Chapter II: Short Vowels (5)

=Tämä=, _this_, is used of both persons and things. =Nämä talot ovat minun=, _these houses are mine_. =Tällä miehellä ei ole rahaa=, _this man has no money_. =Tuo=, _that_, is also used of both persons and things. =Tuo tyttö on kaunis=, _that girl is good-looking_. =Tuo ei ole oikein=, _that is not correct_.

=Se= is used of the third person if anything but a human being is spoken of. =Missä on koira? Se ei ole huoneessa=, _where is the dog? He’s not in the room_. =Ne kalat ovat pienet=, _these fish are small_. =Mitä pidätte siitä=, _what do you think of it?_ In popular language and in the Kalevala it is also used as the equivalent of =hän=. =Se puhuu totta=, _he speaks the truth_. =Se mies joka paikkansa pitää= (proverb), _he is a man who keeps his place_. It is also used adjectively to emphasize a word, and often corresponds to our article. =Se koira vinkasi johon kalikka kävi=, _the dog who is hit howls_ (proverb).

_Reflexive Pronouns._

The reflexive pronoun in Finnish is supplied by the oblique cases of =Itse=, _self_, always with the addition of the proper possessive affix. The genitive, however, is rarely used, and only with prepositions. =Ostin itselleni hatun=, _I bought myself a hat_. =Itsestänsä paha pappi saarnaa= (proverb), _a bad priest preaches about himself_. =Tunne itsesi=, _know thyself_. =Auta itseäsi ja jumala sinua auttaa=, _help yourself and God will help you_. _Vide_ below (p. 170) for other uses of this word =itse=.

The genitive of the reflexive pronoun is supplied by the adjective =oma=, _own_, corresponding to the Russian =свой=. The noun qualified by this adjective takes the proper pronominal affix. =Minä otin oman osani, ja hän ei sinun osaasi ottanut vaan oman osansa=, _I took my share, and he did not take your share, but his own share_. =Oma= has not always the reflexive meaning, but is used simply for emphasis as ‘my own,’ etc. in English. =Tämä on minun oma taloni=, _this is my own cottage_. =Omat on virret oppimani, omat saamani sanaiset.= It is also used without reference to a definite subject to mean ‘one’s own.’

=Omat maat makuisimmat
Omat metsät mieluisimmat.=

_One’s own lands are more pleasant and one’s own forests sweeter_ (than those of others).

_Interrogative Pronouns._

(1) =Kuka= is a substantive. The nominative singular and plural means _who?_ and is only used of persons. The remaining cases =kussa=, =kusta=, =kuhun= _or_ =kunne=, =kuin=, =kun=, etc., are mostly used as particles. =Kuka luulisi häntä niin viekkaaksi?= _Who would have thought him so clever?_ =Kutka tuolta tulevat?= _Who come from there?_

(2) =Ken= is identical in meaning with =kuka=, being also a substantive and only used of persons. The nominative is rarely used, but the oblique cases supply those of =kuka=. =Kenen kirja tämä on?= _Whose book is this?_ =Kenellähän olisi rahaa?= _Who is likely to have any money?_

(3) =Mikä= has two uses: (1) when applied to persons it is always used adjectively. =Mikä mies tuo on?= _what man is that?_ =Mi sinä olet miehiäsi?= (Kal. ii. 134.) _what manner of man art thou?_ (2) When applied to things it can be used either adjectively or substantively. It will be noticed that this is exactly similar to the use of _what_ in English. =Mikä on nimesi?= _what is your name?_ =Mitä maksoitte?= _what did you pay?_ =Millä kadulla asutte?= _what street do you live in?_

(4) =Kumpi= is either a substantive or an adjective, and means _which of two_. =Kumpi teistä= (_or_ =teitä=) =tulee?= _Which of you is coming?_ =Kumpaa viiniä paremmin rakastatte, punaistako vain valkoista?= _Which wine do you prefer, red or white?_ =Hän saapui Turkuun, jossa kaupungissa viipyi kaksi viikkoa=, _He arrived at Åbo, in which town he remained two weeks_.

_Relative Pronouns._

=Joka=, _who_ or _which_, is a substantive, and sometimes an adjective. =Joka myllyyn menee se tomuun tulee=, _he who goes to the mill gets dusty_ (proverb). =Poika, jolle annoitte kirjan, on veljeni=, _the boy to whom you gave the book is my brother_.

=Jompi=, _which of two_, is not frequently used: =Ota näistä kirjoista jomman tahdot=, _take which of these books you like_. =Pata kattilata soimaa: musta kylki kummallakin=, _the pot abuses the kettle; but both are black_. =Kuka=, =kumpi=, and =mikä=, are also used as relatives. =En tiedä kuka se on=, _I do not know what is_. =Jos tietäisin mitä tahdotte, niin antaisin=, _if I knew what you wanted I would give it you_. N.B. The word =kuin=, meaning _as_, is sometimes used as a relative pronoun.

_Indefinite Pronouns._

I. One kind of indefinite pronoun is formed by the union of the relative and interrogative in their shortened form. =Joku=, _some one_, _some one or other_; =jompikumpi=, _one or other of two_. =Joku kolkuttaa=, _some one is knocking_. =Tuli joitakuita miehiä=, _some men came_. =Sano jommalle kummalle=, _tell one or other of them_.

II. The relative and interrogative pronouns when combined with the suffix =kin=—=jokin=, =kukin=, =mikin=, =kumpikin= _or_ =kumpainenkin=—are used as indefinite pronouns in affirmative sentences. The same pronouns combined with =kaan=—=kukaan=, =kenkään=, =mikään=, =kumpikaan=—are used only in negative phrases or dubitative questions, and then mean, _no one_, _none_, _nothing_, and _neither_. =Menköön jokin hänen jälkeen=, _let some one go after him_. =Ei kukaan tiedä mihin hän meni=, _no one knows where he went_. =Oletteko kuulleet jotakin uutta?= _have you heard something new?_ =En mitäkään=, _nothing_. =Ei johtunut kenenkään mieleen=, _no one remembered_ (_it came into nobody’s mind_). =Kelpaako näistä kumpikaan?= _will either of these do?_

Under many circumstances the interogative and relative pronouns are used as indefinite.

(1) In sentences meaning ‘some do one thing, some another.’ Cf. the use of =кто= in Russian. =Mikä itkee, mikä nauraa=, _one weeps and another laughs_. =Kuka uskoo, kuka ei=, _some believe, and some don’t_. =Ketä nälättää, ketä janottaa=, _one is hungry, and another thirsty_.

(2) When two interrogatives or relatives are combined together and one takes the suffix =kin= in such expressions as =vieraita tuli mikä mistäkin=, _strangers come some from one side some from another_ (Lat. _alii aliunde_). =Haastelivat minkän mitäkin=, _they talked of different subjects_. =Tekivät tuttavuutta kuka kunkin kanssa=, _they made acquaintances one with another_.

(3) Interrogatives and relatives are turned into indefinite pronouns by the addition of the words =hyvänsä=, =tahtonsa=, =tahansa=, =ikänänsä=, =ikinä=, corresponding to the Latin _cumque_, _libet_, _vis_, and such English expressions as _who you like_, _who you will_, or _ever_. =Sen taitaa kuka hyvänsä tehdä=, _anyone can do that_; =missä ikänänsä olette=, _wherever you are_; =tulkoon kuka tahtonsa= _or_ =tahansa=, _whoever comes_; =kuka ikinä sen löytää=, _whoever finds it_.

(4) The use of the simple interrogative for the indefinite pronoun is peculiarly frequent in phrases beginning with =vaikka=. =Tulkoon vaikka kuka=, _come who may_. =Maksoi vaikka mitä=, _whatever it cost_. =Oli hän waikka kuka=, _whoever he may be_. Cf. =vaikka koska=, _whenever_; =vaikka missä=, _wherever_.

_Various Pronominal Adjectives._

I. =Eräs=, =muutama= and =muudan= _or_ =muuan=, all mean _some_, _a certain_. =Eräänä aamuna=, _one morning_. =Muutamia miehiä astui huoneesen=, _several men came into the room_. =Oli kerran muudan ukko=, _there was once an old man_.

II. =Itse.= This word, which means _self_, is used as a reflexive pronoun, as described above, p. 166. It is also used simply for emphasis. =Minä itse=, _I myself_; =hän on itse hyvyys=, _he is goodness itself_. When =itse= is used with a substantive it can either precede, in which case it is not declined and takes no pronominal suffix, or else follow, in which case it is put in the same case as the substantive and has a suffix. =Itse asiassa se ei mitään tee=, _as a matter of fact that makes no difference_. =Kuulin kerran, ukon itsensä puhuvan=, _I once heard the old man himself say_.

When =itse= is used with postpositions it often remains unchanged while the postposition takes the pronominal suffix. =Itse puolestani olen tyytyväinen=, _for my part I am content_. =Hän on itse kauttansa rikastunut=, _he has grown rich by his own exertions_ (_through himself_). =En siitä huolisi itse tähteni=, _I should not trouble about it on my own account_.

III. =Kaikki=, _all, every_, is the Latin _omnis_. =Koko=, _all_ or _the whole_, is _totus_. This latter word is properly a substantive meaning collection, and it is not declined when used as an adjective. =Kaikki= is declined, but its accusative singular is either =kaikki= _or_ =kaiken=. The nominative and accusative plural are also generally =kaikki=, but =kaiket= is used in the sense of =koko=. N.B. =Hän on minulle kaikki kaikessa=, _he is all in all to me_.

IV. =Moni= is generally used in the singular, =moni mies=, _many a man_. When it is used as the subject of a sentence, the partitive =monta= is generally employed. =Monta miestä, monta mieltä=, _many men, many opinions_ (proverb).

The plural =monet= has generally the sense of various. =Monet venäjän kansat elävät kalastuksella=, _many races in Russia live by fishing_.

V. The word =toinen=, _another_ or _second_, is used with the pronominal suffixes as a reciprocal pronoun. In this case either the oblique case may be used alone with the suffix, or the nominative, without the suffix be added. =He rakastavat toisiansa=, _they love one another_, or =He rakastavat toinen toisiansa=.

=Muu= means _other_ or _another_, whereas =toinen= usually means _the other_, or at any rate refers to a definite person. Thus =Näistä miehestä toinen on venäläinen, toinen saksalainen=, _one of these men is a Russian, the other a German_. =Se ei ole kukaan muu kuin kuningas itse=, _this is no other than the king himself_. =Ovatko toiset tulleet?= _are the others come?_ =Onko ketään muita tullut?= _Has anyone else come?_

The adverbial forms =muualla=, =muualta=, =muualle= seem derived from a stem =muuka=, which is not found in the nominative. =Miehet ovat muualta tulleet=, _the men have come from another country_.[14]

VI. The indeclinable adjective =joka= has much the same meaning as =jokainen=, namely _each_ or _every_. =Joka vuosi=, _every year_. =Se nähdään joka aika=, _that is always seen_. =Annoin rahaa joka miehelle=, _I gave every man some money_. =Joka toinen, kolmas, neljäs=, etc., _every second, third, fourth_, etc. =Joka toisena päivänä=, _every other day._

NUMBERS.

The use of the numbers presents some peculiarities.

A. =Yksi=, _one_, is an adjective which agrees with the substantive it qualifies. =Hän aina puhuu yhtä asiaa=, _he always talks on one subject_. =Olla yhdessä neuvossa=, _to be concerned in a plan_.

B. The other numbers require that the word they qualify should be in the partitive singular, _if the number is in the nominative_. Under these circumstances the verb is the singular. =Kolme poikaa on talossa=, _three boys are in the house_. =Viisi tuhatta miestä=, _5000 men_. =Seitsemän kalaa=, _seven fishes_.

But with words that have no singular, both the numeral and substantive are put in the nominative. =Yhdet, kahdet häät=, _one, two marriages_. =Viidet sakset=, _five pairs of scissors_. =Kahdeksat sukat=, _eight pairs of stockings_.

C. If the numeral is in an oblique case, then the substantive is put in the same case also, _but in the singular_. =Viidelle pojalle=, _to five boys_. =Kolmelle kymmenelle miehelle=, _to thirty-six men_.

But in the Kalevala, one finds such expressions as =löyti kuusia jyviä=, =Seitsemiä siemeniä=.

D. If the number and substantive have a pronoun or adjective agreeing with them, this latter is put in the plural and in the same case as the number. But the substantive obeys the preceding rules, if the attribute is in the nominative plural, the verb is also in the plural. =Nämät viisi poikaa tulivat kotia=, _these five boys come home_. =Anna leipää näille viidelle pojalle=, _give some bread to these five boys_.

N.B. In all the numbers except =yksi= the accusative is the same as the nominative. =Näin kaksi miestä=, _I saw two men_. =Ampui viisi lintuja=; _he shot five birds_; but =Näin yhden miehen=, _I saw one man_.

_Expression of a date._

I. To express the year the word =vuosi= is employed, and a cardinal number after it. If =vuosi= is used in the local or in the essive case this number is not inflected. =Vuonna tuhatta= (_or_ =tuhat=) =kahdeksan sataa kahdeksankymmentä yhdeksän=, _in the year 1889_.

But if the genitive of =vuosi= is used, then the number is also put in the genitive. =Vuoden tuhatta kahdeksan sataa kahdeksankymmentä viiden sato=, _the harvest of 1885_.

II. The day of the month is expressed in two ways.

(1) First comes the name of the month in the genitive, then an ordinal number in the essive, and the word =päivänä=. =Maaliskuun kolmantena päivänä=, _March 3_.

(2) Or the numeral and =päivänä= come first, and are followed by the name of the month in the partitive. =Kolmantena päivänä Maaliskuuta.=

III. The hour expressed by the word =kello=, which remains under all circumstances invariable, followed by a cardinal numeral which can be inflected. =Kello on kuusi=, _it is six o’clock_. =Nousen kello neljältä=, _I get up at five o’clock_.

The half hours are expressed in much the same way as in German or Russian. _Half past four_, =puoli viisi=; _half past five_, =puoli kuusi=; _half past six_, =puoli seitsemän=, etc. _A quarter past five_ is expressed by =se on neljänneksen yli viisi= (_five plus a quarter_), and _a quarter to six_ by =se on neljännestä vailla kuusi= (_six minus a quarter_).

The names of the days of the week and months are as follows:—

_Sunday_ =Sunnuntai=.
_Monday_ =Maanantai=.
_Tuesday_ =Tiitai=.
_Wednesday_ =Keskiviikko=.
_Thursday_ =Torstai=.
_Friday_ =Perjantai=.
_Saturday_ =Lauantai=.

_January_ =Tammikuu=.
_February_ =Helmikuu=.
_March_ =Maaliskuu=.
_April_ =Huhtikuu=.
_May_ =Toukokuu=.
_June_ =Kesäkuu=.
_July_ =Heinäkuu=.
_August_ =Elokuu=.
_September_ =Syyskuu=.
_October_ =Lokakuu=.
_November_ =Marraskuu=.
_December_ =Joulukuu=.

THE VERB.

The moods and tenses of the Finite verb in Finnish are very simple.

The present and imperfect with the compound tenses called perfect and pluperfect form the entire indicative mood.

I. The present indicates—

(1) An habitual action, or an action which is going on at the present time. =Joka päivä hän lukee sanomalehden alusta loppuun saakka=, _every day he reads the newspaper through from one end to the other_. =Mihin menette? Menemme metsään=, _where are you going? we are going to the wood_. When it is desired to emphasise the fact that some one is engaged in an action at the present time, such phrases as =he ovat kalastamassa=, _they are fishing_, may be used (_v._ p. 191).

(2) A future action, as we say ‘he comes to-morrow.’ Some distinction is made between these two uses by the fact that while a verb representing an action as going on always takes an object in the partitive, a verb which represents an action as to be completed in the future takes an object in the genitive. =Kirjoitan kirjettä=, _I am writing a letter_; =huomenna kirjoitan kirjeen=, _I shall write a letter to-morrow_. =Kun saan tietää missä asuu, niin menen hänen luo=, _when I know where he lives I shall go and see him_.

(3) In a few expressions the present indicative is used in a concessive sense. =Maksaa mitä maksaa=, _cost what it may_. =Sano mitä sanot=, _say what you will_.

II. The imperfect is used in two senses:—

(1) It denotes an action in past time, either habitual or isolated, either continuous or momentary; it thus corresponds to several past tenses in other languages. =Seuraavana päivänä tuli nuori rouva aamiais-pöytään, kun muut olivat lopettaneet=, _next day the young lady came down to breakfast when the rest had finished_. =Tapasitko sisartani?= _did you meet my sister?_ =En tavannut=, _I did not meet her_. =Joka päivä lähti hän kävelemään pääkadulle=, _every day he took a walk in the principal street_. =Lohi loimahti merehen=, _the salmon jumped into the sea_. =Itki yötä kaksi kolme=, _he wept two or three nights_.

(2) It is also used like the present in a concessive sense, but much more frequently than that tense. =Kävi miten kävi, asiaan on ryhtyttävä=, _come what may, the business must be begun_. =Oli kumpi hyvänsä=, _whichever of the two it is_. Cf. such expressions as =kuka niitä kaikkia muisti? Lempo niitä ymmärsi=.

It is noticeable that in the narrative portions of the Kalevala and other poems the present and imperfect are used almost indifferently (_v._ extracts at end of book). Perhaps the sound of the terminations =pi= and =vi=, which, like the imperfect, end in =i=, made the confusion easier.

III. The perfect corresponds pretty nearly to the tense formed with the auxiliary _have_ in English. =Olemme maanneet vähän aikaa niin lähdemme järvelle koko yöksi=, _we have slept a little and are going out on the lake for the whole night_. =Oletteko ennen kuulleet sitä laulua?= _have you heard that song before?_ =En ole nähnyt häntä moneen aikaan=, _I have not seen him for a long time_.

IV. The pluperfect expresses an action finished in past time, and may be rendered by _had_ in English. =Kun hän sen sanonut oli, meni hän taas ulos=, _when he had said this he went out again_. =Oliko hän ehkä saanut tiedon asiasta?= _had he by any chance heard of the matter?_

It will be observed that there is no real future tense in Finnish. Its want is supplied in several ways.

A. By the present tense as described above.

B. By a periphrastic conjugation consisting of the present participle and the present or imperfect of =olla=. This corresponds to the Russian future with =буду=, and denotes a future action the time of which is not specified. =Ennenkuin päivät tulevat koskas olet sanova....=, _before the days come in which thou shalt say...._ (Eccl. xii. 1). =Hän on vapahtava kansansa heidän synneistänsä=, _He shall save His people from their sins_.

C. By the concessive. This tense is frequently used to imply something probable or doubtful in the future. =Ostanevat kaupungista kirjat ja tuonevat ne jo huomenna kotia=, _they will probably buy new books and bring them home to-morrow_. =Tappaneeko hän itsensä?= (S. John viii. 22) _will he kill himself?_

D. By the conditional, especially in conditional sentences. =Tulisin huomenna, jos ehtisin=, _I shall come to-morrow, if I have time_. =Isäntä ei palkitsisi sinua ennenkuin olisit työsi lopettanut=, _your master will not pay you before you finish your work_.

E. Various periphrases are used, particularly when there is any idea of necessity or obligation in the future. The following examples taken from the translation of the Bible will show this. =Minä saan nähdä hänen, mutta en nyt=, _I shall see him, but not now_ (Num. xxiv. 17, but the passage continues =minä katselen häntä waan en lästä=). =Teidän pitää minua etsimän=, _ye shall seek me_ (S. John vii. 34). =Sillä ei sitä pidä unhotettaman heidän siemenensä suussa=, _for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed_ (Deut. xxxi. 21). =Autuaat ovat siviät sillä he saavat maan periä=, _blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth_ (S. Matt. v. 5).

_The Concessive._

This mood represents an action as possible, and is particularly used in questions, or in sentences introduced by such particles as =ehkä=, which imply a doubt or question.

It has two tenses.

I. The present, implying a potential action in the present or future. =Lieneekö totta mitä sanotaan?= _is it likely that what people say is true?_ =Hän sen parhaiten tietänee=, _he probably knows best_. =Jos et tuostana totelle=, _if thou willst not obey that_. =Osannet palkan ottaa, osaa työkin tehdä=, _wouldst thou know how to receive the reward, learn how to do the work_. =Sureneeko Jumala härkiä?= _doth God care for oxen?_ =Ei suattane sinua Saaren suurehen sukuhun=, _they are not likely to tolerate your alliance with the great family of the island_ (Kal. xi. 71).

II. The past, implying a potential action in past time. =Hän lienee luullut minua toiseksi=, _he probably thought I was some one else_. =Ei liene sinua luotu Ison tammen taittajaksi= (Kal. ii. 145), _thou art probably not created to break the mighty oak_. =Lieneekö hän arvanuut ketä puhutteli?= _did he know with whom he spoke?_

_The Conditional._

The conditional mood has two tenses, the present and past, which denote an action dependent on certain conditions in present or past time.

It is used:—

(1) In conditional, comparative, and concessive sentences, both in the protasis and apodosis. When used in the sentence introduced by =jos=, or some similar particle, the present implies that the condition is not yet realised, and the past that it has not been. But this distinction is not always observed, the present being used of a condition not realized in the past. =Jos menisitte tässä myrskyssä järvelle niin hukkuisitte=, _if you were to go on the lake in this storm you would be drowned_. =Parempi olisi ollut Ilman impenä eleä=, _it would have been better to live as the virgin of the air_ (Kal. i. 161). =Jos varani myöntäisivät niin matkustaisin ulkomaille=, _if my means allowed me I should go abroad_. =Kukapa ... käkiä kukutteleisi, Lintusia laulattaisi, Jos minä menisin muunne, Saisin marja muille maille. Jos tämä kana katoisi, Tämä hanhi hairahtaisi=, etc. (Kal. x. 441 ff.).

The word =jos= is sometimes omitted and replaced by the interrogative suffix =-ko= after the verb. Kal. xi. 95:—=Nauraisitko Saaren naiset, Pitäisit pyhäiset piiat, Niin siitä tora tulisi, Sota suuri lankeaisi=, _were you to seduce the maidens of the island a quarrel would come of it and a great war fall on us_.

(2) In final sentences to express the object of an action. =Ilmoittakaat minulle että minäkin tulisin ja kummartaisin häntä= (S. Matt. ii. 8), _bring me word that I may come and worship him also_. =Kirjoitan hänelle että hän toimittaisi sen asian=, _I am writing to him that he may undertake the affair_. =Olkaa hiljaa, lapset, että saisin rauhassa työskennellä=, _be quiet, children, that I may work in peace_. =Ava suusi suuremmaksi ... pääsisin mahasta maalle= (Kal. xvii. 583), _open thy mouth ... that I may come forth from thy stomach_.

(3) In temporal and relative sentences when the temporal particle or relative involves some idea of purpose, capacity, etc. =En tahtonut ruveta kirjoittamaan ennenkuin saisin varman tiedon asiasta=, _I did not wish to write before I received certain news of the affair_. =Päätin lakkauttaa kauppaliikkeeni kunnes ajat paranisivat=, _I determined to close my business till the times should be better_. =Sen mä mieheksi sanoisin, Urohoksi arveleisin, Joka jouseni vetäisi, Kiveräni kiinnittäisi.= (Kal. xxvi. 357). N.B. The conditional is used only if the principal verb is in a past tense or conditional.

(4) In Oratio Obliqua.

_a._ After verbs of wishing, asking, commanding, etc. =Käske että palvelija valjastaisi hevosen=, _tell the servant to get the horse harnessed_. =Tahdotko että se heti tehtäisiin?= _do you wish it to be done at once?_

_b._ To represent the imperative in the Oratio recta. =Isäntä sanoi että rengit menisivät pellolle=, _the master told the servants to go to the fields_. =Hän viitasi että he vaikenisivat=, _he motioned to them to be silent_.

(5) As a polite form of statement, request, or question, from which, as mentioned above, it often comes to be used as a future. =Minä luulisin että hän ostaisi talonne=, _I should think he would buy your house_. =Voisitteko kertoa minulle?= _can you tell me?_ =Tahtoisin puhua kanssanne=, _I should like to talk to you_. =Näyttäisitte minulle=, _please show me_. =Enkö saisi ...?= _can I have ...?_ =Menisitte noutamaan yhdet hyyryvaunut=, _please go and call a cab_.

(6) To express a wish with such particles as =jos=, =jospa=, =kunhan=, etc. =Jospa hän tulisi!= _if he would only come!_ =Jospa olisin tietänyt!= _had I only known!_ =Kunhan tuttuni tulisi!= _if my friend would but come!_

_Imperative and Optative._

Though these moods are given as two in the Accidence on account of the slight difference in their form, they may be treated as one syntactically, as they supply one another’s deficiencies, the imperative being only used in the 2nd sing. and 1st and 2nd persons plur., and the optative only in the 2nd sing. and the 3rd person singular and plural. In poetry a 2nd pers. plur. optative ending in =otte= is occasionally found. There is no difference between the meaning of the two in 2nd person singular.

The imperative expresses:—

I. A command or request. =Lähe nyt kanssa laulamahan=, _come to sing with me_ (Kal. i. 14). =Toki tullos toinen kerta=, _come again_ (Kal. v. 137). =Käy pian välehen jou’u=, _go quickly and finish the business_ (Kal. l. 211). =Ellös menkö poikaseni Parempikin itseäsi=, _aspire not, my son, to those that are better than thyself_ (Kal. xi. 69).

II. A condition. =Sano mitä sanot, en siitä kuitenkaan välitä=, _you may say what you like, but I don’t care_. =Teen minä sen vaikka hän kieltäköönkin=, _I shall do it, even though he forbid it_.

_The Passive._

The passive, as has already been mentioned in the Accidence, is impersonal. =Käytetään= means _there is a using_, or _one uses, people use_. The clearest proof of the real character of the form is to be found in the fact that the verb substantive =olla=, _to be_, has a so-called passive.

Examples:—=Niin kohta kun ollaan tultu=, _as soon as people come_. =Ennen oltiin terveempiä=, _people were healthier formerly_. =Siihen oltaneen tyytyväisiä=, _this will probably prove satisfactory_ (_people will be satisfied with this_). =Järvellä oltaessa tuuli kovasti=, _while they were on the lake, the wind blew violently_.

(1) The passive of ordinary verbs is used absolutely; that is to say, no noun is connected with it as subject or object. =Koulussa kirjoitetaan ja luetaan=, _they read and write in the school_. =Helsingissä huvitellaan paljo talven aikoina=, _there is much amusement in Helsingfors in winter time_. =Suomen järvissä ja joissa kalastetaan=, _people fish_ (or _there is fishing_) _in the lakes and rivers of Finland_.

(2) As the above examples show, the passive represents the action of a verb without designating the agent. It is not unnatural that such forms should be used in an imperative or optative sense, for the second singular of the imperative is simply the root of the verb. It is true that the imperative is the closed root, due to the loss of =k=, but like the passive it has no sign of person.

This use of the passive for the imperative is particularly common in dialects, though it is also found in the literary language. Its usual meaning is ‘_Let us_.’ =Mennään sisään=, _let us go in_. =Luetaan=, _let us read_, or _it’s time to read_. =Lähdetään kotia=, _we ought to go home_. =Mennäänkö jalan vain ajetaanko hevosella?= _Shall we go on foot, or take a carriage?_

(3) This use of the passive for the imperative is important as explaining the common use of the form with a nominative case. Such a phrase as =mies tunnetaan= can be correctly translated as _the man is known_; but there is no doubt that the nominative is really the object of an impersonal verb, which naturally remains invariable, whatever the noun is. Now the object of the imperative is also put in the nominative and not in the accusative, though both in the case of the imperative and the passive it may be put in the partitive, if partial. It would seem that in these forms of the verbs, where the agent is not denoted by any suffix, it was felt that the sense was sufficiently clear without adding any termination to the noun to mark its exact relation to the verb.

The object of the passive, as above stated, can be either in the nominative, if total, or in the partitive, if partial.

_a._ Nominative. =Koira ajetaan huoneesta ulos=, _the dog is sent out of the room_. =Palvelija lähetetään viemään kirjettä postiin=, _the servant is sent to take a letter to the post_. =Hevoset valjastetaan=, _the horses are being harnessed_. =Ruis kylvetään syksyllä=, _rye is sown in the autumn_. =Keskellä yötä sammutetaan tulet=, _the lights are put out at midnight_. =Tässä sodassa tapettiin viisikymmentä tuhatta miestä=, _fifty thousand men were killed in this war_.

_b._ Partitive. =Miksi sanotaan sitä Englannin kielellä?= _What is that called in English?_ =Jos ei aleta varhain, niin ei työtä saada aikanansa valmiiksi=, _the work won’t be ready in time if not begun early_. =Poikaa ei vielä pantu kouluun=, _the boy was no longer sent to school_. =Ei vielä ollut uutta kirkkoa rakennettu=, _the new church had not yet been built_. =Ei kynttilätä sytytetä ja panna wakan ala=, _neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel_, S. Matt. v. 15.

When the personal pronouns are used with the verb, it is commoner, particularly in speaking, to put them in the accusative ending in =t=, e.g. =minut=, =sinut=, =hänet nähdään=, is more usual than =minä=, =sinä=, =hän nähdään=. But the form with the nominative is not only grammatically correct, but found in writing, especially in the Bible, e.g. Rom. viii. 36, =Sinun tähtes me kuoletetaan yli päivää: me pidetään niinkuin teurastettavat lampaat=, _for thy sake we are killed all the day long: we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter_. Similarly 2 Cor. xi. 36, =Kuka pahoitetaan ja en minä pala?= _Who is offended and I burn not._ =Sillä he ravitaan=, _for they shall be filled_, S. Matt. v. 6. =Että te heiltä nähtäisiin=, _that ye may be seen of them_, S. Matt. vi. 1[15].

The conjugation of a passive form contains not only the strictly impersonal forms, like =luetaan=, _people read_, =luettiin=, _people did read_, but also compound tenses formed with the past passive participle which stand grammatically upon a different footing. For the participle in question is a simple adjective (or substantive), and such phrases as =kirja on luettu=, =kirjat ovat luetut= are exactly analogous to =kirja on hyvä= and =kirjat ovat hyvät=. In some cases, however, double constructions are possible: one can say either =kirjat eivät ole löydetyt=, _the books have not been found_, which is a simple adjectival construction; or =kirjoja ei ole löydetty=, in which the construction with the participle is assimilated to that with the other forms of the verb. If a participle of =olla= is employed in a compound tense in this construction it must be the passive participle. =Kirjaa ei oltu löydetty=, _the book was not found_.

INFINITIVES.

The five infinitives of the Finnish verb play a great part in the syntax, and are often used to express the subordinate sentences (temporal, final, etc.) of other languages. The simplest way to understand their many uses is to recollect that they are equivalent to an English verbal ending in _ing_, such as _cutting_. Now a word like this is a noun, but it can also have an object, e.g. _cutting the wood_, and it can be also combined with a substantive or pronoun indicating the agent, e.g. _my cutting the wood_ or _the man’s cutting the wood_. Such expressions as _my cutting the wood is unavoidable_, _during my cutting the wood_, or _without my cutting the wood_ are intelligible in English, though not idiomatic; but they are the literal translation of the Finnish idiom. In other words, the infinitive is a noun capable of declension in certain cases and of being combined with a genitive or personal affix to mark the agent. As it is also a verbal noun, it is likewise capable of being combined with a second substantive to mark the object of the action. Thus =nähdessänsä minun päiväni= is literally ‘_in his seeing my day_,’ that is _when he saw_. The use of the fourth infinitive is slightly different. In the phrase =Minun on tämä kirja lukeminen=, _I should read this book_, it will be observed that the object is in the nominative. This is because the literal meaning seems to be, _This book is a reading for me_, though it must be admitted that the negative form =Ei ole minun tätä kirjaa lukemista= does not lend itself to this explanation, and can only be explained by supposing it is due to analogy. The object of the other infinitives is mostly put in the partitive, partly perhaps because, as the genitive and accusative are identical in form in the singular, the subject and object might be confused if the latter were in the accusative. The object is, however, often put in the nominative. The rule generally given is that this is only right if the infinitive depends on an imperative or a verb implying necessity, as =minun pitää ostaman hevonen=, _I must buy a horse_. But this rule is not always observed in the Kalevala, or even in modern books. E.g. Kal. xi. 127, =Onko saarella sioa minun leikki lyöäkseni?=

_Infinitive I._

The first infinitive has two forms, one with the translative termination and always used with a prominal suffix; the other with no case termination and used without a pronominal suffix.

A. The longer form with the suffix is used to express the purpose of the action of the main verb, and is rendered in English by _in order to_ or by a simple infinitive. =Antakaa vettä juodakseni=, _give me water to drink_. This is of course literally _give me water for my drinking_, and is exactly analogous to the use of the same case of a noun in the sentence, =Juon vettä terveydekseni=, _I drink water for my health_. It is important to notice that the pronominal suffix always indicates the subject of the action denoted by the infinitive, and not the object, though in translation it is often necessary to invert the sentence. For instance in S. John vii. 19 and 20 the questions ‘_Why go ye about to kill me? Who goeth about to kill thee?_’ are rendered =Miksi te etsitte minua tappaaksenne? Kuka sinua etsii tapaaksensa?= literally _Why seek ye me for your killing? Who seeks thee for his killing?_ =Me pyysimme venettä soutaaksemme=, _we asked for a boat to row in_. =Menkäämme tuolle vuorelle katsellaksemme järveä=, _let us go up that hill to have a view of the lake_. =Tahdon lukea laskun nähdäkseni onko kaikki oikein=, _I want to read the bill to see if everything is right_. =Oli paljon matkustellut ulkomailla täydentääkseen sivistystään=, _he had travelled much abroad to complete his education_. The distinction between the uses of the longer and shorter forms of the infinitive is not always observed in dialects and poetry. Thus the longer form is used with impersonal verbs, e.g. =Sinun täytyy mennäksesi=, _you must go_, where =mennä= would now be used. So too =Älä pelkää ottaaksesi=, _fear not to take_. Kal. i. 165, =Wilu tääll’ on ollakseni, Waiva wärjätelläkseni, Aalloissa asuakseni, Weessä wierielläkseni=, _it is cold for me to be here, painful to stay, to dwell in the waves, to roll in the water_. Cf. Kal. xliii. 401, and xvii. 507.

B. The fact that the last syllable of the shorter form of the first infinitive is closed shows that it has undoubtedly lost a letter or syllable. It is probable therefore that the short form is not really the nominative from which the translative is derived, but a translative which has lost its termination. Cf. =luo=, =taa= for =luoksi=, =taaksi=. The employment of the form is also agreeable to its origin, for its manifold uses, as given in grammars, may be summed up in the formula that it defines the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and substantives; that is to say, it expresses that towards which an action tends, which is one of the uses of the translative (p. 159). Such phrases as =voin=, =tahdon=, =tiedän lukea=, _I can read_, _wish to read_, or _know how to read_ might be expressed as _I have power_, _will_, or _knowledge for reading_.

In some cases the use of the translative and this infinitive are obviously analogous. =Ei sovi suuttua=, _it is not fitting to be angry_. =Hän sopii sotamieheksi=, _he is fit for a soldier_. =Ei minun kelpaa juoda vettä=, _it does not suit me to drink water_, can be also expressed in the form, =Vesi ei kelpaa minulle juotavaksi= (_or_ =juomaksi=).

The short form of this infinitive never takes suffixes in ordinary Finnish, though it does occasionally in the Kalevala; e.g. the first lines =Mieleni minun tekevi, Aivoni ajattelevi, Lähteäni laulamahan, Saa’ani sanelemahan=. =Onko saarella sioa ... Minun laulut laulellani=, _is there a place on the island for me to sing my song_ (Kal. xxix. 137). Cf. =Onpa saarella sioa ... Sinun laulut laulellasi= (_ib._ 147).

The subject of the infinitive, which in the longer form is denoted by a suffix, is in the case of the shorter form either not expressed at all in such a phrase as =Isä antoi kirjan pojalle lukea=, _the father gave the boy the book to read_; or it is put in the _genitive_. =Isä toi kirjan pojan lukea=, _the father bought the book for the boy to read_, literally _for the boy’s reading_.

The short form of the infinitive is used:—

(1) As the subject of impersonal verbs like =täytyy=, =tulee=, =kelpaa=.

=Paha koira tarvitsee tappaa=, _one ought to kill a bad dog_. =Täytyy köyhän kärsiä, pitää kiittää päälliseksi=, _the poor must endure and give thanks into the bargain_ (proverbs). =Sinun tulee puhua totta=, _you must speak the truth_.

In this use two constructions are possible. One can say either =talossa pitää olla isäntä=, _the master must be in the house_, or =Isännän pitää olla talossa=. In this latter case the fact of the obligation affecting the person is emphasized, while the sentence with the nominative means rather, _the master’s being in the house is necessary_.

(2) As the complement of the verb =olla= combined with an adjective or substantive. =Se kirja on hyödyllinen pojan lukea=, _this book is useful for the boy to read_. =Ei ole aikaa lähteä=, _it is not time to go_. =Pyyntösi on mahdoton kenenkään täyttää=, _your prayer is impossible for anyone to fulfil_. =Tämä kuorma on raskas sinun kantaa=, _this burden is hard for you to bear_. =On vaikea sanoa=, _it is hard to say_.

(3) It is used to define the meaning of verbs. =Talon mies ei osaa lukea=, _the farm servant does not know how to write_. =Alkaa sataa=, _it begins to rain_. =Laiska lapsi ei tahdo oppia=, _a lazy child does not want to learn_. =Hän ei ymmärrä puhua=, _he does not know how to speak_. =En voi tulla=, _I cannot come_. =Hän saa odottaa=, _he can wait_. =Aiotko viipyä täällä=, _do you mean to stay here_. =Sallitteko minun mennä?= _do you allow me to go?_ =Klaus lähteä lupasi=, _Klaus promised to go_ (Kanteletar).

(4) It is used much like the longer form to express the object of an action. =Tuo kala muidenkin katsella=, _bring the fish for others to see_. =Panen maata=, _I am going to bed_. =Onko teillä hevosta myödä?= _have you a horse to sell?_ =Arvelevi miten olla kuin eleä=, _he considered what he should do, how he should live_.

There is another use of this infinitive, when it is employed with a verb of kindred meaning in an adverbial sense. This use is very frequent in the Kalevala and poetry and occasionally found in prose. It is to be noted, however, that the infinitive generally represents what would be the principal verb in ordinary language, while the verb in the indicative indicates the manner in which the action is performed. Thus such a phrase as =astua taputtelevi=, means _walking he stamped_ or _he stamped as he walked_. =Härkä käyä källeröitti= (Kal. xx. 43), equivalent to =astui keveästi=; cf. =Astua lykyttelevi, Käyä kulleroittelevi= (Kal. ii. 165). =Waka vanha Wäinämöinen Ajoa karittelevi= (Kal. viii. 18). =Soutoa melastelevi= (Kal. v. 41). =Astua ajattelevi, Käyä kääpäröittelevi. Polttaa tuprutteli havannaansa.=

The first infinitive is hardly ever used in the passive form, but the active form may be used with a passive verb or in sentences where our idiom would use the passive infinitive. =Rautatie aiotaan rakentaa=, _the railway is meant to be built_ or _there is an intention to build the railway_. =Linnoitus voidaan ottaa=, _the fortress can be taken_.

The infinitive cannot be used with a negative on account of the peculiar character of the Finnish negative verb. For the various devices used to overcome this difficulty _vide_ pages 193 and 219.

_Infinitive II._

This infinitive is only employed in two cases, the inessive and the instructive.

(1) The inessive expresses an action coincident in time with the action of the principal verb, and must be rendered in English by a temporal sentence, the subject of which appears in Finnish as a genitive, but where the subject of the principal and subordinate sentences are the same in English, the infinitive takes a pronominal suffix. =Palvelijan tullessa kotiin, isäntä läksi metsään=, _when the servant came home, the master went into the wood_, or literally ‘_on the coming home of the servant_.’ =Abraham teidän isänne iloitsi nähdessänsä minun päivääni= (S. John viii. 56), _your father Abraham rejoiced to see (when he saw) my day_. =Ollessani teidän kanssanne=, _when I was with you_. =Astuessansa ahoa, Saloviertä vierressänsä kuuli= (Kal. xliv. 77), _as he went through the desert place, as he walked near the wood he heard_.

This infinitive is frequently used in the passive. =Kaskea poltettaessa=, _while the forest was burning_. =Kotiin tultaessa ei ollut ketäkään=, _on coming home, there was no one_. Kal. iii. 245, =Eikä lie sinua nähty ... Tätä maata saataessa, Ilmoa suettaessa=, etc.

The active infinitive is also used impersonally. =Aika menee arvellessa, päivä päätä käännellessä=, _time passes while one thinks, and the day while one turns one’s head_ (proverb).

As the Finnish negative, owing to its peculiar character, cannot be used with the infinitive, a negative temporal proposition is rendered by the abessive or infinitive III, and the inessive of infinitive II. =Lukematta istuessani=, _when I was not reading_; literally, _in my sitting without reading_.

(2) The instructive of infinitive II is used to express the manner in which an action is performed, and is generally rendered by a participle in English. If the subject of the infinitive is expressed (in which case it must be rendered otherwise than by a participle) it is put in the genitive. This form is not used in the passive.

=Astui huollen huokaellen=, _he walked sorrowing and groaning_ (Kal. v. 13). =Muu seura vaikeni, jättäen heidät kahden kesken sanaotteluun=, _the rest of the company was silent, leaving them to argue it out between themselves_. =Toisinaan sydämellisesti syleillen erosivat=, _after again heartily embracing they parted_. =Hän ei ollut ollenkaan ruma nuorukainen=, _he was not at all a bad looking young man_ (literally, _was not in his being_).

A few words, chiefly denoting perception, add suffixes to this infinitive. =Sanoin sen heidän kuultensa=, _I said it in their hearing_. =Hän teki sen rikoksen teidän tietenne=, _he committed this crime with your knowledge_.

_Infinitive III._

The substantival nature of the Finnish infinitives is most apparent in this form, for it is frequently used as a noun without any verbal signification, e.g. =kuolema=, _death_; =elämä=, _life_; =sanoma=, _speaking_ or _report_. Such a sentence as =kuvat ovat maalarin tekemät=, which may be rendered either _the pictures are the work of the painter_, or, _are made by the painter_, shows the connection between the purely substantival and verbal uses of this infinitive.

Its other uses are very various.

I. It is used as a past passive participle. =Tämä kirja on isän antama=, _this book has been given by my father_, or, _is the giving of my father_. =Minä luen isän antamaa kirjaa=, _I read the book given by my father_. As there is no real distinction between the noun and the adjective, this use of a verbal substantive as a participle is not unnatural. =Kirjoittamassansa kirjeessä hän ei ollut puhunut mitään tästä=, _in the letter he wrote he did not say a word about it_. =Omat on virret oppimani=, =Omat saamani sanaiset=.

This infinitive is as a rule only used as a past participle when the agent is indicated, but in the Kalevala it is found used as simple past participle without a genitive or affix. Kal. i. 51, =Viel’ on muitaki sanoja, Ongelmoita oppimia, Tieohesta tempomia, Kanervoista katkomia, Risukoista riipomia, Vesoista vetelemiä, Päästä heinän hieromia, Raitiolta ratkomia=.

II. Most of the other cases of this infinitive are found used in a verbal signification.

A. The case ending in =n= (which is considered by some grammarians as a genitive, and by others, with greater probability, as an instructive) is used with the impersonal verb =pitää=. =Ei sinun pidä tappaman=, _thou shalt do no murder_. =Hänen pitää oleman ankara=, _he should be firm_. This form is also used in the passive. =Lapset pitää otettaman mukaan=, _one should take one’s children with one_. =Työt pitää saataman aikanansa valmiiksi=, _the work should be got ready in time_.

B. The inessive expresses the action in which anyone is engaged. =He ovat oleet jo kauan kalastamassa=, _they have long been fishing_. =Hän on lintuja ampumassa=, _he is out shooting_. =Rupean käymään usein lukemassa englantilaisia sanomalehtiä=, _I shall often read the English papers_.

C. The elative expresses an action from which anyone ceases, or which is forbidden. =He tulivat kotia kalastamasta=, _they came home from fishing_. =Milloin hyvänsä tuli huoneesen tapasi hänen aina lukemasta=, _whenever one went into her room one always found her reading_ (v. p. 145). =Hän kielsi lapsia riitelemästä=, _he forbade the children to quarrel_. =Jumala pelasti miehen hukkumasta=, _God preserved the man from drowning_.

D. The illative is used:—

(1) After verbs, adjectives, and participles, which imply either literally or figuratively motion to perform an action (_v._ the uses of the illative given above). =Mies meni järvelle kalastamaan=, _the man has gone to fish on the lake_. =Neuvon teitä kääntymään Herra V:n puoleen=, _I advise you to apply to Mr. V._ =Ruvennee tulemaan lunta=, _it will probably snow_. =Koko talo rupeaa palamaan=, _the whole house takes fire_. =Hän ei ole tottunut säästelemään=, _he was not accustomed to live economically_. =Minua käskettiin menemään pois=, _I was ordered to leave_.

(2) From such uses the illative passes naturally into an infinitive of purpose. =Tulin kysymään=, _I have come to ask_. =Lähettivät palvelijat häntä ottamaan kiini=, _they sent servants to take him_. =Meni puhdistamaan itseänsä=, _he went to purify himself_. =Menemme puutarhaan juomaan kahvia=, _let us go to take coffee in the garden_.

E. The adessive has two meanings, corresponding to the two uses of that case in nouns.

(1) With the verb =olla= it denotes an action which one is on the point of performing. The infinitive always takes a pronominal suffix in this use. =Olen juuri lähtemälläni=, _I am just going_, literally, _I am on my departing_. =Olin tekemälläni tuhmuuden=, _I was on the point of committing a folly_.

(2) It expresses the means by which an action is performed. =Ostamalla kaikkia saapi=, _one gets everything by buying_. =Hauskempaa on kalastaa onkimalla kuin tarpomalla=, _it is more agreeable to catch fish by angling than by netting_. =Pelasti henkensä uimalla=, _he saved his life by swimming_. =Viittomalla osoiti hän meille tien=, _he showed us the way by waving his hand_.

F. The abessive expresses an action without which the action of the principal verb takes place. It is very largely used in Finnish to express what is represented by negative sentences in other languages, on account of the restrictions on the use of the negative words =en=, =et=, =ei=, etc. It can take the pronominal suffixes. =Viivyttämättä=, _without delay_. =Mies meni pois kenenkään huomaamatta=, _the man went away without any one remarking it_. =Sen asian tunnen sanomattasikin=, _I know that without your saying a word_. =Hänen hyväsydäminen isänsä ei voinut olla hänelle antamatta tulevaa perintöösuutta=, _her good-natured father could not help giving her the part of her inheritance due to her_.

In examples like this the abessive of this infinitive (often with the verb =olla=) serves as a negative form of the other infinitives. =Tahtoisin tulla=, _I should like to come_; but =Tahtoisin olla tulematta=, _I should like not to come_ (_to be without coming_). =Hän läksi minun nähteni=, _he went out while I was looking_. =Hän läksi minun näkemättäni=, _he went out without my seeing_.

This infinitive is also used in a passive sense, though not in a passive form. =Työ on vielä tekemättä=, _the work is not yet done_ (lit. _is without doing_). In this sense it serves as a negative of the past passive participle.

This case of the infinitive III is very common in the Kalevala. E.g. iv. 217, =Parempi minun olisi, Parempi olisi ollut Syntymättä, kasvamatta, Suureksi sukeumatta=, which is equivalent to, _better had it been for me not to have been born_, xliii. 417, =Vihoin päivän paistamatta, Vihoin kuun kumottamatta=, etc.

_Infinitive IV._

The fourth infinitive, like the third, is used as a simple substantive. =Se on parhain keino sen oppimiseen=, _that is the best means for the study of it_. =Viipymisesi on sinua paljo vahingoitanut=, _your delay has greatly injured you_.

There is also a use of this infinitive analogous to that of infinitive I mentioned above, p. 188. In order to express a continued action the verb is repeated in the partitive of infinitive IV with the pronominal suffix. =Vähetä vähenemistään=, _to grow less and less_. =Äiti kiivastui kiivastumistaan tyttärensä itsepintaisuudesta=, _the mother grew more and more furious at her daughter’s obstinacy_. =Päivä alenee alenemistaan=, _the sun sinks lower and lower_.

The fourth infinitive is used verbally in two cases:—

(1) In the nominative, as the subject to the verb =olla= in affirmative sentences. It then denotes the necessity or propriety of performing an action, the subject of which is put in the genitive. =Minun on tämä kirja lukeminen=, _I ought to read this book_, or literally, _this book is a reading for me_. =Meidän on tottuminen siihen=, _we must get used to it_. =Tehty kauppa kiittäminen, tekemätön tietäminen=, _one should praise a bargain which is made, but enquire into one which is not yet made_ (prov.). Copious examples can be found in Kal. xxiii. 61, =Tapa on uusi ottaminen, Entinen unohtaminen=, etc.

(2) The partitive is, agreeably to general rules, used in a similar sense in negative sentences, or interrogative sentences implying a negative. =Ei ole minun tätä kirjaa lukemista=, _I need not read this book_. =Ei koiraa karvoihin katsomista=, _one must not judge a dog by his coat_. =Ei pojan isäänsä opettamista=, _a son should not teach his father_.

In such phrases as =minulla on vielä paljo sanomista=, _I have still much to say_, the partitive depends on the word =paljo=, just as it does in such a sentence as =paljo rahaa=, _much money_.

_Infinitive V._

This infinitive is only a diminutive form derived from infinitive III. As a rule, it is only used in one case, the adessive plural, to denote an action on the point of taking place (cf. infinitive III, E. 1). It always takes the pronominal suffix. =Olin työtä alottamaisillani=, _I was on the point of beginning to work_. =Juna on juuri lähtemäisillänsä=, _the train is just going_. =Aurinko oli katoamaisillaan=, _the sun was just going to set_. =Yhtiö on muodostumaisillaan=, _the company is on the point of being formed_. =Mies oli kaatamaisillaan puuta=, _the man was on the point of felling the tree_.

PARTICIPLES.

The participles may be called verbal adjectives, just as the infinitives are verbal substantives. But, as has already been observed, there is no clear distinction between adjectives and substantives in the Finnish language, and the participles are used substantively in many constructions, just as the third infinitive is used adjectively. They sometimes lose all temporal signification and become mere adjectives, as =oppinut=, _learned_; =väsynyt=, _tired_; =mädännyt=, _rotten_.

When used with a verbal meaning the present participles (part. I) indicate an action beginning or continuing, and the past participles (part. II) an action which is completed. The temporal signification is not very marked. It is noticeable that the passive participles have two distinct meanings, one impersonal like the rest of the so-called passive verb, the other distinctly passive.

All the participles can be used—

(1) As attributes or predicates.

(2) To form the compound tenses of verbs in conjunction with the verb =olla=, after the manner already explained.

_Participle I—Active._

This participle denotes an action taking place or which is to take place in the future, just as the present indicative represents both a present and future tense. =Lentävä lintu saa jotakin, istuva ei mitään=, _the bird who flies catches something: the bird who sits still nothing_. =Ei työtä tekevä nälkään kuole=, _the man who works does not die of hunger_. =Kysyvä ei tieltä eksy=, _he who asks does not lose his way_. =Hukkuva oljen korteenkin tarttuu=, _a drowning man catches at a straw_ (provs.).

In the combination with the verb =olla= it has a future signification (_v._ p. 176).

The essive of this participle is used with the verb =olla= to signify something pretended by the subject. In this sense it is often in the plural, though the subject itself is singular. =Hän on olevinansa= (_or_ =olevanansa=) =oppinut=, _he pretends to be learned_. =Hän on paljonkin tietävinänsä=, _he thinks he knows a great deal_. =Hän oli lähtevänänsä eilen, mutta ei mennyt=, _he pretended he was starting yesterday, but did not go_. So also it is used in speaking of dreams and hallucinations. =Minä olin näkevinäni=, _I thought I saw_. Gen. xxxvii. 7, =Katso, me olimme sitovanamme jalallisia wainiolla= (_of a dream_); cf. Gen. xli. 17, =Unessani olin minä seisovana=.

Words ending in =ja= as a rule correspond to English forms in _er_. E.g. =rakentaja=, _a builder_; that is to say they denote an action, like the present participle, but do not define the time in any way. Sometimes, however, they are used exactly like the present participle, e.g. Kal. xvi. 169, =Se oli poukkujen pesiä Räpähien räimyttäjä=, which means, not _she was a washerwoman_, but _she was washing clothes_. Similarly, =Pappi oli ristijänä=, _the priest was christening a child_. Cf. Kal. x. 111, =Miesten syöjille sioille=.

_Participle II—Active._