Chapter III: Part III: Journey Southward through Eastern Provinces of Cathay and Manzi

LX.—CONCERNING THE CITIES OF CACANFU AND CHANGLU 132

NOTES.—1. _Pauthier’s Identifications._ 2. _Changlu. The
Burning of the Dead ascribed to the Chinese._

LXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CHINANGLI, AND THAT OF TADINFU, AND
THE REBELLION OF LITAN 135

NOTES.—1. _T’si-nan fu._ 2. _Silk of Shan-tung._ 3. _Title
|Sangon|._ 4. _Agul and Mangkutai._ 5. _History of
Litan’s Revolt._

LXII.—CONCERNING THE NOBLE CITY OF SINJUMATU 138

NOTE.—_The City intended. The Great Canal._

LXIII.—CONCERNING THE CITIES OF LINJU AND PIJU 140

NOTES.—1. _Linju._ 2. _Piju._

LXIV.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF SIJU, AND THE GREAT RIVER CARAMORAN 141

NOTES.—1. _Siju._ 2. _The Hwang-Ho and its changes._ 3.
_Entrance to Manzi; that name for Southern China._

LXV.—HOW THE GREAT KAAN CONQUERED THE PROVINCE OF MANZI 144

NOTES.—1. _Meaning and application of the title |Faghfur|._
2. _Chinese self-devotion._ 3. _Bayan the Great
Captain._ 4. _His lines of Operation._ 5. _The Juggling
Prophecy._ 6. _The Fall of the Sung Dynasty._ 7.
_Exposure of Infants, and Foundling Hospitals._

LXVI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF COIGANJU 151

NOTE.—_Hwai-ngan fu._

LXVII.—OF THE CITIES OF PAUKIN AND CAYU 152

NOTE.—_Pao-yng and Kao-yu._

LXVIII.—OF THE CITIES OF TIJU, TINJU, AND YANJU 153

NOTES.—1. _Cities between the Canal and the Sea._ 2.
_Yang-chau._ 3. _Marco Polo’s Employment at this City._

LXIX.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF NANGHIN 157

NOTE.—_Ngan-king._

LXX.—CONCERNING THE VERY NOBLE CITY OF SAIANFU, AND HOW ITS
CAPTURE WAS EFFECTED 158

NOTES.—1. and 2. _Various Readings._ 3. _Digression on the
Military Engines of the Middle Ages._ 4. _Mangonels of
Cœur de Lion._ 5. _Difficulties connected with Polo’s
Account of this Siege._

LXXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF SINJU AND THE GREAT RIVER KIAN 170

NOTES.—1. _I-chin hien._ 2. _The Great Kiang._ 3. _Vast
amount of tonnage on Chinese Waters._ 4. _Size of River
Vessels._ 5. _Bamboo Tow-lines._ 6. _Picturesque Island
Monasteries._

LXXII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CAIJU 174

NOTES.—1. _Kwa-chau._ 2. _The Grand Canal and Rice-Transport._
3. _The Golden Island._

LXXIII.—OF THE CITY OF CHINGHIANFU 176

NOTE.—_Chin-kiang fu. Mar Sarghis, the Christian Governor._

LXXIV.—OF THE CITY OF CHINGINJU AND THE SLAUGHTER OF CERTAIN ALANS
THERE 178

NOTES.—1. _Chang-chau._ 2. _Employment of Alans in the Mongol
Service._ 3. _The Chang-chau Massacre. Mongol Cruelties._

LXXV.—OF THE NOBLE CITY OF SUJU 181

NOTES.—1. _Su-chau._ 2. _Bridges of that part of China._ 3.
_Rhubarb; its mention here seems erroneous._ 4. _The
Cities of Heaven and Earth. Ancient incised Plan of
Su-chau._ 5. _Hu-chau, Wu-kiang, and Kya-hing._

LXXVI.—DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT CITY OF KINSAY, WHICH IS THE
CAPITAL OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY OF MANZI 185

NOTES.—1. _King-szé now Hang-chau._ 2. _The circuit ascribed
to the City; the Bridges._ 3. _Hereditary Trades._ 4.
_The Si-hu or Western Lake._ 5. _Dressiness of the
People._ 6. _Charitable Establishments._ 7. _Paved
roads._ 8. _Hot and Cold Baths._ 9. _Kanp’u, and the
Hang-chau Estuary._ 10. _The Nine Provinces of Manzi._
11. _The Kaan’s Garrisons in Manzi._ 12. _Mourning
costume._ 13. 14. _Tickets recording inmates of houses._

LXXVII.—[FURTHER PARTICULARS CONCERNING THE GREAT CITY OF KINSAY.] 200

(From Ramusio only.)

NOTES.—1. _Remarks on these supplementary details._ 2. _Tides
in the Hang-chau Estuary._ 3. _Want of a good Survey of
Hang-chau. The Squares._ 4. _Marco ignores pork._ 5.
_Great Pears: Peaches._ 6. _Textual._ 7. _Chinese use
of Pepper._ 8. _Chinese claims to a character for Good
Faith._ 9. _Pleasure-parties on the Lake._ 10. _Chinese
Carriages._ 11. _The Sung Emperor._ 12. _The Sung
Palace. Extracts regarding this Great City from other
mediæval writers, European and Asiatic. Martini’s
Description._

LXXVIII.—TREATING OF THE YEARLY REVENUE THAT THE GREAT KAAN HATH
FROM KINSAY 215

NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. _Calculations as to the values spoken
of._

LXXIX.—OF THE CITY OF TANPIJU AND OTHERS 218

NOTES.—1. _Route from Hang-chau southward._ 2. _Bamboos._ 3.
_Identification of places. Chang-shan the key to the
route._

LXXX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF FUJU 224

NOTES.—1. “_Fruit like Saffron._” 2. 3. _Cannibalism ascribed
to Mountain Tribes on this route._ 4. _Kien-ning fu._
5. _Galingale._ 6. _Fleecy Fowls._ 7. _Details of the
Journey in Fo-kien and various readings._ 8. _Unken.
Introduction of Sugar-refining into China._

LXXXI.—CONCERNING THE GREATNESS OF THE CITY OF FUJU 231

NOTES.—1. _The name |Chonka|, applied to Fo-kien here.
|Cayton| or |Zayton|._ 2. _Objections that have been
made to identity of |Fuju| and Fu-chau._ 3. _The Min
River._

LXXXII.—OF THE CITY AND GREAT HAVEN OF ZAYTON 234

NOTES.—1. _The Camphor Laurel._ 2. _The Port of Zayton or
T’swan-chau; Recent objections to this identity.
Probable origin of the word_ Satin. 3. _Chinese
Consumption of Pepper._ 4. _Artists in Tattooing._ 5.
_Position of the Porcelain manufacture spoken of.
Notions regarding the |Great River| of China._ 6.
_Fo-kien dialects and variety of spoken language in
China._ 7. _From Ramusio._

BOOK THIRD.

_Japan, the Archipelago, Southern India, and the Coasts and
Islands of the Indian Sea._

CHAP. PAGE
I.—OF THE MERCHANT SHIPS OF MANZI THAT SAIL UPON THE INDIAN
SEAS 249

NOTES.—1. _Pine Timber._ 2. _Rudder and Masts._ 3. _Watertight
Compartments._ 4. _Chinese substitute for Pitch._ 5.
_Oars used by Junks._ 6. _Descriptions of Chinese Junks
from other Mediæval Writers._

II.—DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND OF CHIPANGU, AND THE GREAT KAAN’S
DESPATCH OF A HOST AGAINST IT 253

NOTES.—1. _Chipangu or Japan._ 2. _Abundance of Gold._ 3.
_The Golden Palace._ 4. _Japanese Pearls. Red Pearls._

III.—WHAT FURTHER CAME OF THE GREAT KAAN’S EXPEDITION AGAINST
CHIPANGU 258

NOTES.—1. _Kúblái’s attempts against Japan. Japanese Narrative
of the Expedition here spoken of._ (See App. L. 9.) 2.
_Species of Torture._ 3. _Devices to procure
Invulnerability._

IV.—CONCERNING THE FASHION OF THE IDOLS 263

NOTES.—1. _Many-limbed Idols._ 2. _The Philippines and
Moluccas._ 3. _The name |Chin| or |China|._ 4. _The Gulf
of Cheinan._

V.—OF THE GREAT COUNTRY CALLED CHAMBA 266

NOTES.—1. _Champa, and Kúblái’s dealings with it._ (See App.
L. 10). 2. _Chronology._ 3. _Eagle-wood and Ebony.
Polo’s use of Persian words._

VI.—CONCERNING THE GREAT ISLAND OF JAVA 272

NOTE.—_Java; its supposed vast extent. Kúblái’s expedition
against it and failure._

VII.—WHEREIN THE ISLES OF SONDUR AND CONDUR ARE SPOKEN OF; AND
THE KINGDOM OF LOCAC 276

NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. _Pulo Condore._ 3. _The Kingdom of
Locac, Southern Siam._

VIII.—OF THE ISLAND CALLED PENTAM, AND THE CITY MALAIUR 280

NOTES.—1. _Bintang._ 2. _The Straits of Singapore._ 3.
_Remarks on the Malay Chronology. Malaiur probably
Palembang._

IX.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF JAVA THE LESS. THE KINGDOMS OF
FERLEC AND BASMA 284

NOTES.—1. _The Island of Sumatra: application of the term
|Java|._ 2. _Products of Sumatra. The six kingdoms._ 3.
_Ferlec or Parlák. The Battas._ 4. _Basma, Pacem, or
Pasei._ 5. _The Elephant and the Rhinoceros. The Legend
of Monoceros and the Virgin._ 6. _Black Falcon._

X.—THE KINGDOMS OF SAMARA AND DAGROIAN 292

NOTES.—1. _Samara, Sumatra Proper._ 2. _The Tramontaine and
the Mestre._ 3. _The Malay Toddy-Palm._ 4. _Dagroian._
5. _Alleged custom of eating dead relatives._

XI.—OF THE KINGDOMS OF LAMBRI AND FANSUR 299

NOTES.—1. _Lambri._ 2. _Hairy and Tailed Men._ 3. _Fansur and
Camphor Fansuri. Sumatran Camphor._ 4. _The Sago-Palm._
5. _Remarks on Polo’s Sumatran Kingdoms._

XII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF NECUVERAN 306

NOTE.—_Gauenispola, and the Nicobar Islands._

XIII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF ANGAMANAIN 309

NOTE.—_The Andaman Islands._

XIV.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF SEILAN 312

NOTES.—1. _Chinese Chart._ 2. _Exaggeration of Dimensions.
The Name._ 3. _Sovereigns then ruling Ceylon._ 4.
_Brazil Wood and Cinnamon._ 5. _The Great Ruby._

XV.—THE SAME CONTINUED. THE HISTORY OF SAGAMONI BORCAN AND THE
BEGINNING OF IDOLATRY 316

NOTES.—1. _Adam’s Peak, and the Foot thereon._ 2. _The Story
of Sakya-Muni Buddha. The History of Saints Barlaam and
Josaphat; a Christianised version thereof._ 3. _High
Estimate of Buddha’s Character._ 4. _Curious Parallel
Passages._ 5. _Pilgrimages to the Peak._ 6. _The Pâtra
of Buddha, and the Tooth-Relic._ 7. _Miraculous
endowments of the Pâtra; it is the Holy Grail of
Buddhism._

XVI.—CONCERNING THE GREAT PROVINCE OF MAABAR, WHICH IS CALLED
INDIA THE GREATER, AND IS ON THE MAINLAND 331

NOTES.—1. _Ma’bar, its definition, and notes on its Mediæval
History._ 2. _The Pearl Fishery._

XVII.—CONTINUES TO SPEAK OF THE PROVINCE OF MAABAR 338

NOTES.—1. _Costume._ 2. _Hindu Royal Necklace._ 3. _Hindu
use of the Rosary._ 4. _The Saggio._ 5. _Companions
in Death; the word |Amok|._ 6. _Accumulated Wealth of
Southern India at this time._ 7. _Horse Importation
from the Persian Gulf._ 8. _Religious Suicides._ 9.
_Suttees._ 10. _Worship of the Ox. The Govis_. 11.
_Verbal._ 12. _The Thomacides._ 13. _Ill-success of
Horse-breeding in S. India._ 14. _Curious Mode of
Arrest for Debt._ 15. _The Rainy Seasons._ 16. _Omens
of the Hindus._ 17. _Strange treatment of Horses._ 18.
_The Devadásis._ 19. _Textual._

XVIII.—DISCOURSING OF THE PLACE WHERE LIETH THE BODY OF ST. THOMAS
THE APOSTLE; AND OF THE MIRACLES THEREOF 353

NOTES.—1. _Mailapúr._ 2. _The word |Avarian|._ 3. _Miraculous
Earth._ 4. _The Traditions of St. Thomas in India. The
ancient Church at his Tomb; the ancient Cross preserved
on St. Thomas’s Mount._ 5. _White Devils._ 6. _The
Yak’s Tail._

XIX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF MUTFILI 359

NOTES.—1. _Motapallé. The Widow Queen of Telingana._ 2.
_The Diamond Mines, and the Legend of the Diamond
Gathering._ 3. _Buckram._

XX.—CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF LAR WHENCE THE BRAHMANS COME 363

NOTES.—1. _Abraiaman. The Country of Lar. Hindu Character._
2. _The Kingdom of Soli or Chola._ 3. _Lucky and
Unlucky Days and Hours. The Canonical Hours of the
Church._ 4. _Omens._ 5. _Jogis. The Ox-emblem._ 6.
_Verbal._ 7. _Recurrence of Human Eccentricities._

XXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CAIL 370

NOTES.—1. _Káyal; its true position. |Kolkhoi| identified._
2. _The King Ashar or As-char._ 3. _Correa, Note._ 4.
_Betel-chewing._ 5. _Duels._

XXII.—OF THE KINGDOM OF COILUM 375

NOTES.—1. _Coilum, Coilon, Kaulam, Columbum, Quilon. Ancient
Christian Churches._ 2. _Brazil Wood: notes on the
name._ 3. _Columbine Ginger and other kinds._ 4.
_Indigo._ 5. _Black Lions._ 6. _Marriage Customs._

XXIII.—OF THE COUNTRY CALLED COMARI 382

NOTES.—1. _Cape Comorin._ 2. _The word |Gat-paul|._

XXIV.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM ELI 385

NOTES.—1. _Mount D’Ely, and the City of Hili-Máráwi._ 2.
_Textual._ 3. _Produce._ 4. _Piratical custom._ 5.
_Wooden Anchors._

XXV.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF MELIBAR 389

NOTES.—1. _Dislocation of Polo’s Indian Geography. The name
of Malabar._ 2. _Verbal._ 3. _Pirates._ 4. _Cassia:
Turbit: Cubebs._ 5. _Cessation of direct Chinese trade
with Malabar._

XXVI.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF GOZURAT 392

NOTES.—1. _Topographical Confusion._ 2. _Tamarina._ 3. _Tall
Cotton Trees._ 4. _Embroidered Leather-work._

XXVII.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF TANA 395

NOTES.—1. _Tana, and the Konkan._ 2. _Incense of Western
India._

XXVIII.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF CAMBAET 397

NOTE.—_Cambay._

XXIX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF SEMENAT 398

NOTE.—_Somnath, and the so-called Gates of Somnath._

XXX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF KESMACORAN 401

NOTES.—1. _Kij-Mekrán. Limit of India._ 2. _Recapitulation of
Polo’s Indian Kingdoms._

XXXI.—DISCOURSETH OF THE TWO ISLANDS CALLED MALE AND FEMALE, AND
WHY THEY ARE SO CALLED 404

NOTE.—_The Legend and its diffusion._

XXXII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF SCOTRA 406

NOTES.—1. _Whales of the Indian Seas._ 2. _Socotra and its
former Christianity._ 3. _Piracy at Socotra._ 4.
_Sorcerers._

XXXIII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF MADEIGASCAR 411

NOTES.—1. _Madagascar; some confusion here with Magadoxo._ 2.
_Sandalwood._ 3. _Whale-killing. The |Capidoglio| or
Sperm-Whale._ 4. _The Currents towards the South._ 5.
_The Rukh_ (and see Appendix L. 11). 6. _More on the
dimensions assigned thereto._ 7. _Hippopotamus Teeth._

XXXIV.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF ZANGHIBAR. A WORD ON INDIA IN
GENERAL 422

NOTES.—1. _Zangibar; Negroes._ 2. _Ethiopian Sheep._ 3.
_Giraffes._ 4. _Ivory trade._ 5. _Error about
Elephant-taming._ 6. _Number of Islands assigned to the
Indian Sea._ 7. _The Three Indies, and various
distributions thereof. Polo’s Indian Geography._

XXXV.—TREATING OF THE GREAT PROVINCE OF ABASH, WHICH IS MIDDLE
INDIA, AND IS ON THE MAINLAND 427

NOTES.—1. _Ḥabash or Abyssinia. Application of the name India
to it._ 2. _Fire Baptism ascribed to the Abyssinian
Christians._ 3. _Polo’s idea of the position of Aden._
4. _Taming of the African Elephant for War._ 5. _Marco’s
Story of the Abyssinian Invasion of the Mahomedan
Low-Country, and Review of Abyssinian Chronology in
connection therewith._ 6. _Textual._

XXXVI.—CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF ADEN 438

NOTES.—1. _The Trade to Alexandria from India |viâ| Aden._ 2.
“Roncins à deux selles.” 3. _The Sultan of Aden. The
City and its Great Tanks._ 4. _The Loss of Acre._

XXXVII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF ESHER 442

NOTES.—1. _Shihr._ 2. _Frankincense._ 3. _Four-horned Sheep._
4. _Cattle fed on Fish._ 5. _Parallel passage._

XXXVIII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF DUFAR 444

NOTES.—1. _Dhofar._ 2. _Notes on Frankincense._

XXXIX.—CONCERNING THE GULF OF CALATU, AND THE CITY SO CALLED 449

NOTES.—1. _Kalhát._ 2. “En fra terre.” 3. _Maskat._

XL.—RETURNS TO THE CITY OF HORMOS WHEREOF WE SPOKE FORMERLY 451

NOTES.—1. _Polo’s distances and bearings in these latter
chapters._ 2. _Persian |Bád-gírs| or wind-catching
chimneys._ 3. _Island of Kish._

BOOK FOURTH.

_Wars among the Tartar Princes, and some Account of the
Northern Countries._

CHAP. PAGE
I.—CONCERNING GREAT TURKEY 457

NOTES.—1. _Kaidu Khan._ 2. _His frontier towards the Great
Kaan._

II.—OF CERTAIN BATTLES THAT WERE FOUGHT BY KING CAIDU AGAINST
THE ARMIES OF HIS UNCLE THE GREAT KAAN 459

NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. “Araines.” 3. _Chronology in
connection with the events described._

III.—†WHAT THE GREAT KAAN SAID TO THE MISCHIEF DONE BY CAIDU
HIS NEPHEW 463

IV.—OF THE EXPLOITS OF KING CAIDU’S VALIANT DAUGHTER 463

NOTE.—_Her name explained. Remarks on the story._

V.—HOW ABAGA SENT HIS SON ARGON IN COMMAND AGAINST KING CAIDU 466

(Extract and Substance.)

NOTES.—1. _Government of the Khorasan frontier._ 2. _The
Historical Events._

VI.—HOW ARGON AFTER THE BATTLE HEARD THAT HIS FATHER WAS DEAD
AND WENT TO ASSUME THE SOVEREIGNTY AS WAS HIS RIGHT 467

NOTES.—1. _Death of Ábáká._ 2. _Textual._ 3. _Ahmad Tigudar._

VII.—†HOW ACOMAT SOLDAN SET OUT WITH HIS HOST AGAINST HIS
NEPHEW WHO WAS COMING TO CLAIM THE THRONE THAT BELONGED TO
HIM 468

VIII.—†HOW ARGON TOOK COUNSEL WITH HIS FOLLOWERS ABOUT
ATTACKING HIS UNCLE ACOMAT SOLDAN 468

IX.—†HOW THE BARONS OF ARGON ANSWERED HIS ADDRESS 469

X.—†THE MESSAGE SENT BY ARGON TO ACOMAT 469

XI.—HOW ACOMAT REPLIED TO ARGON’S MESSAGE 469

XII.—OF THE BATTLE BETWEEN ARGON AND ACOMAT, AND THE CAPTIVITY
OF ARGON 470

NOTES.—1. _Verbal._ 2. _Historical._

XIII.—HOW ARGON WAS DELIVERED FROM PRISON 471

XIV.—HOW ARGON GOT THE SOVEREIGNTY AT LAST 472

XV.—†HOW ACOMAT WAS TAKEN PRISONER 473

XVI.—HOW ACOMAT WAS SLAIN BY ORDER OF HIS NEPHEW 473

XVII.—HOW ARGON WAS RECOGNISED AS SOVEREIGN 473

NOTES.—1. _The historical circumstances and persons named in
these chapters._ 2. _Arghún’s accession and death._

XVIII.—HOW KIACATU SEIZED THE SOVEREIGNTY AFTER ARGON’S DEATH 475

NOTE.—_The reign and character of Kaikhátú._

XIX.—HOW BAIDU SEIZED THE SOVEREIGNTY AFTER THE DEATH OF KIACATU 476

NOTES.—1. _Baidu’s alleged Christianity._ 2. _Gházán Khan._

XX.—CONCERNING KING CONCHI WHO RULES THE FAR NORTH 479

NOTES.—1. _Kaunchi Khan._ 2. _Siberia._ 3. _Dog-sledges._ 4.
_The animal here styled |Erculin|. The Vair._ 5.
_Yugria._

XXI.—CONCERNING THE LAND OF DARKNESS 484

NOTES.—1. _The Land of Darkness._ 2. _The Legend of the Mares
and their Foals._ 3. _Dumb Trade with the People of the
Darkness._

XXII.—DESCRIPTION OF ROSIA AND ITS PEOPLE. PROVINCE OF LAC 486

NOTES.—1. _Old Accounts of Russia. Russian Silver and Rubles._
2. _Lac, or Wallachia._ 3. _Oroech, Norway (?) or the
Waraeg Country (?)_

XXIII.—HE BEGINS TO SPEAK OF THE STRAITS OF CONSTANTINOPLE, BUT
DECIDES TO LEAVE THAT MATTER 490

XXIV.—CONCERNING THE TARTARS OF THE PONENT AND THEIR LORDS 490

NOTES.—1. _The Comanians; the Alans; Majar; Zic; the Goths of
the Crimea; Gazaria._ 2. _The Khans of Kipchak or the
Golden Horde; errors in Polo’s list. Extent of their
Empire._

XXV.—OF THE WAR THAT AROSE BETWEEN ALAU AND BARCA, AND THE
BATTLES THAT THEY FOUGHT 494

(Extracts and Substance.)

NOTES.—1. _Verbal._ 2. _The Sea of Sarai._ 3._ The War here
spoken of. Wassáf’s rigmarole._

XXVI.—†HOW BARCA AND HIS ARMY ADVANCED TO MEET ALAU 495

XXVII.—†HOW ALAU ADDRESSED HIS FOLLOWERS 495

XXVIII.—†OF THE GREAT BATTLE BETWEEN ALAU AND BARCA 496

XXIX.—HOW TOTAMANGU WAS LORD OF THE TARTARS OF THE PONENT; AND
AFTER HIM TOCTAI 496

NOTE.—_Confusions in the Text. Historical circumstances
connected with the Persons spoken of. Toctai and Noghai
Khan. Symbolic Messages._

XXX.—†OF THE SECOND MESSAGE THAT TOCTAI SENT TO NOGAI 498

XXXI.—†HOW TOCTAI MARCHED AGAINST NOGAI 499

XXXII.—†HOW TOCTAI AND NOGAI ADDRESS THEIR PEOPLE, AND THE NEXT
DAY JOIN BATTLE 499

XXXIII.—†THE VALIANT FEATS AND VICTORY OF KING NOGAI 499

XXXIV.—AND LAST. CONCLUSION 500

---------------------------------------------------------------------- † Of chapters so marked nothing is given but the substance in brief.

APPENDICES.

A. Genealogy of the House of Chinghiz to the End of the
Thirteenth Century 505

B. The Polo Families:—
(I.) Genealogy of the Family of Marco Polo the Traveller 506
(II.) The Polos of San Geremia 507

C. Calendar of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his Family 510

D. Comparative Specimens of the Different Recensions of Polo’s
Text 522

E. Preface to Pipino’s Latin Version 525

F. Note of MSS. of Marco Polo’s Book, so far as known:
General Distribution of MSS. 526
List of Miniatures in two of the finer MSS. 527
List of MSS. of Marco Polo’s Book, so far as they are known 530

G. Diagram showing Filiation of Chief MSS. and Editions of Marco
Polo 552

H. Bibliography:—
(I.) Principal Editions of Marco Polo’s Book 553
(II.) Bibliography of Printed Editions 554
(III.) Titles of Sundry Books and Papers treating of Marco Polo
and his Book 574

I. Titles of Works quoted by Abbreviated References in this Book 582

K. Values of Certain Moneys, Weights, and Measures occurring in
this Book 590

L. Supplementary Notes to the Book of Marco Polo 593
1. The Polos at Acre. 8. La Couvade.
2. Sorcery in Kashmir. 9. Alacan.
3. PAONANO PAO. 10. Champa.
4. Pamir. 11. Ruck Quills.
5. Number of Pamirs. 12. A Spanish Marco Polo.
6. Site of Pein. 13. Sir John Mandeville.
7. Fire-arms.

INDEX 607

EXPLANATORY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME II.

INSERTED PLATES AND MAPS.

_To face
page_
_Title_. Portrait bearing the inscription “MARCUS POLVS VENETVS TOTIVS
ORBIS ET INDIE PEREGRATOR PRIMVS.” In the Gallery of Monsignor
_Badia_ at Rome; copied by Sign. GIUSEPPE GNOLI, Rome.

xxiv. Medallion, representing _Marco Polo_ in the PRISON of GENOA,
dictating his story to Master RUSTICIAN of PISA, drawn by
Signor QUINTO CENNI from a rough design by Sir HENRY YULE.

29. The celebrated CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTION OF SI-NGAN FU.
Photolithographed by Mr. W. GRIGG, from a Rubbing of the
original monument, given to the Editor by the _Baron F. von
Richthofen_.

This rubbing is more complete than that used in the first
edition, for which the Editor was indebted to the kindness of
_William Lockhart, Esq._

79. The LAKE of TALI (CARAJAN of Polo) from the Northern End.
Woodcut after Lieut. DELAPORTE, borrowed from Lieut. GARNIER’S
Narrative in the _Tour du Monde_.

79. Suspension Bridge, neighbourhood of TALI. From a photograph by
M. Tannant.

111. The CITY of MIEN, with the Gold and Silver Towers. From a
drawing by the Editor, based upon his sketches of the remains
of the City so called by Marco Polo, viz., PAGÁN, the mediæval
capital of Burma.

131. Itineraries of Marco Polo. No. V. The INDO-CHINESE COUNTRIES.
With a small sketch extracted from a Chinese Map in the
possession of _Baron von Richthofen_, showing the position of
KIEN-CH’ANG, the _Caindu_ of Marco Polo.

143. Sketch Map exhibiting the VARIATIONS of the TWO GREAT RIVERS of
China, within the Period of History.

182. The CITY of SU-CHAU. Reduced by the Editor from a Rubbing of a
Plan incised on Marble, and preserved in the Great Confucian
Temple in the City.

The date of the original set of Maps, of which this was one,
is uncertain, owing to the partial illegibility of the
Inscription; but it is subsequent to A.D. 1000. They were
engraved on the Marble A.D. 1247. Many of the names have been
obliterated, and a few of those given in the copy are filled
up from modern information, as the Editor learns from _Mr.
Wylie_, to whom he owes this valuable illustration.

193. Map of HANG-CHAU FU and its LAKE, from Chinese Sources.

The Map as published in the former edition was based on a
Chinese Map in the possession of _Dr. W. Lockhart_, with some
particulars from Maps in a copy of the Local Topography,
_Hang-Chau-fu-chi_, in the B. Museum Library. In the second
edition the Map has been entirely redrawn by the Editor, with
many corrections, and with the aid of new materials, supplied
by the kindness of the _Rev. G. Moule_ of the Church Mission
at Hang-chau. These materials embrace a Paper read by Mr.
Moule before the N. China Branch of the R. As. Soc. at
Shang-hai; a modern engraved Map of the City on a large scale;
and a large MS. Map of the City and Lake, compiled by _John
Shing_, Tailor, a Chinese Christian and Catechist;

The small Side-plan is the City of SI-NGAN FU, from a plan
published during the Mongol rule, in the 14th century, a
tracing of which was sent by _Mr. Wylie_. The following
references could not be introduced in lettering for want of
space:—

1. Yuen-Tu-Kwan (Tauist Monastery).
2. Chapel of Hien-ning Prince.
3. Leih-Ching Square (_Fang_).
4. Tauist Monastery.
5. Kie-lin General Court.
6. Ancestral Chapel of Yang-Wan-Kang.
7. Chapel of the Mid-year Genius.
8. Temple of the Martial Peaceful King.
9. Stone where officers are selected.
10. Mews.
11. Jasper-Waves Square (_Fang_).
12. Court of Enquiry.
13. Gate of the Făng-Yuen Circuit.
14. Bright Gate.
15. Northern Tribunal.
16. Refectory.
17. Chapel of the Făng-Yuen Prince.
18. Embroidery manufactory.
19. Hwa-li Temple.
20. Old Superintendency of Investigations.
21. Superintendent of Works.
22. Ka-yuen Monastery.
23. Prefectural Confucian Temple.
24. Benevolent Institution.
25. Temple of Tu-Ke-King.
26. Balustrade enclosure.
27. Medicine-Bazar Street.
28. Tsin and Ching States Chapel.
29. Square of the Double Cassia Tree.

N.B.—The shaded spaces are marked in the original _Min-Keu_
“Dwellings of the People.”

213. Plan of SOUTHERN PART of the CITY of KING-SZÉ (or Hang-chau),
with the PALACE of the SUNG EMPERORS. From a Chinese Plan
forming part of a Reprint of the official Topography of the
City during the period _Hien-Shun_ (1265–1274) of the Sung
Dynasty, _i.e._ the period terminated by the Mongol conquest
of the City and Empire. Mr. Moule, who possesses the Chinese
plan (with others of the same set), has come to the
conclusion that it is a copy at second-hand. Names that are
underlined are such as are preserved in the modern Map of
Hang-chau. I am indebted for the use of the original plan to
_Mr. Moule_; for the photographic copy and rendering of the
names to _Mr. Wylie_.

241. Sketch Map of the GREAT PORTS of FO-KIEN, to illustrate the
identity of Marco Polo’s ZAYTON. Besides the Admiralty Charts
and other well-known sources the Editor has used in forming
this a “Missionary Map of Amoy and the Neighbouring Country,”
on a large scale, sent him by the _Rev. Carstairs Douglas_,
LL.D., of Amoy. This contains some points not to be found in
the others.

246. Itineraries of MARCO POLO, No. VI. The Journey through
KIANG-NAN, CHE-KIANG, and FO-KIEN.

313. {1. Map to illustrate Marco Polo’s Chapters on the MALAY
{ COUNTRIES.
{2. Map to illustrate his Chapters on SOUTHERN INDIA.

375. {1. Sketch showing the Position of KÁYAL in Tinnevelly.
{2. Map showing the Position of the Kingdom of ELY in MALABAR.

440. ADEN, with the attempted Escalade under Alboquerque in 1513,
being the Reduced Facsimile of a large contemporary Wood
Engraving in the Map Department of the British Museum. (Size
of the original 42½ inches by 19⅛ inches.) Photolithographic
Reduction by Mr. G. B. PRAETORIUS, through the assistance of
_R. H. Major_, Esq.

474. Facsimile of the Letters sent to PHILIP the FAIR, King of
France, by ARGHÚN KHAN, in A.D. 1289, and by OLJAÏTU, in A.D.
1305, preserved in the Archives of France, and reproduced
from the _Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole_ by kind
permission of H.H. Prince ROLAND BONAPARTE.

594. Some of the objects found by Dr. M. A. Stein, in Central Asia.
From a photograph kindly lent by the Traveller.

WOODCUTS PRINTED WITH THE TEXT.

BOOK SECOND.—PART SECOND.

_Page_
4. The BRIDGE of PULISANGHIN, the _Lu-ku-k’iao_ of the Chinese,
reduced from a large Chinese Engraving in the Geographical
work called _Ki-fu-thung-chi_ in the Paris Library. I owe the
indication of this, and of the Portrait of Kúblái Kaan in
vol. i. to notes in M. Pauthier’s edition.

5. The BRIDGE of PULISANGHIN. From the _Livre des Merveilles_.

8. BRIDGE of LU-KU-K’IAO. From a photograph by Count de SEMALLÉ.

9. BRIDGE of LU-KU-K’IAO. From a photograph by Count de SEMALLÉ.

19. The ROI D’OR. Professed Portrait of the Last of the _Altun
Khans_ or Kin Emperors of Cathay, from the (fragmentary)
Arabic Manuscript of _Rashiduddin’s History_ in the Library
of the Royal Asiatic Society. This Manuscript is supposed to
have been transcribed under the eye of Rashiduddin, and the
drawings were probably derived from Chinese originals.

26. Plan of Ki-chau, after Duhalde.

30. The CROSS incised at the head of the GREAT CHRISTIAN
INSCRIPTION of SI-NGAN FU (A.D. 781); actual size, from copy
of a pencil rubbing made on the original by the _Rev. J.
Lees_. Received from _Mr. A. Wylie_.

38. Diagram to elucidate the cities of Ch’êng-tu fu.

39. Plan of Ch’êng-tu. From MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour d’Asie_, by kind
permission of M. PLON.

41. Bridge near Kwan-hsien (Ch’êng-tu). From MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour
d’Asie_, by kind permission of M. PLON.

47. MOUNTAINEERS on the Borders of SZE-CH’WAN and TIBET, from one
of the illustrations to Lieut. Garnier’s Narrative (see p.
48). From _Tour du Monde_.

50. VILLAGE of EASTERN TIBET on Sze-ch’wan Frontier. From _Mr.
Cooper’s Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce_.

52. Example of ROADS on the TIBETAN FRONTIER of China (being
actually a view of the Gorge of the Lan t’sang Kiang). From
_Mr. Cooper’s Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce_.

55. The VALLEY of the KIN-SHA KIANG, near the lower end of the
CAINDU of Marco Polo. From Lieut. Garnier in the _Tour du
Monde_.

58. SALT PANS in Yun-nan. _From the same._

61. Black Lolo.

62. White Lolo. From DEVÉRIA’S _Frontière Sino-annamite_.

66. _Pa-y_ Script. From the _T’oung-Pao_.

68. Garden-House on the LAKE of YUN-NAN-FU, YACHI of Polo. From
_Lieut. Garnier_ in the _Tour du Monde_.

72. Road descending from the Table-Land of YUN-NAN into the VALLEY
of the KIN-SHA KIANG (the BRIUS of Polo). _From the same._

73. “A SARACEN of CARAJAN,” being the portrait of a Mahomedan
Mullah in Western Yun-nan. _From the same._

75. The Canal at YUN-NAN FU. From a photograph by M. TANNANT.

78. “Riding long like FRENCHMEN,” exemplified from the Bayeux
Tapestry. After Lacroix, _Vie Militaire du Moyen Age_.

83. The SANG-MIAU tribe of KWEI-CHAU, with the Cross-bow. From a
coloured drawing in a Chinese work on the Aboriginal Tribes,
belonging to _W. Lockhart, Esq._

90. Portraits of a KAKHYEN man and woman. Drawn by Q. CENNI from a
photograph (anonymous).

108. Temple called GAUDAPALÉN in the city of MIEN (_i.e._ Pagán in
Burma), erected _circa_ A.D. 1160. Engraving after a sketch
by the first Editor, from _Fergusson’s History of
Architecture_.

111. The PALACE of the KING of MIEN in modern times (viz., the
Palace at Amarapura). From the same, being partly from a
sketch by the first Editor.

118. Script _Pa-pe_. From the _T’oung-Pao_.

122. HO-NHI and other Tribes in the Department of Lin-ngan in S.
Yun-nan, supposed to be the _Anin_ country of Marco Polo.
From _Garnier_ in the _Tour du Monde_.

125. The KOLOMAN tribe, on borders of Kwei-chau and Yun-nan. From
coloured drawing in _Mr. Lockhart’s_ book as above (under p.
83).

129. Script _thaï_ of Xieng-hung. From the _T’oung-Pao_.

130. Iron SUSPENSION BRIDGE at Lowatong. From _Garnier_ in _Tour du
Monde_.

131. FORTIFIED VILLAGES on Western Frontier of KWEI-CHAU. _From the
same._

BOOK SECOND.—PART THIRD.

_Page_
155. YANG-CHAU: the three Cities under the Sung.

156. YANG-CHAU: the Great City under the Sung. From Chinese Plans
kindly sent to the present Editor by the late Father H.
Havret, S.J., Zi-ka-wei.

162. MEDIÆVAL ARTILLERY ENGINES. Figs, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are
CHINESE. The first four are from the Encyclopædia
_San-Thsai-Thou-hoei_ (Paris Library), the last from _Amyot_,
vol. viii.

Figs. 6, 7, 8 are SARACEN, 6 and 7 are taken from the work of
_Reinaud and Favé, Du Feu Grégeois_, and by them from the
Arabic MS. of _Hassan al Raumah_ (_Arab Anc. Fonds_, No.
1127). Fig. 8 is from _Lord Munster’s Arabic Catalogue_ of
Military Works, and by him from a MS. of _Rashiduddin’s
History_.

The remainder are EUROPEAN. Fig. 9 is from _Pertz,
Scriptores_, vol. xviii., and by him from a figure of the
Siege of Arbicella, 1227, in a MS. of _Genoese Annals_ (No.
773, _Supp. Lat._ of _Bib. Imp._). Fig. 10 from _Shaw’s
Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_, vol. i.,
No. 21, after _B. Mus. MS. Reg._ 16, _G._ vi. Fig. 11 from
_Pertz_ as above, under A.D. 1182. Fig. 12, from _Valturius
de Re Militari_, Verona, 1483. Figs. 13 and 14 from the
_Poliorceticon_ of _Justus Lipsius_. Fig. 15 is after the
Bodleian MS. of the Romance of Alexander (A.D. 1338), but is
taken from the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 3rd ser. vol. vii.
p. 467. Fig. 16 from Lacroix’s _Art au Moyen Age_, after a
miniature of 13th cent. in the Paris Library. Figs. 17 and 18
from the Emperor Napoleon’s _Études de l’Artillerie_, and by
him taken from the MS. of _Paulus Santinus_ (Lat. MS. 7329 in
Paris Library). Fig. 19 from Professor Moseley’s restoration
of a Trebuchet, after the data in the Mediæval Note-book of
_Villars de Honcourt_, in _Gentleman’s Magazine_ as above.
Figs. 20 and 21 from the Emperor’s Book. Fig. 22 from a
German MS. in the Bern Library, the _Chronicle of Justinger
and Schilling_.

169. COIN from a treasure hidden during the siege of SIANG-YANG in
1268–73, and lately discovered in that city.

172. Island MONASTERIES on the YANG-TZŬ KIANG; viz.:—

1. _Uppermost_. The “Little Orphan Rock,” after a cut in
_Oliphant’s Narrative_.

2. _Middle_. The “Golden Island” near Chin-kiang fu, after
_Fisher’s China_. (This has been accidentally reversed in
the drawing.)

3. _Lower_. The “_Silver Island_,” below the last, after Mr.
Lindley’s book on the T’ai-P’ings.

177. The West Gate of CHIN-KIANG FU. From an engraving in _Fisher’s
China_ after a sketch made by _Admiral Stoddart_, R.N., in
1842.

183. South-West Gate and Water Gate of SU-CHAU; facsimile on half
scale from the incised Map of 1247. (See List of Inserted
Plates preceding, under p. 182.)

193. The old LUH-HO-TA or Pagoda of Six Harmonies near HANG-CHAU,
and anciently marking the extreme S.W. angle of the city.
Drawn by Q. CENNI from an anonymous photograph received from
the _Rev. G. Moule_.

196. Imperial City of HANG-CHAU in the 13th Century.

197. Metropolitan City of HANG-CHAU in the 13th Century. From the
Notes of the Right Rev. _G. E. Moule_.

209. _Fang_ of SI-NGAN FU. Communicated by _A. Wylie_.

212. Stone _Chwang_ or UMBRELLA COLUMN, one of two which still mark
the site of the ancient Buddhist Monastery called
_Fan-T’ien-Sze_ or “Brahma’s Temple” at Hang-chau. Reduced
from a pen-and-ink sketch by _Mr. Moule_.

223. Mr. PHILLIPS’ Theory of Marco Polo’s Route through Fo-Kien.

228. Scene in the BOHEA MOUNTAINS, on Polo’s route between Kiang-Si
and Fo-Kien. From _Fortune’s Three Years’ Wanderings_.

233. Scene on the MIN RIVER below Fu-chau. _From the same._

245. The KAAN’S FLEET leaving the Port of ZAYTON. The scenery is
taken from an engraving in _Fisher’s China_, purporting
to represent the mouth of the Chinchew River (or River of
Tswan-chau), after a sketch by _Capt._ (now Adm.) _Stoddart_.
But the Rev. Dr. Douglas, having pointed out that this cut
really supported _his_ view of the identity of Zayton, being
a view of the _Chang-chau_ River, reference was made to
Admiral Stoddart, and Dr. Douglas proves to be quite right.
The View was really one of the Chang-chau River; but the
Editor has not been able to procure material for one of the
Tswan-chau River, and so he leaves it.

BOOK THIRD

_Page_
248. The KAAN’S FLEET passing through the Indian ARCHIPELAGO. From a
drawing by the Editor.

254. Ancient JAPANESE EMPEROR, after a Native Drawing. From the
_Tour du Monde_.

257. Ancient JAPANESE ARCHER, after a native drawing. _From the
same._

261. The JAPANESE engaged in combat with the CHINESE, after an
ancient native drawing. From _Charton, Voyageurs Anciens et
Modernes_.

273. JAVA. A view in the interior. From a sketch of the slopes of
the Gedéh Volcano, taken by the Editor in 1860.

274. Bas Relief of one of the VESSELS frequenting the Ports of JAVA
in the Middle Ages. From one of the sculptures of the BORO
BODOR, after a photograph.

289. The three Asiatic RHINOCEROSES. Adapted from a proof of a
woodcut given to the Editor for the purpose by the late
eminent zoologist, _Edward Blyth_. It is not known to the
Editor whether the cut appeared in any other publication.

291. MONOCEROS and the MAIDEN. From a mediæval drawing engraved in
_Cahier et Martin, Mélanges d’Archéologie_, II. Pl. 30.

310. The BORÚS. From a manuscript belonging to the late CHARLES
SCHEFER, now in the _Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris.

311. The CYNOCEPHALI. From the _Livre des Merveilles_.

321. ADAM’S PEAK from the Sea.

327. SAKYA MUNI as a Saint of the Roman Martyrology. Facsimile from
an old German version of the story of Barlaam and Josaphat
(_circa_ 1477), printed by Zainer at Augsburg, in the British
Museum.

330. TOOTH Reliques of BUDDHA. 1. At Kandy, after Emerson Tennent.
2. At Fu-chau, after Fortune.

336. “CHINESE PAGODA” (so called) at Negapatam. From a sketch taken
by _Sir Walter Elliot_, K.C.S.I., in 1846.

352. PAGODA at TANJORE. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.

353. Ancient CROSS with Pehlvi Inscription, preserved in the church
on ST. THOMAS’S MOUNT near Madras. From a photograph, the
gift of A. Burnell, Esq., of the Madras Civil Service,
assisted by a lithographic drawing in his unpublished
pamphlet on Pehlvi Crosses in South India. _N.B._—The
lithograph has now appeared in the _Indian Antiquary_,
November, 1874.

356. The Little MOUNT of ST. THOMAS, near Madras. After _Daniel_.

358. Small Map of the ST. THOMAS localities at Madras.

378. Ancient Christian CHURCH at PARÚR or Palúr, on the Malabar
Coast; from an engraving in Pearson’s _Life of Claudius
Buchanan_, after a sketch by the latter.

379. SYRIAN CHURCH at Caranyachirra, showing the quasi-Jesuit Façade
generally adopted in modern times. From the _Life of Bishop
Daniel Wilson_.

379. INTERIOR of Syrian CHURCH at Kötteiyam. _From the same._

384. CAPE COMORIN. From an original sketch by Mr. FOOTE of the
Geological Survey of India.

387. MOUNT D’ELY. From a _nautical sketch of last century_.

393. Mediæval ARCHITECTURE in GUZERAT, being a view of Gateway at
Jinjawára, given in Forbes’s _Ras Mala_. From _Fergusson’s
History of Architecture_.

399. The GATES of SOMNATH (so called), as preserved in the British
Arsenal at Agra. From a photograph by Messrs. SHEPHERD and
BOURNE, converted into an elevation.

415. The RUKH, after a Persian drawing. From _Lane’s Arabian Nights_.

416. Frontispiece of A. Müller’s _Marco Polo_, showing the Bird
_Rukh_.

425. The ETHIOPIAN SHEEP. From a sketch by _Miss Catherine Frere_.

441. View of ADEN in 1840. From a sketch by Dr. R. KIRK in the
Map-room of the Royal Geographical Society.

447. The Harvest of FRANKINCENSE in Arabia. Facsimile of an
engraving in _Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle_ (1575).
Reproduced from _Cassell’s Bible Educator_, by the courtesy
of the publishers.

448. BOSWELLIA FREREANA, from a drawing by Mr. W. H. FITCH. The use
of this engraving is granted by the India Museum through the
kindness of _Sir George Birdwood_.

453. A Persian BÁD-GÍR, or Wind-Catcher. From a drawing in the Atlas
to _Hommaire de Hell’s Persia_. Engraved by ADENEY.

BOOK FOURTH.

_Page_
478. Tomb of OLJAITU KHAN, the brother of Polo’s CASAN, at
Sultaniah. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.

483. The Siberian DOG-SLEDGE. From the _Tour du Monde_.

489. Mediæval RUSSIAN Church. From _Fergusson’s History of
Architecture_.

493. Figure of a TARTAR under the Feet of Henry Duke of Silesia,
Cracow, and Poland, from the tomb at Breslau of that Prince,
killed in battle with the Tartar host, 9th April, 1241. After
a plate in _Schlesische Fürstenbilder des Mittelalters_,
Breslau, 1868.

501. Asiatic WARRIORS of Polo’s Age. From the MS. of Rashiduddin’s
History, noticed under cut at p. 19. Engraved by ADENEY.

APPENDICES.

_Page_
555. FIGURE of MARCO POLO, from the first printed edition of his
Book, published in German at Nuremberg 1477. Traced from a
copy in the Berlin Library. (This tracing was the gift of
_Mr. Samuel D. Horton_, of Cincinnati, through Mr. Marsh.)

595. Marco Polo’s rectified Itinerary from Khotan to Nia.

THE
BOOK OF MARCO POLO

BOOK II.—_CONTINUED_.

PART II.—JOURNEY TO THE WEST AND SOUTH-WEST OF CATHAY.