divisions meet.

_Greenlanders._--The language of the natives of Greenland, and those of the coast of Labrador, is mutually intelligible; the similarity in physical appearances and in manners being equally close.

_Proper Eskimo._--These are the inhabitants of the shores of Hudson's Bay, and the coast of Labrador. Their dialect is understood at least as far as the Mackenzie-river, in 137° W. L.; where Captain Franklin's interpreter, who came from Hudson's Bay, found no difficulty in being understood by the natives of the parts last mentioned. About three degrees westward, however, the Eskimo of Greenland and Labrador comes _to be understood with difficulty at first_. Here, then, it is, where the two divisions of the Eskimo dialects meet.

THE KOLÚCH.

I adopt this term in deference to the usage of ethnologists, without professing to give a value to it in the way of classification, since I think it much more likely that the so-called Kolúch languages form a sub-division of the Eskimo than a separate substantive class of their own. _Geographically_, however, the term means the languages spoken along the coast of the North-Pacific from Cook's Inlet to the parts immediately north of Queen Charlotte's Islands; languages which are distinguished from the Eskimo to the north, the Athabascan to the east, and the Nas and Haidah to the south, and languages which _politically_ belong to Russian America; since the Tungaas, which is the southernmost (so-called) Kolúch dialect, is the most northern with which the traders of the Hudson-Bay Company come in contact. The extension towards the interior seems limited. The particular Kolúch dialect best known is that of Sitka, which, in Lisiansky's Voyage, is compared with the Kenay, Kadiak, and Unalashkan. Now it is a fact upon which the present author lays considerable stress, that the affinities between the Sitka and Kenay, which are _both_ considered as Kolúch, are but little more numerous than those between the Sitka and Kadiak, the Kenay and Unalashkan, &c., where only _one_ is considered as Kolúch. The chief Kolúch dialects are as follows:--

_The Kenay of Cook's Inlet._--These are about 460 families strong. They assert that they are derived from the hills of the interior, whence they moved coastwards. In the way of mythology, they are descended from the _raven_.

_The Atna of the Copper River._--Here the reader must be cautioned against being misled by the name; as it will appear again, applied to another division of Indians, the Atnas or Shushwap, who are a distinct people from the Atnas of the Copper River. These last occupy the river last-named; where they work in iron, as well as in copper, burn their dead, and derive their descent from the _raven_.

_The Koltshani._--These are the Kolúches of the interior, falling into two divisions; the language of one of which is intelligible to the Atnas, and the Kenays equally. The more distant one is savage and inhospitable, with the credit of indulging in cannibalism. The name seems to belong to the Atna language; where _Koltshani_=_stranger_. It also seems the word on which the scientific term, Kolúch, has been founded.

_The Ugalents, or Ugalyakhmutsi._--About thirty-eight families. Locality, King William's Sound, and the parts around Mount Elias.--The Ugalyakhmutsi are conterminous with the Tshugatsi Eskimo, and as (on the sea-coast at least) the Kenays lie to the north of these last, there is a partial discontinuity of the Eskimo area. The difference between the Ugalyakhmutsi, and the Eskimo tongues is exhibited in the Mithridates. The present writer considers that it is exceedingly over-rated. Indeed, from the first investigations which he made upon the subject, where he compared the Ugalyakhmutsi of the Mithridates with the Sitka, Kenay, Kadiak, and Unalashkan of Lisiansky, he was inclined to place the Ugalents in the Eskimo class at once--_and that in its more limited extent_. Nevertheless, the tables of Baer's Beyträge sufficiently show that it has a closer resemblance to the Atnah and Kolooch. At all events, its transitional character is undoubted. In manners and appearance the Ugalentses are Kolúch, and in their manner of life, migratory nomades and fishers.

_The Sitkans._--Of the Sitka dialect we have numerous vocabularies; one by Cook, under the name of the Norfolk Sound language. The number who speak this, is put by Mr. Green, an American missionary, at 6500.

_The Tungaas._--Of this we have only a short vocabulary of Mr. Tolmic, which is stated by Dr. Scouler, to exhibit affinities with the Sitkan. This is the case. Whether, however, these affinities with the languages to the north of the Tungaas localities, are so much greater than those with the tongues spoken southwards, as to justify us in drawing a line between the true Kolúch dialects and those that will soon be enumerated, has yet to be ascertained. Assuming, however, that this is the case, and, again, insisting upon the conventional character of the present class, and the transitional nature of the Kolúch languages, I consider that the undoubted Kolúch dialects end in the neighbourhood of Queen Charlotte's Islands.

Still there are tribes to the back of those on the coast which have yet to be noticed:--

_The Inkhuluklait._--Dwelling on the river Chulitna, and allied to the--

_Magimut._--who are allied to the--

_Inkalit._--These, in one village alone, are 700 strong; their language has been said to be a mixture of the Kenay, _Unalashkan_, and Atna. The Inkalit are neighbours of the Kuskokwim, with whom they are continually at war.

It is highly probable that the Inkalit language, when better known, will present the same phenomenon of transition with the Ugalyakhmutsi.

DOUBTFUL KOLÚCHES.

1. THE DÍGOTHI(?)

_Synonym._--Loucheux.

_Locality._--The Peel River, a feeder of the M'Kenzie.

The ethnological position of the _Dígothi_, _Loucheux_, or _Squinters_, is uncertain. Mr. Isbister, who in 1847 laid before the British Association for the Advancement of Science a short notice of them, stated that their language was soon learned by the Eskimo, and _vice versâ_. It was also soon learned by the Chippewyans, and _vice versâ_. This was _primâ facie_ evidence of its intermediate or transitional character. More important, however, is the following short vocabulary; which is Mr. Isbister's also. Here the closest affinities are with the _Kenay_, itself a language of so doubtful a position, that although the present writer considers it to be Kolúch, most others isolate it.

ENGLISH. LOUCHEUX. KENAY.

_White man_ Manah-gool-ait
_Indian_ Tenghie[104] teena=_man_.
_Eskimo_ nak-high "
_Wind_ etsee "
_Head wind_ newatsee "
_Fair wind_ jeatsee "
_Water_ tchon[105] thun-agalgus.
_Sun_ shethie channoo.
_Moon_ shet-sill tlakannoo.
_Stars_ kumshaet ssin.
_Meat_ beh kutskonna.
_Deer_ et-han "
_Head_ umitly aissagge.
_Arm_ tchiegen skona.
_Leg_ tsethan "
_Coat_ chiegee "
_Blanket_ tsthee "
_Knife_ tlay kissaki.
_Foot_ jetly "
_Yes_ eh "
_No_ illuck-wha "
_Far_ nee-jah "
_Near_ neak-wha "
_Strong_ nehaintah "
_Cold_ kateitlee ktckchuly.
_Long_ kawa "
_Enough_ ekcho, ekatarainyo "
_Eat_ beha "
_Drink_ chidet-leh "
_Come_ chatchoo "
_Go away_ eenio "
_I_ see su
_Thou_ nin nan.
_(My) father_ (se) tsay stukta.
_(My) son_ (se) jay _ssi_-ja.
_(My) daughter_ (se) zaa _ssx_-za.
_(My) wife_ (te) chiliquah "
_(My) brother-in-law_ sundayee "

In physical appearance the Dígothi are athletic fine-looking men, considerably above the average stature, most of them above six feet high, and well-proportioned. They have black hair, fine sparkling eyes, moderately high cheek-bones, regular teeth, and a fair complexion. Their countenances are handsome and expressive.

2. THE NEHANNI.(?)

_Extract from Mr. Isbister_.--These range the country between
the Russian settlements on the Stikine River and the Rocky
Mountains, where they are conterminous with the Carriers of
New Caledonia on the south, and the Daho-dinnies of M'Kenzie's
River on the west. They are a brave and warlike race; the
scourge and terror of the country round. It is a curious
circumstance, and not the less remarkable from the contrast
to the general rule in such cases, that this turbulent and
ungovernable horde were under the direction of a _woman_, who
ruled them, too, with a rod of iron, and was obeyed with a
readiness and unanimity truly marvellous. She was certainly a
remarkable character, and possessed of no ordinary share of
intelligence. From the fairness of her complexion and hair,
and the general cast of her features, she was believed to have
some European blood. Whether through her influence or not,
the condition of the females among the Nehannies stands much
higher than among the American Indians generally. The proper
locality of the Nehanni tribe is the vicinity of the sea-coast,
where they generally pass the summer. In the winter they range
the country in the interior for the purpose of bartering, or
plundering, furs from the inland tribes; acting as middlemen
between them and the Russian traders. They agree in general
character with the Koloochians, having light complexions, long
and lank hair, fine eyes and teeth, and many of them strong
beards and moustaches. They are not generally tall, but active
and vigorous, bold and treacherous in disposition; fond of
music and dancing, and ingenious and tasteful in their habits
and decorations. They subsist principally on salmon, and evince
a predilection for a fish diet, which indicates their maritime
origin. Like all the north-west tribes, they possess numerous
slaves; inhabitants, it is understood, of some of the numerous
islands which stud the coast, and either taken in war or bought
of the neighbouring tribes.[106]

The languages which now follow are known but imperfectly; so that the classes which they form are all provisional, and of uncertain value. It is certainly not safe to call them Kolúch, although they all contain a notable per-centage of Kolúch words; nor yet is it advisable to throw them all together as members of a separate division--equivalent to, but distinct from, the Kolúch. For this, they are hardly sufficiently like each other, and hardly sufficiently unlike those spoken to the north of them. In other words we are now in one of those difficult ethnological areas, where we have no broad and trenchant lines of demarcation, but the phenomena of intermixture instead. This is the coast and a little beyond the coast of the Pacific, where the common climatologic conditions presented by a deeply-indented sea-board, make this arrangement natural as well as convenient.

THE HAIDAH DIALECTS OR LANGUAGES.

_Locality._--Queen Charlotte's Islands, and the southern
extremity of the Prince of Wales's Archipelago.

_Spoken by._--_a_, the Skittegats; _b_, Massets; _c_,
Kumshahas; _d_, Kyganie.

CHEMMESYAN.

_Locality._--N.L. 55°, sea-coast and islands.

_Divisions._--1. Naaskok, inhabiting Observatory Inlet; 2.
Chemmesyan, in Dundas's Island, and Stephenson's Island; 3, 4,
Kitshatlah and Kethumish, in Princess Royal Islands.

BILLECHÚLA.

_Locality._--The mouth of the Salmon River.

In M'Kenzie's Travels we find a few words from a tribe on
the Salmon River. Their locality is called by M'Kenzie the
_Friendly Village_. By the aid of Mr. Tolmie's vocabularies we
can now place this hitherto unfixed dialect. It belongs to the
Billechoola tongue.

ENGLISH. FRIENDLY VILLAGE. BILLECHOOLA.

_Salmon_ zimilk shimilk.
_Dog_ watts watz.
_House_ zlaachle shmool.
_Bark mat_ yemnez "
_Cedar-bark blanket_ " tzummi.
_Beaver_ couloun couloun.
_Stone_ aichts quilstolomick.
_Water_ ulkan kullah.
_Mat_ gitscom stuchom.
_Bonnet_ ilcaette kayeete.

HAELTZUK AND HAILTSA.

_Locality._--Sea-coast from Hawkesbury Island to Broughton's
Archipelago; the northern part of Quadra's and Vancouver's
Island(?).

_Tribes._--Hyshalla, Hyhysh, Esleytuk, Weekenoch, Nalatsenoch,
Quagheuil, Tlatla-Shequilla, Lequeeltoch.