Chapter CXLVI: Part III: Journey Southward Through Eastern Provinces of (2)

In Nan p’i (in Malabar) Chau Ju-kwa has (p. 88): “The native products include pearls, foreign cotton-stuff of all colours (_i.e._ coloured chintzes) and _tou-lo mién_ (cotton-cloth).” Hirth and Rockhill remark that this cotton-cloth is probably “the buckram which looks like tissue of spider’s web” of which Polo speaks, and which Yule says was the famous muslin of Masulipatam. Speaking of Cotton, Chau Ju-kwa (pp. 217–8) writes: “The _ki pe_ tree resembles a small mulberry-tree, with a hibiscus-like flower furnishing a floss half an inch and more in length, very much like goose-down, and containing some dozens of seeds. In the south the people remove the seed from the floss by means of iron chopsticks, upon which the floss is taken in the hand and spun without troubling about twisting together the thread. Of the cloth woven therefrom there are several qualities; the most durable and the strongest is called _t’ou-lo-mién_; the second quality is called _fan-pu_ or ‘foreign cloth’; the third ‘tree cotton’ or _mu-mién_; the fourth _ki-pu_. These textures are sometimes dyed in various colours and brightened with strange patterns. The pieces measure up to five or six feet in breadth.”

XXI., p. 373.

THE CITY OF CAIL.

Prof. E. H. PARKER writes in the _Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soc._, XXXVII., 1906, p. 196: “Yule’s identification of Kayal with the Kolkhoi of Ptolemy is supported by the Sung History, which calls it both Ko-ku-lo and Ku-lo; it was known at the beginning of the tenth century and was visited by several Chinese priests. In 1411 the Ming Dynasty actually called it Ka-i-lêh and mention a chief or king there named Ko-pu-che-ma.”

XXII., p. 376. “OF THE KINGDOM OF COILUM.—So also their wine they make from [palm-] sugar; capital drink it is, and very speedily it makes a man drunk.”

Chau Ju-kwa in Nan p’i (Malabar) mentions the wine (p. 89): “For wine they use a mixture of honey with cocoanuts and the juice of a flower, which they let ferment.” Hirth and Rockhill remark, p. 91, that the Kambojians had a drink which the Chinese called _mi-t’ang tsiu_, to prepare which they used half honey and half water, adding a ferment.

XXII., p. 380 n. “This word [_Sappan_] properly means _Japan_, and seems to have been given to the wood as a supposed product of that region.”

“The word _sappan_ is not connected with Japan. The earliest records of this word are found in Chinese sources. _Su-fang su-pwaṅ_, to be restored to _’supang_ or _’spang_, _’sbang_; _Caesalpinia sappan_, furnishing the sappan wood, is first described as a product of Kiu-chen (Tong King) in the _Nan fang ts’ao mi chuang_, written by Ki Han at the end of the third or beginning of the fourth century. J. de Loureiro (_Flora cochinchinensis_, p. 321) observes in regard to this tree, ‘Habitat in altis montibus Cochinchinæ: indeque a mercatoribus sinensibus abunde exportatur.’ The tree accordingly is indigenous to Indo-China, where the Chinese first made its acquaintance. The Chinese transcription is surely based on a native term then current in Indo-China, and agrees very well with Khmer _sbaṅ_ (or _sbang_): see AYMONIER et CABATON, _Dict. čam-français_, 510, who give further Čam _hapaṅ_, Batak _sopȧn_, Makassar _sappaṅ_, and Malay _sepaṅ_. The word belongs to those which the Mon-Khmer and Malayan languages have anciently in common.” (Note of Dr. B. LAUFER.)

XXIV., p. 386, also pp. 391, 440.

FANDARAINA.

Prof. E. H. PARKER writes in the _Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soc._, XXXVII., 1906, p. 196: “Regarding the Fandaráina country of the Arabs mentioned by Yule in the Notes to pages 386, 391, and 440 of Vol. II., it may be interesting to cite the following important extract from Chapter 94, page 29, of the _Yuän Shï_:—‘In 1295 sea-traders were forbidden to take fine values to trade with the three foreign states of Ma-pa-r, Pei nan, and Fan-ta-la-i-na, but 2,500,000 nominal taels in paper money were set apart for the purpose.’”

XXV., p. 391.

In the _Yuen Shi_, ch. 94, fol. 11 rᵒ, the “three barbarian kingdoms of _Ma-pa-eul_ (Ma’abar), _Pei-nan_ (corr. _Kiu-nam, Coilam_) and _Fan-ta-la-yi-na_” are mentioned. No doubt the last kingdom refers to the _Fandaraina_ of Ibn Batuta, and Prof. Pelliot, who gives me this information, believes it is also, in the middle of the fourteenth century, _Pan-ta-li_ of the _Tao yi chi lio_.

GOZURAT.

XXV., p. 393. “In this province of Gozurat there grows much pepper, and ginger, and indigo. They have also a great deal of cotton. Their cotton trees are of very great size, growing full six paces high, and attaining to an age of 20 years.”

Chau Ju-kwa has, p. 92: “The native products comprise great quantities of indigo, red kino, myrobolans and foreign cotton stuffs of every colour. Every year these goods are transported to the Ta shï countries for sale.”

XXXI., p. 404.

TWO ISLANDS CALLED MALE AND FEMALE.

Speaking of the fabulous countries of women, Chau Ju-kwa, p. 151, writes: “The women of this country [to the south-east (beyond Sha-hua kung?) Malaysia] conceive by exposing themselves naked to the full force of the south wind, and so give birth to female children.”

“In the Western Sea there is also a country of women where only three females go to every five males; the country is governed by a queen, and all the civil offices are in the hands of women, whereas the men perform military duties. Noble women have several males to wait upon them; but the men may not have female attendants. When a woman gives birth to a child, the latter takes its name from the mother. The climate is usually cold. The chase with bow and arrows is their chief occupation. They carry on barter with Ta-t’sin and T’ien-chu, in which they make several hundred per cent. profit.”

Cf. F. Hirth, _China and the Roman Orient_, pp. 200–202.

XXXII., pp. 406–7. Speaking of Scotra, Marco (II., p. 406) says: “The ambergris comes from the stomach of the whale, and as it is a great object of trade, the people contrive to take the whales with barbed iron darts, which, once they are fixed in the body, cannot come out again. A long cord is attached to this end, to that a small buoy which floats on the surface, so that when the whale dies they know where to find it. They then draw the body ashore and extract the ambergris from the stomach and the oil from the head.”

Chau Ju-kwa, at Chung-li (Somali Coast), has (p. 131): “Every year there are driven on the coast a great many dead fish measuring two hundred feet in length and twenty feet through the body. The people do not eat the flesh of these fish, but they cut out their brains, marrow, and eyes, from which they get oil, often as much as three hundred odd _töng_ (from a single fish). They mix this oil with lime to caulk their boats, and use it also in lamps. The poor people use the ribs of these fish to make rafters, the backbones for door leaves, and they cut off vertebræ to make mortars with.”

SCOTRA.

XXXII., p. 407. “And you must know that in this island there are the best enchanters in the world. It is true that their Archbishop forbids the practice to the best of his ability; but ’tis all to no purpose, for they insist that their forefathers followed it, and so must they also. I will give you a sample of their enchantments. Thus, if a ship be sailing past with a fair wind and a strong, they will raise a contrary wind and compel her to turn back. In fact they make the wind blow as they list, and produce great tempests and disasters; and other such sorceries they perform, which it will be better to say nothing about in our Book.”

Speaking of Chung-li (Somali Coast), Chau Ju-kwa writes, p. 130: “There are many sorcerers among them who are able to change themselves into birds, beasts, or aquatic animals, and by these means keep the ignorant people in a state of terror. If some of them in trading with some foreign ship have a quarrel, the sorcerers pronounce a charm over the ship, so that it can neither go forward nor backward, and they only release the ship when it has settled the dispute. The government has formally forbidden this practice.”

Hirth and Rockhill add, p. 132: “Friar Joanno dos Santos (A.D. 1597) says: ‘In the Ile of Zanzibar dwelt one Chande, a great sorcerer, which caused his Pangayo, which the Factor had taken against his will, to stand still as it were in defiance of the Winde, till the Factor had satisfied him, and then to fly forth the River after her fellowes at his words. He made that a Portugall which had angered him, could never open his mouth to speake, but a Cocke crowed in his belly, till he had reconciled himselfe: with other like sorceries.’” See PURCHAS, _His Pilgrimes_, IX., 254.

“Not twenty years ago, Theo. Bent found that the Somalis were afraid of the witchcraft of the natives of Socotra. Theo. BENT, _Southern Arabia_, p. 361.”

XXXIII., p. 412. Speaking of the bird Ruc at Madeigascar, Marco Polo says: “It is so strong that it will seize an elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air, and drop him so that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him the bird gryphon swoops down on him and eats him at leisure.”

Chau Ju-kwa writing of K’un lun ts’öng’ ki, on the coast of Africa, writes, p. 149: “This country is in the sea to the south-west. It is adjacent to a large island. There are usually (there, _i.e._, on the great island) great _p’öng_ birds which so mask the sun in their flight that the shade on the sundial is shifted. If the great _p’öng_ finds a wild camel it swallows it, and if one should chance to find a _p’öng’s_ feather, he can make a water-butt of it, after cutting off the hollow quill.”

XXXIII., p. 421.

THE RUKH.

The Chinese traveller Chau Ju-kwa in his work _Chu-fan-chï_ on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, speaking of the country of Pi p’a lo (Berbera), says: “The country brings forth also the (so-called) ‘camel crane’, which measures from the ground to its crown from six to seven feet. It has wings and can fly, but not to any great height.” The translators and commentators Hirth and Rockhill have (p. 129) the following notes: “Quotation from _Ling-wai-tai-ta_, 3, 6ᵃ. The ostrich was first made known to the Chinese in the beginning of the second century of our era, when some were brought to the court of China from Parthia. The Chinese then called them _An-si-tsio_ ‘Parthian bird.’ See _Hou Han Shu_, 88, and Hirth, _China and Roman Orient_, 39. In the _Weï shu_, 102, 12^b, no name is given them, they are simply ‘big birds which resemble a camel, which feed on herbs and flesh and are able to eat fire.’ In the _T’ang shu_, 221, 7ᵃ, it is said that this bird is commonly called ‘camel-bird.’ It is seven feet high, black of colour, its feet like those of the camel, it can travel three hundred _li_ a day, and is able to eat iron. The ostrich is called by the Persians _ushturmurgh_ and by the Arabs _ṭeir al-djamal_, both meaning ‘camel birds.’”

Dr. Bretschneider in his Notes on _Chinese Mediæval Travellers to the West_ (1875), p. 87, n. 132, has a long note with a figure from the _Pen ts’ao kang mu_ on the “camel-bird” (p. 88).

Cf. F. Hirth, _Die Länder des Islam_, Supp. Vol. V. of _T’oung Pao_, 1894, p. 54. Tsuboi Kumazo, _Actes XIIᵉ Cong. Int. Orient.,_ Rome, 1899, II., p. 120.

XXXIII., p. 421.

GIRAFFES.

Speaking of Pi p’a lo (Berbera Coast) Chau Ju-kwa (p. 128) says: “There is also (in this country) a wild animal called _tsu-la;_ it resembles a camel in shape, an ox in size, and is of a yellow colour. Its fore legs are five feet long, its hind legs only three feet. Its head is high up and turned upwards. Its skin is an inch thick.” Giraffe is the iranised form of the arabic _zurāfa_. Mention is made of giraffes by Chinese authors at Aden and Mekka. Cf. FERRAND, _J. Asiatique_, July–August, 1918, pp. 155–158.

XXXIV., p. 422.

ZANGHIBAR.

We read in the _Tao i chi lio_: “This country [Ts’eng yao lo] is to the south-west of the Ta Shih (Arabs). There are no trees on the coast; most of the land is saline. The arable ground is poor, so there is but little grain of any kind, and they mostly raise yams to take its place.

“If any ship going there to trade carries rice as cargo, it makes very large profits.

“The climate is irregular. In their usages they have the rectitude of olden times.

“Men and women twist up their hair; they wear a short seamless shirt. The occupation of the people is netting birds and beasts for food.

“They boil sea-water to make salt and ferment the juice of the sugar-cane to make spirits. They have a ruler.

“The native products comprise red sandal-wood, dark red sugar-cane, elephants’ tusks, ambergris, native gold, _ya tsui tan-fan_, lit., ‘duck-bill sulphate of copper.’

“The goods used in trading are ivory boxes, trade silver, coloured satins, and the like.” (ROCKHILL, _T’oung Pao_, XVI., 1915, pp. 622–3.) Cf. CHAU JU-KWA, p. 126.

XXXIV., p. 423. “There is a great deal of trade, and many merchants and vessels go thither. But the staple trade of the Island is elephants’ teeth, which are very abundant; and they have also much ambergris, as whales are plentiful.”

Chau Ju-kwa has, p. 126: “The products of the country [Ts’öng-pa] consist of elephants’ tusks, native gold, ambergris and yellow sandal-wood.”

XXXVI., p. 438.

ADEN.

In the _Ying yai shêng lan_ we read that “the kingdom (of A-tan) is on the sea-coast. It is rich and prosperous, the people follow the doctrine of the Moslims and their speech is Arabic. Their tempers are overbearing and violent. They have seven to eight thousand well-trained soldiers, horse and foot, whom the neighbouring countries fear.” (W. W. ROCKHILL, _T’oung Pao_, XVI., 1915, p. 607.) There is a description of the giraffe under the name of _K’i lin_; it “has forelegs over nine feet long, its hind ones are about six feet. Beside its ears grow fleshy horns. It has a cow’s tail and a deer’s body. It eats millet, beans, and flour cakes” (p. 609). In the _Si Yang Chao kung tien lu_ (1520 A.D.), we have a similar description: “Its front legs are nine feet long, its hind legs six feet. Its hoofs have three clefts, it has a flat mouth. Two short fleshy horns rise from the back of the top of its head. It has a cow’s tail and a deer’s body. This animal is called _K’i lin_; it eats grain of any kind.” (_Ibid._) Cf. FERRAND, _J. Asiatique_, July–Aug., 1918, pp. 155–158.

XXXVI., p. 439.

At the time of Chau Ju-kwa, Aden was perhaps the most important port of Arabia for the African and Arabian trade with India and the countries beyond. It seems highly probable that the Ma-li-pa of the Chinese must be understood as including Aden, of which they make no mention whatsoever, but which was one of “the great commercial centres of the Arabs.” HIRTH and ROCKHILL, p. 25 n.

XXXVI., pp. 442 _seq._

THE CITY OF ESHER.

Shehr, a port on the Hadhramaut coast, is mentioned by Chau Ju-kwa under the name of _Shï ho_ among the dependencies of the country of the _Ta-shï_ (Arabs). (HIRTH and ROCKHILL, p. 116.)

XXXVIII., pp. 444–445.

DUFAR.

We read in the _Ying yai shêng lan:_ “This country [Tsu fa erh] is between the sea and the mountains. To the east and south is nothing but the sea. To the north and west are ranges of mountains. One reaches it from the kingdom of Ku-li (Calicut) journeying north-westward for ten days and nights. It has no walled towns or villages. The people all follow the religion of the Moslims. Their physical appearance is good, their culture is great, the language sincere.

“The native products are frankincense, which is the sap of a tree. There is also dragon’s blood, aloes, myrrh, _an-hsi-hsiang_ (benzoin), liquid storax, _muh-pieh-tzŭ (Momordica cochinchinensis)_, and the like, all of which they exchange for Chinese hempen cloth, silks, and china-ware.” (ROCKHILL, _T’oung Pao_, XVI., 1915, pp. 611–612.)

The _Sing ch’a shêng lan_ mentions: “The products are the _tsu-la-fa_ (giraffe), gold coins, leopards, ostriches, frankincense, ambergris.” (_Ibid._, p. 614.)

Dufar is mentioned by Chau Ju-kwa under the name of Nu-fa among the dependencies of the country of the _Ta-shï_ (Arabs). (HIRTH and ROCKHILL, pp. 116, 121.)

XXXVIII., pp. 445–449.

FRANKINCENSE.

Chau Ju-kwa (HIRTH and ROCKHILL, pp. 195–196) tells us: “_Ju hiang_ (‘milk incense’), or _hün-lu-hiang_, comes from the three Ta-shï countries of Ma-lo-pa, Shï-ho, and Nu-fa, from the depths of the remotest mountain valleys. The tree which yields this drug may, on the whole, be compared to the _sung_ (pine). Its trunk is notched with a hatchet, upon which the resin flows out, and when hardened, turns into incense, which is gathered and made into lumps. It is transported on elephants to the Ta-shï (on the coast); the Ta-shï load it upon their ships for barter against other goods in San-fo-ts’i: and it is for this reason that the incense is commonly collected at San-fo-ts’i [the three ports of the Hadhramaut coast].

“When the foreign merchants come to that place to trade, the Customs authorities, according to the relative strength of its fragrance, distinguish thirteen classes of incense. Of these, the very best is called _kién-hiang_, or ‘picked incense’: it is round and of the size of the end of a finger; it is commonly called _ti-ju_ or ‘dripping milk.’ The second quality is called _p’ing ju_, or ‘potted milk,’ and its colour is inferior to that of the ‘picked incense.’ The next quality is called _p’ing hiang_, or ‘potted incense,’ so called, they say, owing to its being prized so much at the time of gathering, that it is placed in pots (_p’ing_). In this _p’ing hiang_ (variety of frankincense) there are three grades, superior, medium and inferior. The next quality is called _tai-hiang_, or ‘bag incense’; thus called, they say, because at the time of gathering, it is merely put into bags; it is also divided into three qualities, like the _p’ing hiang_.

“The next kind is the _ju-t’a_; it consists of incense mixed with gravel.

“The next kind is the _heï-t’a_, because its colour is black. The next kind is the _shui-shï-heï-t’a_, because it consists of incense which has been ‘water damaged,’ the aroma turned, and the colour spoiled while on board ship.

“Mixed incense of various qualities and consisting of broken pieces is called _chö-siau_ (‘cut-up’); when passed through a sieve and made into dust, it is called _ch’an-mo_ (‘powder’). The above are the various varieties of frankincense.”

BOOK FOURTH.

WARS AMONG THE TARTAR PRINCES AND SOME ACCOUNT
OF THE NORTHERN COUNTRIES.

XXII., p. 488.

RUSSIA.

“It seems that Russia [Chinese _A-lo-sz’_ = Mongol _Oros_; the modern Chinese name for Russia is _Wo-lo-sz’_] was unknown to the nations of Eastern Asia before the Mongol period. In the Mongol and Chinese annals the Russians are first mentioned after Subutai’s invasion of Southern Russia in 1223. The _Yüan chao pi shi_ terms Russia or the Russians _Orus_, as they are called even now by the Mongols. The Chinese of the Mongol period write _A-lo-sz’_, sometimes also _Wa-lo-sz’_ or _U-lu-sz’_. All these names evidently render the Mongol appellation _Orus_.

“In the _Yüan shï_ Russia is frequently mentioned.... I may notice here some other instances where the Russians are spoken of in the _Yüan-shï_. We read in the annals, _s.a._ 1253, that the Emperor Meng k’o (Mangu) ordered Bi-dje Bie-rh-k’o to be sent to Wu-lo-sz’ in order to take a census of the people.

“It is an interesting fact recorded in the _Yüan shï_ that there was in the first half of the fourteenth century a settlement of Russians near Peking. In the annals, chap. XXXIV., _s.a._ 1330, it is stated that the Emperor Wen Tsung (Tob Timur, 1329–32, the great grandson of Kubilai), formed a regiment composed of _U-lo-sz’_ or Russians. This regiment being commanded by a _wan hu_ (commander of ten thousand of the third degree), received the name ‘The Ever-faithful Russian Life-guard.’ It was placed under the direct control of the council of war. Farther on in the same chapter it is stated that 140 _king_ of land, north of _Ta tu_ (Peking) was bought from the peasants and allotted to these Russians, to establish a camp and to form a military colony. We read again in the same chapter that they were furnished with implements of agriculture, and were bound to present for the imperial table every kind of game, fish, etc., found in the forests, rivers, and lakes of the country where their camp was situated. This Russian regiment is again mentioned in chap. XXXV.

“In chapter XXXVI. it is recorded that in the year 1332 the prince Djang-ghi presented 170 Russian prisoners and received a pecuniary reward. On the same page we read that clothes and corn were bestowed on a thousand Russians. In the same year the prince Yen t’ie-mu-rh presented 1500 Russian prisoners to the Chinese emperor, and another prince, A-rh-ghia-shi-li, presented thirty.

“Finally, in the biography of Bo yen, chap. CXXXVIII., he is stated to have been appointed in 1334 commander of the emperor’s life-guard, composed of Mongols, Kipchaks, and Russians.” (E. BRETSCHNEIDER, _Mediæval Researches_, II., pp. 79–81.)

Prof. Parker (_Asiatic Q. Rev._, Jan., 1904, p. 148) mentions the appointment of a Russian Governor in 1337, and says: “It was the practice of Princes in the West to send ‘presents’ of Russian captives. In one case Yen Temur sent as many as 2500 in one batch.”

APPENDICES.

LIST OF MSS. OF MARCO POLO’S BOOK SO FAR AS THEY ARE KNOWN.[1]

II., p. 533.

GLASGOW, Hunterian Museum.[2] No. 84, vellum, 4to, Cent. XV.: 1. Guido de Colonna’s Destruction of Troy. 2. Julius Valerius’ History of Alexander the Great. 3. Archbishop Turpin’s Itinerary. 4. Marco Polo.

_Begins_ (25, 5 [f. 191 (197) _r_ᵒ, lines 1–3): ¶ [blue] Incipit liber domini marci Pauli de Venecijs | de condicionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum [rubric] L [small illuminated initial] Ibrum prudentis honorabilis ac fidelissimi domini marci.

_Ends_ (33, 3 [f. 253 (259) _r_ᵒ, lines 8–12): girfalci et herodij qui inde postmodum ad diuersas prouincias | et regiones deferuntur et cetera. ¶ [blue] Explicit liber domini marci Pauli | de Venecijs de diuisionibus et consue- | tudinibus orientalium regionum [Pipino’s Version].

5. Frater Odoricus Forojuliensis.

6. Iohannis Mandeville, _De Mirabilibus_.

II., p. 533.

GLASGOW, Hunterian Museum, Cent. XIV.[3] No. 458, vellum, 4to. 1. Marci Pavli Veneti, _De Orientalibvs Regionibvs_.

_Begins_—after a preface by “Frater Franciscus Pipinus de Bononia” beginning (1, 1 _r_ᵒ, lines 1–4): Incipit liber primus domini marci pauli de venecijs de orien [rubric] | L [gilt historiated initial with gestures forming a floreated border.] Ibrum prudentis talibus regionibus. Prolo [last three words rubric] | honorabilis ac fidelissimi domini gus. [last word rubric] | marci pauli de venetijs de conditio | and ending (1, 2 _r_ᵒ, line 3): nostri ihesu christi cunctorum uisibilium et inuisibilium creatoris, after which comes a list of the chapters, titles and numbers (the latter rubricated) which concludes (1, 7 _r_ᵒ, line 1): D (small blue initial with red ornament) e prouincia ruthenorum, xlix.—(1, 7 _r_ᵒ, lines 2–5): Capitulum primum primi libri. Qualiter et quare dominus | nicholaus pauli de venetijs, et dominus marchus [rubric] | T [blue and red illuminated initial with minute spread eagle in centre] Empore quo transierunt ad partes [last three words rubric] | balduinus princeps orientales. [last words rubric.]

_Ends_ (14, 1 _r_ᵒ, lines 26, 27): et diuersas prouincias deferuntur. Explicit liber domini | marci pauli de venetis de diuisionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium.

2. Odoric.

II., p. 534.

PARIS, see No. 18—Bibliothèque Nationale Département des Manuscrits—Livre des Merveilles, Odoric de Pordenone, Mandeville, Hayton, etc.—Reproduction des 265 miniatures du Manuscrit français 2810 de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, Imprimerie Berthaud frères, 31, rue de Bellefond, 2 vol. in–8.

Marco Polo, Planches, 1–84.

II., p. 539.

ANTWERP, Museum Plantin-Moretus. Exhibited in Room III., No. 61: _Extraits du Livre de Marco Polo de Venise_ et d’un livre sur l’origine de quelques villes belges.

132 leaves; 185 × 270 millimeters, XVth Century. Adorned initials, alternately blue and red. Headings of chapters underlined in red. Leather binding XVIth century, with small flowers de luce; copper clasps and ten nails. On the last leaf, in a running hand: _Este liber partinet Nicholao le buqueteur_; the name of _Abraham Vander Veken_ (Abrā Vander Veque), and the date 1600, 3/22, on the first and on the last but one leaves.

Fol. 2 _recto. Extracta de libro dn̄i Pauli de Venecijs de diversis provincijs et regnis maior[um] et de diversis moribus habitantiu[m] et de multis mirabilibus in hijs locis et Asije_. Eleven lines further: _Quomodo iverunt at Berchaman_. Fol. 95 _r: De Sancto Thoma apto ubi jacet et quo mortu(us) est_. Fol. 106 _r: Epilogatio de maiori Yndia_. F. 117 _v_, last chapter: _De dissentione orta inter Alandūm Tartaror[um] et B̄cha regem_. Ends, f. 118 _r: Hii tamen reges proximi parentis erant et ambo ex Chinchini imperialis progenie descendentes. Explicit_.

The end of the MS. (f. 118–132) has for object the origin of Belgian villages.

I owe this information to M. J. DENUCÉ.

II., p. 542.

FLORENCE, Riccardian Library, Catalan.

This manuscript has been discovered by Prof. Giovanni VACCA, who has kindly sent me the following information regarding this curious document not mentioned by Yule, Amat di S. Filippo, or Uzielli: MS., 2048 cartac. sec. XV. (?), bearing the following faulty title: Storia del Catay in lingua _spagnuola_; 66 leaves, the last of which with a note by Piero Vaglienti. Writing is pretty clear, much like that of the Catalan Map of 1375.

The text begins with the description of the city of Lop, and ends with Georgia.

Fol. 65 _v_: “anaquesta provencia sisfa molta de seda evy ciutatz e viles e castels assaiz e ay moltz bons azcos. Calre no se queus pusca dir er perque fas vos si anaquest libre veus na sra benefit.”

Somewhat similar to the end of MS. 2207, Ottob., sec. XIV., membr. of the Vatican Library (reproduced by Amat di S. Filippo):

“En ycelle province fait on moult de soyt. Et si y a moult de villes, cites et chasteaux, moult bons et beau. Autre chose ne vous en scay dire par quoi je vous fais fins en ce livre.”

Generally the text is correct; one does not find the great errors contained in the Italian text given by Bartoli; it seems to follow very closely the French text of the Société de Géographie edited in 1824.

Here is a description of the city of Gambalech (fol. 20 _r_–20 _v_) reproducing very closely a legend of the Catalan Map of 1375.

“Les ver _que costa la ciutat de Camalech avia una grant Ciutat antichament qui avi a nom garimbalu_ qui vol dir la Ciut del seyor _e lo gran cham troba per los strologians que aquesta ciutat se devia revelar contra el axi que feila desabitar a feu fer la ciutat de Sambaleth_ e axi .|. flum al miq evay fer venir poblar tota la jent que y staba, _e ha entorn a questa ciutat de Gambalech_. XXIIIJ. _legues e es ben murada e es acayre sique ha de cascun cayre_. VI. _legues e a dalt lo mur_ XX. _paces_ e es de terre _e ha._ X. _paces de gros_ e son totz los murs tant blanchs con a neu e a en cascun cayre. IIJ. portes & en cascuna porta ha .|. palau dela semblansa de les XII. que ditz vos aven e en cascun palau ha de beles cambres e sales plenes darmatures ops da quells qui garden la ciutat los carres son amples e lonchs e ayi que anant de la .|. porta alantre troba hom de bells alberchs e de bels palaus qui son de gran seyors ayi que ela es abitada de bells alberchs E en miss loch de la ciutat a 1. gran palau en que _ha_ ·1ⁿ· _gran torra enquesta .|. gran seny | sona ho abans axique pus que ha sonat no gosa anar ne gun per la vila_ si dons gran ops non ha e ab lum e _a cascuna porta garden. M. homes no per temensa_ que nayen _mes per honor del seyor_ e per latres e malfeitos.

“Per gardar la granea del seyor alo poder ell se fa gardar a XIJᵐ. homes a Caval e ape-lense casitans, qui vol dir leyals cavalers a son seyor a quests. XIJᵐ. homes an. IIIJ. capitans ...”

The words _underlined_ are included almost verbatim in the Catalan Map. Cf. H. CORDIER, _L’Extrême Orient dans l’Atlas Catalan_, p. 14.

The manuscript begins, fol. 1 _recto_: “Aci comensa lo libre de les provincies et de les encontrades que sont sotz la seyoria del gran Emperador del Catay | lo qual ha la seyoria del Gamballech et seyor de los Tartres ayi com ho reconta o messer March Pollo ciutada noble de Venecia. Et primerament diun ay de la provincia de Tangut hon el stech XXVI. anys per saber la veritat de les coses daval scrites.”

Cf. _Un manoscritto inedito dei viaggi di_ Marco Polo. Di Giovanni Vacca (_Riv. Geog. Ital._, XIV., 1907, pp. 107–108).

II., p. 546.

ESCURIAL, Latin, Pipino’s (?). See No. 60. This is probably the MS. mentioned by the second Viscount of Santarem, p. 574, in his volume, _Ineditos (Miscellanea)_, Lisboa, 1914, large 8vo: “Un Ms. de Marc Polo du XVᵉ. siècle qui est mal indiqué par le titre suivant: _Consuetudines et condiciones orientalium regionum descripto per mestrum Paulum de Venetiis scripto chartis vix saeculo XV. incipiente_, Q–ij—13.”

My late friend, Prof. H. Derenbourg, gives me a few notes regarding this Latin MS., paper, small 4to, ff. 1–95 _v_; contains 187 chapters with a special title in red ink. Begins: _Librum prudentis honorabilis ac fidelissimi viri Domini Marci Pauli De Venetiis de conditionibus orientalium ab me vulgari edictum et scriptum_.

II., p. 548.

NUREMBERG. Latin MS. containing _Marco Polo, St. Brandan, Mandeville, Odoric, Schildtberger_; bad handwriting. See French edition of Odoric, p. LXXXII.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] See _The Book of Ser Marco Polo_, Vol. II., pp. 530 _seq._

[2] Pages 89, 90 of _A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library
of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow planned and
begun by the late_ John Young ... _continued and completed under
the direction of the Young Memorial Committee by_ P. Henderson
Aitken.... Glasgow, James Maclehose and Sons, 1908, gr. in–4.

[3] Cf. Young’s _Catalogue_, p. 378.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARCO POLO’S BOOK.[1]

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINTED EDITIONS.

1.—Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im 13. Jahrhundert Bearbeitet
und herausgegeben von Dr. Hans Lemke Mit einem Bilde Marco Polos.
Hamburg, Ernst Schultze, 1908, 8vo, pp. 573.

_Bibliothek wertvoller Memoiren_.

Lebensdokumente hervorragender Menschen aller Zeiten und Völker Herausgegeben von Dr. Ernst Schultze. 1 Band.

Revised edition of Bürck’s translation of Ramusio’s Italian text published in 1845.

2.—*Marco Polo: Abenteuerliche Fahrten. Neu herausgegeben von Dr. Otto
St. Brandt. Mit 3 Spezialkarten. Druck und Verlag von August
Scherl in Berlin, small 8vo, pp. 319.

Notices: _Mitt. K. K. Geogr. Ges. Wien_, Bd. LVI., 1913, pp. 258–259. Von E. G.—_Geog. Zeitschft. Leipzig_, XIX., 1913, pp. 531. By K. Kretschmer.

3.—Marco Polo Il Milione secondo il testo della “Crusca” reintegrato
con gli altri codici italiani a cura di Dante Olivieri. Bari,
Gius. Laterza & figli, 1912, in–8, 2 ff. n. ch. + pp. 317.

_Scrittori d’Italia_.

4.—Cosmographia breue introductoria en el libro d’ Marco Polo. Seville,
1518.—See II., p. 566.

The bookseller Karl W. Hiersemann, of Leipzig, has in his catalogue _America_, no. 336, in 1907, no. 2323, quoted M.11.000 a copy of the _Cosmographia_ with the colophon: Elq̄l se emprimio por Juan varela | d’salamāca en la muy noble y muy | leal ciudad de Seuilla. Año de | mill y qᵒnientos y diez y ocho | año a. XVI. dias de mayo.—Fol., 4 ff. not numbered + ff. 31 numbered on 2 columns.

5.—YULE-CORDIER.—_The Book of Ser Marco Polo_ ... Third Edition....
London, John Murray, 1903, 2 vols., 8vo.

Notices: _Glasgow Herald_, 11 June, 1903.—_Scotsman_, 11 June, 1903.—_Outlook_, 13 June, 1903.—_Morning Post_, 18 June, 1903.—_Bulletin Comité Asie française_, Juin, 1903.—_Standard_, 17 June, 1903.—_Daily Chronicle_, 20 June, 1903.—_Manchester Guardian_, 23 June, 1903.—_Pall Mall Gazette_, 15 July, 1903.—_Bombay Gazette_, 11 July, 1903.—_The Spectator_, 15 Aug., 1903.—_The Guardian_ (by C. Raymond Beazley), 2 Sept., 1903.—_Times_ (by H. J. Mackinder), 2 Oct., 1903.—_Blackwood’s Mag._ (by Charles Whibley), Oct., 1903.—_Illustrated Evening News_, Chicago, 26 Sept., 1903.—_The Sun_, New York, 4 Oct., 1903 (by M. W. H.).—_Hongkong Daily Press_, 10 and 11 Sept., 1903.—_The Athenæum_, 17 Oct., 1903.—_Outlook_, 14 Nov., 1903.—Some new Facts about Marco Polo’s Book, by E. H. Parker (_Imp. & Asiat. Quart. Review_, Jan., 1904, pp. 125–149).—_Saturday Review_, 27 Feb., 1904.—_T’oung Pao_, Oct., 1903, pp. 357–366, from _The Athenæum_.—_Geographical Journal_, March, 1904, pp. 379–380, by C. R. B.[eazley].—_Bul. Ecole franç. Ext. Orient_, IV, Juillet–Sept., 1904, pp. 768–772, by Paul Pelliot.—Marco Polo and his Followers in Central Asia, by Archibald R. Colquhoun (_Quarterly Review_, April, 1904, pp. 553–575).

6.—The most noble and famous Travels of Marco Polo one of the Nobility
of the State of Venice, into the east Parts of the World, as
Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other Kingdoms and
Provinces. The translation of Marsden revised by Thomas Wright,
F.S.A.—London: George Newnes; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,
1904, 16mo, pp. xxxix–461, Portrait and maps.

7.—Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, With an Introduction by Henry
Morley. Cassell and Company, London, Paris, New York and
Melbourne, MCMIV, 16mo, pp. 192, front.

8.—Everyman’s Library, edited by Ernest Rhys—Travel and
Topography—Marco Polo’s Travels with an Introduction by John
Masefield.

The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian. London: Published by J. M. Dent & Co., and in New York by E. P. Dutton & Co., 16mo, pp. xvi–461, n. d. [1907].

9.—*Шемякинъ, А. Н.—Путешествія Венеціанца Марко Поло въ XIII столѣтіи,
напечатанныя въ первый разъ вполнѣ на нѣмецкомъ по лучшимъ
изданіямъ и съ объясненіями Авг. Бюркомъ. Съ дополненіями и
поправками К. Ф. Нейманна. Переводъ съ нѣмецкаго. Москва, 1863.

Had been published in Чтеніяхъ въ Имп. Общ. Истопіи и Древностей Россійскихъ при Моск. Университетѣ.

Mentioned by Barthold in Minaev’s _Marco Polo_.

10.—*Marco Polo’s Resa i Asien ([Folkskrifter] allm. hist. No. 32)
Stockholm, 1859, P. G. Berg.

11.—Venetianaren Marco Polos Resor i det XIII. århundraded Översättning
samt inledning och anmärkningar av Bengt Thordeman.—Stockholm:
Albert Bonniers Förlag, n. d. [1917], 2 vol. 8vo, pp. xx–248, 249
to 490, genealogical table of the Tartars, Map.

Pages 345–480 are devoted to notes.

12.—There is a Japanese piratical edition of the second edition of
Yule’s Marco Polo brought out by the firm Kyoyekishosha in 1900
and costing 8 _yen_. Cf. _Bulletin Ecole franç. Ext. Orient_, IV,
p. 769, note.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] See II., pp. 554 _seq._

TITLES OF SUNDRY BOOKS AND PAPERS WHICH TREAT OF MARCO
POLO AND HIS BOOK.

1.—_Histoire des Établissements européens aux Indes orientales par_ A.
CHARDIN, suivie d’un extrait de l’article sur _Marco Polo_, de M.
WALKENAER, Membre de l’Institut; d’un extrait de la vie de Jonh
[_sic_] Mandeville, par Washington Irving; et d’une notice sur le
Camoens, par Mᵐᵉ de Stael.—Paris, Rue et Place Saint-André des
Arts, no. 30—1832, 12mo, pp. 104.

Marco Polo, p. 87.—John Mandeville, p. 94.

Marco Polo, after la _Biographie universelle_; Mandeville, after _l’Histoire de Christophe Colomb_, de W. Irving.

Fait partie de la _Bibliothèque populaire ou l’Instruction mise à la portée de toutes les classes et de toutes les intelligences par_ MM. ARAGO ... et AJASSON de GRANDSAGNE, chargé de la Direction.

2.—MAYERS, W. F.—_Marco Polo’s Legend concerning Bayan. (Notes and
Queries on China and Japan_, Nov., 1868, p. 162.)

3.—PALLADIUS’ _Elucidations_. See II., p. 579, No. 63.

Notice in _Magazin für die Literatur des Auslandes_, 1876, p. 345.

4.—_Marco Polo und die Anianstrasse_. Von Prof. S. RUGE, Dresden.
(_Globus_, LXIX., 1896, pp. 133–137.)

5.—_Un capitaine du règne de Philippe le Bel_ Thibaut de Chepoy _par_
Joseph PETIT. (_Le Moyen Age_, Paris, 1897, pp. 224–239).

6.—Комментарій Архимандрита Палладія Каөарова на путешествіе Марко
Поло по сѢверному Китаю съ предисловіемъ Н. И. Веселовскаго.
Санкпетербургъ, Тип. Имп. Акад. Наукъ, 1902, 8vo, pp. 47,
portrait.

7.—MOULE, Rev. G. E.—_Notes on Col._ YULE’S _Edition of Marco Polo’s_
“Quinsay.” (_Jour. North-China Br. R. As. Soc._, N. S., IX.,
1875, pp. 1–24.)

8.—_The_ Tarikh-i-Rashidi _of_ MIRZA MUHAMMAD HAIDAR, DUGHLÁT _A
History of the Moghuls of Central Asia_, An English Version
Edited, with Commentary, Notes, and Map by N. ELIAS. The
Translation by E. Denison Ross.... London, Sampson Low, 1895, 8vo.

9.—A. Slieptsov.—Маркъ Поло и его странствованія по царству
Монгольскому, по Китаю и Индіи.—small 8vo, pp. 83, fig. [St.
Petersb., 1901.]

„Книжка за книжкой,“ кн. 108–ая.

10.—STEIN, Sir Aurel.—_Preliminary Report of a Journey of
Archæological and Topographical Exploration in Chinese
Turkestan_. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1901, 4to.

———— _Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan_. London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1903,
8vo, pp. xliii–524.

———— _Ancient Khotan_. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907, 2 vols., 4to.

———— _Ruins of Desert Cathay_. Personal Narrative of Explorations in
Central Asia and Westernmost China. With numerous Illustrations,
Colour Plates, Panoramas, and Maps from Original Surveys.
Macmillan and Co., 1912, 2 vols. 8vo.

———— _Les Documents chinois découverts par_ Aurel STEIN _dans les
sables du Turkestan oriental publiés et traduits par_ Edouard
CHAVANNES. Oxford, Imprimerie de l’Université, 1913, 4to.

———— _Explorations in Central Asia_ (1906–1908). (_Geographical
Journal_, July and Sept., 1909.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, May, 1915.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, Oct., 1915.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, May, 1916.)

———— _A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia_, 1913–16.
(_Geog. Journ._, Aug. and Sept., 1916.)

———— _Marco Polo’s Account of a Mongol Inroad into Kashmir._ (_Geog.
Journ._, Aug., 1919, pp. 92–103.)

11.—H. A. GILES’ _Dictionary_, Part III., pp. 1378–9.

List of Places mentioned by Marco Polo and identified by Yule.

12.—E. H. PARKER.—_Some New Facts about Marco Polo’s Book._

(_Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Jan., 1904, pp. 125–149.)

———— _Notes on Yule_. (_Journ. N. C. B. R. A. Soc._, XXXVII., 1906,
pp. 195, 196.)

13.—Cesare-Augusto LEVI.—_Il vero Segreto di Dante e Marco
Polo_.—Comunicazione al Comitato di Treviso della “Dante
Alighieri” letta la sera del 17 Novembre, 1905—Treviso, Zoppelli,
1905, 8vo, pp. 37.

14.—_The Dry Sea and the Carrenare_—John Livingstone LOWES. Printed at
the University of Chicago Press, 8vo, pp. 46.

Reprinted from _Modern Philology_, Vol. III., No. 1, June, 1905.

15.—SYKES, Major P. Molesworth, H.B.M.’s Consulate-General, Meshed.
(_Geog. Journ._, XXVI., Oct., 1905, pp. 462–466.)

I. Did Marco Polo visit Baghdad?—II. Did Marco Polo visit the Tabas?

Henri Cordier’s reply, _Ibid._, Dec., 1905, pp. 686, 687.

16.—_Noted Men who have helped China_.—II. _Marco Polo_. By Dr.
Gilbert REID. (_North China Herald_, April 6, 1906.)

17.—C. Raymond BEAZLEY.—_The Dawn of Modern Geography_. Vol. III. _A
History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Middle
of the Thirteenth to the early Years of the Fifteenth Century_
(c. A.D. 1260–1420). With reproductions of the Principal Maps of
the Time. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906, 8vo, pp. xvi–638.

Chap. II. The Great Asiatic Travellers, 1260–1420. Part I. The Polos, 1260–1295, pp. 15–160.

18.—HALLBERG, Ivar.—_L’Extrême Orient dans la Littérature et
la Cartographie de l’Occident des XIIIᵉ, XIVᵉ et XVᵉ
siècles_—Étude sur l’histoire de la géographie.—Göteborg, 1906,
8vo, pp. viii–573.

19.—A. V. JACKSON.—_The Magi in Marco Polo and the Cities in Persia
from which they came to worship the Infant Christ. (Journ. Amer.
Orient. Soc._, XXVI., I., pp. 79–83.)

—— _Persia Past and Present_. A Book of Travel and Research with
more than two hundred illustrations and a map by A. V. Williams
Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, and sometime
adjunct Professor of the English Language and Literature in
Columbia University. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1906, 8vo, pp.
xxxi–471.

20.—_Marco Polo’s Journey in Manzi_. By John C. FERGUSON. (_Journal
North China Branch R. As. Soc._, XXXVII., 1906, pp. 190, 191.)

21.—_The Pulse of Asia: A Journey in Central Asia illustrating
the Geographic Basis of History_, by Ellsworth HUNTINGTON.
Illustrated. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company,
1907, 8vo, pp. xxi–415.

22.—BRUCE, Major Clarence Dalrymple.—_In the Footsteps of Marco Polo_,
Being the Account of a Journey Overland from Simla to Pekin. W.
Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1907, 8vo, pp. xiv–379, ill.,
map.

23.—HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, A.—_Marco Polo’s Travels; New editions; his
“Arbre Sol” not “Sun-tree,” but Cypress of Zoroaster (Journal R.
As. Soc._, Jan., 1909, pp. 154–162.)

24.—SVEN HEDIN.—_Overland to India_, with 308 Illustrations from
Photographs, Water-colour Sketches, and Drawings by the Author,
and 2 Maps. Macmillan and Co., London, 1910, 2 vols., 8vo, pp.
xix–416, xiv–357.

25.—_L’itinéraire de Marco Polo en Perse_, par M. Henri CORDIER,
membre de l’Académie. (_Bull. Ac. Inscr. & Belles-Lettres_, Ctes.
rendus, Mai, 1911, pp. 298–309.)

26.—Hirth, Friedrich, and Rockhill, W. W.—_Chau Ju-kua_: His Work
on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth
Centuries, entitled _Chu-fan-chï_, Translated from the Chinese
and Annotated. St. Petersburg, Printing Office of the Imperial
Academy of Sciences, 1912, large 8vo, pp. x–288.

Mr. Rockhill has edited the Chinese Text of Chau Ju-kua at Tokyo, in 1914.

27.—Rockhill, W. W.—_Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the
Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the
Fourteenth Century_. (_T’oung Pao_, 1914, July; 1915, March, May,
July, October, December.)

28.—Paul Pelliot.—_Kao-tch’ang Qočo, Houo-tcheou et Qarâ-khodja_,
par M. Paul Pelliot, avec une note additionnelle de M. Robert
Gauthiot. (_Journal Asiatique_, Mai–Juin, 1912, pp. 579–603.)

———— _Les documents chinois trouvés par la Mission_ Kozlov à
_Khara-Khoto_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_ (Mai–Juin, 1914).
Paris, Imp. Nat., 1914, 8vo, pp. 20.

———— Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient par Paul Pelliot.
(_T’oung Pao_, December, 1914, pp. 623–644.)

29.—Ferrand, Gabriel.—_Relations des voyages et textes géographiques
arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l’Extrême-Orient du VIIIᵉ
au XVIIIᵉ siècles_, traduits, revus et annotés. Paris, Ernest
Leroux, 1913–1914, 2 vols. 8vo.

_Documents historiques et géographiques relatifs à l’Indo-chine publiés sous la direction de_ MM. Henri CORDIER et Louis FINOT.

———— _La plus ancienne mention du nom de l’île de Sumatra_. Ext. du
_Journal Asiatique_ (Mars–Avril, 1917). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1917,
8vo, pp. 7.

———— _Malaka le Malāyu et Malāyur_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_
(Mai–Juin et Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918, 8vo,
pp. 202.

———— _Le nom de la girafe dans le Ying Yai Cheng Lan_. Ext. du
_Journal Asiatique_ (Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918,
8vo, pp. 4.

30.—Yule—Cordier.—_Cathay and the Way Thither being a Collection of
Medieval Notices of China_. New Edition. Vol. I. Preliminary
Essay on the Intercourse between China and the Western
Nations previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London,
Hakluyt Society, 1915.—Vol. II. Odoric of Pordenone.—_Ibid._,
1913.—Vol. III. Missionary Friars—Rashíduddín—Pegolotti—
Marignolli.—_Ibid._, 1914.—Vol. IV., Ibn Batuta.—Benedict
Goës.—Index. _Ibid._, 1916; 4 vols., 8vo.

31.—_Karajang_, by B. LAUFER (Chicago). (_Journ. Roy. As. Soc._, Oct.,
1915, pp. 781–784.)

Cf. _Geographical Journal_, Feb., 1916, p. 146.

32.—MOULE, Rev. A. C.—_Notices of Christianity_. Extracted from Marco
Polo. (_Journ. North China Br. R. As. Soc._, XLVI., 1915, pp.
19–37.)

Facsimile of a page of French MS. 1116 in the Bibliothèque nationale.

———— _Marco Polo’s Sinjumatu_. (_T’oung Pao_, July, 1912, pp. 431–3.)

———— _Hang-chou to Shang-tu_, A.D. 1276. (_T’oung Pao_, July, 1915,
pp. 393–419.)

———— _Documents relating to the Mission of the Minor Friars to China
in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries_. (_Jour. Roy. As.
Soc._, July, 1914, pp. 533–599.)

———— A. C. M[OULE].—_A Note on the Chinese Atlas in the Magliabecchian
Library, with reference to Kinsay in Marco Polo_. (_Jour. Roy.
As. Soc._, July, 1919, pp. 393–395.)

33.—Charles V. LANGLOIS.—Marco Polo Voyageur. (_Histoire littéraire de
la France_, XXXV.)

34.—CORDIER, Henri.—_Le Christianisme en Chine et en Asie sous les
Mongols_. (Ext. du _T’oung Pao_, 2ᵉ Sér., XVIII., 1917). Leide,
E. J. Brill, 1918, 8vo, pp. 67.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

XII., pp. 307 _seq._

Sir Richard C. TEMPLE, has kindly sent me the following valuable notes:—

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS.

_General Note._

Both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been very closely studied by Indian Government officials for about fifty years, and they and the people occupying them are now thoroughly understood. There is a considerable literature about them, ethnographical, historical, geographical, and so on.

I have myself been Chief Commissioner, _i.e._, Administrator, of both groups for the Government of India for ten years, 1894–1903, and went deeply into the subjects connected with them, publishing a good many papers about them in the _Indian Antiquary_, _Journal of the Royal Society of Arts_, _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, and elsewhere. A general survey of all information to that date concerning the islands will be found in the _Census of India_, 1901, vol. III., which I wrote; in this volume there is an extensive bibliography. I also wrote the Andaman and Nicobar volumes of the Provincial and District _Gazetteers_, published in 1909, in which current information about them was again summarised. The most complete and reliable book on the subject is E. H. MAN’S _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, London, 1883. KLOSS, _Andamans and Nicobars_, 1902, is a good book. GERINI’S _Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia_, 1909, is valuable for the present purpose.

The best books on the Nicobars are MAN’S _Nicobarese Vocabulary_, published in 1888, and MAN’S _Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language_, published in 1889. I am still publishing Mr. MAN’S _Dictionary of the South Andaman Language_ in the _Indian Antiquary_.

Recent information has so superseded old ideas about both groups of islands that I suggest several of the notes in the 1903 edition of Marco Polo be recast in reference to it.

With reference to the _Census Report_ noted above, I may remark that this was the first Census Report ever made on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and according to the custom of the Government of India, such a report has to summarise all available information under headings called Descriptive, Ethnography, Languages. Under the heading Descriptive are sub-heads, Geography, Meteorology, Geography, History, so that practically my _Census Report_ had to include in a summarised form all the available information there was about the islands at that time. It has a complete index, and I therefore suggest that it should be referred to for any point on which information is required.

NICOBARS.

P. 307. _No king or chief_.—This is incorrect. They have distinct village communities, governed each by its own chief, with definite rules of property and succession and marriage. See _Census Report_. pp. 214, 212.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1. For Pulo Gomez, see BOWREY, _Countries Round the Bay of Bengal_, ed. Temple, Hakluyt Society, p. 287 and footnote 4. Bowrey (_c._ 1675) calls it Pullo Gomus, and a marine journal of 1675 calls it Polo Gomos.

_Origin of the name Nicobars_.—On this point I quote my paragraph thereon on p. 185, _Census Report_.

“The situation of the Nicobars along the line of a very ancient trade has caused them to be reported by traders and sea-farers through all historical times. Gerini has fixed on Maniola for Car-Nicobar and Agathodaimonos for Great Nicobar as the right ascription of Ptolemy’s island names for this region. This ascription agrees generally with the mediæval editions of Ptolemy. Yule’s guess that Ptolemy’s Barussæ is the Nicobars is corrected by Gerini’s statement that it refers to Nias. In the 1490 edition of Ptolemy, the Satyrorum Insulæ placed to the south-east of the Malay Peninsula, where the Anamba islands east of Singapore, also on the line of the old route to China, really are, have opposite them the remark:—_qui has inhabitant caudas habere dicuntur_—no doubt in confusion with the Nicobars. They are without doubt the Lankhabalus of the _Arab Relations_ (851 A.D.), which term may be safely taken as a misapprehension or mistranscription of some form of Nicobar (through Nakkavar, Nankhabar), thus affording the earliest reference to the modern term. But there is an earlier mention of them by I-Tsing, the Chinese Buddhist monk, in his travels, 672 A.D., under the name of the Land of the Naked People (Lo-jen-kuo), and this seems to have been the recognised name for them in China at that time. ‘Land of the Naked’ translates Nakkavaram, the name by which the islands appear in the great Tanjore inscription of 1050. This name reappears in Marco Polo’s Necuveran 1292, in Rashiduddin’s Nakwaram 1300, and in Friar Odoric’s Nicoveran 1322, which are the lineal ancestors of the 15th and 16th Century Portuguese Nacabar and Nicubar and the modern Nicobar. The name has been Nicobar since at least 1560. The fanciful story of the tails is repeated by the Swede Kjœping as late as 1647.”

Nicobar clearly means the Land of the Naked, but that does not correctly describe the people. I have never seen either a naked man or woman in the Nicobars. The men are nearly naked, but they wear a string round the waist with a very small loincloth. The string is so tied as to leave two long streamers behind, which have very much the appearance of a tail as the man walks along, and no doubt this gave rise to the idea that they were tailed men. The women wear a petticoat coming below the knees, generally red.

The Nicobarese are not savages and live in well-built clean villages, are born traders, and can calculate accurately up to very high figures. They deliberately do not cultivate, because by using their cocoanuts as currency they can buy from Chinese, Malay, Burmese, Indian, and other traders all that they want in the way of food and comforts. They are good gardeners of fruit. They seem to have borne their present characteristics through all historical times.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1.—Nancowry is a native name for two adjacent islands, now known as Camorta and Nankauri, and I do not think it has anything to do with the name Nicobar. For a list of the geographical names of the islands, see _Census Report_, pp. 179–180.

_Race and Dialect_.—The Nicobarese are generally classed as Malays, _i.e._, they are “Wild Malays,” and probably in reality an overflow of Mon tribes from the mainland of the Malay Peninsula (_Census Report_, p. 250). They are a finely built race of people, but they have rendered their faces ugly by the habit of chewing betel with lime until they have destroyed their teeth by incrustations of lime, so that they cannot close their lips properly.

I think it is a mistake to class the Nicobarese as Rakshasas or demons, a term that would apply in Indian parlance more properly to the Andamanese.

The Nicobarese are all one race, including the Shom Pen, for long a mysterious tribe in the centre of Great Nicobar, but now well known. They speak dialects of one language, though the dialects as spoken are mutually unintelligible. There is no Negrito tribe in the Nicobars. A detailed grammar of the language will be found in the _Census Report_, pp. 255–284.

The Nicobarese have long been pirates, and one of the reasons for the occupation of their islands by the Indian Government was to put down the piracy which had become dangerous to general navigation, but which now no longer exists.

P. 309.—The great article of trade is the cocoanut, of which a detailed account will be found in the _Census Report_, pp. 169–174, 219–220, 243. I would suggest the recasting of the remarks on the products of the Nicobars in your note on p. 309 in view of the statements made in those pages of the Report, bearing in mind that the details of the Nicobar Islands are now practically as well known as those relating to any other part of the East.

P. 312.—The Nicobarese tradition is that they are descended from a man and a dog, but this is only one phase of the ordinary Far Eastern animal-descent story.

The projecting teeth mentioned by Colonel Man are common in the Nicobars in the case of adults only, usually confined to men and women advanced in life. They are not natural, but caused, as stated above, by the excessive use of betel and lime, which forms a dark unsightly incrustation on the teeth and finally destroys them. Children and youth of both sexes have good white normal teeth.

P. 312.

NARCONDAM.

Narcondam, an island I know well, has a separate bibliography of its own. It belongs to the Sunda group of volcanoes, but it has been so long extinct that there are no obvious signs now of its ever having been active. It has a species of hornbill which I have captured and shot that has differentiated itself from all others. I do not think, therefore, it can have been recognised as a volcano by mariners in historical times, and consequently the derivation of Narakakundam is to my mind doubtful. The obvious volcano in the neighbourhood is Barren Island, which is still alive.

ANDAMANS.

Pp. 309–310, Note 1.—The Andamanese are not an ill-looking race, and are not negroes in any sense, but it is true that they are Negritos in the lowest known state of barbarism, and that they are an isolated race. Reasons for the isolation will be found in the _Census Report_, p. 51, but I should not call their condition, mentally or physically, degraded. The mental characteristics of the race will be found on pp. 59–61 of the _Census Report_, and for your information I here extract from my remarks thereon the section on character.