Chapter XXI: Part II: General and Special Apophthegms

Although the enumeration, classification, and partial description of the varieties of the human species form the basis of the natural history of man, a short notice of the general character of the science which investigates it is a proper adjunct to them. This will consist in apophthegms, upon its nature, objects, and methods, so far as the last have been evolved.

_General Apophthegms._

I.

The natural history of man is chiefly divided between two subjects, anthropology and ethnology.

II.

Anthropology determines the relations of man to the other mammalia.

III.

Ethnology, the relations of the different varieties of mankind to each other.

IV.

Anthropology is more immediately connected with zoology; differing from it chiefly in the complexity of its problems, _e. g._ the appreciation of the extent to which the moral characteristics of man complicate a classification which, in the lower animals, is, to a great extent, founded on physical criteria.

V.

Ethnology is more immediately connected with history; differing from it chiefly in its object, its method, and its arena.

VI.

Whilst history represents the actions of men as determined by _moral_, ethnology ascertains the effects of _physical_ influences.

VII.

History collects its facts from testimony, and ethnology does the same; but ethnology deals with problems upon which history is silent, by arguing backwards, from effect to cause.

VIII.

This throws the arena of the ethnologist into an earlier period of the world's history than that of the proper historian.

IX.

It is the _method_ of arguing from effect to cause which gives to ethnology its _scientific_, in opposition to its _literary_, aspect; placing it, thereby, in the same category with geology, as a palæontological science.[193] Hence it is the science of a method--a method by which inference does the work of testimony. Furthermore, ethnology is history in respect to its results; geology in respect to its method. And in the same way that geology has its zoological, physiological and such other aspects as constitute it a mixed science; ethnology has them also.

X.

The simple record of facts constitutes ethno_graphy_, or _descriptive_ ethno_logy_.

XI.

The application of these to the investigation of unascertained phænomena is _general_ ethnology, or (simply) ethnology.

XII.

The highest ethnological problems are those connected with, 1. the unity; 2. the geographical origin; 3. the antiquity; and 4. the future destination upon earth of man. It arrives at these by its own proper and peculiar methods.

XIII.

_Ethnological classification_ deals with _connexion in the way of descent and affiliation only_.--It has no such object as the arrangement of individuals or classes according to any common physical or moral characteristics, except so far as these indicate community of origin.

XIV.

In the present condition of the science, the _appreciation_ of facts is of equal importance with the _collection_ of them.

XV.

A fact may be appreciated either as a _characteristic_, or as an _influence_.

XVI.

Facts used as _signs_ or _characteristics;_ and, as such, mostly applied to the purposes of classification, are either physical or moral--_physical_, as when we determine a class from colour of the skin; _moral_, as when we determine one from the purity or impurity of the habits.

XVII.

Moral characteristics are either philological (_i.e._ connected with the language), or non-philological (_i.e._ not so connected).

XVIII.

As elements of classification, the _non_-philological moral characters are of less value than the philological; since common conditions develop common habits; whereas nothing but imitation determines the use of similar combinations of articulate sounds in different languages.

XIX.

In the way, too, of physical characteristics, common conditions develop common points of conformation. Hence, as elements of classification, physical characters are of less value than the _philological_ moral ones.

XX.

On the other hand--as measures of the effects of common influences, physical structure and the _non_-philological moral elements are of more value than the phænomena of language.

XXI.

Facts requiring appreciation as _influences_, like those requiring appreciation as _signs_, are _moral_ as well as _physical_. Have moral or physical causes most to do with premature nubility[194] and the want of variety in the expression of individual countenances?

XXII.

_Unity of the human species._--A. _protoplast_ is an organised individual, capable (either singly or as one of a pair) of propagating individuals; itself having been propagated by no such previous individual or pair.

XXIII.

The definition of the term species by means of the idea of descent from a single protoplast, has the advantage of being permanent and immutable; inasmuch as it is based upon a ground that no subsequent change can set aside--

"----non tamen irritum
Diffinget, infectumque reddet
Quod fugiens semel hora vexit."

On the other hand the proof of the original descent is an inference rather than a fact either ascertained or capable of being so.

XXIV.

The definition of the term _species_ upon the grounds of constancy of characters, has the advantage of being founded upon a fact capable of being ascertained. On the other hand, the induction which proves it may disprove it also. The same applies to those definitions of the term wherein the phænomena of hybridism play a part.

XXV.

The balance of inconveniences is, in the mind of the present writer in favour of the idea of _descent_ determining the meaning of the word species--for human natural history at least.

XXVI.

Hence--a _species_ is a class of individuals, each of which is hypothetically considered to be the descendant of the same protoplast, or of the same pair of protoplasts.

XXVII.

A multiplicity of protoplasts for a single species is a contradiction in terms. If two or more such individuals (or pairs), as like as the two _Dromios_, were the several protoplasts to several classes of organised beings (the present members being as like each other as their first ancestors were), the phænomenon would be the existence in Nature of more than one undistinguishable species, not the existence of more than one protoplast to a single species.

XXVIII.

A _variety_ is a class of individuals, each belonging to the same species, but each differing from other individuals of the species in points wherein they agree amongst each other.

XXIX.

A _race_ is a class of individuals concerning which there are doubts as to whether they constitute a separate species, or a variety of a recognised one. Hence, the term is _subjective_; _i. e._ it applies to the _opinion of the investigator_ rather than to the _object of the investigation_; so that its power is that of the symbol for an unknown quantity in algebra. The present writer having, as yet, found no tribe or family, for which a sufficient reason for raising it to a new species has been adduced, has either not used the word _race_ at all, or used it inadvertently. Its proper place is in _investigation_ not in exposition.

XXX.

For an argument against the unity of the human species, drawn from the analogy of the lower animals, to be valid, it must be taken from a species co-extensive in its geographical distribution with man.

XXXI.

To be thus co-extensive, it must not only be spread over a large area, but it must be spread _continuously_.

XXXII.

To be thus co-extensive, it must be found at equally high and low sea-levels, as well as at equally distant degrees of latitude and longitude.

XXXIII.

_Antiquity of the human species._--This problem is most likely to be worked through the phænomena of language. When determined it will give precision to the _recent period_ of the geologist, converting it from a _relative_ into a conventionally _absolute_ epoch.

XXXIV.

The average rate at which languages change is capable of being approximated.

XXXV.

The _maximum_ difference, at a given period, between two or more languages is also capable of being approximated.

XXXVI.

The original unity of the species is a postulate.

XXXVII.

The _minimum_ amount of time necessary for the _maximum_ amount of difference is the measure of the shortest admissible _recent period_.

XXXVIII.

The probable nature of the future changes in the relationship between the different varieties of man is, certainly, within the department of the ethnologist. In this case, however, he reverses his method, and, arguing from the past and present to the future, argues from cause to effect also.

XXXIX.

Still his proper sphere is limited to the appreciation of physical influences. The historian measures the influence of a great warrior. The ethnologist inquires whether the American of New England can be acclimatized to the intertropical influences of Brazil.

* * * * *

NOTE.

Translation and Transliteration (_Metagraphy_) of the specimens
of--

A.

_The Vei writing_ (syllabic).

Amu a mo sa Rora fa vala a ro ya ya deng mu ulu ru
Vai ke
_And he man send Rora father to he said oh oh child who begotten in
Vei this_

a na niye a ro i ni mo sa a bina kilafa gboluye ro
mo mu la
_he come here he say you must man send him fetch back book say
man who go_

ke a wa tang Balaka mo ngo a Rora fa tala.
_this his -- name Balaka -- ---- he Rora father met._

B.

_The Arrow-headed._

Iyam Fráda aduruj-iya awathá athaha adam Khsháyathia amiya
_Hic Phraates mendacium-dixit ita dicebat Ego rex sum_

Marguwa.
_Margianæ._

C.

_The powers of the Tuarick Alphabet._

1=w, 2=n, 3=gh, 4=l, 5=y, 6=t, 7=b, 8=kh, 9=r, 10=d, 11=k,
12=m, 13=z, 14=th, 15=sh, 16=nn, 17=kk.

D.

_The Cherokee writing_ (syllabic).

Dite le nö di sak.
ayado lö. ii.--(_Genesis, chapter ii._)

1. No-nah-no ga-lö-lo-i e-lo-hi-no du-li-sa-qua-do-ne-i
te-ne-lö-sa-go-i, ni-ga-y nu-su-qui-sa-wö-i.

2. ga li quo gi ne
no--iga-unelanöhi--usaquagai--dulöwisatenehöi
nwotlönöi.--nyawe sole i
no--galiquogine--iga,--nigay--iga---nigay--dulöwisatenehöi,
nwötlönöi.--

3. unelanöhino--osö--unetoele--galiquogine--iga,--ulöquoteneno;
wihitsö--yeno--utsa-we-solösatenei--nigay--dulöwisatenehöi,--
unelanöi--ale--uwotlö-nöi--unelanöhi.--_Deciphered by E.
Norriss, Esq._

FOOTNOTES:

[193] It is scarcely necessary to inform the reader that both this term and the classification are from Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences.

[194] Plus ad catamenia præcipitanda, et ad nubilitatem immaturam inducendam vitiosam societatis compagem quam aut cælum aut terra, conferre, libellis de Catameniis Afrarum, vicit, vir sagax, Robertonus Mancuniensis.

INDEX.

Abiponians, 428.

Abenaki, 328.

Abors, 34.

Accaways, 445.

Accocesaws, 350.

Achagua, 441.

Achastlier, 384.

Adampi, 476.

Adahi, 342.

Adiyah, 479.

Afer, v. Danakil.

Affghans, 547.

Agows, 500.

Ahnenin, 344.

Aino, 273, 281.

Aka, 34.

Akvambu, 476.

Albanians, 552.

Aleutians, 292.

Algonkins, 328.

Aliche, 349.

Alibamons, 338.

Amakosas, 490.

Amazirgh, 507.

Amharic, 517.

Ammonites, 514.

Amokebits, 429.

Anamese, 15.

Annatom, 225.

Andamanese, 246.

Andastes, 333.

Anies, 333.

Antilles, 446.

Apaches, 348.

Apelusas, 342.

Api, 224.

Apolistas, 449.

Appamatucks, 335.

Arabs, 515.

Arrapahoes, 344.

Araris, 432.

Arawaks, 445.

Arecunas, 445.

Aripe, 385.

Armenians, 549.

Arrohatecks, 335.

Arru Isles, 162, 211.

Ashantí, 476.

Assam, 54, 465.

Assyrians, 512.

Assineboin, 333.

Atacamas, 414.

Atchin, 137.

Athabaskans, 302.

Atnas, 295, 311.

Attacapas, 343.

Attiondarons, 333.

Aura Islanders, 196.

Austral Islanders, 196.

Australians, 229.

Avars, 83.

Avekvom, 478.

Avoyelles, 351.

Aymaras, 413.

Babyanis, 181.

Babylonians, 512.

Bagnon, 476.

Bagoes, 476.

Balantes, 476.

Bali, 158.

Bambarrans, 473.

Basares, 476.

Bashis, 181.

Basques, 549.

Batangas, 489.

Battas, 137.

Beaver Indians, 302.

Bechuanas, 490.

Begharmi, 481.

Bejas, v. Bishari.

Belandas, 135.

Beluchi, 546.

Bengali, 465.

Benin, 477.

Berber, 500.

Berdars, 465.

Besisik, 135.

Bethuck, 330.

Bhils, 465.

Bhot, 18.

Bidduma, 481.

Bidias, 351.

Bikhaneer, 465.

Billechúla, 300.

Biluxi, 341.

Bimbia, 479.

Bishari, 501.

Bissago, 476.

Blackfoots, 328.

Bocootawwonaukes, 335.

Bodega, 383.

Bodo, 37.

Bohemians (Tsheks), 539.

Bonaks, 347.

Bonny, 478.

Bor Abors, 33.

Borneo, 163.

Bornú, 481.

Botocudos, 430.

Bougainville Island, 222.

Brahúi, 464.

Brazilians, 430.

Bullom, 473.

Bulti, 19.

Bundelcund, 465.

Burmese, 15, 23.

Busaos, 178.

Busiks, 78.

Cabyles, 307.

Cachineses, 432.

Caddos, 338.

Caicaches, 351.

Calabar (Old), 478.

Californians, 381.

Camacan, 431.

Cames, 432.

Canarins, 430.

Cances, 350.

Canichana, 424.

Capita, 402.

Capoxos, 432.

Cappadocians, 519.

Caribs, 445.

Carisos, 348.

Caroline Indians, 335.

Carnicobarians, 249.

Carriers, 302.

Cashmirians, 467.

Catawba, 334.

Cathlascou, 323.

Cayugas, 333.

Cayús, 324.

Cayuvava, 425.

Celts, 529.

Celebes, 169.

Chacriabas, 431.

Chaga, 506.

Chain Island, 196.

Chaldees, 513.

Changos, 414.

Charruas, 420.

Chatham Island, 203.

Chayma, 446.

Chemmesyan, 300.

Chépáng, 53.

Cheraws, 334.

Cherokees, 337.

Chesapeaks, 335.

Chetimachas, 341.

Chiapa, 409.

Chinese, 15, 55.

Chinúks (Tshinúk), 317.

Chippewyans, 302, 337.

Chiquitos, 425.

Chiricoa, 442.

Chiriguanos, 444.

Chonchona, 409.

Chontal, 410.

Choctahs, 337.

Chowry, 249.

Chorotega, 410.

Chorti, 410.

Chumetós, 432.

Chupumnes, 382.

Cingalese, 468.

Circassians, 119.

Cochimi, 385.

Coco Island, 204.

Coco-maricopas, 393.

Colapissas, 341.

Concani, 466.

Congarees, 334.

Connamox, 334.

Coosadas, 338.

Cora, 385, 401.

Corabeca, 426.

Coramines, 334.

Coretu, 431.

Copts, 509.

Covareca, 426.

Coshattas, 349.

Cree, 328.

Cru (Cruman), 478.

Cuitlateca, 402.

Cumanachós, 432.

Cumanches, 347.

Cumbri, 480.

Curucaneca, 426.

Curuminaca, 426.

Cutachós, 431.

Cutch, 465.

Cyprians, 519.

Dacota, 333.

Daho-dinni, 302.

Dallas, 484.

Dammaras, 497.

Danes, 535.

Danakil, 499.

Dardoh, 547.

Dar-Mitchegan, 484.

Dar-Saleh, v. Mobba.

Denka, 483.

Dhimál, 37.

Diggers, 347.

Dígothi, 297.

Doba, 484.

Dog-rib Indians, 302.

Dongolawi, 500.

Druses, 516.

Dutch (Batavians), 534.

Ducie's Island, 197.

Dufla, 34.

Easter Island, 197.

Edomites, 514.

Ekhili, 515.

Elamites, 519.

Endé, 158.

Enganho Island, 140.

Erigas, 333.

Erromango, 224.

Eskimo, 288.

Eslen, 384.

Esthonians, 101.

Etchemin, 328.

Etruscans, 553.

Falasha, 500.

Fantí, 476.

Fellatah, 480.

Felúp, 475.

Feroe Isles, 535.

Fertit, 483.

Feejee (Fiji) Islands, 226.

Finlanders, 99.

Formosa, 182.

Fotuna, 205.

Free-will Island, 205.

French, 543.

Frisians, 534.

Fulahs, 480.

Furians, 483.

Gaels, 529.

Gafat, 517.

Galibi, 446.

Gallas, 499.

Gambier Island, 196.

Garo, 32.

Georgians, 112.

Germans, 532.

Gés, 433.

Ghá, 476.

Gheez, 517.

Gilbert Islands, 190.

Goïtacas, 430.

Gongas, 485.

Goulou Cluster, 188.

Grebo, 478.

Greeks, 542.

Griquas, 556.

Guanches, 507.

Guarani, 443.

Guarayos, 444.

Guiana, 402.

Gujerati, 465.

Gurungs, 53.

Gypsy, 465.

Haeltzuk, 300.

Haidah Dialects, 300.

Hare Indians, 302.

Haroti, 465,

Haussa, 479.

Hebrews, 514.

Hervey Isles, 196.

Himyarite, 515.

Hiong-nou, 88.

Hindi, 465.

Hindostani, 465.

Hittites (Hivites, &c.), 518.

Horn Island, 204.

Hottentots, 496.

Huasteca, 410.

Huilliché, 415.

Huitcole, 401.

Humas, 341.

Hungarians, 101.

Hurons, 333.

Iawanis, 350.

Iapetidæ, 1-14.

Ibo, 479.

Icelanders, 535.

Igorots, 178.

Ikas, 385,

Illyrians, 539.

Ilmorma, v. Galla.

Indians, 335.

Inkalit, 297.

Inkhuluklait, 297.

Immer, 205.

Ioways, 334.

Irôn, 115.

Iroquois, 332.

Ishmaelites, 514.

Isle of Lepers, 224.

Isles of Brown (Ralik Chain), 190.

Italians, 542.

Itè (Iténès), 425.

Itetepanes, 178.

Itonama, 424.

Japanese, 273-277.

Java, 152.

Jariyas, 53.

Jili, 33.

Jokong, 135.

Kachari, 32.

Kachiquel, 410.

Kaffre, 488.

Kalapuya, 324.

Kaldani, 511.

Kamskadales, 273-285.

Kambojians, 15-22.

Kaus, 325.

Karien, 29.

Kasia, 32.

Katodis, 465.

Kazumbi, 491.

Kecoughtans, 335.

Kelænonesian Stock, 122-210.

Kelts, 530.

Kenay of Cook's Inlet, 295.

Kensi, v. Nubian.

Ketchies, 351.

Keyauwees, 334.

Khamti, 21.

Khyen, 30.

Khasiyas, 466.

Khasdim, v. Chaldees.

Khazars, 87.

Khumia (Choomeeas), 30.

Ki Islands, 161.

Kiaways, 347.

Killiwashat, 325.

Kickapoos, 329.

Kingsmill's Group, 190.

Kirata, 53.

Kisky, 382.

Kissi, 473.

Kissour, 481.

Koldagi, 483.

Koltshani, 295.

Kolúch, 294.

Konægi, 293.

Koniunki, 491.

Konzas, 334.

Koraquas, 496.

Koreans, 273, 275.

Koriaks, 273, 283.

Kossa, 493.

Kuki, 30.

Kulis, 465.

Kunawer, 20.

Kurds, 546.

Kuskokwim, 293.

Kútanis, 316.

Kyo, 32.

Lacandona, 409.

Ladakh Tibetans, 19.

Lamoursek Groups, 188.

Lampong, 138.

Laplanders, 101.

Layamon, 385.

Lenguas, 429.

Lenni Lenapé, 329.

Lepchas, 53.

Lesgians, 115.

Ligurians, 529.

Limbu, 53.

Lipans (Sipans), 349.

Lithuanians, 536.

Lolos, 28.

Lord North's Island, 186.

Louisiade, 225.

Loyalty Isle, 225.

Lougounor, 189.

Lughmani, 547.

Lules, 429.

Lutuami, 325.

Lú-Chú Islands, 28.

Lycian, 554.

Machapanga, 334.

Machacari, 431.

Macusi, 446.

Maongkong, 445.

Madagascar, 210, 519.

Magars, 53.

Magimut, 207.

Maha, 477.

Mahratta, 466.

Maithili, 465.

Malacca, 133.

Malays, 131.

Maldivians, 468.

Malali, 431.

Malegasi, 210, 519.

Mallicollo, 224.

Mam, 499.

Mamelucos, 556.

Mandara, 481.

Mandingos, 473.

Mandans, 333.

Manipur, 31.

Manxmen, 529.

Marquesas, 198.

Mariannes, 188.

Mascovie, 350.

Massachusetts, 329.

Mataguayos, 428.

Matlazinga, 409.

Mauhés, 435.

Maya, 401, 410, 428.

Mayes, 350.

Maypures, 441.

Mazateca, 409.

Mazenas, 492.

Mbayas, 428.

Mbocobis, 428.

Menangkabaw, 137.

Meherrin, 333.

Mendajaha, 516.

Menieng, 431.

Mendi, 473.

Messisaugis, 329.

Mewar, 465.

Mexico, 408.

M'Hiao, 506.

Miaou-tse, 25.

Micmacs, 328.

Micronesians, 186.

Minetari, 333.

Mira, 34.

Mishimi, 33.

Mixteca, 409.

Mizjeji, 115.

M'Kuafi, 501.

M'Kindo, 506.

Moa, 162.

Moabites, 517.

Mobba, 483.

Mocéténès, 449.

Mœso-Goths, 532.

Mohawks, 333.

Mohicans, 329.

Mokorosi, 402.

Molele, 324.

Moluccas, 175.

Moluché, 415.

Môn, 15, 23.

Monakans, 329.

Moskito, 413.

Montaug, 326.

Moqui, 394.

Movima, 424.

Moxos, 424.

Mpoongas, 489.

M'Sambara, 493.

M'Sigua, 493.

Multani, 465.

Mundrucus, 435.

Murus, 436.

Murmis, 53.

Mussai, 506.

Muttuck, 34.

Muysca, 412.

Myamma, 23.

Nagas, 30.

Naloo, 476.

Namaqua, 497.

Namollos, 292.

Nandsamunds, 335.

Narraganset, 329.

Natchez, 340.

Natchitoches, 342.

Navahos, 348.

Navaosos, 350.

Navigators Islands, 195.

Nehanni, 299.

Nemshaw, 382.

Newars, 53.

New Guinea, 213.

New Zealand, 203.

New Hebrides, 224.

Nicobar Islanders, 247.

Nipissing, 328.

Nipmuk, 329.

Nitendi (Indendi), 222.

Norwegians, 535.

Nottoway, 333.

Nubians, 500.

Nutkans, 301.

Odipoor, 465.

Ojibwa, 328.

Omaguas, 444.

Omahaw, 334.

Ombay, 158.

Oneida, 333.

Onondago, 333.

Ooch, 465.

Orang Maruwi, 140.

Orotina, 410.

Osage, 334.

Ostiaks, 97.

Otomi, 403.

Ottomacas, 442.

Ottawas, 328.

Ottogami, 329.

Ottos, 334.

Otuké, 426.

Ouluthy (Egoy Island), 188.

Pacaguara, 425.

Pacanas, 342.

Paducas, 346.

Paioconeca, 427.

Palaik, 325.

Palawan, 176.

Palembang, 139.

Pali, 544.

Pame, 402.

Pamticoes, 329.

Panhami, 432.

Panwes, 489.

Papel, 475.

Papuans, 211.

Pareci, 435.

Pascagoulas, 341.

Paspaheghes, 335.

Passamaquoddy, 328.

Patacho, 431.

Patagonians, 418.

Paumotu, 196.

Pawnees (Panis), 344.

Payaguas, 428.

Pawtucket, 329.

Pelasgi, 552.

Pelew Group, 187.

Pennakuk, 329.

Penobscot, 328.

Penrhynn Island, 204.

Pericu, 385.

Permians, 97.

Persians, 546.

Persian frontier, 81.

Pessa, 473.

Philippines, 176.

Philistines, 518.

Phœnicians, 513.

Picts, 529.

Pimos, 390, 393.

Pipil Indians, 410.

Pirinda, 401.

Piro language, 396.

Pitcairn Island, 196.

Pittás, 432.

Pochonchi, 410.

Pocomo, 492.

Poggi Islanders, 140.

Polabi, 539.

Poles, 539.

Popoluca, 409.

Portuguese, 543.

Potawotomi, 329.

Pounipet, 189.

Puelché, 415.

Pulinda, 463.

Pulo Batu (Mas Islanders), 140.

Puncas, 334.

Punjabi, 465.

Puquina, 411.

Purbutti, 466.

Qamamyl, 484.

Quanto, 28.

Quiche, 410.

Quichua, 413.

Quitos, 413.

Quixos, 413.

Quiyoughcohanocks, 335.

Radack chain, 190.

Ramusis, 465.

Rapa, 196.

Rawack, 212.

Rayet Laut (Orang Akkye), 137.

Rejang, 138.

Rhukheng, 23.

Riccarees, 344.

Rotuma, 204.

Rumsen, 384.

Russians, 538.

Saabs, 497.

Sahaptin, 323.

Saintskla, 325.

Salish, 311.

Saliva, 439.

Saluda, 334.

Samaritans, 514.

Samöeids, 265.

Sampiches, 347.

Samucu, 427.

Sandwich Isle, 244.

Sandwich Islands, 198.

Sangara, 473.

Sanskrit Language, 544.

Santees, 334.

Sapiboconi, 425.

Sapi, 476.

Saravecas, 425.

Sauk, 329.

Savage Island, 204,

Saxons, 534.

Scarborough Island, 190.

Scoffis, 328.

Semang, 136.

Seneca, 333.

Serawolli, 473.

Serbs, 539.

Sereres, 473.

Servians, 538.

Serwatty, 161.

Severnow, 383.

Sewees, 334.

Shabún, 483.

Shangalla, 484.

Shasti, 325.

Shawno, 329.

Sheshatapoosh, 328.

Shilluk, 483.

Shoshonis, 347.

Shyennes, 330.

Siamese, 15, 21.

Siaposh, 547.

Silong, 29.

Sinca, 410.

Singpho, 33.

Si-Fan, 24.

Sindi, 465.

Sioux, 333.

Siranians, 97.

Sirionos, 444.

Sissispahaws, 334.

Sitkans, 296.

Sokko, 473.

Solomon's Island, 222.

Solymi, 519.

Somauli, 499.

Sonsoral, 187.

Soones (Zuni), 395.

Spaniards, 543.

Stonoes, 334.

Subtugil, 410.

Strongbow Indians, 302.

Sulimana, 473.

Sulus, 176.

Sumatra, 137.

Sumbawa, 158.

Sungai, 481.

Susu, 473.

Swedes, 535.

Swiss, 543.

Syrians, 511.

Tactayas, 432.

Tacana, 449.

Taculli, 302.

Taensas, 341.

Tagalas, 179.

Tahitian Group, 196.

Talatui, 382.

Tamulians, 462.

Tamoyas, 444.

Tanna, 225.

Taos, 396.

Tapii, 426.

Tapua, 479.

Tarahumara, 398.

Tarasca, 401.

Taruma, 439.

Tasmanian, 244.

Tavaiti, 493.

Tcheremiss, 99.

Tchuvatch, 99.

Tepeguana, 400.

Tetons, 333.

Texian Tribes, 349.

Thú-kiú, 89.

Tibetans of Bután, 15, 19.

Tibboos, 485.

Tigré, 517.

Tikopia, 204.

Timbiras, 433.

Timmani, 473.

Timor Laut, 161.

Timor, 160.

Tobas, 428.

Toncahuas, 350.

Tonga Group, 195.

Toteros, 334.

Totonaca, 401.

Tototune, 325.

Towiachs, 349.

Tsalel, 325.

Tshugatsi, 293.

Tshampa, 28.

Tsihaili, 310.

Tuaricks, 508.

Tuhuktukis, 350.

Tularena language, 383.

Tumali, 483.

Tungusians, 61, 63.

Tungaas, 296.

Tunicas, 341.

Tupi, 444.

Tutelo, 333.

Tuscarora, 333.

Tzendales, 409.

Ualan, 189.

Uché, 338.

Uchitee, 385.

Udai, 136.

Ugalents (Ugalyakhmutsi), 296.

Ugrians, 95, 103.

Union Group, 203.

Unataquas, 350.

Utahs, 347.

Vaddahs, 468.

Vaitupu Groups, 204.

Vanikoro, 222.

Vazimbers, 520.

Vei, 473.

Vileles, 429.

Virginia Indians, 335.

Voguls, 96.

Voturongs, 432.

Votiaks, 96.

Waigiú, 212.

Waikuru, 385.

Wakamba, 493.

Wallachians, 543.

Wampago, 506.

Wanika, 492.

Wapityan, 439.

Waralis, 465.

Warow, 438.

Warraskoyacks, 335.

Washitas, 351.

Wataita, 493.

Waterees, 334.

Waxsaws, 334.

Westoes, 334.

Whidah, 477.

Wico, 351.

Wihinast, 346.

Winnebagoes, 333.

Wyniaws, 334.

Woccoon, 334.

Wolaitso, 484.

Woloff, 473.

Wyandot, 333.

Wyanokes, 334.

Xaramenes, 351.

Yakuts, 93.

Yamassees, 334.

Yakon, 324.

Yasumnes, 382.

Yallonkas, 473.

Yancton, 333.

Yanktoanans, 333.

Yangaro, 484.

Yap, 188.

Yarriba, 479.

Yarura, 442.

Yasumnes, 382.

Yellow-knife Indians, 302.

Yemez (Hemez) language, 396.

Yeniseians, 265, 268.

Yezids, 516.

Yuk, 382.

Yukahiri, 265, 269.

Yukal, 382.

Yumas, 393.

Yunga, 414.

Yuracares, 449.

Zapoteca, 409.

Zoe, 401.

Zoques, 409.

Zulus, 490.

Zuni (Soones), 395.

THE END.

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Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were
silently corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Fancy or unusual font markup is enclosed in ~tildes~.

P. 36 A'ká and A'bor appear to be incorrectly placed in table.
Did not change as unknown which is correct.

P. 193 added missing footnote anchor.