Chapter XVI: Part I: The Primary Varieties of the Human Species (13)

THE OTOMI.

_Localities._--N.E. parts of Mechoacan, Head-waters of the
River Santiago.

_Dialects._--1. Otomi Proper. 2. Mazahui.

Casas Grandes occur in all the parts lately enumerated.

A great complication in the philological ethnography, is introduced by the Otomi dialects.

In a dissertation of Don Emmanuel Naxera's,[157] the author gives reasons for considering the Otomi to be a remarkable exception to the general character of the American languages. It is so far from being _polysynthetic_ that it is _monosyllabic_. A fact like this was not likely to be underrated. The vicinity of the Otomi area to the Aztek, the semi-Asiatic character of the Mexican civilization, the analogies between it and the Japanese, were all circumstances likely to bring the populations of the Chinese type into the field of comparison. Hence the Otomi, after being in the first place disconnected with the American family of languages, ran the chance of being _specially, and to the exclusion of the other tongues of the New World_, connected with the Asiatic; and, herein, with those of the Seriform tribes and nations.

With his accustomed caution, Gallatin satisfies himself with saying what others have thought upon the matter, more especially the author of the dissertation in question; evidently, in his own mind, admitting no more than an _analogy_, not an _affinity_, with the Chinese.

The present writer doubts much whether even the _facts_ of the case are yet ascertained, much less the true appreciation of their import.

1. He thinks that it has yet to be determined whether the comparative absence (if real) of inflections has arisen from the loss of forms previously existing, or from the nondevelopment of them _in toto_. In the latter case only the language would be in the predicament of the Seriform tongues, or _aptotic_; whereas in the former its parallel would be the English, an _anaptotic_ language.

2. He thinks that the whole aspect of the question might be materially altered by changing the manner of putting it; _i.e._ by asking not whether the Otomi differs from the other American languages in being monosyllabic rather than polysynthetic, but by inquiring whether the other American tongues may not agree with the Otomi in being more monosyllabic than is generally supposed.

This latter point is one of great importance;--the fact of two such extreme forms of language as the _monosyllabic_ and _polysynthetic_ meeting has been shown by Schoolcraft in his remarks upon the structure of the Algonkin languages; the _à priori_ likelihood of such a phænomenon being very great. The details of the transition itself, however, we see but imperfectly. That they are to be found, however, in the comparative philology of the Seriform tongues is undoubted. Here, even the difference, so important in the American tongues, between the animate and inanimate plural is foreshadowed; whilst the other so-called peculiarity of the polysynthetic tongues--the incorporation of the pronoun expressing the object with the verb, is only a fuller development of the principle which gives us, in the common languages of Europe, the reflective and middle forms. In the Icelandic _kallast_ (_=kalla sig=calls himself_, originally _kalla-sc_), the incorporation of the name of the object is as truly a part of the grammar as it is in any American tongue whatsoever.

Again, more than one philologist has suggested that many American agglutinations are (like such forms as _je l'aime_, if written _jelaime_), instances of what may be called a mere printer's polysyntheticism, _i.e._ points of spelling rather than of real language.

Such are fragments of the criticism which breaks down two classes of differences at once; those between the Otomi and the other languages of America, and those between the American and non-American tongues in general.

On the other hand, it should be added that if, irrespective of such criticism, the Otomi language be, in its vocables, wholly _un_-American, the evidence in favour of its philological isolation is just as good as if, over and above the fact of its being monosyllabic, the transition from monosyllabicism to polysyntheticism were a philological impossibility; still more so, if its affinities are with any other language, _e.g._ the Chinese.

Now, upon this point I have made three series of comparisons.

1. The Otomi with the Seriform languages, _en masse_.

2. The same words from another American language (the Maya) with the same Seriform languages.

3. The Otomi and a variety of other American languages.

Of these the first two are as follows:--

(1)

_English_, man
Otomi, _nanyehe_
Kuanchua, _nan_
Canton, _nam_
Tonkin, _nam_

_English_, woman
Otomi, _nitsu_
.... _nsu_
Kuanchua, _niu_
Canton, _niu_
Tonkin, _nu_

_English_, son
Otomi, _batsi_
.... _iso_
Kuanchua, _dsu_
Canton, _dzi_
Mian, _sa_
Maplu, _possa_
Play, _aposo_
.... _naputhæ_
Passuko, _posaho_

_English_, hand
Otomi, _ye_
Siuanlo, _he_
Cochin China, _ua_=_arm_

_English_, foot
Otomi, _gua_
Pey, _ha_=_leg_
Pape, _ha, ho_=_do._
Kuanchua, _kio_
Canton, _koh_
Moitay, _kcho_

_English_, bird
Otomi, _ttzintey_
Maya, _chechetch_
Tonkin, _tcheni_
Cochin China, _tching_

_English_, sun
Otomi, _hiadi_
Canton, _yat_

_English_, moon
Otomi, _rzana_
Siuanlo, _dzan_
Teina, _son_

_English_, star
Otomi, _tze_
Tonkin, _sao_
Cochin China, _sao_
Maplu, _shia_
Play, _shâ_
.... _sha_
Passuko, _za_
Colaun, _assa_

_English_, water
Otomi, _dehe_
Tibet, _tchi_
Mian, _zhe_
Maplu, _ti_
Colaun, _tui_

_English_, stone
Otomi, _do_
Cochin China, _ta_
Tibet, _rto_

_English_, rain
Otomi, _ye_
Chuanchua, _yu_
Canton, _yu_
Colaun, _yu_

_English_, fish
Otomi, _hua_
Chuanchua, _yu_
Canton, _yu_
Tonkin, _ka_
Cochin China, _ka_
Play, _ya_
Moan, _ka_

_English_, good
Otomi, _manho_
Teilung, _wanu_

_English_, bad
Otomi, _hing_
.... _hio_
Chuanchua, _o_
Tonkin, _hu_
Play, _gyia_

_English_, great
Otomi, _nah_
.... _nde_
.... _nohoc_
Chinese, _ta, da_
Anam, _dai_
Play, _do, uddo_
Pey, _nio_

_English_, small
Otomi, _ttygi_
Passuko, _tchcka_

_English_, eat
Otomi, _tze tza_
Chinese, _shi_
Tibet, _shie_
Mian, _tsha_
Myamma, _sa_

_English_, sleep
Otomi, _aha_
Chuanchua, _wo, uo_

(2)

_English_, son
Maya, _lakpal_
.... _palal_=_children_
Myamma, _lugala_
Teilung, _lukwun_

_English_, head
Maya, _pol_, _hool_
Kalaun, _mollu_

_English_, mouth
Maya, _chi_
Chuanchua, _keu_
Canton, _hou_
Tonkin, _kau_
Cochin China, _kau_
Tibet, _ka_

_English_, hand
Maya, _cab_
Huasteca, _cubac_
Maplu, _tchoobah_=_arm_
Play, _tchoobah_=_do._
Passuko, _tchoobawh_=_do._

_English_, foot
Maya, _uoc_, _oc_
Chuanchua, _kio_
Canton, _kon_
Moitay, _cho_

_English_, sun
Maya, _kin_
Colaun, _koni_
Moan, _knua_
Teiya, _kawan_
Teilung, _kangun_
Pey, _kanguan_

_English_, moon
Maya, _u_
Chuanchua, _yue_

_English_, star
Maya, _ek_
Mean, _kie_
Myamma, _kyi_

_English_, water
Maya, _ha_
Myamma, _ya_

_English_, rain
Maya, _chauc_
Maplu, _tchatchung_
Passuko, _tatchu_

_English_, small
Maya, _mehen_
Tonkin, _mon_

_English_, eat
Maya, _hanal_
Tonkin, _an_
Play, _ang_

_English_, bird
Maya, _chechitch_
Tonkin, _tchim_

_English_, fish
Maya, _ca_
Tonkin, _ka_

_English_, great
Maya, _noh_
Pey, _nio_

The third, so far from isolating the Otomi from the other languages of America, exhibits more than an average number of miscellaneous affinities, especially with the languages of California.

As to the Chinese and the other Seriform tongues, the question is not _how like they are to the Otomi_, but _how much more like they are to the Otomi than to the Maya_. And here the difference in favour of the Otomi is even less than we expect; since (merely from the doctrine of chances) two (or more) languages with short words will have a greater number of similarities (real or accidental) than two (or more) dissyllabic or polysyllabic languages.

So far, then, from isolating the Otomi as much as Naxera has done, I am disinclined to adopt, to their full extent, the far more moderate views of Molina and Gallatin; admitting at the same time that, of all the tongues of the New World, its structure, from being either anaptotic or imperfectly agglutinate, is the most remarkable.

The rude and imperfect civilization of the Otomis has often been contrasted with the better developed character of the--

MEXICANS (ASTEK).

Strictly speaking, this is a geographical rather than an ethnological term; perhaps it is more political than geographical. It means, as nearly as can be, the kingdom of Montezuma, as it was found by the Spanish conquerors of the fifteenth century. This seems, historically speaking, to have consisted of several states, more or less incorporated with that of the sovereign city; incorporated either in the way of confederation, as was the case with Tescuco, or as subject nations like the more distant dependencies. In the consolidation of the Mexican empire, I see nothing that differs _in kind_, from the confederacies of the Indians of the Algonkin, Sioux, and Cherokee families, although _in degree_, it had attained a higher development than has yet appeared; and I think that whoever will take the trouble to compare Strachey's[158] account of Virginia, where the empire of Powhattan had, at the time of the colonization, attained its height, with Prescott's Mexico, will find reason for breaking down that over-broad line of demarcation which is so frequently drawn between the Mexicans and the other Americans.

I think, too, that the social peculiarities of the Mexicans of Montezuma are not more remarkable than the external conditions of climate, soil, and land-and-sea relations; for it must be remembered that, as determining influences, towards the state in which they were found by Cortez, we have--

1. The contiguity of two oceans.

2. The range of temperature arising from the differences of altitude produced by the existence of great elevation, combined with an intertropical latitude, and the consequent variety of products.

3. The absence of the conditions of a hunter-state; the range of the buffalo not extending so far as the Anahuac.

4. The abundance of minerals.

Surely these are sufficient predisposing causes for a very considerable amount of difference in the social and civilizational development.

South of Mexico we have several languages of a small and one of a large area. The former are as follows:--

_Mixteca_--Spoken in Oaxaca.

_Zapoteca_--Ditto.

_Popoluca_--Ditto.

_Chiapa_--Spoken in Chiapa.

_Zoques_--Spoken on the sea-coast, about Tobasco.

_Tzendales_--Spoken from Comitan to Palenque.

_Lacandona_--Chiapa.

_Chonchona_--Ditto.

_Mazateca_--Ditto.

_The Mam_--Guatemala, in the province of Vera Paz.

The _Pochonchi_--_Chorti_--_Quiche_--Spoken in Guatemala. Allied languages, or dialects.--Gallatin.

_Kachiquel_--Ibid.

_Sinca_--Guatemala, on the Pacific, from Escuintla to the Rio des Esclavos.

_Utlateca_--Guatemala.

_Subtugil_--Ditto.

_Chorotega_--Nicaragua.

_Chontal_--Ditto.

_Orotina_--Ditto.

Respecting the locality of the last three languages there is, _at least_, a tradition that, over and above the original population, there was also, at the time of the conquest, a colony of _Mexicans_ in Nicaragua. I say, _at least a tradition_, because it is stated that the so-called Pipil Indians, on the coast of the Pacific, speak a Mexican dialect, and also that the remains of Mexican art in Nicaragua are both numerous and definite; in which case the evidence is improved: still it is by no means conclusive.

Such are the minor groups, all of uncertain value, for central America, _i.e._ for the parts between Mexico and the Isthmus, with two exceptions.

THE MAYA.

_Divisions._--1. The Maya Proper. 2. The Huasteca.

_Localities._--1. The Maya Proper in Yucatan. 2. The Huasteca,
in the parts about Tampico.

_Area._--Discontinuous.

The discontinuity of the Maya area is effected by the interposition of Totonaca and other languages; the discovery of the community of origin between populations so different as those of Yucatan and country round Tampico being one of the valuable notices of the Mithridates.

The value of the Maya-Huasteca (or Huasteca-Maya) group, is wholly undetermined. Probably it should extend to the inclusion of the Poconchi and several other tongues of Guatemala.

* * * * *

The further we approach the narrowest part of the Isthmus the more fragmentary is our ethnology. It loses, however, none of its importance, since it is by the way of the Isthmus that we find the most direct geographical transition from North to South America.

And here the division must be made between--_a_, those Indians who seem to have partaken of a civilization of the Mexican type,--and _b_, those who do not.

The former alternative was probably the case (more or less) with all the divisions already enumerated; the latter with the Indians of Panama, the islands, and the Moskito Coast.

The following is a notice of a tribe on the sea-coast, at present either extinct or incorporated with some other, but well known to the old buccaneers. [159] "The next day we got ashore in one of them [the islands] in hopes of getting some corn, but met with none but a few poor wretches, who had been stripped of all by the privateers, who also frequently made them their slaves; for they are very fit for that purpose, being of a low stature but strong limbed; for the rest they are of a dark olive colour, with round faces, black hair, and small eyes of the same colour: with eyebrows hanging over their eyes, low foreheads, short, thick, and flat noses, full lips, and short chins. They have a peculiar fashion of cutting holes in the lips of the boys whilst yet infants, which they keep open with small pegs till they are fourteen or fifteen years of age; then they put in them something resembling a long beard made of tortoise-shell. Both boys and girls have holes bored in their ears, which by degrees they stretch to the bigness of a crown-piece, and wear in them round and smooth pieces of wood, so that their ears seem wood, unless only in a small skin. As they have very little feet (notwithstanding they are bare-footed), so the females take a great pride in their legs, which they tie very hard from the ankle to the beginning of the calf with a piece of calico, which renders their calfs very round and beautiful. They have no other clothing but a clout about their middle."

The nearest remaining representatives of the aborigines thus described are the--

MOSKITO INDIANS.

_Locality._--The Moskito Coast.

_Language._--Peculiar.

Like the Indians of the original territory of the United States and Canada, the Europeans with which the Moskito Indians come in contact are of English, rather than Spanish, extraction; besides which, there is a considerable intermixture of Negro blood.

The language, for which we have a fair amount of data, has fewer miscellaneous affinities than any hitherto examined. Still, this is nothing more than what its geographical position leads us to expect. The nearest languages of which we have specimens are those of Guatemala on one side, and the northern part of South America on the other. For the contiguous areas of Honduras, San Salvador, and Costa Rica we have no specimens.

The Isthmus of Panama leads us from North to South America. Here the first tribe of importance which presents itself is--

THE MUYSCA.

_Locality._--New Granada. Extinct.

_Language._--Peculiar; known, however, only from a few words
collected by the Abbate Gilii.--See _Mithridates_.

_Civilization._--The same (or nearly the same) with that of
Mexico and Peru.

1. Besides the Muysca, however, there were, most probably, two or three mutually unintelligible languages spoken in the Isthmus of Darien, and the following ten (all now extinct), in New Grenada. 1. The Agnala; 2. the Caivana; 3. the Chimeca; 4. the Kurumene; 5. the Gorrane; 6. the Guaraepoana; 7. the Guarica; 8. the Natagaima; 9. the Cueca; and 10. the Chiaczake.--_Mithridates_.

We now follow the line of the Andes, omitting for the present the consideration of their eastern declivity, and limiting ourselves to the mountain-range itself and the narrow strip between it and the Pacific. This brings us, probably, through the districts of the 1. Masteles; 2. Chorri; 3, Pichilumbuy; and, 4. Quillacingæ, to the country of the ancient

QUIXOS (QUITOS).

_Locality._--Quito.

At the present moment, and even in the sixteenth century, the language of Quito was the Quichua. It is considered, however, although I have not investigated the evidence, that the aboriginal languages of the country, spoken before the conquest of the Incas, belonged to a different class of tongues; and that the Quiteno dialect of the Peruvian is a recent introduction.

Be this as it may, the population which now comes next is--

THE QUICHUA.

_Locality._--From the Equator to 28° south latitude
_discontinuously_; the Quichua area being interrupted about 15°
south latitude by the Aymaras. Limited almost exclusively to
the plateau of the Andes and to its _western_ slope.

_Numbers_, according to D'Orbigny, 934,707 pure, 458,572 mixed.

THE AYMARA.

_Locality._--From 15° to 20° south latitude. The parts around
the Lake Titicaca, and the ruins of Tiaguanaco. Conterminous
with and (almost?) surrounded by the Quichuas.

_Numbers_, according to D'Orbigny, 372,397 pure, 188,237 mixed.

YUNGA.

_Locality._--The valley of Cincha, in the diocese of Truxillo.
Extinct.

_Synonym._(?)--Mochika. Perhaps the name for a separate dialect.

PUQUINA.

_Locality._--The diocese of La Paz. Extinct.

Probably these, with the Quixos, may represent the earlier population of the Andes anterior to the spread of the Peruvian Incas of the Quichua stock.

THE ATACAMAS.

_Locality._--The Provinces of Taracapa and Atacama.
Conterminous with the Aymaras, Quichuas; and Moluché.

_Synonyms._--Olipes, Llipi.

_Numbers_, according to D'Orbigny, 7348 pure, 2170 mixed.

THE CHANGOS.

_Locality._--The Coast of Peru, from 22° to 24° south latitude,
conterminous with the Moluché.

_Numbers_, according to D'Orbigny, 1000.

Thus far we have followed the line of the Western Andes in the direction from north to south, along a tract forming the narrow line between the Cordilleras and the Pacific, a tract that, politically and historically speaking, nearly coincides with the empire of the _Peruvian Incas_, as it was found by the Spanish conquerors under Pizarro. For the _history_ of this remarkable empire the reader is referred to Prescott's History of Peru; the criticism that applies the facts therein found, being, in a great degree, the criticism which applies to similar civilization of Mexico.

In Chili we find the north-western branch of one of the great and definite divisions of the South American population, which may be called Chileno, Patagonian, Fuegian, Chileno-Patagonian, &c. as seems most convenient; the main fact requisite to be remembered being, that it comprises the population of three areas. 1. Chili; 2. Patagonia; 3. Tierra del Fuego.

Although for this group of Indians we have no general and collective names, the subordinate branches are conveniently denominated, _Moluché_, _Puelché_, _Huilliché_.

MOLUCHÉ.

_Locality._--(roughly speaking)--Chili. The word
_Molu_=_Western,_. _Molu-che_=_Western People_.

_Synonym._--Chileno, Araucanian.

PUELCHÉ.

_Locality._--(roughly speaking)--south of the Chaco, and east
of the Andes, as far as the Atlantic. The parts east of Chili.
The word _Puel_=_Eastern_. _Puel-che_=_Eastern People_.

_Synonym._--Pampa Indians.

HUILLICHÉ.

_Locality._--Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

_Divisions._--_a._ Patagonians. _b._ Fuegians.

_Extracts respecting the physical appearance of the
Patagonians_:--

1. "One of them, who afterwards appeared to be chief, came
towards me; he was of gigantic stature, and seemed to realise
the tales of monsters in a human shape; he had the skin of some
wild beast thrown over his shoulders, as a Scotch Highlander
wears his plaid, and was painted so as to make the most hideous
appearance I ever beheld. Round one eye was a large circle of
white; a circle of black surrounded the other, and the rest
of his body was streaked with paint of different colours. I
did not measure him; but if I may judge of his height by the
proportion of his stature to my own, it could not be less than
seven feet."--_Byron_.

2. "They have a fine shape; among those whom we saw not one
was below five feet ten inches and a quarter (English), nor
above six feet two inches and a half in height. Their gigantic
appearance arises from their prodigiously broad shoulders, the
size of their heads, and the thickness of all their limbs. They
are robust and well fed; their nerves are braced, and their
muscles strong, and sufficiently hard, &c."--_Bougainville_.

3. "The medium height of the males of these southern tribes
is about five feet eleven inches. The women are not so tall,
but are in proportion broader and stouter: they are generally
plain-featured. The head is long, broad and flat, and the
forehead low, with the hair growing within an inch of the
eyebrows, which are bare; the eyes are often placed obliquely,
and have but little expression; the nose is generally rather
flat and turned up, but we noticed several with that feature
straight and sometimes aquiline; the mouth is wide, with
prominent lips, and the chin is rather large; the jaws are
broad, and give the face a square appearance; the neck is short
and thick; the shoulders are broad; the chest is broad and very
full; but the arm, particularly the forearm, is small, as are
also the foot and leg; the body long, large, and fat, but not
corpulent. Such was the appearance of those who came under my
observation."--_King_.

The previous extracts have been given because the great size of the Patagonians has been noticed by most of the voyagers who have described them--in some cases with considerable exaggeration. Illegitimate inferences, moreover, have been drawn from their supposed contrast to the Fuegians. These last, more undersized than over-sized, and ill-fed fish-eaters, like the Eskimo and Hottentot, have been separated too far from the populations nearest to them, and have been considered, by even good writers, as sufficiently distinct from the Indians of the Continent to form a separate division. Nay more, so much has been made of their sallow complexion that, in some cases, the Fuegian has been placed among the _Black_ sections of the human species, _i.e._ amongst the Kelænonesians.

Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether the extreme sections of the group in question exhibit greater contrasts in physical appearance than those which the difference of their physical and social conditions would lead us to expect; since the mountain range of the southern Andes, the nomadic extension of the Pampas, and the insular localities of the Chonos Archipelago, and the Tierra del Fuego, account for full as much difference as we find--to say nothing of the difference of latitude between Cape Horn and the Peruvian frontier of Chili, in the way of climate. Add to this the opposition between the vicinity of a semi-civilized kingdom like that of Peru on the north, and the absolute isolation of the Tierra del Fuego on the south, as influences which seriously affect the phænomena of the social and civilizational developments. That the typical features of the so-called copper-coloured Indian of America become lost as we approach Cape Horn, is a fact of more importance than the height or size of individual families. The Fuegian is Eskimo in appearance, and the Patagonian approaches the Fuegian.

In Chili we find special notice of a preeminently light-haired and blue-eyed population--the Boroanos.[160]

Having now reached the _Ultima Thule_ of the New World we may look back and ask how far the general phænomena and problems connected with the ethnology of South, resemble those of North America: they do so in many respects. There are the same physical divisions of elevated table-land, of open pasture, of steppe, and of forest; the same low levels along similar large rivers, and the same swamps on the sea-shore. And so it is with the distribution of tribes and races. Large areas, like those of the Algonkins and Iroquois, are conterminous with groups of unfixed and almost isolated languages: so that what we have found in Mexico, as opposed to Canada, we shall find in Central South America, as opposed to Brazil and Peru.

Still there are important points of difference. South America, like Africa, lies not only between the tropics, but under the equator. Like Africa, too, only farther than Africa, it extends towards the Antarctic Circle; so that hence we may call the natives of Tierra del Fuego either the Eskimos of the south, or the Hottentots of the west.

In respect to the abundance and value of its ethnological materials, South America, especially for its interior, is one of the dark spots of the world--it is better known than Central Africa, and better known than New Guinea: and saying this we have said all.

And here it may be well to indicate an ethnological _method_. In Tierra del Fuego we have one of the six extreme points of population; _i.e._ points from which no population has been supposed to have been determined elsewhere; Easter Island, Van Dieman's Land, the Cape of Good Hope, Lapland, and Ireland, being the other five. In working the problem as to the original centre of population--the birthplace of the human kind--it is these six points with which we should begin, and so seek their point of convergence. This is of two kinds, _geographical_ and _philological_. The first is that part of the earth's surface where the distance from each is equal (or where it nearest approaches equality); the second, the locality of that language which has, at one and the same time, the greatest likeness to the Teapi,[161] the Tasmanian, the Fuegian, the Hottentot, the Lapponic, and the Gaelic. Of course such centres would be conventional, and liable to the influence of disturbing causes. Still they involve a principle that is both safe and scientific; and, if the land were one vast circular island, in the midst of the ocean, and the changes that affect language had taken place at a uniform rate throughout the domain of speech, such a state of things would supply a _conventional ethnological_ centre.

Such a conventional centre would be the mean point between the _geographical_ and the _philological_ ones.

* * * * *

That the Chileno, Patagonian, and Fuegian populations are sections of a single stock I have no doubt. Whether, however, this stock may not contain other branches is uncertain.

* * * * *

There are three frontiers to the northern part of the area in question--the western, the central, and the eastern. The western has been already noticed: it is the country of the Changos, Atacamas, and other portions of the old Peruvian empire. Nevertheless it is probable, that the population may be Chileno, and still more likely that it may be transitional to the Peruvian and Moluché groups.

The central division has yet to be studied in detail; since we have yet to learn at what part of Central South America the Pampa population changes for that of the Gran Chaco,[162] and of what nature this change is. Nay, the Southern Indians of the Gran Chaco may, like the southern members of the Peruvian empire, be either Patagonian (or Pampa-Patagonian) or transitional.

The eastern portion of the division in question is the parts about the mouth of the River Plata.

The population, which I suppose to have been conterminous with the Patagonians (_i.e._ the Puelché portion of them) is that of--

THE CHARRUAS.

Of the language I have seen no vocabulary. In physical appearance the Charruas approach the Patagonians; and equally akin are they to the fiercer tribes of that division in their habits and characters.

The Charrua population--for we are now within the territory of the Spanish Republic, and in areas where the displacement of the aborigines has been the consequence of contact with the European--is known only in fragments; whole sections of it being, at the present moment, either extinct or incorporated. The original divisions, however, were as follows:--

1. The Charruas Proper; 2. the Chayos; 3. the Chanás; 4. the Guenoas; 5. the Martedanes; 6. the Niboanes; 7. the Yaros; 8. the Minoanes; 9. the Caaiguas; 10. the Bagaez; 11. the Tapés. Of these the Chanás and Niboanes inhabited, at the arrival of the Spaniards, the islands of the Uruguay, at the junction of the Rio Negro. The Guenoas and Martedanes connected themselves with the Portuguese of the Colonia del Sacramiento, and were at enmity with the Yaros and Minoanes. The Chayos are the first that disappear from history, probably from having become amalgamated with the Yaros.

The Charruas proper, from the time of Solis to the year 1831, have lived the life of a nation of warriors, with their hand against every man, and every man's hand against them. Uninterrupted as was their hostility to the Spaniards, it was equally so against the other aborigines; so much so, that in no case do we find a common alliance against the common enemy to have existed;--on the contrary, the war against the Mamaluco, the Tupi, and the Arachanes, were wars of extermination. And so was the war against the Spaniards; except that the Spaniards were the exterminators. In 1831 the President of Uraguay, Rivera, destroyed the Charruas root and branch; so that at the present moment a few enslaved individuals are the only remains of that once terrible nation.

From eighty to one hundred families lived under the direction of a Tubicchó, or semi-hereditary chief, and when danger threatened, the Tubicchós met and chose amongst themselves a leader. Whoever is chosen commands the obedience of the rest--the election is half counsel, half feast. Chicha is drunk; wounds are exhibited; exploits are recounted: the most worthy is selected from his peers.

After this fires are lighted as beacons, and the warriors of tribes meet from all parts. When they can make the attack, they do it by night, and at the full-moon. How they treat their captives is a matter upon which there is a conflict in the evidence. Ruy Diaz de Guzman denies that they are cruel to their prisoners. I have no wish to disturb Ruy Diaz de Guzman's evidence. Others, however, have controverted it. Against the fact of their being cannibals there is the same, and (perhaps) better testimony. Where they taste human flesh at all, it is done in the spirit of vengeance, and not to satisfy appetite. They tasted of the body of Solis; and they had good reason to hate him.

Their chief ornaments are the tattoo and the feathers of the ostrich; and the favourite colour for their incisions is blue.

Now I believe that this savage semi-heroic character of the Charruas is a fair sample of the wilder and more unsubdued Indians of Chili, Patagonia, and the Gran Chaco; also, that it is equally true of the Araucanians as described by Ercilla, and the Pampa Indians of Sir E. Head. And what is this but a repetition of the same features which we see in the corresponding part of North America? Here, when we have got beyond the tropics, we find the Algonkin, Sioux, and Iroquois warriors, conterminous with, and (as the present writer believes) passing into the feebler Eskimo--these latter bearing the same relation to their southern neighbours as the Fuegians do to the northern ones.

Like the Paduca area for North America, the Pampas and the parts to the north of them are preeminently the country of the horse--so that the ethnology of Mongolia and Tartary partially reappears here.

* * * * *

In looking back to consider what parts of South America have been described, we find that the long but narrow strip of the western coast bounded by the Andes and the Pacific, has been nearly (perhaps wholly) distributed between three stocks--the Muysca, the Peruvian, and the Chileno-Patagonian. I say _perhaps wholly_, because the Atacamas and Changos are probably referable to one of these two latter divisions. Again--it is likely that future researches may throw these three great groups into one; at least such is the inference to be drawn from a comparison of the Patagonian and Peruvian languages.

To a certain extent, the southern part of the peninsula is disposed of along with the western; since it is safe to say that as far as 30° south latitude (perhaps farther) the Chileno-Patagonian stock, like the Eskimo and Athabaskan, stretches _across_ the breadth as well as _along_ the side of the continent.

The parts still standing over--two-thirds or more of the whole peninsula--are those bounded by the ocean, the Andes, and 30° south latitude.

Premising that of these three boundaries the last is artificial and conventional, whilst the two former are natural, I shall take first in order those areas which, being geographical or political rather than ethnological, exhibit the phænomenon, so often met with already, of numerous groups within narrow compasses. This being done, the remaining part of the continent will exhibit the contrast of the wide extension of single families.

* * * * *

For the miscellaneous and imperfectly described sections of the South American population about to be noticed, the chain of the Andes, in its extension from Panama to Cape Horn, and in its remarkable parallelism to the coast of the Pacific, taken along with the three great water-systems of the Orinoko, the Amazons, and the La Plata, is the great geographical point of prominence.

Herefrom, about 20° south latitude, a western extension of mountains and highlands separates the water-system of the Amazons on the North from that of the Rio de la Plata on the South.

Distinguishing, then--

1. The Indians of the water-system of the Amazons, from--

2. The Indians of the water-system of the Plata, and both from--

3. The Indians of the water-system of the Orinoco--the first section of the first division consists of the--

I.

INDIANS OF THE MISSIONS.

The distinction here is so far from being ethnological that it is scarcely geographical. Political, however, as it is, it is convenient--since the term itself indicates what we shall find, viz., a more or less imperfect Christianity throughout.

A.

_Indians of the Mission of Moxos._

MOXOS.

_Localities._--_a._ Missions of Carmen de Moxos, Concepcion de
Moxos, San Joaquin de Moxos.

_b._ Loreto de Moxos, Trinidad, San Xavier, San Ignacio.

_c._ To the east of the Missions of Concepcion and Carmen, near
the river Guaporé.

_Divisions._--_a._ Muchojéonès.
_b._ Baurès.
_c._ Moxos Proper.

_Numbers._--

Muchojéonès of Carmen 230
Christian Baurès 4,178
Pagan Baurès 1,000
Moxos 8,212
------
Total 13,620

ITONAMA.

_Locality._--North-east of the province of Moxos. Missions of
Magdalena and San Ramon.

_Name._--Native.

_Numbers_ in 1830.--At Magdalena, 2,831, at San Ramon, 1,984.
Total, 4,815. All Christian.

_Conterminous_ with the _Iténès_, _Baurès_, _Canichanas_,
_Moxas_.

CANICHANA.

_Present locality._--The Mission of San Pedro.

_Name._--Native.

_Numbers_ in 1830, 1939. All Christian.

MOVIMA.

_Present locality._--Mission of Santa Anna.

_Original locality._--Banks of the Yacuma.

_Conterminous_ with the Moxos, Canichanas, and Cayuvavas.

_Name._--Native.

_Numbers_ in 1830, 1238. All Christian.

_Language._--Between the Movima and the Moxas the language is
the only important distinction.

CAYUVAVA.

_Present locality._--Mission of Exaltacion, at the northern
part of the river Mamoré. Originally conterminous with the
Movimas, Iténès, the Maropas, and Pacaguaras.

_Numbers_ in 1831, 2073. All Christian.

_Language._--Between the Cayuvava and the Moxas the language is
the only important difference.

ITÈ (ITÈNÉS).

_Locality._--The junction of the Iténès and Mamoré.

_Name._--Native.

_Probable number._--From 1,000 to 1,200.

PACAGUARA.

_Locality._--The junction of the Beni and Mamoré.

SAPIBOCONI.

_Locality._--The province of Moxos.

The Sapiboconi are mentioned by Hervas, and, from him, in the Mithridates. They are not, however, mentioned by D'Orbigny, and are probably extinct. Their language is evidently different from any known tongue of either Moxos or Chiquitos; and judging from the comparison of the Mithridates, consisting only of seven words, it seems to be Quichuan rather than aught else.

ENGLISH. SAPIBOCONI. QUICHUA.

_Head_ emata matti
_Lightning_ ilapa illapo.
_Stone_ tumu rumi.
_Year_ mara mara.

B.

_Indians of the Mission of Chiquitos._

CHIQUITOS.

_Locality._--Centre of the Province of Chiquito.

_Name._--Spanish.

_Tribes_, both existing and extinct, numerous.

_Numbers_ in 1830, 14,925. All Christianized.

_Conterminous_ with the Samucos, Guanos, Guatos, Tobas,
Siriones, Guarayos, Saravecas, Otukés, Tapiis, Covarecas,
Paioconecas, Tapacuras.

SARAVÉCA.

_Present locality._--The Mission of Santa Ana, and Casalvalco.

_Original locality._--North-eastern limits of the Chiquito
tribes.

_Numbers._--At Santa Ana, 250; at La Reduction de Casalvalco,
100. All Christianized.

Except by language, scarcely distinguishable from the Chiquitos.

OTUKÉS.

_Present locality._--The Mission of Santo-Corazon.

_Original locality._--North-eastern parts of Chiquitos, on the
frontiers of Brazil.

_Numbers._--150. All Christians.

Except by language, scarcely distinguishable from the Chiquitos.

COVARECA.

_Present locality._--The Mission of Santa Ana.

_Original locality._--The neighbourhood of the Saravecas and
Curuminacas.

_Numbers._--About 50.

_Language._--Extinct, or almost extinct. Out of a few words
collected by D'Orbigny, one-third Otuké.

CURUMINACA.

_Original locality._--North-east of the province of Chiquitos,
between the Saravecas and the Otukés.

_Present locality._--With Saravecas, at Santa Ana and
Casalvalco.

_Numbers._--100 at Santa Ana, 50 at Casalvalco. All Christian.

_Language._--Almost or wholly extinct. Out of a few words
collected by D'Orbigny, five out of fourteen resembled the
Otuké.

CURAVÉ.

_Present locality._--The Mission of Santa Corazon.

_Original locality._--The neighbourhood of the Saravecas and
Curuminacas.

_Numbers._--50.

_Language._--Extinct. Said to have been peculiar. If so, the
only important distinction between them and the other Chiquitos.

TAPII.

_Present locality._--The Mission of St. Jago de Chiquitos.

_Original locality._--The neighbourhood of the Otukés.

_Numbers._--50.

_Language._--Extinct. Said to have been peculiar. If so, the
only important distinction between them and the other Chiquitos.

CURUCANECA.

_Present locality._--Mission of San Rafael.

_Original locality._--That of the Saravecas, Otukés, &c.

_Numbers_ in 1832, about 50.

_Language._--Extinct. Said to have been peculiar. If so, the
only important distinction between them and the other Chiquitos.

CORABECA.

This nation was conducted by the Jesuits to the Mission of San Rafael; its original locality having been to the south of that settlement, on the borders of the Gran Chaco. Here they became unmanageable, and escaped to the woods--it is supposed to those of their original home. At present, the numbers were put by D'Orbigny's informants at 100: their language being said to be peculiar.

PAIOCONECA.

_Present locality of the Christian Paioconecas._--The Mission
of Conception.

_Original locality._--The head-waters of the Rio Blanco
and Rio Verde; 16° south latitude, 63° west latitude from
Paris. Hither, it is supposed, some of the more intractable
Paioconecas of Concepcion have escaped.

_Conterminous_ with the Chiquitos, Saravecas, and the
Chapacuras of Moxos.

_Numbers_ of the Paioconecas of Concepcion, 360.

_Particular Tribe._--Paunacas, 250 in number.

SAMUCU.

_Localities._--South and south-east portions of the province of
Chiquitos, on the limits of the Gran Chaco.

_Conterminous_ with the Guanos, Guatos, Curaves, Xarayes,
Otukés, Saravecas, Curuminacas, Paunacas, and Paioconecas.

_Name._--That of a particular tribe extended to the whole
nation. Other Samucu tribes, still existing, are the Morotocos,
the Potureros, and the Guaranocos.

_Habitat._--Forests, subject to inundations, when they retire
to the hills.

The last three or four families have illustrated a common phænomenon in the ethnology of these parts; indeed, of many other parts of America as well, especially the United States.

It by no means follows that the existing locality of any section of the aboriginal population is the real natural and original one. On the contrary, wherever we find them Christianized, or semi-civilized, the chance is in favour of their having been moved from the original habitat to some so-called _Reserve_ or _Mission_, and _vice versâ_. Now the Indians of the _Reserves_ and _Missions_ are almost always modificated in character as well as frequently mixed in blood. On the other hand, although less typical in the way of ethnological characteristics they are the best known, on account of the greater opportunities of intercourse; the laborious and successful Jesuit Missionaries of Spanish America being the chief authorities.

II.

THE INDIANS OF THE CHACO.

Politically the Chaco, or Gran Chaco, is the tract nominally belonging to the inland and northern republics of the so-called Argentine Confederation, rather than to Bolivia; whilst geographically it is the water-system of the Paraguay and Upper La Plata, rather than of the Amazons. Ethnologically it is characterized by being the area of a civilization, which even when compared with that of Moxos and Chiquitos, is imperfect,--of a still more imperfect and partial Christianity, and of tribes which are at once nomadic, warlike, and independent; approaching, in their moral characters, the Charruas and Patagonians rather than the Peruvian.

The Indians of this part are either equestrian and nomadic, or else partially settled in villages; this latter being generally the case where the forests are densest, and where the river-sides afford tracts of alluvial (and often half inundated) soil. Our knowledge of them is preeminently scanty; still such vocabularies as are known exhibit miscellaneous affinities with the languages of other tribes of South America in general.

THE ABIPONIANS.

_Divisions._--1. Abiponians Proper. 2. Mbocobis and Tobas. 3.
Lenguas. 4. Payaguas. 5. Mataguayos. 6. Mbayas.

_Sub-divisions._--Of the Mataguayos. The Chaès (Qu.? Guanas),
the Yoes, the Matacos, Begosos, Chunipis, and Oeolis.

_Localities._--_a._ Of the Abiponians, the central parts of
the Chaco, conterminous with _b_, the Mbocobis and Tobas
conterminous with the Araucanians of Chili. _c._ Of the
Lenguas, the central parts of the Chaco. _d._ Of the Payaguas,
the banks of the Paraguay as far as its junction with the
Parana, _e._ Of the Mataguayos, the parts between the Pilcomayo
and Vermejo. _f._ Of the Mbayas, the eastern shore of the
Paraguay.

_The Guayanas._--I am unable to say how far this is the same tribe as the Chanès and Guanas.

_The Calchaquis._--In the time of Dobrizhofer, nearly extinct at present, most likely wholly so.--Equestrian.

_Malbalaes, Mataras, Palomos, Mogosnas, Oregones, Aquilotes, Churumates, Ojotades, Tanos, Quamalcas,_--probably extinct; at least they are placed by Dobrizhofer in the same category with the Calchaquis. Like the Calchaquis, also, they were equestrian.

_Natekebits._--Equestrian. Probably Abiponian.

_Amokebits._--Ditto.

_Yapetalecas._--Ditto.

Oekakakalots.--Ditto.

_The Lules._--Pedestrian; speaking the same language with

_The Vileles_ and--

_The Ysistines._--Pedestrian.

_The Tonocote._--Converted and partially settled in towns.

_The Homoampas_, the _Ocoles_, the _Pazaines_,--Christianized.

_The Caypotades_ and the _Ygaronos_, like the _Zamucus_, removed to the Missions.

* * * * *

III.

BRAZILIAN TRIBES _NOT GUARANI_.

Explanatory of the words _not Guarani_, it is necessary to state that in Brazil begins a distribution of nations and tribes which, tested by the evidence of language, present the same phænomenon which is exhibited by the Algonkins of North America, _i.e._ a single area of language covering a vast space, in contrast with numerous areas covering a small one; a phænomenon which will be repeated when we reach Guiana and Essequibo. To clear, therefore, the ground, the _non-Guarini_ Brazilians will be disposed of first.

THE BOTOCUDOS.

_Synonym._--Aimorés, Guaymarés.

_Native name._--Engcraecknung.

_Locality._--The Sierra dos Aimorés, between the rivers Pardo
and Doce, from 18° to 20° south latitude.

_Divisions._--1. The Gherens. 2. The Kinimures.

_Language._--Peculiar.

Inhabitants of shady forests, the Botocudos are light-coloured or yellow-coloured cannibals, with oblique eyes.

THE CANARINS.

_Locality._--A small tribe very little known, between the river
Mucury and the river Caravellas, in the Comarca de Porto Seguro.

THE GOITACAS.

_Synonyms._--Goyatacaz, Waytaquases.

_Called by the Portuguese._--Coroados=tonsured. By the
Coropos--Chakwibu.

Divisions.--1. Coroados or Goïtacas Proper. 2. Puris. 3.
Goaïnases(?) 4. Cariyos(?).

_Sub-divisions._--Of the Goïtacas. _a._ Goitacamope. _b._
Goïtaca-asu. _c._ Goïtacá-Iacorito.

_Locality._--The rivers Macabé, Cabapuana, and Xopoti for the
Goïtacas. The upper part of the river Paraiba, and the interior
of the province of Esperito Santo for the Puris.

The evidence that the Goaïnases, inhabitants of subterranean caves, and more incompletely known than the partially-civilized Goïtacas, belong to this group is inconclusive. So is the evidence as to the Cariyos. That the Puris speak a language closely akin to the Coroados may be seen in the Atlas Ethnologique.

The unsubdued remnants of the Cariyos, "still wander about in small bodies in the woods of Sierra dos Orgaos and in the meadows of the province of San Paulo. Descendants of them, settled in villages, are probably found in the Mission of Aldea da Escada, in the environs of Macabé, Ilha Grande, and the islands of San Sebastian and San Catharina."--_Von Martius._

THE MACHACARI-CAMACAN (_of Balbi_).

_Divisions._--1. The Machacari. 2. The Patacho. 3. The Camacan.
4. The Malali.

_Sub-divisions._--(?) _a._ Of the Machacari--the Machacari
Proper and the Macuari. _b._ Of the Camacan--the Camacan
Proper, the Menieng, and the Cutachós.

_Localities._--Of the Machacaris, the Rio Belmonte, formerly
the Rio Mucury.--Of the Macuani (Maconi), originally the woody
mountains on the boundaries of Minas Geraes, Porto Seguro, and
Bahia; at present, the neighbourhood of Caravellas.--Of the
Patacho, the river Mucury, and the head-waters of the rivers
Pardo and Contas.--Of the Camacan, Bahia, between the rivers de
Contas and Pardo.--Of the Menieng, a domiciled section of the
Camacan, the Villa de Belmonte.--Of the Malali, Minas Geraes,
on the Rio Senchy Pequeno, a northern tributary of the river
Doce.

_Synonyms_ of the Camacans--Mongoyós, Mongxocos, or Mangajas.

This is a class taken from the Atlas Ethnologique of Balbi, wherein we find a short specimen of the language or dialect of each nation enumerated as belonging to it.

Besides these, however, there is, in the same area, _i.e._ the parts about the watershed of the rivers Doce, Pardo Da Contas, &c., on one side, and that of the river San Francisco on the other.

THE COROPOS(?).

_Locality._--Living along with the Coroados, on the river
Xipoto.

_Language._--Placed by Balbi with the Coroados, by Spix and
Martius with the Macuani.

The discrepancy between the evidence of the two authors just named, explains the note of interrogation, and induces me to leave the Coropos as an unplaced tribe.

THE CHACRIABAS(?).

_Original locality._--The river Preto, in Pernambuco.

_Present locality._--In the district of Desemboque, in Goyaz.

_Numbers_ in 1830, about 800.

In the paper of Von Martius, the Chacriabas, although placed geographically in the province of Goyaz, are stated to be, "_probably_ at first a part of the same nation with the Malali."

THE KIRIRI.

_Divisions._--1. Kiriri Proper. 2. Sabujah.

_Locality._--Formerly in the interior of the province of Bahia,
now _settled in_ villages in Caranqueyo, and Villa de Pedra
Branca.

THE CAPOJOS (CAPOXOS).

_Locality._--Mountains between Minas Geraes and Porto Seguro.
Migratory.

THE PANHAMI.

_Locality._--Head-waters of the river Mucury, on the Sierra das
Esmeraldas. Migratory.

THE CUMANACHÓS.

_Locality._--Conterminous with the Capojos.

THE CACHINESES.

_Locality._--Minas Geraes, on the Sierra Mantiquiera. Probably
either extinct or incorporated.

THE ARARIS.

_Locality._--Minas Geraes, on the river Preto. Probably either
extinct or incorporated.

THE CHUMETÓS.

THE PITTÁS.

_Locality._--Rio de Janeiro, at Valença. Present existence
doubtful.

THE VOTURONGS (VOTUROES).

THE TACTAYAS.

THE CAMEŚ.

_Locality._--The province of San Paolo. Probably conterminous
with the Charruas and the tribes of the Chaco.

The next area which will be noticed is the province of Goyaz, lying to the west of the watershed which separates the system of the river Tocantins from that of the river San Francisco, a tract watered by the first-named of these two rivers, and also by the river Araguaya; its southern part belonging to the system of the river Plata.

THE GÉS AND TIMBIRAS.

_Probable divisions._--1. The Gés Proper. 2. The Crans.

_Sub-divisions_, _a._ of the Gés.--The Norogua-Gés, the
Apina-Gés, the Canacata-Gés, the Mannacob-Gés, the Poncata-Gés,
the Pacacab-Gés, the Ao-Gés, the Cricata-Gés.

_b._ Of the Crans.--The Saccame-Crans, the Corrume-Crans,
the Crurecame-Crans, the Aponegi-Crans, the Poni-Crans, the
Purecame-Crans, the Paragramma-Crans, the Macame-Crans, the
Sape-Crans, and the Jocamè-Crans.

_Area._--Northern part of Goyaz, on each side of the river
Tocantins.

_Synonym._--Of the Crans.--Timbiras, Embiras, or Imbiras.

Other tribes of the province of Goyaz, wholly unknown in respect to their ethnological affinities, are--

1. _The Goyaz(?)._--These gave the name to the province. Extinct, or incorporated.

2. _The Anicun._--Extinct, or incorporated.

3. _The Cayapos(?)._--In 1830, about 800 in number, on the river Grande, a feeder of the river Parana.

4. _The Bororos._--On the head-waters of the Araguya. Falling into two divisions, the Coroados and the Barbadoes of the Portuguese.

5. _The Aroes._

6. _The Tapirakés._

7. _The Chimbiwás._

8. _The Guapindayás._

9. _The Javaés._--Extinct.

10. _The Chavantes._

11. _The Cherentes(?)_

12. _The Pochetys._--Cannibals.

13. _The Carayas(?)._

14. _The Cortys._

15. _The Tapacoas._

The watershed of the rivers San Francisco and Parahyba, comprising part of the provinces of Piauhy, Maranham is the area of--1. The Acroas; 2. the Masacaras; 3. the Jaicos; 4. the Pimenteiras (Pimento Indians, the native name being unknown); 5. the Garanhuns; 6. the Ceococes; 7. the Romaris; 8. the Acconans; 9. the Carapotos; 10. the Pannaty.

The whole ethnography here is most obscure. The Acroa, probably represent a large class. In Martius's paper they fall into two divisions, the Acroa-assu (Great), and the Acroa-ming (Little) Acroa. Besides this, however, separate mention is made of the _Acrayás_, with the remark that they are probably the same as the Acroa. If so, three fresh tribes become Acroa; viz., the Aracujás, the Pontás, and the Goghés--these being specially stated to be _Acrayá_.

Again, in the "Atlas Ethnologique" we have a _Ge_ or _Geic_ vocabulary. It is marked, however, with a note of interrogation(?), which casts a shade over the light it would otherwise give. As it is, however, it has considerable affinity to the Timbiras, a fact which, perhaps, identifies it with the Gés, though it complicates the ethnology still more.

The table-land which contains the head-waters of the river Tabajos, amid the primeval forests of the Mata Grosso, is the Campos dos Parecis, or the Plain of the Parecis. This is a convenient centre for the complicated ethnology of the area next in question, an area bounded (there or thereabouts) by the rivers Amazons, Madera, and Xingu, with the Tapajos in the middle of it.

_Southward and Westward._--Here the Brazilian populations come in contact with those of Paraguay, the Chaco, and the Mission of Chiquitos; so that probably the ethnology is, partially at least, the same as for those areas.

Here, too, the list of tribes (all unfixed in respect to their ethnology) is as follows:--1. The Caupeses; 2. the Pacalekes (Flat-heads); 3. the Guaxis; 4. the Cabijis; 5. the Red Cabijis; 6. the Ababas; 7. the Puchacas; 8. the Guajejus; 9. the Mequens; 10. the Patitins; 11. the Aricorones; 12. the Lambys; 13. the Tumarares; 14. the Coturiás; 15. the Pacas.

_Eastward and Northward._--1. The Maturares; 2. Mambares; 3. the Uyapas; 4. the Mambriacas; 5. the Tamares; 6. the Sarumás; 7. the Ubaivas; 8. the Jacuriunas; 9. the Juajajas; 10. the Bacuris; 11. the Camarares; 12. the Quariteres; 13. the Baccahyris; 14. the Junienas; 15. the Cuchipos, probably extinct.

The Parecis formerly the predominant nation of the Mata Grosso is now nearly extinct, and from want of _data_, its ethnological import is undetermined. It is probable, however, that _at least_, the Cabijis, the Mambares, and the Baccahirys, a tribe of Goyaz, are, or were, Pareci.

The southern bank of the Amazons, including the _lower_ portions of the rivers Tocantins, Xingu, and Tabajos, a line coinciding with the northern boundary of the province of Para, is even more of a _terra incognita_ than the Mata Grosso, the list of tribes whereof contain no less than fifty-two names. Of these, but three will be noticed.

THE MUNDRUCUS.

_Locality._--Between the rivers Mauhé and the Tabajos.

_Synonym._--Paighize=Decapitators; so-called by their
neighbours.

_Language._--Known by a vocabulary, with general, but without
particular, affinities.

THE MAUHÉS.

_Locality._--The rivers Mauhé and Furo Trana.

_Divisions._--_a._ The Tatus (=Armadillo Indians) _b._ The
Tasiwas. _c._ The Jurupari Pareira (Devil's Indians). _d._
The Mucuings (named from an insect). _e._ The Jubaras. _f._
The Writapwuas. _g._ The Guaribas (Roaring Ape Indians). _h._
The Inambus (from a bird so-called). _i._ The Jawareté (Ounce
Indians). _j._ The Saucanés. _k._ Pira-Pereiras (Fish Indians).

The Caribunas are placed by V. Martius in this list, with the remark that they are probably Caribs. If so, the rest are, probably, Caribs also.

The Caribunas are also said to be monorchides, but whether artificially or naturally, is unexplained.

THE MURUS.

_Original locality._--The upper part of the river Madera.

_Present locality._--The lower part of ditto. Migratory.

_Language._--Known by a vocabulary. With general, but without
particular affinities.

And now come the parts over which hangs a darker obscurity than that which envelopes the ethnology of the rest of Brazil, viz. the water-system of the river Negro, and that part of the Amazons which lies east of the Madera. Geographically, this falls into three divisions--

1. The parts between the Rivers Madera and Ucayale.

2. The parts north of the Amazons, and _west_ of the river Negro.

3. The parts north of the Amazons, and _east_ of the river Negro.

1. _The parts between the Rivers Madera and Ucayale._--Here the known frontier westwards is that of the Quichua area.

_The Puru-Purus._--Not known in detail, but said to have pie-bald skins. Settled on the Lower Puru.

_The Yameos._--Speaking a language which, from a Paternoster in Hervas, seems to be peculiar. Inhabitants of the river Yavari, and conterminous with a tribe which politically belongs to Peru, and which (perhaps) brings the Brazilian tribes in contact with the Quichuan. This is--

_The Mainas._--Speaking a language which, from a Paternoster in Hervas, seems to be peculiar.

_The Chimanos._--On the upper Yavari, speaking an apparently peculiar language, but one with miscellaneous affinities.

Thirty-three other tribes are enumerated as inhabiting the area.

2. _The parts north of the river Amazons and west of the river Negro._--Here the known frontier northwards is that of the tribes of the water-system of the Orinoko, hereafter to be noticed.

For one of these, out of forty, we have a vocabulary of the

CORETU.

_Locality._--The Upper Apuré.

_Language._--With general, but without particular affinities.

The Yupuas, on the Totá, a feeder of the Apuré, are said, by V. Martius, to be Coretu.

3. _The parts north of the river Amazons, and east of the river Negro._--Here, as far as the politico-geographical division which gives a boundary to the empire of Brazil is concerned, we have nothing but the names of upwards of a dozen unknown tribes. By remembering, however, that the eastern frontier of this area is British Guiana, and by learning that some of the tribes are common to the two territories we derive some light; since, for British Guiana, the researches of Sir Robert Schomburgk have converted a (comparatively speaking) _terra incognita_, into an area as well understood as some of the better known parts of North America.

In British Guiana, the tribes not of Carib origin will be first enumerated; since in British Guiana the words _not Carib_ have the same import as the words _not Guarani_ have in Brazil. Like this last-named language in South, and the Algonkin and others in North America, the Carib is the _single language of a large area_, and like the Guarani and Algonkin it, as such, stands in remarkable contrast with numerous languages covering a small area which are spoken around it.

THE WAROWS.

_Locality._--Sea-coast to the north of the Pomeroon river,
mixed with the Arawaks.