Chapter XI

THE LAST PERIOD OF THE SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS
UNDER THE DUTCH, 1656–1664.

As the Swedes and the Finns gave no trouble, Fort Christina was allowed to decay, and Papegoja says that it “was robbed of gates, windows and chimneys.” Elias Gyllengren, Sven Skute and Gregorius van Dyck (who remained) naturally became the leaders of their countrymen. They were farmers like the rest, and seem to have prospered. Disturbances of a milder kind arose from time to time, and sometimes murders and graver misdemeanors were committed (“the sister of Elias Gyllengren’s wife” being shot in the autumn of 1656). Madam Papegoja remained at New Gothenborg, and also retained Printztorp by consent of the Dutch; but she experienced some difficulty in finding people, willing to cultivate her land on the terms she offered. The grants of many of the other Swedes, some of whom had “deeds from Queen Christina,”[44] were confirmed by the New Amsterdam authorities. The Dutch achieved various improvements, which bettered the condition of “their subjects”; they caused bricks to be made, roads to be improved, bridges to be built, fences to be constructed, overseers and tobacco inspectors to be appointed, etc.

In the summer of 1656 the Dutch West India Company, for financial reasons, was compelled to surrender part of the South River to the City of Amsterdam.[45] The seat of government of the city’s colony was to be Fort Casimir, the name of which was changed to New Amstel,[46] while Christina (changed to Altena) was to be the center of power for the company’s colony, and Stuyvesant was ordered to garrison the latter place as well as Fort New Gothenborg with eight or ten soldiers.

Jacob Alrichs was appointed director of New Amstel and the Amsterdam colony in December; but, being delayed by a shipwreck and other misfortunes, he did not reach his destination before the spring of 1657. A considerable number of colonists arrived with him.

In the meantime complaints had been made against Jacquet, who was removed from office, and put under arrest, leaving the place open for Alrichs. With the latter’s arrival Fort Christina was restored to a state of defense, as the Swedes were still mistrusted, and the new director was commanded to watch them closely.

In the spring of 1658 Governor Stuyvesant went in person to arrange matters at the Delaware. The Swedes were required to swear a new oath of allegiance, but at their request they were exempt from taking sides, if trouble should arise between their respective nations in Europe. Under the supervision of certain officers, the country was divided into court jurisdictions. They were given a sort of self-government with headquarters at Tinicum Island, and Sven Skute was elected captain; Anders Dalbo, lieutenant; Jacob Svensson, ensign; Gregorius van Dyck, sheriff; and Olof Stille, Matts Hansson, Peter Rambo and Peter Cock magistrates. On May 8, (1658) these officers appeared before Stuyvesant with a petition for certain privileges. They requested instructions for their guidance, and they desired a court messenger; they asked for free access to Fort Altena, so that they could get assistance in case of necessity, and they petitioned that nobody should be allowed to leave the colony without the knowledge of the magistrates.

The Swedes and Finns gradually gained the confidence of the Dutch authorities and performed many valuable services for them as interpreters and guides. They cut masts and other timber and furnished bricks for buildings; and by their thrift were able to supply much of the provisions for the soldiers.

The crops were poor in 1658, due to an over-abundance of rain, butter, cheese and salt were scarce; and sickness was general. The total number of inhabitants was now about 600 souls, but it is not possible to say how many of these were Swedes and Finns. The cattle and horses belonging to the Dutch West India Company were given out for half of the increase to settlers, a custom employed by Rising as we have seen, but complaints were made that the horses were ill-treated.

On July 20 (30), 1658, Willem Beeckman was appointed commissary and vice-director for the West India Company at Fort Altena with highest authority over the company’s officers, “except in the district ... of New Amstel,” and his instruction in eight articles was given to him on October 18 (28). He was to have special oversight and supervision of the Swedes; he was to be the custom officer and the auditor in the country, and obliged to be present at New Amstel, when ships arrived there or whenever his duties so required.

Beeckman proposed a tax on the Swedes and Finns to the amount of 400 guilders a year, thus providing for the current expenses, and the directors of the Dutch West India Company disapproved of giving them officers of their own. Stuyvesant, however, replied to their orders for discharging these officers and appointing Hollanders in their stead, that he thought the hearts of the Swedes could best be won by methods of lenient government. They were also called upon to do military duty, but objected strongly, and the Dutch had no power to force them, while Beeckman reported that in an emergency “they would be more cumbersome than useful.” Troubles arose with the English as well as the savages, keeping the Dutch in constant alarm, who, as a consequence were forced to treat “their foreign subjects” with more respect and consideration than would otherwise have been the case.

Attempts were made from time to time to settle them in villages, so as to simplify the jurisdiction over them; and in the spring of 1660 the fiscal, De Sille, was instructed to engage some of them as soldiers, or to persuade them to settle near New Amsterdam as freemen, asking, “with all imaginable and kindly persuasive reasons,” the “help and intercessions” of the Swedish sheriff and commissaries. But the Swedes were opposed to removal, and De Sille was unsuccessful in his mission.

Jacob Alrichs died December 20 (30), 1659, and Alexander d’Hinoyossa was made provisory director in his stead. The Swedes and Finns who could bear arms now numbered about 130, according to the report of Van Dyck. Disputes as to the distribution of land arose among them about this time, perhaps largely occasioned by the fact that many of the Finns understood neither Swedish nor Dutch, making business transactions difficult. In the spring of 1660 some twenty Swedish and Finnish families desired to remove to the neighborhood of New Amstel, but it appears that they were forbidden to do so. Later, however, D’Hinoyossa invited others to settle there.

The Swedes and Finns contrived throughout this period of trade with the savages, but they were somewhat restricted in their freedom by D’Hinoyossa, giving rise to complaints and dissatisfactions. They were particularly successful farmers, and many of them attained prosperity. Hence they were very desirable colonists, and when requests for additional agriculturists were sent to Amsterdam, the comment was appended, “not Hollanders, however, but other nations and especially Finns and Swedes, who are good farmers.” A grist mill was built by Johan Stålkofta (Stalcop), L. Petersson and Hans Block in the summer of 1662 at the Falls of Turtle Kill, and the old mill erected by Printz was kept in repair.

In the autumn of 1663 the entire Delaware population[47] had erected about 110 good boweries, stocked with some 200 cows and oxen, 20 horses, 80 sheep and several thousand swine. Some of the Swedes as we have seen, wrote to relatives and friends in the old country, praising the land and inviting them over, and the Dutch authorities encouraged such migrations, often with good results. About thirty Swedes arrived with the skipper, Peter Lukassen in the summer of 1663, and thirty-two or more Finns and probably some Swedes came with Alexander d’Hinoyossa in December.

The settlers were peaceful, as a rule, also during this period. A few minor disturbances arose, however, and Evert Hindricksson, the Finn, was accused of maltreating Jöran Kyn, and other grave complaints were made against him. He was brought into court, tried and banished from the colony as a dangerous character. Peter Meyer was also accused of disturbance and assaults, and several other cases of like nature were taken into court. The Swedes and Finns continued to have their own officers and a few were even employed in the forts. Timon Stidden, who remained in the country, continued to act as barber-surgeon, and he treated the ill and wounded as far as he was able. Witchcraft also played its part, and Margareta Matsson was said to be a witch, as Henry Drystreet was told about this time. The fish in the river continued to be plentiful, and the settlers obtained some provisions from this source as well as from hunting. Many deserted the colony on account of debts or for other reasons and a number went to settle among the English in Maryland;[48] but a few returned from time to time.

Little is known about the religious history of the Swedes at this time. According to the articles of surrender they were allowed to retain a minister of the Gospel of their own confession and were to be undisturbed in their services, a concession which was later regretted by some of the Dutch. Rev. Lars Lock remained among them, and he seems to have conducted regular services in the church at Tinicum. He was given a salary by the Swedish commissaries, probably raised by voluntary collections. He had more than his share of troubles, and in 1661 his wife eloped with another man, causing inconvenience and law suits. Having obtained a divorce, he married again, but the marriage was declared null and void by the Dutch authorities, because he performed the ceremony himself. Later he was fined 50 florins for marrying a young couple without proclamation in the church and against the will of the parents. He as well as Olof Stille objected to the interference of the Dutch court, saying that the consistory of Sweden alone had jurisdiction over the case. At another time he was “fearfully beaten and marked in his face” by Peter Meyer, who was summoned to appear in court, but the affair was settled between the parties privately. Acrelius asserts that a priest by the name of Matthias came out here on the ship _Mercurius_, but he returned to Sweden with the vessel, according to the same authority. The many Lutherans residing at New Amstel engaged a young man by the name of Abelius Zetskorn or Setskorn to serve them. The Swedish commissaries at Tinicum desired him to preach in their church, but Rev. Lock objected “to it with all his influence.” Setskorn preached there on the second day of Pentecost, however, and received a call as schoolmaster with the same salary as the preacher enjoyed; but the people “of New Amstel would not let him go,”[49] and Rev. Lock remained the only Lutheran preacher north of New Amstel. The population, however, was now too large for one pastor and the language question complicated matters. Many of the Finns could not understand the Swedish language during the first years, and these were without religious instruction. As time went on, however, Swedish became predominant, the Finns and Dutch gradually acquiring it.

In the autumn of 1663 the entire Delaware district was transferred to the city of Amsterdam, and D’Hinoyossa was made commander. The Swedes and Finns were absolved from their former oaths and required to swear new allegiance. This they refused to do, unless they were granted “the same privileges in trading and other matters as they had had under the government of the Honorable Company,” being inclined rather to remove than to submit to the conditions offered them.

The customs and manners remained the same as in the former period, the bath-house, the Finnish and Swedish log-cabins, the splinter-sticks, and all other utensils and implements we have learned to know in previous chapters, continued to be used. The domestic animals had greatly increased, the fields were comparatively numerous and in many cases large, and the settlement had acquired a certain stability and form. The colony had not been a financial success from the Dutch point of view, however. Thousands of florins were borrowed and expended, and thousands more were needed.

In 1664 rumors of a Swedish attempt at recapturing the river were afloat in Holland, as we have seen, causing some uneasiness, until it was reported that the expedition had been wrecked. A large number of Finns had been “enticed” to migrate to the colony in the spring, and other measures were taken to build up the settlement. But Dutch rule, except for a short interval, was drawing to a close on the Delaware and in America. The English forces, sailing up the Hudson in the autumn, compelled Stuyvesant to surrender on September 3. On the same day Sir Robert Carre was commissioned to proceed to the Delaware for the purpose of bringing that colony under the power and authority of the English crown. Carre arrived in the river on September 30 and on October 1 (11), the articles of capitulation were signed. The inhabitants were to be protected in their estates under the authority of the English King; the old magistrates were to continue in their jurisdiction as formerly, and “the sheriff and other inferior” officers should remain in power for six months, until other steps could be taken; all the people were to enjoy religious liberty and be free “as any Englishman” upon the taking “of the oath,” and any one was allowed to depart from the settlement within six months after the date of the articles. We are now at the beginning of a new era and the following years belong to another treatise.

INDEX.

Names of ships are printed in italics. The letters å, ä, ö and ü are treated like a, o and u and follow the English order.

For a detailed index and full bibliography see the author’s “_The Swedish Settlements_,” II, 767ff, 815ff.

A

Acrelius, 242

Africa, 21, 23, 47, 68

African Company, Swedish, 345

Agriculture, 182ff, 190ff, 200ff, 299ff

Aldrichs, J., 371

Allerton, I., 208ff, 301

Altmark, 14

America, 47, 53, 68, 252

Amundsson, H., 156, 164ff, 252ff, 267ff

Amsterdam, 68, 77, etc.

Anckerhjelm, 268ff, 348

Animals, domestic, 121, 129, 191ff, 193, 220ff, 372

Antigua, 145, 157

Appelbom, H., 352ff

Artenzen, 149

Asia, 53

Atlantic, 36

Austria, 19

Aquilera, Gov. de, 270ff

Azores, 269ff

B

Barbadoes, 233, 309, etc.

Barben, J., 78

Barns, 193, etc.

_Beaver_, 210

Beeckman, 370ff

Beier, J., 46, 92, 143

Bergkvarna, 41

Berkeley, 131

_Bern_, 337

Bernhard, Duke, 62

Beversreede (Fort), 229ff

Bicker, 265ff, 274ff

Black Minquas, 115, etc.

Blockhouses, 223

Blommaert, S., 69, 71ff

Bockhorn, 156, 250ff

Bogaert, J. van, 93ff, 125, 133

Boender, 164

Boije, C., 143, 180

Bonde, C., 21, 335

Bonnell, B., 41, 57, 90, 100, 173

_Bontekoe_, 310

Boston, 301

Boyer, A., 225ff, 275ff

Brahe, 31, 205, 232

Bricks, 213ff, etc.

Brömsebro, 17

Bruggen, P. van, 118

Bureus, 29

C

Calais, 259

Campanius, J. 143ff, 227ff

Canaan, 242

Canaries, 47, 262, 302

Caribbees, 79, 147ff, 262

Carl IX., 11

Carl X., 18, 352

Carre, R., 377

Casimir, 236ff, 274ff, 319

_Charitas_, 98ff

Charter of South Co., 54ff

Chesapeake, 283

Christian II., 49

Christian IV., 14, 16

Christina (Queen), 15, 17, 18n., 20, etc.

Christina (Fort), 88ff, 98ff, 110ff, 148, 175ff, 179ff

Christina (Island), 79

Christina Kill, 298, etc.

Christinehamn, 291

Christopher, the Rev., 134

Churches, 134ff, 212

Clausen, A., 163ff

Clausen, J., 163ff

Clemet, 241

Clerk, J., 209ff

Cock, 187

Coeninck, F. de, 309ff

College of the Exchequer, 23

College of Mines, 23

College of War, 23

Cominius (Komensky), 31

Commercial College, 24, 169, etc.

Companies, 49ff

Copenhagen, 150, 251

Copper Company, 67

Corn fields, 116, etc.

Corsen, A., 107

Courts, 196ff, etc.

Cox, W., 187ff

Coyet, 20

Cromwell, 19, 21

Cuba, 79

D

Dalarna, 32n.

Delaware, 22, 29, 32, 35, 39, 42, 103ff, 175, etc.

Delaware Bay, 145

Danzig, 52

Deal, 259

Denmark, 11, 13, 16, 20, 39, 151

Diedricksen, D., 160

_Deimen_, 270

Dincklage, van, 230ff

Dirschau, 57

Disalago, Gov., 260ff

Dorpat, 30

Douwes, Capt., 310

_Dove_, 84

Dover, 258ff

Dufva, J., 161ff

Dutch, 21, 93ff, 125, 133, 169ff, 213ff, 233ff, 307ff

Dutch West India Company, 51, 70ff, 75, 82, 93, 149, 215

Dyck, G. van, 88ff, 143

E

Eaton, Gov., 287

Education in Sweden, 26ff

Elbe, 110

Elfsborg (Fort), 153, 179, 185, 202ff, etc.

Elk River, 283

Elsingburg Fort Point, 179

Elswick, H. von, 165ff, 268ff, 293ff

Endicott, Gov., 287

England, 14, 20ff, 40, 47, 68, 79

English, 21, 46, 185ff, 194ff

English trade, 126ff, 130ff, 199ff, 208ff

Europe, 11, 13, 34, 40, 61

Everet, Gov., 262

F

Falkenburg, von, 56, 68

_Fama_, 144ff, 176ff, 183ff, 198

Fehmern, 149

Finland, 12, 35, 36, 44, 45, 60, etc.

Finns, 144, 241ff

Fish Kill, 176

Fleetwood, 21

Fleming, 16, 49, 76ff, 139ff, 150

Florida, 80

_Flying Deer_, 82

_Fogel Grip_, 78ff

Forsman, 316

France, 14, 19ff, 39, 68

Frankfurt, 62

Fur trade, 84, 171

G

Gangunkel, 41

Geer, L. de, 40

Germany, 14, 61

Gold Coast, 75

Gothenburg, 27, 44, 52, 55, 77ff, 144ff, 254ff

Gothland, 17

_Grip_, see _Fogel Grip_, 78ff

_Groote Christoffel_, 307ff

Guinea, 69

Guinean Company, 74

Gustavus Adolphus, 11, 12, 13, 14, 27ff, 40, 52, 55, 59, 61, etc.

_Gyllene Haj_, 152ff, 167ff, 169ff, 218, 250ff, 267ff, 292

Gyllengren, E., 233, 254, 315, 367ff

H

Hague, the, 68

_Haj_, see _Gyllene Haj_, 152ff, 167ff, 169ff, 218, 250ff, 267ff,
292

Hamburg, 46

Härjedalen, 17

Harmer, G., 187ff, 273

Hartford, 292

Heckemak, 186

Heilbronn, 62

Helsingör, 251

Hendricksen, C., 105

Henlopen, Cape, 153, 178

Henry, Cape, 186, 264

Henry, Prince, 59

_Hercules_, 267

Herrman, A., 231ff

Hinoyossa, de, 371ff

Hjort, Rev., 296ff

Holland, 13, 14, 20ff, 40ff, 47, 56, 61, 68ff

_Hollanse Tuin_, 311

Höök, 267ff, 312

Horn, 106ff

Horn, Fieldmarshal, 62

Horn Kill, 279, etc.

Houses, 133, etc.

Hudde, A., 216ff

Hudson, H., 104

Huygen, H., 70, 78, 88ff, 184ff, 191ff, 229ff, 273ff

I

Iceland, 258

Indians, 108ff, 114ff, 126, 183, 206ff

Indian chiefs, 108, 126ff, 224, 235ff, 279ff, 291ff, 303ff

Indian trade, 115ff, 122ff, 183ff, 192ff, 204ff, 208, 219ff, 224ff

Ingermanland, 11

Innsbruck, 18n.

J

Jacquet, J. P., 360ff

Jamestown, 113

Jämtland, 17

Jansen, J., 112ff

Jansen, P., 89

Jönsson, A., 240

Jöransson, 78

Judicial system, 25, 26

Jutland, 154

K

Kagg, 156

Kalevala, 299

Kalm, 133

_Kalmar Nyckel_, 60, 77ff, 147ff

Kämpe, 315, 317ff

_Katt_ (the Cat), 32, 155ff, 250

Kexholm, 12

Kieft, W., 214ff

Kikitan, 186

Kingsessing, 241

King, W., 301

Kling, M. N., 78, 223

Korsholm, 200, 237

Kramer, 92, 146, 343ff

Krober, N. A., 78

L

Lamberton, 126ff, 187ff

Land purchases, 108ff, 124, 126, 127, 303ff

Langdonk, J. van, 89ff

Leksand, 32

Lenâpe, 114ff

Liljehök, 147

Lindeström, 115, 254ff, 316ff

Lloyd, 287

Lock, L., 225ff, 286ff, 297

London, 21, 252

Loof, 86

Lord, R., 187ff, 279ff, 292, 300ff

Lucifer, C., 156

Lützen, 15, 61

Lycke, 164

M

Macklier, H., 153ff

Magellanica, 53

Malmö, 150

Manathans, 205

Månsson, M., 294

Maryland, 286

Manufactories, 202

Marsh, G., 263

_Marie_, 252

Matsson, J., 147

Matthias, Rev., 350

May, C., of Horn, 106

May, P., 112ff

Melancthon, 31

Menius, 31

_Mercurius_, 348ff, 352ff

Mill Creek, 179

Mills, 209ff, 217ff, 295, 372

Minquas Country, 116

Minquas (Indians), 114ff

Minquas Kill, 79, 97

Minuit, P., 70ff, 107ff

Mölndal, 218ff

Money, 48

Moses, 26

N

Naaman’s Kill, 295

Nacka, 68

Nassau (Fort), 106ff, 194ff, 229ff

Nederhorst, H. van der, 93

Nelsson, M., 143

Nertunius, M., 156, 159

Netherlands, 19, 214

New Albion, 133

New Amsterdam, 80, 208, etc.

New Castle, 236

New Elfsborg, 237, etc.

New England, 287, etc.

Newfoundland, 113

New Gothenborg, 180ff

New Haven, 125ff, 194ff, 288

New Korsholm (Fort), 223, etc.

New Netherland, 70, 93ff, etc.

New South Company, 71ff

New Stockholm, 80

New Sweden, 21, 32, 41, 49, 63, 73, 79ff, 88ff, etc.

New Sweden Company, 61, 69, 139ff

New Vasa, 218ff

North America, 63, 71

O

_Old King David_, 61

Old South Company, 347

Öresund, 16

_Örn_, 250ff, 274ff, 284ff, 344

Oxenstierna, A., 16, 31, 56, 61, 68ff, 150, 294

Oxenstierna, E., 24, 249ff, 343

P

Palbitsky, M., 164ff

Papegoja, J., 143, 146, 184, 225ff, 273ff, 350ff, 362ff

Papegoja, Madam, 285, 324, 367ff

Paris, 68

Patronat, 93ff

Paulinus, 30

Penn, W., 284

Persia, 20

Philadelphia, 222

Plowden, Sir Ed., 131ff, 185ff

Plymouth, 154

Poland, 11, 12, 18, 52

Porto Rico, 158ff, 268

Portugal, 40, 47

_Prinses Royael_, 311

Printz Hall, 211ff, 324

Printz, J., 26, 35, 98, 132ff, 135, 142ff, 149, 169, 178, 194ff,
239, 273ff

Prussia, 57

R

Räf, 335

Raritan Kill, 270

Reed, G. van, 93

Reformation, 26

Religious life, 134ff, 227ff, 374ff

Rensselaer, K. van, 81

Rhine, 70

Richelieu, 68

Ridder, P. H., 88ff, 142, 146, 175

Riga, 13

Ringold, 292, 303

Rising, J., 26, 37, 253ff, 276ff

Roads, 306

Rome, 18n.

Rotterdam, 82, 163

Rudbeck, 33

Rudbeckius, 30

Rudberus, J., 156, 161ff

Russia, 19ff, 47, 50, 76

Ruttens, P., 83

S

Sable Island, 79

St. Christopher, 82, 157, 161

St. Cruz, 161ff, 263

St. Martin, 157ff, 267

St. Peer, 150

Sandhook, 314

Sanford, T., 301

Sankikan Kill, 79, 178

Scarborough, 311

Schotting (en), T. van, 85ff

Schuylkill, 107, 215, 222ff

Scotland, 79

Settlements, 181ff, 282ff

Settlers, 241ff, 275, 286, 297, 316, 320, 335, 369, 372

Ship Company, 59ff

Sigismund, 12

Skute, S., 168, 179, 232, 255ff, 276ff

Sjöhjelm, 353ff

Skytte, J., 31

Smith, 314, 349ff

Smith’s Island, 186

Smythe, R., 92

South Company, 51ff, 59ff

South River, 79, 105, 178, 195ff

Spaniola, 79

Spain, 20, 47, 60

Spens, 20

Spindle, 209

Spiring, P., 40, 72ff, 141ff

Stäk, 41

Stålkofta, J., 283

Staten Island, 312

Stettin, 61

Stidden, T., 156, 164

Stiernhjelm, 29

Stockholm, 12, 19, 20, 40, 42ff, 45, 47, 84, 252

Stolbova, 12

Stralsund, 61, 74

Strängnäs, 41

Strömsköld, 346ff

Stuyvesant, P., 167, 228ff

Symonsen, 78

_Swan_, 144ff, 153ff, 183ff, 205, 225, 238

_Swarte Arent_, 308

Sweden, 11, 16, 20ff, 31, 33, 35, 39ff, 44ff, 60ff, 194ff

T

Tentor, M., 301

Terserius, 32

Thickpenny, 195ff

Tienhoven, A., 264ff

Tinicum Island, 180, 211ff

Tobacco trade, 171ff

Torkillus, R., 134

Torstensson, 16

Trinity (Fort), 288, 312, 319

Trotzig, P., 146, 167ff, 232, 302

Turkey, 20

Turner, N., 196

Tyresö, 41

U

Up(p)sala, 30, 33, 41, 42, etc.

Usselinx, W., 51ff, 56ff, 61ff, 84ff, 106ff

Utrecht Colony, 93ff

V

Varkens Kill, 178ff

Värmland, 143

Vass, S., 210ff

Västerås, 251

Västervik, 43

Venice, 58

Viborg, 344

Viborg Castle, 148

Villa Franca, 269ff

Virginia, 20, 113, 187

Vischer (?), 20

Vlie, 82

Vliet, Cornelis, van, 86ff

W

Waag, De, 309ff

Water, J. H. van der, 78

Weis, Hans, 85

Welshuisen, 58

Wendel, P., 283

Wesel, 70

West Indies, 94ff

Westphalian Treaty, 17

Weymouth, 260

White Minquas, 115

Whitelocke, 20, 45

Wicacoa, 222

Wilcox, J., 209ff

Wilmington, 290

Winthrop, 126, 195ff

Wismar, 250

Wivallius, 29

Woollen, J., 188ff

Wrangel, H., 143

Y

Young, M., 41

Z

Zuyder Zee, 52

[Map of New Sweden]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] These campaigns, however, did more than bring about a truce and place several important cities under Swedish sovereignty; they prepared Gustavus Adolphus and his soldiers for the greater struggle about to begin, and furnished means for its prosecution.

[2] The motives of Gustavus Adolphus for taking part in the Thirty Years’ War are clearly stated in the minutes--they were religious, political and commercial. Cf. Fries, _Svenska Kulturbilder_, p. 19 ff.

[3] Christina was born at Stockholm on December 8, 1626. Her education was thorough and extensive. At the age of 16 she could write and speak German and Latin fluently and had a good knowledge of Greek.

In Innsbruck she formally accepted the Catholic faith in 1655 and settled in Rome for the rest of her days except at short intervals. She revisited her native land in 1660 and again in 1667 and made pretentions to the throne. She died at Rome in April, 1689.

[4] For a more complete account of the _Commercial College_, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 15 ff.

[5] For a more complete account of the language, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 23–25.

[6] A district in Dalarna, northern Sweden (see map.)

[7] For a more complete statement about Swedish money, weights and measures, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 41–42.

[8] For a more complete list and account of the trading companies in Sweden before 1664, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 44–51.

[9] See below, p. 92ff.

[10] Cp. also p. 109ff., below.

[11] The Swedes claimed some time later that they bought the land “from the rightful owner three days before” the English purchase.

[12] The principles followed were that persons, “who had not committed such crimes that other people shunned their company”, could be sent to New Sweden.

[13] See the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 313.

[14] For a detailed account see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 382 ff.

[15] Iron cannon throwing stone bullets.

[16] For an account of the services of Rev. Fluviander, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 371–72.

[17] For a more complete account of Holm., see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 372–73; II, 560–61, 678–79.

[18] Tradition of the tyranny of Printz lived on among the settlers for generations. In 1759 Acrelius writes: “Some blame was put on Printz that he was too strict with the people, made slaves of the Swedes, kept them to work on the fort and his Tinakongh estate. And although this gossip is still circulated, it can nevertheless not be looked upon otherwise than as groundless.” _Beskrif._, p. 82; the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 465.

[19] See above, p. 33ff.

[20] “About 22 Dutch miles in length and 12 (Dutch) miles in breadth.”

[21] According to Rising the force consisted of about 600 to 700 men (in another place he says from 400 to 500, _Journal_), and this number (600 to 700) has been accepted as the correct one by the writers. Lindeström goes further. He says: “Anno 1655 den 30 Aug. kom General Stuyvessandh medh en armé á 1,500 _man_ stack.” _Geogr._, p. 223. Stuyvesant said in 1664 that there were forty soldiers and 150 to 160 militia, in all about 200 men. _Doc._, II, 223; 442.

[22] “The general’s [Stuyvesant’s] company, of which Lieut. Nuijtingh was captain, and Jan Hagel ensign-bearer, was ninety strong. The general’s second company, of which Dirck Smit was captain, and Don Pouwel ensign-bearer, was sixty strong. Nicolaes de Silla, the marshal’s company, of which Lieut. Pieter Ebel was captain and William van Reijnevelt ensign-bearer, was fifty-five strong. Frederick de Koningh, the major’s company, of which Pieter de Coningckx was ensign-bearer, was sixty-two strong. The major’s second company, which was composed of seamen and pilots, with Dirck Jansz Verstraten of Ossanen as their captain, boatswain’s mate Dirck Claesz [en], of Mannikendam as ensign-bearer, and the sail-maker, Jan Illisz of Honsum as lieutenant, consisted of fifty men, making altogether 317 men.”

[23] “Soldaterne ... som dock på sistone alle giorde sigh Rebellyske och goffwe sigh alle dhe 1,000 dieflar, som i Helwete bor, at dhee icke skulle ståå, fast dhee wille partera dhem i 1,000 styken.” Signed statement of Gyllengren, Rev. Hiort, Peter Lindeström and others, August 31, 1655, enclosed with letter to E. Oxenstierna. The document was discovered by Dr. Malmsten in _Kammararkivet_ during the author’s visit to Stockholm in 1909. It is now preserved in _Ox. Saml._ (R.A.)

[24] Lindeström accuses Skute of capitulating without consulting the other officers and relates how he and Gyllengren gave the soldiers a barrel of beer and put them to work on the fortifications, while Skute was conferring with Stuyvesant. At four in the afternoon the work on the fort was ready to withstand an attack of the enemy, but then Skute had already surrendered and all was lost. _Geogr._, pp. 225–30.

[25] Lindeström says: “Gafs Hollenskt lösen på Fort Treefaldigheet, sedan swarades uthi lägret, och på Skieppen, thereafter strax låssades heela umgången på Fort Treeefaldigheet samt uthanwärket, suarades så åter medh alle styckene I lägret och omgång (erne) på Skippen.” _Geogr._, p. 231.

[26] Upland, Finland and Tinicum.

[27] Elswick was compelled to wait for two hours before the interview was granted as Skute was on board discussing the terms of capitulation.

[28] It is probable that he offended the Dutch in some way. Lindeström says: “And what words he spoke against the Dutch (för nähr talat och fäldt hafwer), one cannot really know, [but] he was seized and brought on board the ship _Amsterdams Waag_ and there locked into heavy chains.” Bogaert says: “The 13th was taken prisoner the Lieutenant of Fort Crist[ina], with a drummer, it being supposed that he had come as a spy upon the army, in consequence of the drummer’s having no drum.”

[29] The batteries, according to Lindeström, were made from sod and protected by gabions and breastworks. They were called “Slangenborg.”

[30] These batteries were built out of logs, protected by breast works and gabions. This battery which was nearest the fort (see the map in the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, II, 602–603) was called “Myggenborgh,” because there was “such a fearful amount of mosquitoes there.”

[31] The batteries were built of logs, filled in with earth and covered with sod. On account of the large number of rats there, it was called “Rottenbourgh.”

[32] The kitchen (see map) was enclosed in a fortified square.

[33] “Hausset nu die Hollender sehr übell mit Todtschlagung des Vihes, und plündrung der Heüsser aussen fünr dieser Fortresse.” Elswich’s _Relation_.

[34] Rising was accompanied by Von Elswick and Stuyvesant by the Vice-Governor of New Netherland, De Sille. Elswick’s _Relation_. There is no mention of this meeting in Rising’s _Journal_.

[35] Elswick says: “Dreij Uhr nachmittag zogen die Hollander ein und unsere Völker mit fligender Fahne, slagende Trummell, rürende Pfeiffe, brandende Leüte sampt Ober- und Unter-gewehr, etc., auss dieser Fortresse Christina.” _Relation._

[36] The council reported to Stuyvesant that one Mr. Willet believed that the Swedes had bribed these savages and that through Swedish influence these troubles had fallen upon them, _Doc._, XII. 99. The report was, of course, without foundation. Lindeström states that the Indians had a conference, when they found the Dutch were attacking New Sweden, and decided to attack New Netherland in revenge. _Geogr._

[37] Lindeström says: “Den 18 September on mårgonen kom eneral Styfvessandh inn till oss på Fort Christina medh sitt Trääben styltandes rächte oss handen, till bödh oss wårt landh igen och all giord skada wedhergiälla willia.”

[38] Elswick says: “35 personen von uns Volk.” He evidently excludes himself and Director Rising. Pufendorf says: “Eodem anno id quoque insensi a Belgis Sveciae illatum, quod hujus Colonos Nova Svecia plane ejecerint, cujus Gubernator Risinguis cum _triginta sex hominibus_ mense Decembri Pleimuthensi in portu Angliae Adpellebat.” _De Rebus a Carolo Gustavo_, etc., Liber II, §85 (p. 120).

[39] The _N[ew] Bern_, the _Spotted Cow_ (_Bonte Koe_), and the _White Horse_.

[40] For an account of Director Rising and the other officers see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, II, 616, notes; 673ff.

[41] See above, p. 43ff.

[42] Perhaps the same as the Swedish _Endräkt_ (harmony).

[43] Papegoja met his wife there and probably remained in Printz Hall during his stay in the country.

[44] As for instance Gyllengren (through Amundsson) and Sven Skute.

[45] The States General ratified the transfer in August and arrangements for the organization of the city’s colony were soon thereafter made. The company retained the land above Ft. Christina along the Delaware. It has been stated by some that the “city’s colony” was above Ft. Christina. Ferris, p. 106, etc.

[46] Nieuer-Amstel after one of the suburbs of Amsterdam.

[47] Swedes, Finns, Dutch and a few Germans and Danes.

[48] For a list of these see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, II, 667–68.

[49] There is no direct evidence that the Swedes tried to get rid of Lock as is stated by Norberg, p. 6; Smith, _Hist. of Del. Co._, p. 90.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.