Chapter XVII: Part I: The Primary Varieties of the Human Species (14)

Two points give prominence to the Warow tribe--the existence of a decidedly maritime turn of mind, and the use of a language which hitherto stands isolated. It has, however, numerous miscellaneous affinities. A remarkable want of taste for the enlivening effects of music has been attributed to many of the tribes of South America. Now, whatever may be the case with those of Brazil, it is not so with the Indians of Guiana. Not only does Sir R. Schomburgk especially notice the music of the Carib Macusi, but that of other tribes as well; amongst which are the Warow, who "possess several instruments, chiefly flutes, made upon primitive principles; some of reeds or bamboo, others of the thigh-bones of animals. The Warau Indians have, in large settlements, the band-master, or hohohit, whose duty it is to train his pupils to blow upon flutes made of reeds and bamboo, in which a small reed, on the principle of the clarionet, is introduced, and, according to the size of the opening, it causes a higher or deeper sound, and this is in some instances powerfully increased by a hollow bamboo, often five feet long, which is called wauawalli. These rude musicians are taught, according as their band-master makes a sign, to fall in with their instruments, and thus produce an effect similar to the Russian horn-bands. The effect, chiefly at a short distance, resembles strikingly that peculiar music of the Russians, and the favourite melody of the Waraus has something musical in its composition surpassing all others."

TARUMAS.[163]

_Locality._--Upper Essequibo.

_Numbers._--400.

_Measurements of a Taruma about fourteen years of
age._--Height, four feet eleven inches, three-tenths;
circumference of pelvis, two feet, ten inches; length of hand
six inches, six-tenths; breadth of hand, three inches.

_Notice of three Taruma Skulls, by Professor Owen._--"All
female; two have rather more prominent foreheads than the
Carib; in the third it curves backward in the same degree from
the interorbital prominence: the nasal bones are broader and
flatter, in other respects they closely agree with the Carib
skull: one of them, a young female about fourteen, presents an
abnormal elevation of the upper and right side of the frontal
bone."

WAPITYAN (WAPISIANA).[163]

_Locality._--The Savannahs of the Upper Rupununi, and the banks
of the Parima.

_Numbers._--About 400: reduced by small-pox.

_Sub-tribes._--_a._ Atorais and Dauris; nearly extinct. Number
100. Mixed. _b._ Amaripas; extinct.

_Notice of a Wapisiana Skull, by Professor Owen._--"The
Wapisiana skull presents the ovate form, but the occiput
is rather more prominent, and the prominent part more
circumscribed: the interorbital space is slightly depressed,
owing to the projection of the supraorbital ridges: the
forehead is a little more convex than in the Carib; but the
general resemblance is as close as that which usually obtains
between the skulls of two individuals of the same race."

MEASUREMENTS.

+-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Supposed age. | Twelve years.|Fifteen years.|Sixteen years.|
|-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------|
| |ft. in. 10th. | ft. in. 10th.| ft. in. 10th.|
|Height of figure | 4 8 5 | 4 6 0 | 5 1 1 |
|Circumference of pelvis| 2 6 7 | 2 8 0 | 2 11 5 |
|Length of hand | 0 6 7 | 0 6 0 | 0 6 6 |
|Breadth of ditto | 0 3 0 | 0 2 8 | 0 3 6 |
+-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

I still postpone the notice of the Carib tribes. The western extremity, however, of their area leads to the following geographical subsection, viz. that of the Indians of the Upper and Middle Orinoco.

The most eastern of these are:

SALIVA.

_Divisions._--1. Saliva Proper. 2. Atures. 3. Quaquas
(Mapoye)(?). 4. Macos (Piaroas).

_Area._--The rivers Vichada, Guaiare, Meta, Ventuari, and other
feeders of the Orinoco.

The Maco (Piaroa) at the mission of Canichana, have unlearned their vernacular language, and speak (or rather have been taught by the Missionaries) the Maypure instead.

The Atures, now extinct, give their name to the Atures cataracts of the Orinoco. It is also the Atures whose mode of sepulture and burial-cavern is thus described by Humboldt:--"The most remote part of the valley is covered by a thick forest. In this shady and solitary spot, on the declivity of a steep mountain, the cavern of Ataruipé opens itself. It is less a cavern than a jutting rock, in which the waters have scooped a vast hollow; when, in the ancient revolutions of our planet, they attained that height. We soon reckoned in this tomb of a whole extinct tribe, nearly six hundred skeletons, well preserved, and so regularly placed that it would have been difficult to make an error in their number. Every skeleton reposes in a sort of basket made of the petioles of the palm-tree. These baskets, which the natives call _mapires_, have the form of a square bag; their sizes are proportioned to the age of the dead; there are some for infants cut off the moment of their birth: we saw them from ten inches to three feet long, the skeletons in them being bent together. They are all ranged near each other, and are so entire that not a rib or a phalanx is wanting. The bones have been prepared in three different manners, either whitened in the air and the sun, dyed red with arnotto, a colouring matter extracted from the bixa orellana; or, like real mummies, varnished with odoriferous resins, and enveloped in leaves of the heliconea, or the plantain tree. The Indians related to us, that the fresh corpse is placed in damp ground in order that the flesh remaining on the bones may be scraped off with sharp stones. Several hordes in Guyana still observe this custom. Earthen vases, half-baked, are found near the _mapires_, or baskets: they appear to contain the bones of the same family. The largest of these vases, or funeral urns, are three feet high, and five feet and a half long. Their colour is greenish grey, and their oval form is sufficiently pleasing to the eye. The handles are made in the shape of crocodiles, or serpents; the edge is bordered with meanders, labyrinths, and real _grecques_, in straight lines variously combined."

The Saliva seems to have been a class whose area has been one of a _receding frontier_. The Atures are extinct, and the last words of the Ature language are said to have been heard, not from the lips of a human remnant of the nation, but from a parrot. In respect to their extension eastward, Raleigh enumerates among the inhabitants of Trinidad the _Salivi_, a nation dwelling on the Continent also, and that to the south of the Quaquas.

Then as to the western area:--on the Orinoko, above the mouth of the Meta, Humboldt often heard of the Quaquas, and adds, that it is asserted that the missionary Jesuits have found them as far as Popayan.

MAYPURE.

_Divisions._--1. Maypure Proper. 2. Cavri (Caveri, Cabre). 3.
Pareni. 4. Guipunavi (Poignavi). 4. Meppurys(?). 5. Avani. 6.
Chirupa.

_Area._--The banks of the rivers Orinoco (middle part),
Amazons, and Negro.

_Conterminous_ with the Caribs, Salivi, and other unplaced
tribes.

The mission of Maypure is the centre of the language.

It is spoken also at the mission of Atures, by tribes other than Maypures, _i.e._ by the Maco (Piaroa), who are Saliva, and by the Guahivi, belonging to a third division of the Orinoko Indians.

THE ACHAGUA.

_Locality._--The river Casanare, a feeder of the river Meta.

The relation of the Achagua to the Maypure, is undetermined. That there are many words common to the two tongues is certain. According, however, to Gumilla, this is only from intercourse and intermixture.--_Mithridates._

Their habits, manners, and civilization are nearly those of the Saliva, _i.e._ imperfectly agricultural.

THE YARURA.

_Divisions._--1. Yarura Proper. 2. Betoi. 3. Situfa. 4. Airico.
5. Ele. 6. Quaquaro(?)

_Area._--The water-system of the river Casanare.

_Native name._--Yupuin.

THE OTTOMACAS.

_Locality._--Middle Orinoco, at its junction with the river
Sinaruco.

_Dialects._--1. Ottomaco Proper. 2. Taparita.

The Ottomacas are that tribe of South American Indians who have so often been described as _The Dirt-eaters_. They fill their stomachs with an unctuous clay found in the alluvium of their district; and this, irrespective of the plenty or scarcity of other provisions. The accurate chemical composition of this clay has yet to be ascertained. The current statement that it is so full of organic matter as to partake of the nature of animal or vegetable food, is probably unfounded.

THE CHIRICOAS.

_Divisions._--1. The Guahivi. 2. The Chiricoas.

_Locality._--Left bank of the Orinoco. South of the Saliva.

It is nearly certain that this list of families is anything but exhaustive for the Middle and Upper Orinoco. Thus, partly from the notices of the _Mithridates_, and partly from the maps of Humboldt, we find the following additional names of tribes:

_Curacicanas._--River Ventuari.

_Javaranas._--Ditto.

_Daricavaris._--River Inirida; cannibals.

_Pucherinavis._--River Inirida; cannibals.

_Manitivitaris._--Ditto, ditto.

_Equinabis._--Between the Rivers Negro and Orinoco.

_Manivas._--Ibid.

_Cheruvichahena._--Ibid.

_Maquitares._--River Ventuari.

_Aberianas._--Ibid.

_Marepizanos._--River Negro.

_Guareken._--Removed to the mission of Maypures, and _now_ speaking the Maypures language.

_The Massanau, the Kaju-Kussianu, the Assawanu, the Wagudu._--Described by the Arawaks to Quandt, as residing far in the interior on the Orinoco.

_The Sagidaqueres._--Perhaps Chiricoas.

_The Guaneros_, and the _Guama._--On the River Apuré. Fluviatile manners. Said to have descended the stream.

The two great stocks of the eastern side of South America may now be considered the Guarani, the great family of Brazil, and the Carib, the great family of Guiana--the South American analogues of the Algonkin and Sioux groups of the Northern continent.

THE GUARANI.

_Synonyms._--Tupi, Brazilian, Guarani-Brazilian, Tupi-Guarani.

_Area._--From the mouth of the river Plata, south-east, in
35° south latitude, to the river Napo, on the opposite side
of the continent, in 3° south latitude, north-west, in, or
over, the Empire of Brazil, and in the Republics of Buenos
Ayres(?), Entre Rios, Corrientes, Monte Video, Paraguay (the
chief locality of the true Guarani), Bolivia (in the province
of Santa Cruz), Guiana(?), Ecuador(?), Bolivia and Venezuela.

_Distribution._--Discontinuous.

_Divisions._--A. Tupi-Guaranis--

1. _Southern Guaranis._--In the southern provinces of Brazil,
and in the Republics of Buenos Ayres, Entre Rios, Corrientes,
Monte Video and Paraguay.

_a._ _The Pinarés_ (or _Pinarís_).--South of the sources of the
river Uraguay.

_b._ _The Patos._--Fishermen on the Laguna de los Patos.

_c._ _The Tapés_ (or _Tapis_).--Monte Video, and the Brazilian
province of Rio Grande del Sul.

_d._ _The Guïcanáns._--In the Campos de Vaccaria of the last-named province.

_e._ _The Biturunas=Blackfaces_ or _Nightmen._--South of the river Curubita.

_f._ _The Guaranis Proper._--Between the rivers Parana and Paraguay.

2. _Tupis_ (_Tupinambas_) or Brazilian Guarani.--Scattered along the coast of Brazil from (there or thereabouts) 30° south latitude to the mouth of the Amazons.

_a._ _The Tamoyas._--Formerly very numerous, on the bay of the Rio de Janeiro, at present almost extinct.

_b._ _The Tupinakis._--Formerly in Porto Seguro and the Comarca dos Ilheos, now occupying villages in Belmonte, Camamú, Valença, &c.

_c._ _The Tupinaes._--In Bahia.

_d._ _The Tupinambases._--Ditto.

_e._ _The Obacatuwaras_=_Good Woodsmen._--Islands of the river San Francisco.

_f._ _The Potiwaras._--Parahyba and Maranham.

_g._ _The Cahatés._--Once numerous in Pernambuco, now either extinct or incorporate. Falling into sub-divisions, viz., _the Guanacás_, _the Yaguaranas_, _the Teremembes_, _the Kitarioris_, _the Viatanis_, _the Cahy-cahys(?)_

_h._ _The Tupagaros_, (or _Tupiwaras_).--Para and the northern parts of Maranham.

_i._ _The Guajojaras._--Head-waters of the river Mearim.

_j._ _The Manajós._--_Ibid._

3. _North-eastern Tupis._--In the Island of Marajó, and about the junction of the rivers Amazons and Tocantins.

_a._ _The Taramambases._

_b._ _The Nhenga-hibas_, of Marajó Island.

_c._ _The Pacajases._

_d._ _The Apantos._

_e._ _The Mamayamases._

_f._ _The Anajases._

_g._ _The Guayanases_, or _Boatmen._

_h._ _The Tocantinos._

_i._ _The Cuchewaras_ (or _Tochi_).

_j._ _The Cambocas_ (or _Bocas_).

_k._ _The Cupewaras(?)_ (or _Ant-Indians_).

_l._ _The Yuruúnas(?)._

4. _The Guarani (or Tupi) of the river Tabajos._--

_a._ _The Apiacases._

_b._ _The Cahahivas._

5. Bolivian Tupi (or Guarani).--In the province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and conterminous with the Indians of the Missions of Moxos and Chiquitos, by which, as well as by the Indians of the Chaco, they are isolated from the other Guaranis.

_a._ _The Chiriguanos._

_b._ _The Sirionos._

_c._ _The Guarayos._

B. Omaguas--

1. Of the rivers Napo and Putumayo, speaking the Yete, the Putumayo, and the Zeokeyo dialects of the Sucumbia language.

2. Omaguas of the river Japura, or Omaguas Proper.

3. Omaguas to the west of the river Ucayale, and to the south of the river Amazons, on the borders of Peru, speaking the Cocamello and Uebo dialects of the Cocamo language.

The limits of the Omaguas are preeminently uncertain: so that it is possible that in the foregoing notice I may, in carrying them so far as the neighbourhood of Quito, have gone too far west. On the other hand, good authorities have even extended their geographical area further north, and their ethnological affinities to the Achagua. That they are really connected with the Guarani is a well substantiated doctrine; at least such is the evidence of the languages, although Vater objected to it.

Whether, however, the Guarani descended from the Omaguas, of the north and west, or the Omaguas from the Guarani of the south-east, is uncertain. There are facts and opinions both ways.

Preeminently fluviatile (we can scarcely use the word _marine_) in their habits, the Omaguas have been called the Phœnicians of the western world; a fact which, perhaps, should be taken along with their distribution on the coast, the Amazons, the Paraguay, and the Orinoco.

The Omaguas, and many others of the Guaranis, are Flat-heads.

THE CARIBS.

_Area._--From the mouth of the Amazons to parts about the Lake
Maracaybo; perhaps farther. The territories and republics
of Portuguese, French, Dutch, British and Spanish Guiana,
Venezuela. The Lesser Antilles.

_Divisions._--1. Caribeans Proper. 2. Tamanaks. 3. Arawaks.

_Sub-divisions of unascertained value._--Proceeding from south
to north or north-west--

1. Caribs of Portuguese Guiana, between the rivers Amazons and
Oyopok.

2. _Galibi_ of French Guiana. Language more Carib than either
Tamanak or Arawak.

3. _Arawaks._--Dutch and British Guiana.

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.--_Accaways_,
_Waikas_, _Macusi_, _Zaparas_, _Arecunas_, _Soerikong_,
_Guinau_, _Wayamara_, _Makakwa_ (or _Maopetyan_), _Woyawai_,
_Maongkong_, _Pianoghotto_, _Drio_, _Zaramata_, _Tiverighotto_.

16. _Guayanos._--Spanish Guiana.

17. _Yaoi_--Aborigines of Trinidad.

18. _Pariagotos._--On the Gulf of Para.

19. _Cumanagotos._--Mission of Piritu, in Caraccas. Of this the
following are dialects--_a._ The Tomuzas. _b._ The Piritu. _c._
The Cocheyma. _d._ The Chacopatas. _e._ The Topocuares. This is
probably an approach to the--

20. _Chayma._--The highlands which, in the eastern part of
Cumana, form the northern watershed of the Orinoco. Tamanak
rather than Proper Carib. The fixation of the Chaymas as Carib,
is Humboldt's.

21. _Palenca._--Province of Barcelona.

22. _Guarive._--Ibid. Intermediate to the Carib Proper, and the
Tamanak.

23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.--_The Pareche_,
_Uocheari_, _Uaracapaccili_, _Uaramucuru_, _Paiure_,
_Achericoto_, _Oje_, _Chirichiripi_, _Macchiritari_,
_Areveriani_.--Subsections of the Tamanak spoken to the south
of the Orinoco.

33.--_Caribs of the Lesser Antilles._--Extinct.

Like the Iroquois and Algonkins of North America, the Caribs were one of the first tribes of _South_ America, which were known to Europeans; so that it is they from whom the earliest and most current notions of the intertropical American were taken.

That they were the aborigines to the Lesser Antilles is certain; and it is nearly certain that, as a pure race, this section of them is extinct; since the so-called black Caribs of St. Vincent, although partially descended from the insular division of the class, are mixed with Negro blood, and are not the aborigines of the island, but immigrants from Barbadoes and elsewhere.

How far they extended further than the Lesser Antilles is doubtful. Father Raymond, who, in considering the subject, during the existence of the Caribs of the Islands, but subsequent to the expulsion of the aborigines from Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Domingo (_i.e._ early in the seventeenth century), remarks that an unequivocal remnant (the only one) of those Indians who escaped from the massacres and cruelties of the Spaniards, the refugee Indians of Curaçoa, had no Carib words in their language.

Again, the same writer, on the authority of Mr. Brigstock, a gentleman well versed in the Floridian and Virginian languages, attributes to the whole stock a _North_ American origin; their progenitors, the Colfachi, having availed themselves of a Mexican migration of the Appalachians to take possession of a portion of Florida. Thence, after a time, a part was ejected, and so found its way to both the Islands and the Southern Continent. Upon the tradition itself I lay little stress. Upon the fact of certain words being common to the Colfachi who remained in Florida, and the true Caribs, I lay more. Probably, the existence of certain points common to the two populations originated the tradition--the connexion (if real) being different from what is described in the legend.

It should be remembered that the series of islands from Trinidad to Florida forms a second line of connexion between North and South America.

That a nation so widely spread as the Caribs should have migrated from North America as a body of fugitives, and that within the traditional epoch, is improbable, the unlikelihood being increased by the number of dialects into which the languages are divided. It is far more likely that a part of them conquered their way from South to North. On their own hemisphere they are preeminently the people of an encroaching area, and the frontier-fights between the Caribs and the Caveri of the Middle Orinoco are the analogues of the wars of the Iroquois and Algonkins in Pennsylvania.

In the ethnography of Polynesia certain peculiar customs in respect to the language of caste and ceremony were noted. The Carib has long been known to exhibit a remarkable peculiarity in this respect. The current statement is--that the women have one language and the men another; so that while the husband talks (say) French, the wife answers in English. The real fact is less extraordinary. Certain objects have two names; one of which is applied by males, the other by females only. Raymond says that the latter terms are Arawak, and that the Arawaks were the older inhabitants of the islands, the men whereof were exterminated and the women adopted as wives. No explanation is more probable than this, and it is applicable in other parts of the world besides America.[164]

That many of the Carib tribes are flat-headed, and that they are also cannibals, is well known. A nation of women, however, forming a section of their population, has yet to be discovered.

_Necdum finitus Orestes._--Vast as is the area already disposed of, the whole of South America has not yet been exhausted. There are tracts which have still to be filled up.

I. The _eastern_ slope of the Andes from about 17° south latitude to the Equator.--It is only where the American continent begins to contract in breadth (_i.e._ about 17° south latitude), that the _western_ limits of any of the tribes already noticed, such as those of the Missions and the Chaco, come in contact with the _eastern_ Peruvians of the Andes.

Beginning, then, with the parts north-east of Potosi, we have between them and the parts east of Lima, as the most southern tribes, between Cochabamba west, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, east--

THE YURACARES.

_Conterminous_ with the Quichua Peruvians, the isolated Guarani
(Chiriguanos and Sirionos), the Indians of the Mission of
Chiquitos, and the Mocéténès. From 17' to 16' south latitude.

_Name._--Quichua. _Yurak_=_white_+_kari_=_men_.

_Divisions._--1. Solostos on the east. 2. Mansinos on the
west. Other sections of them extinct, or incorporate, or else
mentioned under different names--_Oromos_, _Conis_, _Cuchis_,
_Enétés_.

_Synonym._--For the Solostos, _Mages_--so called by the people
of Santa-Cruz.

_Religion._--1. Of the Mansinos, Paganism. 2. Of the Solostos,
Christianity.

_Numbers in 1832._ 1. Mansinos, 1000. 2. Solostos, 337.

MOCÉTÉNÈS.

_Synonyms._--_Manaquiés_; so-called by the Yuracares.
_Chunchos_, by the Bolivian-Spaniards. Also, _Magdalenos_,
_Chimanisas_ (or _Chimanis_), _Muchanis_, _Tucupi_.

_Locality._--North of Cochabamba, on the head-waters of the
river Beni. From 16' to 15' south latitude.

_Conterminous_ with the Aymaras, Quichuas, Moxos Indians,
Yuracares, and Apolistas.

_Religion and numbers._--1. Christian, about 1600. 2. Pagan,
about 800.

_Language._--Different (according to D'Orbigny) from the
Yuracares.

TACANA.

_Synonyms or partial terms._--_Atenianos_, _Isiamas_,
_Cavinas_, _Toromonas_.--This last is the name of the still
savage tribes speaking the _Tacana_, which is the name of a
_language_ rather than of a section of population.

_Conterminous_ with the Aymaras, Mocéténès, Apolistas, Maropas,
and (to the north), the Huacanahuas and Suriguas.

_Numbers._--Of the Mission of Aten 2,033

---- Tsiamas 1,028

---- Cavinas 1,000

---- Tumapasa 1,170

---- San José 73

Pagans Toromonas 1,000
-----
Total 6,304

_Original locality._--The head-waters of the Beni, north of the
Tacanas.

_Present locality._--The Mission de Reyes, of Moxos.

_Language._--Not known from a vocabulary, but one which, to
D'Orbigny, seemed different from that of the Mocéténès.

APOLISTAS.

_Present locality._--Apolobamba, on the river Apolo. Probably
the _original_ locality also.

_Numbers and religion._--In 1832, A.D., 3,616 Christians,
_i.e._ 841 in Santa Cruz, and 2,775 in Apolobamba.

The Yuracares, Mocéténès, Tacana, Apolista and Maropa sections form a division of the South American population characterised by the remarkable fairness of its complexion, a fact indicated by the very term _Yuracares_ = _white men_. D'Orbigny, who raises the section to a class under the name of _Antisien_, and who is the writer to whom we owe nearly all our information, makes this lightness of colour coincide with the woody and shady character of the quarters inhabited; the Maropas, who are in the most exposed countries, being also the darkest in hue.

Northwards we have only the names of tribes to fill up the two following vast geographical gaps, _i. e._

A. The water-system of the Upper Ucayale.

B. The Eastern Andes north of the Amazons. They are taken from the _Mithridates_, the oldest authorities on these points being the best.

A. 1. The _Heresilocana_, allied to the _Orocotana_ and _Rocotane_(?).

2. The _Chiriba_, allied to the Chomana.

3. The tribes speaking the Caniscana language.

4. The _Mopeziana_.

5. The _Icabizizi_.

6, 7, 8, 9. The _Caisina_, _Capingel_, _Caliciono_, and _Ucoiño_.

10. The _Cavinæ_, who built stone houses.

11. The _Collæ_, makers of roads.

12. The _Carapuchos_, whose language was so guttural as to be the bark of a dog rather than the speech of a man. Cannibals; as were also--

13. The _Casibos_.

14. The _Sipibos_.

15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The _Panos_, the _Piri_, the _Canibi_, the _Campa_, the _Comavi_, who, in A.D. 1695, threw off the control of the Missionaries.

20. The _Chipeos_, part of the Panos.

21, 22, 23, 24. The Cunivos, the Mananahuas, the Mochovos, the Remos.

25. The Chamicunos, speaking a language allied to that of the Chipeos and Panos.

B. 1. _The Aguanos._

2. The _Xeberos_, of which the _a_, _Cutinanas_; _b_, the _Paranapuras_; _c_, the _Chaybitas_; _d_, the _Muniches_(?), are sections.

3. The _Andoas_.

4. The _Ayacore_.--Language peculiar.

5. The _Parana_.--Ditto.

6. The _Encapelladas_.--This is a Spanish name, applied as a collective term to the following tribes of the Upper Napo.--_a_, the _Abicheres_; _b_, the _Angateres_; _c_, the _Cunchies_; _d_, the _Ycahuates_; _e_, the _Payaguas_.

The most eastern of these are probably Omagua.

II. French Guiana.--For French Guiana I find the following tribes, or nations, in the _Atlas Ethnologique_, being unable to give them any ethnological position:--

1. _Rocouyenne._--Nearly annihilated by--

2. The _Oampi_--The most numerous and powerful nation of French Guiana, occupants of the Upper Oyapok.

3. _Emerillons._--A numerous and independent nation of French Guiana, on the River Inini. Stature tall; language not known through any vocabulary.--Balbi: _Atlas Ethnologique_, xxix.

* * * * *

The details of the ethnology of America having been thus imperfectly exhibited, the first of the two questions indicated in pp. 351, 352, still stands over for consideration.

A. The unity (or non-unity) of the American populations one amongst another, and--

B. The (unity or non-unity) of the American populations as compared with those of the Old World.

In p. 351, it is stated that the two (three?) sections of the American aborigines which interfere with the belief that the American stock is fundamentally _one_, are--

I. The Eskimo.

II. The Peruvians (and Mexicans).

I. Taking the Eskimo first, the evidence in favour of their isolation is, _physical and moral_.

The latter I think is worth little except in the way of cumulative evidence, _i. e._ when taken along with other facts of a more definite and tangible sort. The Eskimo civilization (such as it is) is _different_ from that of the other Americans; and how could it be otherwise when we consider their Arctic _habitat_, their piscatory habits, and the differences of their Fauna and Flora? It is not _lower_; _i. e._ not lower than that of the ruder Indians; a point well illustrated in Dr. King's paper[165] on the Industrial Arts of the Eskimo.

The physical difference is of more importance.

And, first as to _stature_.--Instead of being shorter, the Eskimo are, in reality, taller than half the tribes of South America.

Next, as to _colour_.--The Eskimo are _not_ copper-coloured. Neither are the Americans in general. It is only those best known that are typical of the so-called _Red_ race; there being but little of the copper tinge when we get beyond the Algonkins and Iroquois.

Lastly, as to the conformation of the skull, a point where (with great deference) I differ from the author of the excellent Crania Americana.--The Americans are said to be _brakhy_-kephalic, the Eskimo _dolikho_-kephalic. The American skull is of smaller, the Eskimo of larger dimensions. I make no comment on the second of these opinions. In respect to the first, I submit to the reader the following extracts from Dr. Morton's own valuable tables, premising that, as a general rule, the difference between the occipito-frontal and parietal diameters of the Eskimo is _more_ than seven inches and a fraction as compared with five inches and a fraction, and that of the other Indians _less_ than seven and a fraction, as compared with five and a fraction. Now, the following extract from Dr. Morton's tables shows the approach to the dolikhokephalic character on the part of twenty-four American specimens--

Long. diam. Parietal diam.
[166]E. 1. _Eskimo_ 5.7 5.4
2. " 7.3 5.5
3. " 7.5 5.1
4. _Eskimo_ 6.7 5.
A. 5. _Ojibbwa_ 7.3 5.8
6. " 7.2 5.5
7. _Potowatomi_ 7.8 5.7
8. _Sauk_ 7.5 5.9
9. _Missisaugi_ 7. 5.2
10. _Lenapé_ 7. 5.5
11. " 7.8 5.4
12. _Manta_(?) 7. 5.1
13. _Quinnipeak_(?) 7. 5.7
I. 14. _Iroquois_ 7.5 5.5
15. " 7.1 5.4
16. " 7.1 5.5
17. _Oneida_ 7.5 5.6
18. _Cayuga_ 7.8 5.1
S. 19. _Assineboin_ 7.6 5.8
20. _Minetari_ 7.3 4.4
21. _Mandan_ 7.1 5.4
22. " 7. 5.3
C. 23. _Choctah_ 7.2 5.
24. _Seminole_ 7.1 5.6
25. " 7.3 5.9
26. " 7. 5.5
27. " 7.3 5.6
28. " 7. 5.9

The language, as before stated, is admitted to be the American, in respect to its grammatical structure, and can be shown to be so in respect to its vocables.

II. The Peruvians.--Here the question is more complex, the argument varying with the extent we give to the class represented by the Peruvians, and according to the test we take, _i.e._ according as we separate them from the other Americans on the score of a superior civilization, or on the score of a different physical conformation.

_a._ When we separate the Peruvians from the other Americans, on the score of a superior civilization, we generally take something more than the Proper Peruvians, and include the Mexicans in the same category.

I do not trouble the reader with telling him what the Peruvio-Mexican (or Mexico-Peruvian) civilization was; the excellent historical works of Prescott show this. I only indicate two points:--

1. The probability of its being over-valued.

2. The fact of its superiority being a matter of _degree_ rather than kind.

Phraseology misleads us. We find certain phænomena in the social and political constitution both of Mexico and Peru which put us in mind of certain European customs, _e.g._ (two amongst many) the dependence of subordinate chiefs on a superior one, and the use of certain ceremonies previous to the warrior's first achievements in war. How easy is it, in such cases, to take a false impression if we illustrate the habits in question by comparisons drawn from European feudalism and chivalry, instead of from their truer analogues, the probationary tortures of tribes like the Mandans, and the constitution of such an empire as Powhattans in Virginia.

Again, phrases, like _picture-writing_, are only safe so long as we compare them with their real equivalents; and these are not the painted and sculptured walls of Ægypt, but the rude hide of the Pawni, whereon he scratches or daubs a sketch of his exploits.

More exceptionable still is the term _hieroglyphics_;[167] of which the following is said to be a specimen. The sign denoting _Cimatlan_, the name of a place, was compounded of the symbol of _Cimatl_, a _root_, and _tlan_, signifying _near_. Surely this is no example of phonetic spelling. _C-i-m-a-tl-tl-a-n_, consists of eight elementary articulate sounds. How then can two signs spell it phonetically: eight are required to do it properly; and unless it can be shown that the symbol=_cimatl_ be in the same category with the letter _x_ (_ks_), and that it is a compendium for two or more (in this case eight) simple single signs, the phonetic character either falls to the ground, or the term changes its meaning. Again, the spelling is not even syllabic. _Cim-atl-an_, consists of three syllables; which have only two signs to express them.

The real spelling is neither more nor less than rhæmatographic, with one sign for one word, and two signs for two; just as if in English we spelt the word representing the idea of a _shore_ by one combination of points and lines, that of a _ham_ by another, and that of the town _Shore-ham_ by a combination of the two. Now no one would say that this spelt _Sh-o-re-h-a-m_.

One more instance--since I am indicating rather than exhausting lines of criticism--shall be taken from the account of a so-called remarkable phænomenon in the arithmetic of the tribes akin to the Mexican.

Some of the rudest tribes of South America, like the generality of the Australians, are unable to count beyond five. The Mexicans, however, have a simple term for twenty. Nay more, for 400 and 8000, they have simple terms also, _i.e._ for the first and second powers of twenty; just as we have in the words _hundred_ and _thousand_, simple undecompounded names for the first and second powers of ten. A great contrast this! exhibiting multiplicational as well as mere numerational arithmetic.

What else?--there is a Notation as well, and certain symbols stand for 20, 800, and 4000.

Gallatin observes, that the symbols thus standing for these numbers also express words equivalent to _company_, _regiment_, and _army_, in the military system, and, thence, he argues that the vigentesimal system determined the organisation of the legions of Montezuma. I do not say that such was not the case. I believe, however, that it is much more likely that the organisation of the army determined the so-called vigentesimal numeration, and that, just as the word for 20=_man_ (_i.e._ 10 fingers and 10 toes), so the word for 400 was the name of 20 companies of 20, and that for 8,000 the name for 20 regiments of 400.

If this be true, so far from the Mexican multiplying 20 by 20, he might be unable to count to 45; having names for the higher numbers furnished him by an accident, but without terms for the intermediate ones.

As for the agricultural condition of the Mexicans, contrasted, as it may be, with the hunter-state of the Sioux and others, it is no contrast, except in degree, with the habits of the _Diggers_ and other tribes of California and Oregon, where game is scarce and esculent roots abundant; and whilst the archæology of the Valley of the Mississippi shows rudiments of their architecture, the more important confederations, such as the Creek, are analogues of what may be somewhat grandiloquently called their imperial organisation.

Then as to the Casas Grandes, surely these show Mexican architecture beyond the area of Mexico (_i. e._ _Aztek_ Mexico). But what if they also show the extent to which the Mexican civilisation extended itself? In such a case they prove nothing as to the _independent_ civilisational development of the nation on the area where they occur. But is this the _only_ inference that they suggest? No. It is not even the most legitimate one. Casas Grandes, in localities a thousand miles from Mexico, indicate, not that the Mexican influence was spread so far beyond the Valley of Mexico, but that more nations than one built with stone and brick. To assume colonisation from community of characteristics is inadmissible.

I have now only to add, that if this sort of criticism--such as it is--has not been shown to be applicable to the Mexican astronomy and the Mexican chronology, it is only because the magnitude of the subject excludes it from the present volume.

_b._ When we separate the Peruvians from the rest of the Americans, on the score of a different physical conformation, we take something less than the whole nation, _i. e._ only a particular section of it. How this happens is explained by the following statements:--

1. In the parts about the Lake Titicaca, within the Aymara area, are found, along with vast stone ruins and other remarkable relics of an early age, several burial places of the ancient inhabitants; the skulls of which are flattened in front, behind, or laterally, as the case may be, with the suture of the cranium obliterated.

2. The present inhabitants of this area are _not_ in the habit of flattening the skull.

3. The _old_ race of the flattened skulls is the race which appears to have been the executors of the _oldest_ portion of the Peruvian architectural antiquities, and as such, civilised or semi-civilised.

4. The _present_ Aymaras exhibit no traces of being the descendants of a people more civilised than themselves.

These facts are generally admitted. It is also, perhaps, as generally admitted that, taken by themselves, they are not sufficient to disconnect what may be called the old Peruvians of Titicaca, from the modern Aymaras; since civilisation may become retrograde, and the habit of flattening skulls, like any other habit, may be abandoned.

But what if the flatness of the old Titicacan skulls be not artificial, but _natural_? In this case the Aymaras are anything but the descendants of the civilised flat-head ancestors in question, and the ancient stock itself is extinct--extinct without congeners, and without posterity.

This is no more than what follows from the position that the cranial depression is _natural_. On the other hand, if artificial, it falls to the ground.

Now, notwithstanding the very high authorities on the other side, I am not prepared to admit the necessity of a skull having been flattened _in utero_ and in the way of normal development, simply and solely because the traces of artificial manipulation are not discoverable. All that any facts of the kind prove, is that Art can imitate Nature most skilfully.

The conclusive proof that the old Titicacans were naturally flat-headed would be the not impossible discovery of a mummied _fœtus_, with a facial angle preternaturally acute. Such, however, has yet to be discovered. Till then the Aymaras, who can be proved by historical evidence to have once flattened the forehead, must pass for the descendants of the Titicacans.

* * * * *

What breaks down the distinctions between the Peruvian and Eskimo, breaks down _à fortiori_ all those lesser ones by which the other members of the American population have been separated from each other. Still, as a sample of arrangement, and as a practical exhibition of the differences in physical conformation which are found within the limits of South America, I conclude the section upon the American Mongolidæ with a view of D'Orbigny's classification of the Indians between the Isthmus of Darien and Cape Horn; at the same time referring the reader to his valuable monograph (_L'Homme Americain_).

SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

Colour, yellow, brown, or copper-red; height, variable; hair, thick, coarse, black, smooth, and long; beard, thin, coarse, black, never wavy, late in making its appearance; chin, short; eyes, small, deep-set; jaws, prominent; teeth, nearly vertical; eyebrows, prominent.

1. _Primary divisions, or races (so-called)_--

A. _Ando-Peruvian._--Colour, olive-brown; stature, low; forehead, either depressed, or but slightly vaulted; eyes, horizontal, never _bridés_ at their outer angle.

B. _Pampa._--Stature, often considerable; forehead, vaulted; eyes, sometimes _bridés_ at the outer angle.

C. _Brazilio-Guarani._--Colour, yellowish; forehead, not retreating; eyes, oblique.

A. _Ando-Peruvians_--

_a._ _Peruvian branch._--Colour, deep olive-brown; form, massive; trunk, long in proportion to the limbs; forehead, retreating; nose, aquiline; mouth, large; physiognomy, sombre.--Aymara and Quichua Peruvians.

_b._ _Antisian branch._--Colour, varying from a deep olive to nearly white; form, not massive; forehead, not retreating; physiognomy, lively, mild.--Yuracares, Mocéténès, Tacanas, Maropas, and Apolistas.

_c._ _Araucanian branch._--Colour, light olive; form, massive; trunk, somewhat disproportionately long; face, nearly circular; nose, short and flat; lips, thin; physiognomy, sombre, cold.--Indians of Chili and the Chonos Archipelago. The Fuegians.

B. _Pampas_--

_a._ _Pampa branch._--Colour, deep olive-brown, or _marron_; form, Herculean; forehead, vaulted; face, large, flat, oblong; nose, short; nostrils, large; mouth, wide; lips, large; eyes, horizontal; physiognomy, cold, often savage.--Indians of the Chaco and Patagonia.

_b._ _Chiquito branch._--Colour, light olive; form, moderately robust; mouth, moderate; lips, thin; features, delicate; physiognomy, lively.--Indians of the Mission of Chiquitos.

_c._ _Moxos branch._--Form, robust; lips, thickish; eyes, not _bridés_; physiognomy, mild.--The Indians of the Mission of Moxos.

C. _Brazilio-Guarani._--A simple branch.--Colour, yellowish, with a slight tinge of red; form, massive; height, moderate; face, circular; nose, short and straight; nostrils, narrow; mouth, moderate; lips, thin; eyes, oblique; eyebrows, prominent; features, delicate (_efféminés_); physiognomy mild.--Guarani, Caribs(?), and all the unplaced tribes of Paraguay, Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela(?).

FOOTNOTES:

[104] The g is sounded hard.

[105] As the French _n_ in _bon_.

[106] Transactions of the British Association, &c., 1847, p. 121.

[107] United States Exploring Expedition.

[108] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. 105.

[109] United States Exploring Expedition--Ethnology, p. 298.

[110] Pickering--Races of Men.

[111] From the Capital of Massachusetts.

[112] _King George._

[113] _Old Man._

[114] The name of a European who went mad.

[115] The Seal.

[116] Savage.

[117] Nootkan words.

[118] Chinúk.

[119] Pickering, from notes of Messrs. Agate and Brackeridge.

[120] See p. 310.

[121] Marked(?) because we find Paduca Kaskaias.

[122] A table of the chief affinities between the Bethuck and the other Algonkin languages (or dialects) has been published by the present writer in the Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1850.

[123] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Transactions of American Ethnological Society. II., cxiii.

[126] Transactions of Philological Society, 1849 and 1850.

[127] Marked(?) because we find _Anies_ amongst the Iroquois (p. 333), and _Inies_ amongst the Caddos.

[128] The date of Gallatin's Synopsis.

[129] See p. 349.

[130] Transactions of the Ethnological Society, vol. i. Transactions of British Association for the advancement of Science.

[131] See p. 344.

[132] In Mr. Bollaert's list there only appears the name of Wacoes, who are said to be a branch of the Cumanches.

[133] Extracted from Prichard, vol. v. p. 304.

[134] Transactions of the Literary and Historical Department of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, vol. i.

[135] Pp. 287.

[136] "The only reference we have to the mounds of Oregon is contained in a paragraph in the Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, vol. iv. p. 313:--We soon reached the Bute Prairies, which are extensive, and covered with tumuli, or small mounds, at regular distances. As far as I can learn, there is no tradition among the natives concerning them: they are conical mounds, thirty feet in diameter, about six or seven feet above the level, _and many thousands in number_. Being anxious to ascertain if they contained any relics, I subsequently visited these prairies, and opened three of the mounds, but found nothing in them but a pavement of round stones."

[137] Smithsonian Contributions, p. 2.

[138] Some of these have been published, _e.g._ in the Philological Transactions.

[139] Gallatin, in American Ethnological Transactions, cxxxi.

[140] As may be seen in p. 370.

[141] We have just seen that this, in the American languages, is the case even in words like _John's hand_, which would, there, be _John he hand_.

[142] For further criticism see the remarks on the Otomi language.

[143] Transactions of American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. pp. xxxviii. and li.

[144] Vol. iii. p. 3.

[145] The reasons for the italics and the(?) may be seen in p. 397.

[146] Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. 83.

[147] Prichard, vol. v. p. 423.

[148] New Mexico and California. By E. G. Squier, M.A.

[149] American Review, for November, 1848.

[150] See p. 390.

[151] From a short, but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory's.

[152] The meaning of the Italics may be seen in p. 397.

[153] The meaning of the italics may be seen in p. 397.

[154] We have no vocabulary of the Pimos Indians of the Gila, north of the Apaches.

[155] Travels in the Interior of Mexico, p. 465.

[156] See p. 410.

[157] Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1835.

[158] Published by the Hackluyt Society.

[159] Dampier's Voyages.

[160] See Prichard, vol. v., p. 479.

[161] Of Easter Island.

[162] See p. 428.

[163] Schomburgk, Transactions of the Ethnological Society.

[164] Perhaps in such terms as _Xanthus_=_Scamander_, _Briareus_=_Ægcon_, we have the phænomenon of a second language.

[165] Ethnological Transactions, Vol. I.

[166] E.=Eskimo, A.=Algonkin, I.=Iroquois, S.=Sioux, C.=Cherokee.

[167] Of course, I mean _Phonetic_ hieroglyphics; since it is only these that indicate a higher civilization than picture-writing.

G.

INDIAN MONGOLIDÆ.

The present notice of the Mongolidæ of Hindostan will contain little beyond an enumeration of their chief divisions. The further questions--too numerous, even in their proper place, to be considered in detail--will be found in the ethnography of the Iapetidæ.

THE INDIAN STOCK.

_Area._--Hindustan, Cashmere, Ceylon, the Maldives and
Laccadives, part of Beloochistan.

_Conterminous_ with the Iapetidæ(?) of Beloochistan and Cabúl,
the Seriform tribes of Little Tibet and the Sub-Himalayan
countries of Bisahur, Nepaul, Sikkim, the Koch and Bodo
country, the Garo country, Assam, and Aracan.

_Political relations._--Chiefly either English or Independent.
Partially French, Dutch, Danish, and Portuguese.

_Religions._--Brahminism, Buddism, with a variety of eclectic
and intermediate creeds, Parsi fireworship, Mahometanism, with
creeds intermediate to it and Brahminism or Buddhism, Paganism,
fragments or rudiments of Judaism and Christianity.

_Physical condition of country._--Chiefly intertropical, with
_a._ Fluviatile alluvia (deltas of the Indus and Ganges).
_b._ Mountain and forest ranges (the Ghants, &c.). _c._
Sandy steppes (Ajmeer and the Punjaub). _d._ Portions of the
Himalayan range (Cashmere).

_Social and civilizational influences._--_a._ Ante-Mahometan;
Persian, and Greek. _b._ Mahometan; Arabic, Persian, Turk,
Mongol. _c._ Recent; Portuguese, Dutch, French, Danish, British.

_Physical conformation._--The two extreme forms.--_a._ Colour
dark, or even black, skin coarse, nasal profile flattened,
cheek-bones prominent, lips thick, hair coarse and generally
straight, beard scanty, limbs oftener slender than massive,
stature oftener short than tall.

_b._ Colour brunette, sometimes of great clearness and
delicacy, skin delicate, nose aquiline, eyebrows arched
and delicate, frontal profile perpendicular, cranium
dolikhokephalic, zygomatic development moderate, lips thin,
stature sometimes tall, limbs often powerful, the whole body
being well-formed, even when not muscular, and the face oval,
with regular and expressive features.

_Habits._--Agricultural and industrial. More rarely pastoral.
Sometimes predatory.

_Nutrition._--Varied. Sometimes nearly wholly vegetable;
sometimes almost exclusively animal.

_Social constitution._--Castes; the higher the caste, the more
predominant the second type of physical conformation.

_Intermixture._--Arabs on the western, Malays, Indo-Chinese, on
the eastern coast. In earlier time, Turanian Turks, Mongols,
Scythians(?), Persians.

_Emigrant and Indians._--1. The Gypsies. 2. Hindu traders in
different parts of Asia.

_Frontier._--Partly _encroaching_ on that of the Sub-Himalayan
Seriform tribes (_i.e._, in Kumaon, Gurhwhal, and Bisahur),
partly _receding_, _i.e._ in Nepaul.

_Antiquities._--Rock temples, tombs, columns, coins,
inscriptions in the Pali. Ancient literature in the Sanskrit
language.

_Epochs._--1. Ante-historical Persian, _i.e._ the epoch of the
introduction of the languages represented by the Sanskrit,
and the germs of the Brahminical system. 2. Macedonian, from
the time of Alexander to the breaking-up of the Indo-Bactrian
kingdom. 3. Mahometan. 4. European.

_Alphabets._--1. With the letters more square than round,
manifestly derived from the Sanskrit. 2. With the letters
more round than square, derived from the Sanskrit, but not so
visibly as the former.

_Divisions._--1. The Tamul. 2. The Pulinda. 3. The Brahúi. 4.
The Indo-Gangetic. 5. The Purbutti. 6. The Cashmirian. 7. The
Cingalese. 8. The Maldivian.

THE TAMUL.

_Area._--Continuous. The Dekhan, from Cape Comorin to an
irregular line from Goa, west, to Chicacole, east.

_Physical appearance._--Chiefly referable to the first type.
Complexion oftener a black than a clear brunette; the latter,
however, the case with certain hill-tribes (the Tudahs of the
Nilgherries). A high stature and aquiline nose rarer than with
Indo-Gangetic tribes. Lips often thick. Skull probably more
dolikhokephalic than brakhykephalic. Maxillary profile often
prognathic. The general physiognomy exhibiting many points
common to the African.

_Religion._--Paganism, and in the cases of Brahminism, with a
considerable amount of the original Paganism intermixed.

_Language._--Containing Sanskrit words in proportion to the
_non_-Pagan character of the tribe by which it is spoken; in no
case, however, are they so numerous as to prevent the original
_non_-Sanskritic character of the language from being admitted.

_Alphabets._--Of the second class.

_Quasi-Pulinda[168] sections of the population._--Tudahs,
Buddugurs, Erulars, Curumbars, Cohatars.

_Languages._--_a._ _The Tamul Proper._--Falling into two
varieties, _a._ The High Tamul or Literary Dialect, and, _b._
The Low Tamul.

_Spoken._ From the parts about Pulicat to Cape Comorin, and as
far west as Coimbatoor, the south portion of Mysore.

_Conterminous_ with the Telinga (Teluga), Kanara, and Malayálam.

_b._ _Tbelinga_ (Telugu). _a._ High. _b._ Low.

_Spoken_, immediately to the north of the Tamul from Pulicat
to about 18° north latitude on the coast, and as far inland as
Bangalore south, and the head-waters of the river Tapti, north.

_Conterminous_ with the Udiya, the Mahratta, certain Pulinda
dialects(?), and the Kanara.

_c._ _Kanara_.--_a._ High, _b._ Low.

Central part of the Deccan from Beder, north, to the
lower-third of Mysore, south.

_Conterminous_ with the Mahratta, Telinga, certain Pulinda
dialects, the Udiya, the Telugu, the Kanarese, and the Tamul.

_d._ _Tulava._--A dialect of the Kanarese. Spoken on the
western coast between Goa and Mangalore, _i.e._ chiefly in the
province of Kanara.

_e._ _Malayálam._--South-west coast, from the limits of the
Kanara to Cape Comorin.

_f._ _Coorgi._--Spoken in Coorg. Unwritten.

_g._ _Tudah._--Mountaineers of the Nilgherri Hills. Unwritten.

The remarkable custom of polyandria,[169] which has been noticed as one of the characters of the Seriform Tibetans, reappears among the Tamuls of Malabar. "The marriages of the Nayrs" (the caste next in dignity to the Brahmins), "so termed, are contracted when they are ten years of age; but the husband never lives with his wife, who remains in the home of her mother or brother, and is at liberty to choose any lover of a rank equal to her own. Her children are not considered as her husband's, nor do they inherit from him. Every man looks upon his sister's children, who alone are connected with him by ties of blood, as his heirs."--_Prichard_, iv. 161.

THE PULINDAS.

_Area._--Irregular, and in the present state of our knowledge,
discontinuous. Nearly encompassed by that of the Indo-Gangetic
Indians. Chiefly mountain-ranges.

_Physical appearance._--Exclusively of the first type,
approaching by an increased zygomatic development, with the
northern tribes, that of the Seriform Mongolidæ.

_Religion._--Absolute Paganism, or Paganism with the _minimum_
amount of Brahminical influences.

_Languages or dialects._--Numerous. All unwritten, and but
partially known. Even when mutually unintelligible, evidently
connected with each other. Evidently, also, connected with the
Tamuls. Proportion of Sanskrit at the _minimum_.

_Vocabularies._--1. Kol. 2. Larka-Kol. 3. Sontal. 4. Soar. 5.
Bhumij. 6. Mandala. 7. Rajmahal. 8. Goandi.

_Divisions._--A. Northern Pulindas. B. Eastern Pulindas. C.
Central Pulindas.

_Distribution._--A. The Ganges on the confines of Bahar and
Bengal, in the mountain-range between Baghulpur and Rajmahal.

B. Orissa, the Northern Circars, and the _Eastern_ part of
Gundwana--Kóls, Khonds, and Soárs.

C. _Western_ Gundwana--Goands.

RAJMAHALI.

_Locality._--Mountains in the neighbourhood of Rajmahal, on the
confines of Orissa and Bengal.

_Physical appearance._--Average height about five feet three
inches. "A flat nose seems the characteristic feature, but it
is not so flat as that of the Cafirs of Africa, nor are their
lips so thick, though generally thicker than the inhabitants
of the plain." "Fairer than the Bengalese; have broad faces,
small eyes, and flattish or rather turned-up noses; but the
Malay, or Chinese character of their features, from whom they
are said to be descended, is lost in a great degree on closer
inspection."--_Asiatic Researches._

_Pantheon._--Bedo Gossaik, Pow Gossaik, Davary Gossaik, Kali
Gossaik, &c.

The tables of Hodgson show the affinity of the Rajmahali with the Kol, Bhumij, and the true Khond dialects of Orissa; as well as with the Goandi of Central India.

THE BRAHÚI.

_Locality._--Beloochistan.

_Conterminous_ with the Indians of Scinde and the Balooches
(Biluchi) of Persia.

That the Brahúi numerals were liker those of Southern India than any others, is indicated by Lassen. That the language, in general, is Tamul, may be seen by a comparison of the vocabularies at large. To this fact the Brahúi locality, so far west and north, gives great importance. The date, however, of their occupancy still remains unsettled. They may be recent settlers, or they may be aborigines, for anything known from history.

THE INDO-GANGETIC INDIANS.

_Area._--The systems of the Indus, and of the Ganges, Northern
India. Continuous, but not uninterrupted; Pulinda populations
being interspersed.

_Physical appearance._--Often of the second type, and almost
exclusively supplying the standard specimens of it.

_Religion._--Brahminism, with a _minimum_ amount of Paganism,
Buddhism, Mahometanism. Sects, and intermediate creeds.
Parseeism.

_Language._--Non-Sanskritic in respect to its grammar, but so
full of Sanskrit vocables as to appear to be Sanskritic in
origin.

_Alphabets._--Of the first class.

_Quasi-Pulinda populations._--_a._ _Bhils._--In the wider parts
of the Vindhya chain, and northern part of the western Ghauts.

_Kulis._--South of the Bhils of the Ghauts.

_Ramusis_, _Berdars._--The Ghauts of the Mahratta country,
south of the Kulis.

_Waralis and Katodis._--The wilder part of the Concan.

_Languages._--1. _The Punjabi._--Conterminous with the Pushtú
of Affghanistan. Literature recent, and of Hindu origin. The
language of the Sikhs.

2. _The Multani_ (Ooch).--Moultan; no native literature.

3. _The Gipsy._--Considered here because, although spoken by
Indians who are spread over Europe and Asia in general, rather
than occupants of their natural soil, the Multan is the Indian
dialect to which it is most allied.

4. _The Sindi._--Locality Sinde; native literature little or
none.

5. _The Cutch._--Probably a dialect of the Sindi, or else of--

6. _The Gujerati._--Spoken in Gujerat. Native literature
considerable, especially in respect to writings on the Parsi
religion, of which Gujerat is the chief seat.

7. _Bikhaneer_ (Vikaneer).--Rajasthana.

8. _Odipoor._--Ditto.

9. _Jeypoor._--Ditto.

10. _Haroti._--Ditto.

11. _Mewar._--Ditto.

12. _Malwah._--The province so-called.

13. _Bundelcund._--Country round Allahabad.

14. _The Hindi._--Agra, Delhi, Oude, said to form the basis
of the Sub-Himalayan languages of Gurwhal, Sirmor, Kumaon,
Bisahur, and Nepaul(?).

15. _The Hindostani._--The Hindi proper converted by the
introduction of Persian and other words into a sort of lingua
Franca.

16. _The Maithili._--Spoken in South Bahar.

17. _The Bengali._--Bengal.

18. _The Assamese._--South-western part of Assam. Not the
indigenous language even to that district. Closely akin to the
Bengali, of which it is, perhaps, scarcely more than a dialect.
This and the Bengali are conterminous with the monosyllabic
languages of the eastern Sub-Himalayan range, and the northern
portion of the Transgangetic Peninsula.

19. _The Udiya._--Spoken in Cuttack and Orissa, as far south as
18° south latitude (there or thereabouts); conterminous with
the Bengali on the north.

The southern part of the Udiya area is irregularly bounded
by portions of the country belonging to the _first_ class,
and its western by portions belonging to the _second_ class
of Indian languages. As the Udiya is the most southern of the
Indian tongues belonging to the first division on the east,
the--

20. _Mahratta._--Is the most southern on the west side of the
Peninsula; bounded on the north by the Satpura Mountains, as
far as Nagpore; thence it follows the course of the Nagpore
river as far as its junction with the River Wurda. Westward,
the boundary between it and the Kanara (of the second division)
runs in an irregular line to Goa.

21. _The Concani._--The strip of coast between the western
Ghauts and the sea between Bombay north, and Goa south. The
district of Concana interrupting the area of the Mahratta
language, of which, perhaps, it is a dialect.

THE PURBUTTI(?) (MOUNTAINEERS).

_Distribution._--The Sub-Himalayan range between Cashmir west,
and the River Teesta on the borders of Sikkim, east.

_Area._--Kumaon, Gurwhal, Sirmor, part of Bisahur, Kulu,
Chambá, Mandi, Kangrah, Sukhet, Gulihur, Lahoul.

_Physical appearance._--Hindu, modified by either Seriform
intermixture or influences of climate and altitude, or both.

_Language._--Indo-Gangetic(?). In many cases a near approach
to the Hindi; in others, probably, to the Punjabi and the
Cashmirian.

_Religion._--Chiefly Brahminic.

_Divisions._--1. Central Purbutti, or Khasiyas, in Gurwhal and
Kumaon. 2. Eastern Purbutti, from Nepaul to the Bodo frontier;
few and equivocal. 3. Western Purbutti, in the parts between
the Sutlege and Cashmir.

The character of these populations is, as stated above, derived from either the influences of a mountain climate, or from intermixture with Seriform Tibetans, or both.

Admitting the latter as an important element, it then remains to be considered which of the two stocks is the original one. Were the sub-Himalayan terraces originally Seriform and afterwards peopled by Indians, or was the population originally Pulinda, with which was subsequently intermixed an Indo-Gangetic element. This is the uncertainty which is denoted by the note of interrogation(?).