Chapter II: Short Vowels (2)
=-kkaha= (nominative =-kkas=) is the exact contrary of this last suffix, and signifies progressing or provided with; =rahakas=, _having much money_; =voimakas=, _strong_.
=-isa= and =-va= have much the same meaning as =-kkaha=; =kuuluisa=, _glorious_; =kalaisa=, _rich in fish_; =lihava=, _fat_; =terävä=, _sharp_.
=-se=, =-kaise=, and =-hka=, =-hko= are used to form adjectival diminutives; =lyhykäinen=, _short_ (Russian =коротенькій=), =pitkähkö=, _longish_.
The suffix =-mainen= forms adjectives meaning like, or rather; English _-ish_; =lapsimainen=, _childish_; =poikamainen=, _boyish_; =hyvämäinen=, _pretty good_.
THE NUMERALS.
The following are the numerals, cardinal and ordinal, given in the nominative sing.
_Card._ _Ord._
1. =yksi= =ensimäinen= _or_ =ensiímmäinen=
2. =kaksi= =toinen=
3. =kolme= =kolmas=
4. =neljä= =neljäs=
5. =viisi= =viides=
6. =kuusi= =kuudes=
7. =seitsemän= =seitsemäs=
8. =kahdeksan= =kahdeksas=
9. =yhdeksän= =yhdeksäs=
10. =kymmenen= =kymmenes=
The numbers from 11 to 20 are formed by adding =toista=, that is the partitive of =toinen=, to the corresponding number below 10.
11. =yksitoista= =yhdestoista=
12. =kaksitoista= =kahdestoista=
13. =kolmetoista= =kolmastoista=
14. =neljätoista= =neljästoista=
15. =viisitoista= =viidestoista=
16. =kuusitoista= =kuudestoista=
17. =seitsemäntoista= =seitsemästoista=
18. =kahdeksantoista= =kahdeksastoista=
19. =yhdeksäntoista= =yhdeksästoista=
20. =kaksikymmentä= =kahdeskymmenes=
(that is, two tens).
The numbers between twenty and thirty are formed analogously to those between 10 and 20, that is to say, the numbers up to one, two, three, etc., are prefixed to the partitive case of =kolmas=.
21. =yksikolmatta= =yhdeskolmatta=
22. =kaksikolmatta= =kahdeskolmatta=
23. =kolmekolmatta= =kolmaskolmatta=
24. =neljäkolmatta= =neljäskolmatta=
25. =viisikolmatta= =viideskolmatta=
etc., till
30. =kolmekymmentä= =kolmaskymmenes=
and then as before the numerals up to ten prefixed to the partitive of =neljäs=, _fourth_, e.g.
36. =kuusineljättä= =kuudesneljättä=
37. =seitsemänneljättä= =seitsemäsneljättä=
38. =kahdeksanneljättä= =kahdeksasneljättä=
39. =yhdeksänneljättä= =yhdeksäsneljättä=
40. =neljäkymmentä= =neljäskymmenes=
41. =yksiviidettä= =yhdesviidettä=
and so on till
50. =viisikymmentä= =viideskymmenes=
51. =yksikuudetta= =yhdeskuudetta=
etc. etc.
60. =kuusikymmentä= =kuudeskymmenes=
65. =viisiseitsemättä= =viidesseitsemättä=
70. =seitsemänkymmentä= =seitsemäskymmenes=
75. =viisikahdeksatta= =viideskahdeksatta=
80. =kahdeksankymmentä= =kahdeksaskymmenes=
85. =viisiyhdeksättä= =viidesyhdeksättä=
90. =yhdeksänkymmentä= =yhdeksäskymmenes=
100. =sata= =sadas=
200. =kaksi sataa= =kahdes sadas=
300. =kolme sataa= =kolmas sadas=
400. =neljä sataa= =neljäs sadas=
500. =viisi sataa= =viides sadas=
600. =kuusisataa= =kuudes sadas=
700. =seitsemän sataa= =seitsemäs sadas=
800. =kahdeksan sataa= =kahdeksas sadas=
900. =yhdeksan sataa= =yhdeksäs sadas=
1000. =tuhat= =tuhannes=
2000. =kaksi tuhatta= =kahdestuhannes=
etc. etc.
1,000,000. =miljona= =miljonas=
2,000,000. =kaksimiljonaa= =kahdesmiljonas=
The numbers between the hundreds are formed simply by placing the required number after =sata=, e.g.
101 =satayksi=, =satayhdes=; 221 =kaksi sataa yksikolmatta=, and similarly 4872 will be =neljätuhatta kahdeksan sataa kaksikahdeksatta=.
The Finnish system of numbers, though apparently difficult to understand, is really very simple when the principle is once grasped. Starting with the ten simple numbers, all the numbers up to a hundred which are multiples of ten are expressed in the form two tens, three tens, etc., =kaksikymmentä=, =kolmekymmentä=. The word =kymmenen= is put in the partitive, because, as will be seen in the syntax, a number requires this case after it. The interval between 10 and 20 is regarded as a set of ten, and 11 is 1 _of the second set of ten_[8] (the first set being from 1 to 10), similarly from 20 to 30 is the third set of ten, and 27 is 7 _of the third set of ten_. Accordingly these intermediate numbers are expressed by a unit followed by the partitive case of an ordinal number, =viisiyhdeksättä=, _five of the ninth_ (set of ten), that is, 85. An exactly similar way of calculating can be traced in the Russian method of computing time, e.g. ten minutes past six is represented by
Десять минуть седьмаго. Ten minutes of the seventh (hour).
The system of numeration just explained is at present giving way to another form borrowed from Russian and Swedish, where the numbers above twenty are formed exactly as in ordinary European languages. 21 is =kaksikymmentä yksi=, 37 =kolmekymmentä seitsemän=, 74 =seitsemänkymmentä neljä=, and so on with all the others. Though the older method is still employed in the interior of Finland, the other is almost universally employed where the Finns come much into contact with strangers, which is not wonderful, for such forms as =yksikolmatta=, though more primitive in Finnish than =kaksikymmentä yksi=, and agreeable to the genius of the language, are difficult for foreigners to understand, without a good deal of explanation.
The numbers up to ten are declined exactly like substantives.
=Yksi= has its root =yhte=. Partitive =yhte=, genitive =yhden= (=31=), inessive =yhdessä=, etc., essive =yhtenä=.
=Kaksi=, root =kahte=, partitive =kahta=, genitive =kahden= (=31=), inessive =kahdessa=, etc., essive =kahtena=.
=Kolme=, root and nominative (N.B.—Nominative is not =kolm_i_=) =kolmea=, genitive =kolmen=, =kolmessa=, etc.
=Neljä=, partitive =neljää=, genitive =neljän=, etc.
=Viisi=, root =viite=, partitive =viittä=, genitive =viiden= (=31=), inessive =viidessä=, etc., essive =viitenä=.
=Kuusi=, root =kuute=, partitive =kuutta=, genitive =kuuden= (=31=), etc.
=Seitsemän=, partitive =seitsentä=, =seitsemää=, genitive =seitsemän=, inessive =seitsemässä=.
=Kahdeksan=, partitive =kahdeksaa=, genitive =kahdeksan=, inessive =kahdeksassa=.
=Yhdeksän=, partitive =yhdeksää=, genitive =yhdeksän=, inessive =yhdeksässä=.
=Kymmenän=, =kymmenen=, partitive =kymmenää=, =kymmentä=; genitive =kymmenän=, =kymmenen=; inessive =kymmenässä=, =kymmenessä=.
The ordinals are also declined exactly as substantives.
=Ensimäinen=, root =ensimäise=, partitive =ensimäistä=, genitive =ensimäisen=, etc.
=Toinen=, root =toise=, partitive =toista=, genitive =toisen=, etc.
=Kolmas=, root =kolmante=, partitive =kolmatta=, genitive =kolmannen= (=30=).
=Neljäs=, =neljänte=, partitive =neljättä=, genitive =neljännen=.
=Viides=, =viidente=, partitive, =viidettä=, genitive =viidennen=.
=Kuudes=, root =kuudente=, partitive =kuudetta=, genitive =kuudennen=.
=Seitsemäs=, root =seitsemänte=, partitive =seitsemättä=, genitive =seitsemännen=.
=Kahdeksan=, root =kahdeksante=, partitive =kahdeksatta=, genitive =kahdeksannen=.
=Yhdeksän=, root =yhdeksänte=, partitive =yhdeksättä=, genitive =yhdeksännen=.
In the composite forms =ensimäinen= and =toinen= are replaced by =yhdes= and =kahdes=.
=Sata= is declined like any other noun in =a=; =tuhat= comes from the stem =tuhante=, and makes genitive sing. =tuhannen=, genitive plur. =tuhansien=, partitive sing. =tuhatta=, partitive plur. =tuhansia=.
In both ordinal and cardinal numbers expressing any multiple of ten, e.g. 70, 120, 2000, all the words forming the expression are declined quite regularly except the nominative of cardinals, where the partitive is employed in the second number, e.g. =Viisi sataa= 500 (here the word =sataa= is in the partitive), partitive =viittä sataa=, genitive =viiden sadan=, inessive =viidessä sadassa=, etc.
=Kuudes-Tuhannes=, 6000th. Partitive =kuudetta tuhatta=, genitive =kuudennen tuhannenen=.
But in words designating numbers _between the tens_, and consisting of a simple number and a number in the partitive case only, the first number is declined and the second remains in the partitive, e.g. =yksitoista=, makes =yhdentoista=, =yhdellätoista=, and similarly the others.
The fractional numbers (with the exception of =puoli=, _a half_) are formed by adding =-kse= to the corresponding ordinal; the noun is then declined like number.
½ =puoli=, ⅓ =kolmannes=, ¼ =neljännes=, ⅕ =viidennes=, ⅙ =kuudennes=, ⅐ =seitsemännes=, ⅛ =kahdeksannes=, ⅑ =yhdeksännes=, ⅒ =kymmenennes=, ⅟₂₁ =kaksikymmentäyhdennes=, ⅟₁₀₀ =sadannes=, etc. So also ⅔ =kaksi kolmannesta=, ³⁄₇ =kolme seitsemännestä=. These numbers can also be formed with the ordinals, and the word =osa=, _a part_. =Neljäs osa=, _the fourth part_, or ¼. Numbers like 1½, 2½, are expressed as _a half of the second_, _a half of the third_, etc., =puoli-toista=, =puoli-kolmatta=.
The distributive numbers are =yksittäin=, _one by one_; =kaksittain=, _two by two_; =kolmittain=, etc.
=Yksinäinen=, _simple_; =kaksinainen=, _double_; =kolminainen=, _triple_; =nelinäinen=, _fourfold_, etc.
PRONOUNS.
The personal pronouns are declined almost exactly like nouns.
First person =minä=; the singular is formed from the root =minu=, the plural from the root =me=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =minä= =me=
_Part._ =minua= =meitä=
_Gen._ =minun= =meidän=
_In._ =minussa= =meissä=
_El._ =minusta= =meistä=
_Il._ =minuun= =meihin=
_Ad._ =minulla= =meillä=
_Abl._ =minulta= =meiltä=
_All._ =minulle= =meille=
_Abes._ =minutta= =meittä=
_Transl._ =minuksi= =meiksi=
_Ess._ =minuna= =meinä=
The other cases are not used.
Second person, =sinä=, root in sing. =sinu=, in plur. =te=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =sinä= =te=
_Part._ =sinua= =teitä=
_Gen._ =sinun= =teidän=
_In._ =sinussa= =teissä=
_El._ =sinusta= =teistä=
_Il._ =sinuun= =teihin=
_Ad._ =sinulla= =teillä=
_Abl._ =sinulta= =teiltä=
_All._ =sinulle= =teille=
_Abes._ =sinutta= =teittä=
_Transl._ =sinuksi= =teiksi=
_Ess._ =sinuna= =teinä=
Third person =hän=, _he_, _she_, or _it_, there being no distinction of genders. Root in sing. =häne=, in plur. =he=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =hän= =he=
_Part._ =häntä= =heitä=
_Gen._ =hänen= =heidän=
_In._ =hänessä= =heissä=
_El._ =hänestä= =heistä=
_Il._ =häneen= =heihin=
_Ad._ =hänellä= =heillä=
_Abl._ =häneltä= =heiltä=
_All._ =hänelle= =heille=
_Abes._ =hänettä= =heittä=
_Transl._ =häneksi= =heiksi=
_Ess._ =hänenä= =heinä=
There are also found accusatival forms ending in =-t=: =minut=, plur. =meidät=, =sinut=, plur. =teidät=, =hänet=, plur. =heidät=. The forms in =-n= are also used as accusatives.
In poetry and some dialects shortened forms are also found: first person nominative =ma= or =mä=, partitive =mua=, genitive =mun=, adessive =mulla=, ablative =multa=, allative =mulle=. Second person =sa= or =sä=, =sun=, =sua=, =sulla=, =sulta=, =sulle=. Third person =hällä=, =hältä=, =hälle=. For the part. =minuta=, =sinuta= are found in the Bible, and =milma=, =silma= in poetry.
=Mie=, =sie=, =hä=, are used in the Wiburg dialect.
_Possessive Pronouns._
The possessive pronouns are usually expressed by suffixes added to nouns.
These suffixes are:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1st pers. =-ni= =-mme=
2nd ” =-si=[9] =-nne=
3rd ” =-nsa= _or_ =-nsä= =-nsa= _or_ =nsä=
(1) To form the nominative sing. of a noun with a possessive suffix the suffix is added to the _root_. =Käsi=, _a hand_, but =käteni=, _my hand_; =kysymys=, _a question_, =kysymyksesi=, _thy question_, because the roots are =käte=, =kysymykse=.
(2) In the other cases the suffix is added after the termination, but should a case end in a consonant, that consonant is rejected before the suffix. =Veljeni=, _my brothers_, because =veljetni= is euphonically disagreeable.
(3) The possessive suffix does not cause the consonants of the root to be weakened: _e.g._ =pelto=, genitive =pellon=, but with suffix =peltomme=, etc. =Kirkko=, _church_, =kirkon=, but =kirkkonsa=.
But =d= in the genitive plur. remains and does not become =t=: _e.g._ =maidensa=.
(4) The term of the translative before a pronoun-suffix is =-kse= not =-ksi=.
_E.g._ =Tapa=, with suffix =-ni=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapani= =tapani=
_Part._ =tapaani= =tapojeni= _or_ =tapaini=
_Gen._ =tapani= =tapojani= (=7=)
_In._ =tavassani= =tavoissani= (=7=, =35=, =36=)
_Il._ =tapaani= =tapoihini=
_Ad._ =tavallani= =tavoillani=
and so the allative, etc. etc., etc.
_Transl._ =tavakseni= =tavoikseni=
_Ess._ =tapanani= =tapoinani=
Here the genitive sing. =tapani= is for =tavanni=, the nominative sing. for =tavatni=, =tapaani= in the illative for =tapaanni=. The =p= is weakened to =v= only where the _case_ inflexion requires it. The declension of the second person sing. is exactly analogous, only =-si= is affixed instead of =-ni=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapasi= =tapasi=
_Part._ =tapaasi= =tapojasi=
_Gen._ =tapasi= =tapojesi= _or_ =tapaisi=
_In._ =tavassasi= =tavoissasi=
_El._ =tavastasi= =tavoistasi=
_Il._ =tapaasi= =tapoihisi=
_Ad._ =tavallasi= =tavoillasi=
_Abl._ =tavaltasi= =tavoiltasi=
_All._ =tavallesi= =tavoillesi=
_Abes._ =tavattasi= =tavoittasi=
_Transl._ =tavaksesi= =tavoiksesi=
_Ess._ =tapanasi= =tapoinasi=
_Com._ =tapanesi= =tapoinesi=
For the declension of the first person plur. =-mme= is suffixed to all the cases.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapamme= =tapamme=
_Part._ =tapaamme= =tapojamme=
_Gen._ =tapamme= =tapojemme=, =tapaimme=
_In._ =tavassamme= =tavoissamme=
_El._ =tavastamme= =tavoistamme=
_Il._ =tapaamme= =tapoihimme=
_Ad._ =tavallamme= =tavoillamme=
_Abl._ =tavaltamme= =tavoiltamme=
_All._ =tavallemme= =tavoillemme=
_Abes._ =tavattamme= =tavoittamme=
_Transl._ =tavaksemme= =tavoiksemme=
_Ess._ =tapanamme= =tapoinamme=
_Com._ =tapanemme= =tapoinemme=
The second person is declined exactly like the above, only =nne= and not =-mme= is suffixed.
The third person of the sing. and plur. alike takes the suffix =-nsa= (=-nsä=), which in all the cases except the nominative, genitive, and partitive is optionally shortened to =n=, before which the preceding vowel is doubled.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tapansa= =tapansa=
_Part._ =tapaansa= =tapojansa=, =tapojaan=
_Gen._ =tapansa= =tapojensa=, =tapojeen=,
=tapainsa=
_In._ =tavassansa=, =tavassaan= =tavoissansa=, =tavoissaan=
_El._ =tavastansa=, =tavastaan= =tavoistansa=, =tavoistaan=
_Il._ =tapaansa=, [=tapahaan=] =tapoihinsa=, [=tapoihiin=]
_Ad._ =tavallansa=, =tavallaan= =tavoillansa=, =tavoillaan=
_Abl._ =tavaltansa=, =tavaltaan= =tavoiltansa=, =tavoiltaan=
_All._ =tavallensa=, =tavalleen= =tavoillensa=, =tavoilleen=
_Abes._ =tavattansa=, =tavattaan= =tavoittansa=, =tavoittaan=
_Transl._ =tavaksensa=, =tavakseen= =tavoiksensa=, =tavoikseen=
_Ess._ =tapanansa=, =tapanaan= =tapoinansa=, =tapoinaan=
_Com._ =tapanensa=, =tapaneen= =tapoinensa=, =tapoineen=
_Demonstrative Pronouns._
The demonstrative pronouns are =tämä=, _this_, =tuo=, _that_, and =se=, _it_ or _that._ The corresponding plur. roots are =nämä=, =nuo= _or_ =noi=, and =ne=.
=Tämä=:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tämä= =nämät= _or_ =nämä=
_Part._ =tätä= =näitä=
_Gen._ =tämän= =näiden=, =näitten=
_In._ =tässä= =näissä=
_El._ =tästä= =näistä=
_Il._ =tähän= =näihin=
_Ad._ =tällä= =näillä=
_Abl._ =tältä= =näiltä=
_All._ =tälle= =näille=
_Abes._ =tättä= =näittä=
_Transl._ =täksi= =näiksi=
_Ess._ =tänä= =näinä=
_Instr._ =tämän= =näin=
=Tuo=:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =tuo= =nuot= _or_ =nuo=
_Part._ =tuota= =noita=
_Gen._ =tuon= =noiden=, =noitten=
_In._ =tuossa= =noissa=
_El._ =tuosta= =noista=
_Il._ =tuohon= =noihin=
_Ad._ =tuolla= =noilla=
_Abl._ =tuolta= =noilta=
_All._ =tuolle= =noille=
_Abes._ =tuotta= =noitta=
_Transl._ =tuoksi= =noiksi=
_Ess._ =tuona= =noina=
_Instr._ =tuon= =noin=
In poetry are found such forms as =tää= for =tämä=, =nää= for =nämä=, =tään= _or_ =tän= for =tämän=.
=Se=.—The nominative, genitive, and instructive sing. are formed from the root =se=, the remaining cases of the singular from =si=, except the inessive and elative which are irregular. The nominative plur. is =ne=. The remaining cases from the root =nii=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =se= =ne= _or_ =net=
_Part._ =sitä= =niitä=
_Gen._ =sen= =niiden=, =niitten=
_In._ =siinä= =niissä=
_El._ =siitä= =niistä=
_Il._ =siihen= =niihin=
_Ad._ =sillä= =niillä=
_Abl._ =siltä= =niiltä=
_All._ =sille= =niille=
_Abes._ =sittä= =niittä=
_Transl._ =siksi= =niiksi=
_Ess._ =sinä= =niinä=
_Instr._ =sen= =niin=
_Interrogative Pronouns._
The interrogative pronouns are =kuka=, =ken=, _who_, =mikä=, _what_, =kumpi=, _which_ or _what of two_.
The root of =kuka= is =ku=, the syllable =ka= being added to the former which would otherwise be monosyllabic. The plural is not much used.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =kuka= =kutka=
_Part._ =kuta= =kuita=
_Gen._ =kunka= =kuiden=, =kuitten=
_In._ =kussa= =kuissa=
_Il._ =kuhun= =kuista=
_Instr._ —— =kuin= _or_ =kuinka=
etc. etc.
In poetry are found =ku= (nominative sing.), =kut= (nominative plur.), =kun= (genitive sing.).
The root of =ken= is =kene=, but in the partitive sing. and nominative plur. this is shortened to =ke=, and the same form is optionally used for the other cases. The root of the plural except in the nominative is =kei=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =ken= =ketkä=
_Part._ =ketä= =keitä=
_Gen._ =kenen= =keiden=, =keitten=
_In._ =kessä= _or_ =kenessä= =keissä=
_Il._ =kenehen= _or_ =kehen=
etc., etc. etc., etc.
=Mikä= is declined like =kuka=: the plur. root is =mi=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =mikä= =mitkä=
_Part._ =mitä= =mitä=
_Gen._ =minkä= [=miden= _or_ =mitten=]
_In._ =missä= =missä=
_Instr._ =min= =min=
etc. etc.
In poetry are found =mi= (nominative) and =min= (accusative).
=Kumpi= is declined like a comparative.
_Relative Pronouns._
The relative pronouns are =joka=, _who_ or _which_, =jompi=, _which of two_.
=Joka= is declined on the same principle as =kuka=, =jompi= like a comparative.
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
_Nom._ =joka= =jotka= =jompi= =jommat=
_Part._ =jota= =joita= =jompaa= =jompia=
_Gen._ =jonka= =joiden= =jomman= =jompien=
=joitten= =jompain=
_In._ =jossa= =joissa= =jommassa= =jommissa=
etc. etc.
_Indefinite Pronouns._
The indefinite pronouns are =joku=, _some one_, =jompi-kumpi=, _one of two_; both the component parts are declined.
Nominative =joku=, =jompikumpi=, genitive =jonkun=, =jomman-kumman=, inessive =jossakussa=, =jommassa-kummassa=, etc.
=Jokin=, _something_, =kukin=, _each_, =mikin=, _anyone_ or _anything_, =kumpi-kin=, _one or other of two_: decline only the first part.
=Kukaan=, =mikään=, =kenkään=, =kumpikaan=, =kumpainenkaan=, meaning _anyone, anything_, etc., are used only in negative sentences or in questions which are virtually negative; the suffix =-kaan=, =-kään=, is not declined.
=Joka=, _any_ or _every_, is not declined. =Joka mies=, _any man you like_.
_Reflexive Pronoun._
The reflexive pronoun is =itse=, _self_. It is declined. Genitive =itsen=, partitive =itseä=, etc. It always takes a pronominal suffix to define its meaning: =itseäsi= (partitive) _thyself_, =itseksensä= (translative) _himself_.
Among pronouns may also be reckoned the following:—
=Muu=, _another_ (=muuta=, =muun=, etc., plur. =muut=).
=Muutama= _or_ =eräs=, _some one_.
=Molempi=, plur. =molemmat=, _both_.
=Kaikki=, plur. =kaikki=, _all_. =Koko=, indeclinable, _all_.
=Moni=, _many_.
=Sama=, _the same, or_ =samainen=.
=Oma=, _one’s own_.
THE VERB.
The verbs in Finnish, as in other languages, are transitive or intransitive, and have an active and passive voice. It is further to be noticed that the negative verb is conjugated quite differently to the affirmative.
The verb may be considered to have seven moods:—the indicative, the concessive, the conditional, the optative, the imperative, the verbal substantive, and the verbal adjective.
Before giving an example of the conjugation of a verb it will be well to examine the formation of these moods and their various tenses. At first only the simple tenses will be considered, that is to say those formed by the addition of suffixes to a verbal root. The compound tenses are formed by combining certain verbal forms with parts of the verb ‘to be.’
_Formation of the Moods and Tenses of an Affirmative Verb._
All parts of the finite verb, except the optative and imperative, mark the person by the following terminations:—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =-n= 1. =-mme=
2. =-t= 2. =-tte=
3. (=-pi=, =-vi=) _or none_ 3. =-vat=, =-vät=
In ordinary Finnish the third person singular receives no termination, but the final vowel of the root is lengthened in the present indicative, if not already a long vowel or diphthong. Thus, the roots =anta=, =repi=, =tuo= form the third person sing. present, =antaa=, =repii=, =tuo=. On the same principle the third person sing. of the concessive ends in =-nee=, the tense stem ending in =-ne=. In the imperfect and conditional the tense stem is used unaltered.
Monosyllabic verbs sometimes receive the termination =-pi= in the third person present, e.g. =saapi=, =tuopi= for =saa=, =tuo=. Another variety of this termination is in =vi=, used very frequently in the Kalevala and the Karelian dialect.
This termination =pi= or =vi= is obviously primitive and is akin to the plur. =-vat= which has the plur. suffix =t=. It is found in all the Baltic dialects in the form of =b=, =p=, or =v=, and sporadically in Cheremissian, but not apparently in the other languages of the Finno-Ugric group.
The _indicative_ mood has two simple tenses, the present (also used as a future) and the imperfect.
The _present indicative_ has no tense terminations, and is formed by adding the personal terminations to the root; the third sing. having no termination, is of course the simple root, and always ends in a double vowel or diphthong, except in the verb substantive =on=, _he is_. Thus, taking the root =repi= and adding to it the present terminations given above, we get for the present infinitive =revi-n= (by rule =35=), =revi-t=, =repii=, =revi-mme=, =revi-tte=, =repi-vät=.
The stem of the _imperfect indicative_ is formed by adding to the root the vowel =i=, before which the last vowel of the root is changed or lost according to rules =3-9=, =14=, =21=. To the stem thus formed are added the personal terminations. Thus on adding to the root =saa= the termination =i=, we get =sai=, and this forms =sain=, =sait=, =sai=, =saimme=, =saitte=, =saivat=. Similarly the root =tuo= with the suffix =i= becomes =toi=, and the imperfect =toin=, =toit=, etc.; =antaa= forms =antoi= (=annoin=, =31=, =annoit=, etc.).
The _concessive_ mood is formed by adding to the root the syllable =-ne=, and then suffixing to this the personal terminations. It has only one tense. Sometimes the suffix =-ne= becomes assimilated to the preceding consonant. Root =saa=, conditional-stem =saane=; 1. =saanen=; 2. =saanet=; 3. =saanee=. 1. =saanemme=; 2. =saa-nette=; 3. =saanevat=. But =nousne= becomes =nousse=; =noussen=, =nousset=, =noussee=, etc., the shortened root of =nouse= being =nous=.
The _conditional_ has also only one simple tense formed by placing the syllable =-isi= after the root and suffixing the personal terminations. The final vowel of the root is lost or altered before the termination =-isi= according to the rules given, but =a= and =ä= remain unchanged except in monosyllabic verbs. Root =saa=, stem of conditional =saisi=; 1. =saisin=; 2. =saisit=; 3. =saisi=. 1. =saisimme=; 2. =saisitte=; 3. =saisivat=.
This suffix =-isi= is perhaps akin to the formative suffix =-kse= (_v._ page 112).
The _imperative_ is characterized by the addition of =ka=, =kä= to the stem, the only persons used being the second sing. and first and second plur. The first person sing. is altogether wanting, and the third person sing. and plur. are supplied by the optative.
The second person sing. is the root, but in a closed form. Thus the roots =lyö=, =tako=, =otta=, =anta=, =pyrki=, =teke= form the imperatives =lyö=, =tao= (=28=), =ota= (=30=), =anna= (=31=), =pyri= (=27=), =tee= (=28=). This person had no doubt once the syllable =ka= (=kä=) suffixed, which became reduced to =-k=, and thus closed the syllable. In dialects are found such forms as =annak=, =otak=, clearly showing the origin of the form.
The first and second persons plur. are formed by suffixing =kaamme= (or =kämme=), and =kaatte= (or =kätte=) to the root. In the second person the suffix =tte= is usually omitted, and the form ends simply in =-kaa=. Thus from the roots above cited we have =lyökäämme=, =lyökää=; =takokaamme=, =takokaa=; =ottakaamme=, =ottakaa=, =antakaamme=, =antakaa=; =pyrkikäämme=, =pyrkikää=; =tehkäämme= (this root undergoes special changes), =tehkää=.
The _optative_, which in some ways may be regarded as forming one complete tense with the imperative, is characterized by the addition of =ko=, =kö= to the root.
The second person sing. ends in =os= (e.g. =lukeos=, =antaos=), apparently =ko= with the affix of the second person; =lukekos=, which has perhaps lost a final vowel, becomes =lukeos= by rule =28=.
The third person sing. ends in =koon= for =kohon=, and the third plur. in =koot= for =kohot=; =antakoon=, =antakoot=; =pyrkiköön=, =pyrkikööt=.
When owing to the loss of a vowel this =k= follows immediately after =l=, =r=, or =n=, it becomes assimilated to those letters, =tullos= for =tulkos=; =purros= for =purkos=; =mennös= for =menkös=.
The _infinitive_ in Finnish is a real substantive, that is to say, just as from a verbal root can be derived, by the addition of suffixes, forms expressing person, time, and modality, so by the addition of other suffixes to the same root can be formed nouns, which can take the ordinary case terminations and also the pronominal suffixes.
These infinitives are five in number. Their signification and use, which constitute one of the great difficulties of the Finnish language, will be explained in the Syntax.
I. The termination of the first infinitive is =-taʻ= (=-tä=), e.g. =saada= (rule =32=); root =nous= (for =nouse=), =nousta=; root =tul= (=tulee=), =tulla=. Between two simple vowels this =t= drops out and the termination is simply =a= (=ä=); =sano-ta=, =sanoaʻ=; =repitä=, =repiä=. N.B.—The syllable =ta= (=tä=) or =a= (=ä=) is closed with the aspiration.
This infinitive has only one case, the translative, which is used with the personal suffixes, e.g. =juo=, _to drink_, =juo-da-kse-ni=, _for my drinking_, =lukeaksesi=, _for thy reading_.
II. The stem of the second infinitive is formed by adding =-teʻ= to the root, the syllable being closed. This =te= becomes =e= between two simple vowels like the =ta= of the first infinitive. It has as a rule only two cases, the inessive and instructive (though some verbs have more), to which the personal suffixes can be added, e.g. =saa=, =saade=, =saadessa=, =saadessani= (_in my receiving_); instructive =saaden=. =Tule=, shortened root =tul=, infinitive II =tulle=, inessive =tullessansa=, instructive =tullen=; =repi=, infinitive =repie=, =repiessä=, =repien=.[10]
III. The third infinitive is formed by adding =ma= (=mä=) to the root. There is nothing irregular in its formation or declension. It is used in most of the cases of the sing., but only occasionally takes the personal suffixes, e.g. =sano=, infinitive III =sanoma=, genitive =sanoman=, =sanomalla=, =sanomatta=, etc., exactly like a noun.
IV. The fourth infinitive is formed by adding =mise= to the root. It has two cases, the nominative which ends in =minen=, and the partitive in =mista=. =Sano=, =sanominen=, =sanomista=; =teke=, =tekeminen=, =tekemistä=, =tekemistänsä=, etc.
V. The fifth infinitive, which is not much used except in poetry, and may be regarded as a diminutive derived from infinitive III, is formed by adding =maise= to the root. It is used only in the adessive plural, and always with a personal suffix. =Nouse=, _to rise_, =nouse-mais-i-lla-nsa=; =tule=, =tulemaisillani=.
There are two _participles_ or verbal adjectives in Finnish. They are simply adjectives formed from a verbal root by the addition of a suffix.
I. The first verbal adjective is formed by adding =va= (=vä=) to the root. (Sometimes this suffix is found in the form of =pa=, =pä=.) The adjective so formed is declined in the ordinary way.
II. The stem of the second participle is formed by adding =nehe= (shortened =nee=) to the root. This termination (as explained p. 40) becomes =nut= or =nyt= in the nominative, e.g. =oppi=, _to learn_, =oppinehe=, nominative =oppinut=, genitive =oppinehen= (_or_ =neen=), =oppineella=, etc., partitive, =oppinutta=, essive =oppineena= _or_ =oppinunna=, illative =oppineesen=, plur. =oppineet=, genitive =oppinutten=, =oppineiden=, partitive =oppineita=, etc.
_The Passive._
All the forms of the finite passive verb in Finnish are _impersonal_, e.g. =tuodaan= means ‘_people bring_,’ or ‘_there is a bringing_,’ in French ‘on apporte;’ but there are no personal forms like the Latin or Greek passives.
The root of the passive is formed by adding =ta= or =tä= to the verb. The same changes are made as for the infinitive I active; but,
A. If the =t= of the passive termination comes between two simple vowels it is doubled, e.g. =leipo=, =leivotta= (=35=).
B. Simple =a= and =ä= become =e= before the =t=, which is then doubled, =kaiva=, =kaivetta=; =heittä=, =heitettä=.
The root thus formed receives a termination analogous to the illative, that is to say =h—n= with the same vowel between them as precedes the =h=. In the passive the =h= drops out, and the =n= is preceded by a long vowel. The syllable =ta= in the present is closed with the aspiration.
For instance:—=Saa= makes =saadaan=, that is =saa + ta’ + han=, the =h= dropping out and the =t= being softened; =syö=, =syödään= for =syö-tä’-hän=. So too =sido=, =sidotta=, =sidotahan=, which becomes =sidotaan=; =mene= (which is shortened to =men=) becomes =mennään=; =kaiva=, =kaivetta=, =kaivetaan=. It is to be noticed that in verbs ending in a long vowel or diphthong, the passive present has the form =daan=, the =t= being softened. But where the =t= is doubled after a short vowel the present passive ends in =taan=.
The _imperfect_ tense is formed as in the active by adding =i= to the stem, but the consonants are not softened, because the syllable =ti= does not end with the aspiration, e.g. the present passive is formed by adding =taʻ= (with the aspiration) to the root: =saa-taʻ= which becomes =saada=, and then with the termination =saadaan=. But the imperfect has the stem =saati=, which gives =saatiin=. So we have root =sido=, present =sidotaan=, but imperfect =sidottiin=; =repi=, present =revitään=, imperfect =revittiin=; =tule= (shortened =tul=), present =tullaan=, imperfect =tultiin=.
The _concessive_ passive is formed by adding to the passive root in =ta=, the modal termination =ne=, and the usual suffix, =saata + ne + hen= = =saataneen=. The consonants are not weakened, e.g. =tultaneen=, =sidottaneen=. The final =n= is frequently omitted, e.g. =saatanee=.
The _conditional_ is formed by placing =isi= after the syllable =ta=, and suffixing the termination =hin= =saata + isi + hin=; =saataisiin=; =tul= (=tule=), =tulta=, =tultaisiin=.
In the _optative_ the termination =ko= is added between =ta= and the suffix =hon=, =saata-ko-hon=, =saatakoon=.
The _imperative_ is not used.
Theoretically of course all the five _infinitives_ can be formed for the passive as well as the active verb, but practically only two are ever used: (_a_) The inessive sing. of the infinitive II. The root is of the form =saatate=, which becomes =saatae=, and we have such forms as =saataessa=, =noustaessa=. (_b_) The instructive of infinitive III formed by adding =ma= to the root ending in =ta= and suffixing =n=, =saataman=, =luvattaman=.[11]
There are two _participles_.
I. Formed as in the active by adding =va= or =vä= after =ta=, =tä=; =saatava=, =revittävä=.
II. Formed by adding =u= or =y= after =ta= or =tä=, before which vowels =a=, =ä= always fall out; =saata + u=, =saatu=; =revittä + y=, =revitty=.
_The Negative Conjugation._
The conjugation of the negative verb is entirely different from that of the positive.
In Finnish there is no word exactly corresponding to the English words ‘not,’ ‘no.’ Instead there is a negative verb, consisting of a root combined with the personal terminations, and which may be literally translated ‘not I,’ ‘not thou,’ ‘not it,’ etc.
The root of this verb in the present is =e= or =ei=, and it is conjugated as below.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en= =emme=
2. =et= =ette=
3. =ei= =eivät=
The forms for the imperative are formed from the root =äl= or =el=.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme=, =elkäämme=
2. =älä=, =elä= =älkäätte=, =elkäätte=,
_or_ =älkää=, =elkää=
The optative is formed similarly.
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös= _or_ =ellös= ——
3. =älköön= _or_ =elköön= =älkööt= _or_ =elkööt=
There is also a form used in dubitative or conditional sentences.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =ellen= =ellemme=
2. =ellet= =ellette=
3. =ellei= =elleivät=
This form is used in composition with the present or conditional: =minä tulen, ellei paha ilma estä=, _I will come if the bad weather does not stop me_. =Elleivät olisi kotona=, _in case they are not at home_.
The negative _present_ of an active verb is formed by prefixing this verb to the root, _which is always closed by the aspiration_.
Root =tuo=, _to bring_.
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en tuo=, _I do not bring_ =emme tuo=, _we do not bring_
=et tuo=, _thou dost not bring_ =ette tuo=, _ye do not bring_
=ei tuo=, _he does not bring_ =eivät tuo=, _they do not bring_
But the root =repi= makes—
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en revi= =emme revi=
=et revi= =ette revi=
=ei revi= =eivät revi=
the root being closed by the aspiration, and consequently becoming =revi= by rule =35=.
The negative _imperfect_ is formed by prefixing the verb =en=, etc., to the nominative of participle II active. The participle takes the plur. inflexions in the plur.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuonut= =emme tuoneet=
2. =et tuonut= =ette tuoneet=
3. =ei tuonut= =eivät tuoneet=
Or from the root =repi=—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repinyt= =emme repineet=
2. =et repinyt= =ette repineet=
3. =ei repinyt= =eivät repineet=
The negative of the _concessive_ is formed in the same way by prefixing the negative verb to the root, to which is added the syllable =-ne=.
=Saa=, _to receive_; root for the concessive, =saane=, negative concessive.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saane= =emme saane=
2. =et saane= =ette saane=
3. =ei saane= =eivät saane=
In an exactly similar manner the conditional is formed by adding =isi= to the root, and prefixing the negative verb.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saisi= =emme saisi=
2. =et saisi= =ette saisi=
3. =ei saisi= =eivät saisi=
The negative _imperative_ is formed by prefixing to the root of the verb (closed by the aspiration in the singular) the imperative forms of the negative verb given above. In the plur. =ko= (=kö=) is suffixed to the root of the verb to be negatived.
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme saako=
2. =älä saa= =älkäätte saako=
Similarly—
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme repikö=
2. =älä revi= =älkäätte repikö=
The negative _optative_ is formed by suffixing =ko=, =kö=, to the root, and employing before it the negative forms of the optative verb. The use of the suffix =ko= in the negative imperative shows how closely the two forms are allied.
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös saako= ——
3. =älköön saako= =älkööt saako=
The negative of the _passive_ is similarly formed by prefixing the verb =ei= to the passive root—that is, to the root of the verb with the syllable =ta= (=tä=) added, but without the termination which characterises the affirmative passive. This root is closed by the aspiration, but the imperfect is formed with participle II, passive, _e.g._ roots =saa=, =repi=, =tule= (=tul=), passive roots =saada=, =revitä=, =tulla=.
_Pres._ =ei saada=, =ei revitä=, =ei tulla=
_Imp._ =ei saatu=, =ei revitty=, =ei tultu=
_Conc._ =ei saatane=, =ei revittäne=, =ei tultane=
_Cond._ =ei saataisi=, =ei revittäisi=, =ei tultaisi=
_Opt._ =älköön saatako=, =älköön revittäkö=, =älköön tultako=
_Imperative_ not used.
_The Auxiliary Verb._
The conjugation of the positive auxiliary verb =olla=, _to be_, is as follows:—
_Present._ _Imperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen= =olemme= 1. =olin= =olimme=
2. =olet= =olette= 2. =olit= =olitte=
3. =on= =ovat= 3. =oli= =olivat=
_Concessive._ _Conditional._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen= =lienemme= 1. =olisin= =olisimme=
2. =lienet= =lienette= 2. =olisit= =olisitte=
3. =lienee= =lienevät= 3. =olisi= =olisivat=
_or_,
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =ollen= =ollemme=
2. =ollet= =ollette=
3. =ollee= =ollevat=
_Imperative._ _Optative._
_Sing._ _Plur._ _Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =olkaamme= 2. =ollos= ——
2. =ole= =olkaa= _or_ 3. =olkoon= =olkoot=
=olkaatte=
_Infinitive._
I. _Part._ =olla= III. _Gen._ =oleman=
_Transl._ =ollakse(ni)= _In._ =olemassa=, etc.
II. _In._ =ollessa= IV. _Nom._ =oleminen=
_Instr._ =ollen= _Part._ =olemista=
V. _Ad._ =olemaisillani=
_Participles._
_Pres._ =oleva= _Perf._ =ollut=
_Passive forms.—Indicative._
_Pres._ =ollaan= _Perf._ =on oltu=
_Imp._ =oltiin= _Plupf._ =oli oltu=
_Concessive._ _Conditional._
_Simp._ =oltaneen= _Simp._ =oltaisiin=
_Comp._ =lienee oltu= _Comp._ =olisi oltu=
_Optative._ _Infinitive._
=oltakoon= II. _In._ =oltaessa=
III. _Gen._ =oltaman=
_Participles._
_Pres._ =oltava= _Perf._ =oltu=.
In poetry are found various contracted forms, mostly produced by the omission of =l= from the root. Present indicative 1. =oon=, 2. =oot=; plur. 1. =oomme=, 2. =ootte=. Conditional: =oisin=, =oisit=, =oisi=, =oisimme=, =oisitte=, =oisivat=. Concessive: =lien=, =liet=, =lie=. Passive form: =liedään=.
With the aid of this auxiliary and certain participles are formed the compound tenses of the Finnish verb. These are:—
(1) The perfect, formed with the present of the auxiliary and the nominative of participle II, which in the plur. takes the plural terminations, as is the case in all the other tenses: =olen, olet, on saanut=; =olemme, olette, ovat saaneet=, _I, thou, he has received_.
(2) The pluperfect, formed by prefixing the imperfect of the auxiliary to the same participle: =olin, olit, oli saanut=; =olimme, olitte, olivat saaneet=, _I had received_, etc.
(3) The compound concessive, formed by adding the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: =lienen, lienet, lienee saanut=; =lienemme, lienette, lienevät saaneet=, _I may have received (il se peut que j’ai reçu)_.
(4) The compound conditional, formed by prefixing the conditional of the auxiliary to the same participle: =olisin, olisit, olisi saanut=; =olisimme, olisitte, olisivat saaneet=, _I should have received_, etc.
When these four tenses of the verb ‘to be’ are combined with participle I, they form a future, of which there may be four varieties:—
(1) =Olen=, etc., =saava=, _I shall receive_; (2) =olin=, etc., =saava=, _I was about to receive_; (3) =lienen saava=, _perhaps I shall receive_; (4) =olisin saava=, _I might have received_.
Though the plur. of these forms should grammatically be =olemme saavat=, which forms are employed in the literary language, yet in the spoken language the participle does not take the plural termination.
The compound tenses of the passive are formed by adding the tense of the verb =olla= to participle II, passive.
_Perf._ =on saatu= _Plupf._ =oli saatu=
_Comp. Conc._ =lienee saatu= _Comp. Cond._ =olisi saatu=
The negative forms for these tenses are formed by putting the auxiliary verb in the negative form, and keeping the participle as before. The negative forms of the auxiliary verb are:—
_Present._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole= =emme ole=
2. =et ole= =ette ole=
3. =ei ole= =eivät ole=
_Imperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut= =emme olleet=
2. =et ollut= =ette olleet=
3. =ei ollut= =eivät olleet=
_Concessive._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene= =emme liene=
2. =et liene= =ette liene=
3. =ei liene= =eivät liene=
_Conditional._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi= =emme olisi=
2. =et olisi= =ette olisi=
3. =ei olisi= =eivät olisi=
It is hoped that with the aid of the foregoing explanations the conjugation of a Finnish verb will be perfectly clear.
The verbs may be divided into three conjugations.
_First Conjugation._
The characteristics of this conjugation are as follow:—
(_a_) The root always ends in a long vowel.
(_b_) There is no change of consonants.
(_c_) The third person sing. of the present tense is the simple root.
(_d_) The last vowel of the root is liable to changes before the =i= of the past tense and conditional.
(_e_) In the present passive, and in infinitive I the termination =ta= becomes =da=.
This conjugation includes:—
1. All monosyllabic roots. In participle I active they take either =va= (=vä=) or =pa= (=pä=).
2. Trisyllabic roots ending in =oi= or =öi=. These have only =va= (=vä=) in the participle I.
Monosyllabic verbs occasionally take the termination =pi= in the third person sing. present indicative, _e.g._ =lyöpi=, =saapi=. This is especially frequent in the dialect spoken about St. Petersburg.
The trisyllabic verbs ending in =oi=, =öi=, also frequently form their infinitive in =ta=, that is to say, the root also exists in a form ending in =-tse=. =Haravoida= is the infinitive from the root =haravoi=; =haravoita=, the infinitive from the derived root of the same meaning =haravoitse=.
Examples: =saa=, _to receive_; =tuo=, _to bring_.
_Active Voice._ _Indicative Mood._
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saan= =saame=
2. =saat= =saatte=
3. =saa= =saavat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saa= =emme saa=
2. =et saa= =ette saa=
3. =ei saa= =eivät saa=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =sain= (=3=) =saimme=
2. =sait= =saitte=
3. =sai= =saivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saanut= =emme saaneet=
2. =et saanut= =ette saaneet=
3. =ei saanut= =eivät saaneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen saanut= =olemme saaneet=
2. =olet saanut= =olette saaneet=
3. =on saanut= =ovat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole saanut= =emme ole saaneet=
2. =et ole saanut= =ette ole saaneet=
3. =ei ole saanut= =eivät ole saaneet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin saanut= =olimme saaneet=
2. =olit saanut= =olitte saaneet=
3. =oli saanut= =olivat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut saanut= =emme olleet saaneet=
2. =et ollut saanut= =ette olleet saaneet=
3. =ei ollut saanut= =eivät ollet saaneet=
_Simple Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saanen= =saanemme=
2. =saanet= =saanette=
3. =saanee= =saanevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saane= =emme saane=
2. =et saane= =ette saane=
3. =ei saane= =eivät saane=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen saanut= =lienemme saaneet=
2. =lienet saanut= =lienette saaneet=
3. =lienee saanut= =lienevät saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene saanut= =emme liene saaneet=
2. =et liene saanut= =ette liene saaneet=
3. =ei liene saanut= =eivät liene saaneet=
_Simple Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =saisin= =saisimme=
2. =saisit= =saisitte=
3. =saisi= =saisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en saisi= =emme saisi=
2. =et saisi= =ette saisi=
3. =ei saisi= =eivät saisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin saanut= =olisimme saaneet=
2. =olisit saanut= =olisitte saaneet=
3. =olisi saanut= =olisivat saaneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi saanut= =emme olisi saaneet=
2. =et olisi saanut= =ette olisi saaneet=
3. =ei olisi saanut= =eivät olisi saaneet=
_First Future._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen saava (saapa)= =olemme saava= _or_ =saavat (pa)=
2. =olet saava (pa)= =olette saava= _or_ =saavat (pa)=
3. =on saava (pa)= =ovat saava (pa)=
Such forms as =ovat saavat= are avoided on account of the repetition
of =vat=.
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole saava=, _or_ =saapa= =emme ole saava=, _or_ =saavat=
2. =et ole saava= =ette ole saava=
3. =ei ole saava= =eivät ole saava=
The other futures =olin saava=, =lienen saava=, and =olisi saava=
are conjugated exactly similarly.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =saakaamme=
2. =saa= =saakaa(tte)=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme saako=
2. =älä saa= =älkää saako=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =saaʻos= ——
3. =saakoon= =saakoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös saako= ——
3. =älköön saako= =älkööt saako=
_Infinitive._
I. =saada=
_Transl._ =saadakse(ni)=
II. _Iness._ =saadessa=
_Instr._ =saaden=
III. =saama=, _used in nearly all the cases_
IV. _Nom._ =saaminen=
_Part._ =saamista=
V. _Adess. Plur._ =saamaisilla(ni)=, (_always with suffix_).
_Participles._
I. =saapa= _or_ =saava=
II. =saanut=
_Passive Voice._
_Present_ _Aff._ =saadaan=
_Neg._ =ei saada=
_Imperfect_ _Aff._ =saatiin=
_Neg._ =ei saatu=
_Perfect_ _Aff._ =on saatu=
_Neg._ =ei ole saatu=
_Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli saatu=
_Neg._ =ei oltu saatu=, _or_, =ei ollut saatu=
_Concessive_ _Aff._ =saataneen=
_Neg._ =ei saatane=
_Concess. Comp._ _Aff._ =lienee saatu=
_Neg._ =ei liene saatu=
_Conditional_ _Aff._ =saataisiin=
_Neg._ =ei saataisi=
_Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi saatu=
_Neg._ =ei olisi saatu=
_Optative_ _Aff._ =saatakoon=
_Neg._ =älköön saatako=
_Infinitive._ The only forms used are—
II. _Iness._ =saataessa=
III. _Instr._ =saataman=
* * * * *
_Active Voice._ _Indicative Mood._
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tuon= =tuomme=
2. =tuot= =tuotte=
3. =tuo= =tuovat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuo= =emme tuo=
2. =et tuo= =ette tuo=
3. =ei tuo= =eivät tuo=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =toin= (=4=) =toimme=
2. =toit= =toitte=
3. =toi= =toivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuonut= =emme tuoneet=
2. =et tuonut= =ette tuoneet=
3. =ei tuonut= =eivät tuoneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen tuonut= =olemme tuoneet=
2. =olet tuonut= =olette tuoneet=
3. =on tuonut= =ovat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole tuonut= =emme ole tuoneet=
2. =et ole tuonut= =ette ole tuoneet=
3. =ei ole tuonut= =eivät ole tuoneet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin tuonut= =olimme tuoneet=
2. =olit tuonut= =olitte tuoneet=
3. =oli tuonut= =olivat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut tuonut= =emme olleet tuoneet=
2. =et ollut tuonut= =ette olleet tuoneet=
3. =ei ollut tuonut= =eivät olleet tuoneet=
_Simple Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =tuonen= =tuonemme=
2. =tuonet= =tuonette=
3. =tuonee= =tuonevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en tuone= =emme tuone=
2. =et tuone= =ette tuone=
3. =ei tuone= =eivät tuone=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lienen tuonut= =lienemme tuoneet=
2. =lienet tuonut= =lienette tuoneet=
3. =lienee tuonut= =lienevät tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene tuonut= =emme liene tuoneet=
2. =et liene tuonut= =ette liene tuoneet=
3. =ei liene tuonut= =eivät liene tuoneet=
_Simple Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =toisin= (=4=) =toisimme=
2. =toisit= =toisitte=
3. =toisi= =toisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en toisi= =emme toisi=
2. =et toisi= =ette toisi=
3. =ei toisi= =eivät toisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin tuonut= =olisimme tuoneet=
2. =olisit tuonut= =olisitte tuoneet=
3. =olisi tuonut= =olisivat tuoneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en olisi tuonut= =emme olisi tuoneet=
2. =et olisi tuonut= =ette olisi tuoneet=
3. =ei olisi tuonut= =eivät olisi tuoneet=
_First Future._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen tuova= (=tuopa=) =olemme tuova= _or_ =tuovat (pa)=
2. =olet tuova= (=pa=) =olette tuova= _or_ =tuovat (pa)=
3. =on tuova= (=pa=) =ovat tuova= (=pa=)
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole tuova= _or_ =tuopa= =emme ole tuova= _or_ =tuovat=
2. =et ole tuova= =ette ole tuova=
3. =ei ole tuova= =eivät ole tuova=
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =tuokaamme=
2. =tuo= =tuokaa(tte)=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme tuoko=
2. =älä tuo= =älkää tuoko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =tuoʻos= ——
3. =tuokoon= =tuokoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös tuoko= ——
3. =älköön tuoko= =älkööt tuoko=
_Infinitive._
I. =tuodaʻ=
_Transl._ =tuodakse(ni)=
II. _Iness._ =tuodessa=
_Instr._ =tuoden=
III. =tuoma= _used in nearly all the cases_
IV. _Nom._ =tuominen=
_Part._ =tuomista=
V. _Adess. Plur._ =tuomaisilla(ni)= (_always with suffix_)
_Participles._
I. =tuopa= _or_ =tuova=
II. =tuonut=
_Passive Voice_
_Present_ _Aff._ =tuodaan=
_Neg._ =ei tuoda=
_Imperfect_ _Aff._ =tuotiin=
_Neg._ =ei tuotu=
_Perfect_ _Aff._ =on tuotu=
_Neg._ =ei ole tuotu=
_Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli tuotu=
_Neg._ =ei oltu tuotu=, _or_ =ei ollut tuotu=
_Concessive_ _Aff._ =tuotaneen=
_Neg._ =ei tuotane=
_Conces. Comp._ _Aff._ =lienee tuotu=
_Neg._ =ei liene tuotu=
_Conditional_ _Aff._ =tuotaisiin=
_Neg._ =ei tuotaisi=
_Cond. Comp._ _Aff._ =olisi tuotu=
_Neg._ =ei olisi tuotu=
_Optative_ _Aff._ =tuotakoon=
_Neg._ =älköön tuotako=
_Infinitive._
The only forms used are—
II. _Iness._ =tuotaessa=
III. _Instr._ =tuotaman=
_Participles._
I. =saatava=, =tuotava=
II. =saatu=, =tuotu=
Similarly =lyö=, _to strike_, makes in the present =lyön=, =lyöt=, =lyö=, =lyömme=, =lyötte=, =lyövät=; imperfect =löin= (by rule =4=); concessive =lyönen=; conditional =löisin= (=4=); imperative =lyö=, =lyökäämme=, =lyökää=; infinitives =lyödä=, =lyödessä=, =lyömän=, =lyöminen=, =lyömäisilläni=; participles =lyövä= and =lyönyt=; passive =lyödään=, etc.
So also =satuloi=, _saddle_, forms present indicative =satuloin=, =satuloit=, =satuloi=, =satuloimme=, =satuloitte=, =satuloivat=; imperfect =satuloin= (=5=); concessive =satuloinen=; conditional =satuloisin=; imperative =satuloi=; optative =satuloiʻos=; infinitives =satuloida=, =satuloidessa=, =satuloiman=, =satuloiminen=, =satuloimaisillani=; participles =satuloiva=, =satuloinut=; passive =satuloidaan=.
_Second Conjugation._
The second conjugation has the following characteristics:—
(1) The root ends in a short vowel.
(2) The consonant at the beginning of the last syllable is liable to the usual changes, when that syllable becomes closed.
(3) In the third person sing. present indicative the final vowel is lengthened.
(4) The first infinitive has the termination =a= (=ä=).
(5) The root of the passive ends in =tta= (=ttä=), and hence the present passive in =taan=.
(6) The first participle active _always_ ends in =va= (=vä=).
To this conjugation belong:—
A. All roots ending in =o=, =ö=, =u=, =y=.
B. All dissyllables ending in =a=, =ä=, and polysyllables ending in =ta= (=tä=) after =h=, =l=, =n=, =r=, =s=, =t=; =heittä=, _to throw_; =tappa=, _to kill_; =armahta=, _to pity_; =sivalta=, _to strike_; =ymmärtä=, _to understand_.
(1) In these verbs =a= or =ä= is always changed to =e= before the termination of the passive, =kaata=, =kaadetaan=.
(2) Before the =i= of the imperfect, polysyllables always reject =a= or =ä=, =pelasta=, =pelasti=, etc.
Dissyllabic verbs vary in their treatment of =a=, _though_ =ä= _is always rejected_. If the vowel of the first syllable is =o= or =u=; then =a= is generally rejected. =Otta=, _take_, imperfect =otti=; =muista=, =muisti=. But if the vowel of the first syllable is =a= or =e=, the =a= of the last syllable generally becomes =o=; =laula=, =lauloi=, _sing_; =anta=, =antoi=, _give_. But a great number of verbs ending in =ta=, and having =a= in the first syllable, use _both_ forms; =ahtoi= _or_ =ahti=, _blow_; =karttoi= _or_ =kartti=, _to avoid_; =saattoi= _or_ =saatti=, _to lead_.
If a verb ending in =lta=, =nta=, or =rta= (or the corresponding forms in =ä=) elides the vowel before =i=, then =t= becomes =s=; =kieltä=, _to deny_, =kielsi=; =kumarta=, _to adore_, =kumarsi=, etc. The same change occurs after a long vowel in the forms =löysi=, _found_; =tiesi=, _knew_; =taisi=, _knew how to_; =pyysi=, _asked_; =kaasi=, _threw down_; =huusi=, _shouted_. Most verbs of this type, however, take =ti=, though some have double forms.
C. All verbs ending in =i=.
D. All dissyllables ending in =ke=, =te=, =pe=; e.g. =luke=, _to read_; =lähte=, _go away_; =kylpe=, _to bath_.
This =e= is elided before =i=, and =t= is sometimes changed to =s=; =tunte=, _to feel_, =tunsi=.
In infinitive II either the =e= of the root or that of the termination is changed to =i=, generally that of the root; =lukiessa= _or_ =lukeissa=, but never =lukeessa=.
Examples of conjugation II:—Roots =repi=, _to tear_; =luke=, _to read_. The =p= of =repi= becomes =v= in a closed syllable, and the =k= of =luke= drops out (by rules =34= and =27=).
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =revin= =revimme=
2. =revit= =revitte=
3. =repii= =repivät=
_Negative._ (The root closed by the aspiration.)
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en revi= =emme revi=
2. =et revi= =ette revi=
3. =ei revi= =eivät revi=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =revin= =revimme=
2. =revit= =revitte=
3. =repi= =repivät=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repinyt= =emme repineet=
2. =et repinyt= =ette repineet=
3. =ei repinyt= =eivät repineet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen repinyt= =olemme repineet=
2. =olet repinyt= =olette repineet=
3. =on repinyt= =ovat repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole repinyt= =emme ole repineet=
2. =et ole repinyt= =ette ole repineet=
3. =ei ole repinyt= =eivät ole repineet=
_Pluperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin repinyt= =olimme repineet=
2. =olit repinyt= =olitte repineet=
3. =oli repinyt= =olivat repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut repinyt= =emme olleet repineet=
2. =et ollut repinyt= =ette olleet repineet=
3. =ei ollut repinyt= =eivät olleet repineet=
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =repinen= =repinemme=
2. =repinet= =repinette=
3. =repinee= =repinevät=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en repine= =emme repine=
2. =et repine= =ette repine=
3. =ei repine= =eivät repine=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen repinyt= =lienemme repineet=
(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)
_Compound Conditional._ _Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene repinyt= =emme liene repineet=
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =repisin= =repisimme=
2. =repisit= =repisitte=
3. =repisi= =repisivät=
_Negative._
1. =en repisi= =emme repisi=
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin repinyt= =olisimme repineet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en olisi repinyt= =emme olisi repineet=
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =repikäämme=
2. =revi= =repikää=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme repikö=
2. =älä revi= =älkää repikö=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =repiʻös= ——
3. =repiköön= =repikööt=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös repikö= ——
3. =älköön repikö= =älkööt repikö=
_Participles._
I. =repivä=
II. =repinyt=
_Infinitives._
I. =repiä=
_Transl._ =repiäksi=
II. _Ines._ =repiessä=
_Instr._ =repien=
III. =repimä=, etc.
IV. _Nom._ =repiminen=
_Part._ =repimistä=
V. _Adess._ =repimäisillä(ni)=
_Passive._
_Present_ _Aff._ =revitään=
_Neg._ =ei revitä=
_Imperfect_ _Aff._ =revittiin=
_Neg._ =ei revitty=
_Perfect_ _Aff._ =on revitty=
_Neg._ =ei ole revitty=
_Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli revitty=
_Neg._ =ei ollut revitty=, _or_
=ei oltu revitty=, etc.
_Concessive_ _Aff._ =revittäneen=
_Neg._ =ei revittäne=
_Comp. Concess._ _Aff._ =lienee revitty=
_Neg._ =ei liene revitty=
_Conditional_ _Aff._ =revittäisiin=
_Neg._ =ei revittäisi=
_Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =olisi revitty=
_Neg._ =ei olisi revitty=
_Optative_ _Aff._ =revittäköön=
_Neg._ =älköön revittäkö=
_Infin. II. Iness._ =revittäessä=
_Participles._
I. =revittävä=
II. =revitty=
* * * * *
_Present._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =luen= (=28=) =luemme=
2. =luet= =luette=
3. =lukee= =lukevat=
_Negative._ (The root closed by the aspiration.)
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lue= =emme lue=
2. =et lue= =ette lue=
3. =ei lue= =eivät lue=
_Imperfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =luin= =luimme=
2. =luit= =luitte=
3. =luki= =lukivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukenut= =emme lukeneet=
2. =et lukenut= =ette lukeneet=
3. =ei lukenut= =eivät lukeneet=
_Perfect._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olen lukenut= =olemme lukeneet=
2. =olet lukenut= =olette lukeneet=
3. =on lukenut= =ovat lukeneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ole lukenut= =emme ole lukeneet=
2. =et ole lukenut= =ette ole lukeneet=
3. =ei ole lukenut= =eivät ole lukeneet=
_Pluperfect._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olin lukenut= =olimme lukeneet=
2. =olit lukenut= =olitte lukeneet=
3. =oli lukenut= =olivat lukeneet=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en ollut lukenut= =emme olleet lukeneet=
2. =et ollut lukenut= =ette olleet lukeneet=
3. =ei ollut lukenut= =eivät olleet lukeneet=
_Concessive._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lukenen= =lukenemme=
2. =lukenet= =lukenette=
3. =lukenee= =lukenevat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukene= =emme lukene=
2. =et lukene= =ette lukene=
3. =ei lukene= =eivät lukene=
_Compound Concessive._ _Affirmative._
1. =lienen lukenut= =lienemme lukeneet=
(The formation of the remaining persons will now be clear.)
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en liene lukenut= =emme liene lukeneet=
_Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =lukisin= (=14=) =lukisimme=
2. =lukisit= =lukisitte=
3. =lukisi= =lukisivat=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =en lukisi=, etc. =emme lukisi=, etc.
_Compound Conditional._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. =olisin lukenut=, etc. =olisimme lukeneet=, etc.
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
=en olisi lukenut=, etc. =emme olisi lukeneet=, etc.
_Imperative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =lukekaamme=
2. =lue= =lukekaa=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
1. —— =älkäämme lukeko=
2. =älä lue= =älkää lukeko=
_Optative._ _Affirmative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =lukeʻos= ——
3. =lukekoon= =lukekoot=
_Negative._
_Sing._ _Plur._
2. =ällös lukeko= ——
3. =älköön lukeko= =älkööt lukeko=
_Participles._
I. =lukeva=
II. =lukenut=
_Infinitives._
I. =lukea=
_Transl._ =lukeaksi=
II. _Ines._ =lukiessa=
_Instr._ =lukien=
III. =lukema=, etc.
IV. _Nom._ =lukeminen=
_Part._ =lukemista=, etc.
V. _Adess._ =lukemaisilla(ni)=
_Passive._
_Present_ _Aff._ =luetaan=
_Neg._ =ei lueta=
_Imperfect_ _Aff._ =luettiin=
_Neg._ =ei luettu=
_Perfect_ _Aff._ =on luettu=
_Neg._ =ei ole luettu=
_Pluperfect_ _Aff._ =oli luettu=
_Neg._ =ei ollut luettu=
_Concessive_ _Aff._ =luettaneen=
_Neg._ =ei luettano=
_Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =lienee luettu=
_Neg._ =ei liene luettu=
_Conditional_ _Aff._ =luettaisiin=
_Neg._ =ei luettaisi=
_Comp. Cond._ _Aff._ =olisi luettu=
_Neg._ =ei olisi luettu=
_Optative_ _Aff._ =luettakoon=
_Neg._ =älköön luettako=
_Infin. II. Iness._ =luettaessa=
_Participles._
I. =luettava=
II. =luettu=
Similarly =tako=, _to forge_, makes the present =taon=, =taot=, =takoo=, =taomme=, =taotte=, =takovat= (=k= being lost by =28=); imperfect =taoin=, =taoit=, =takoi=, =taoimme=, =taoitte=, =takoivat=; concessive =takonen=; conditional =takoisin=; imperative =tao=, =takokaa=; optative =takoʻos=, =takokoon=; infinitives =takoa=, =takoessa=, =takoman=, =takominen=, =takomaisillani=; participles =takova=, =takonut=; passive =taotaan=, etc.
=Otta=, _to take_; present =otan= (=30=), =otat=, =ottaa=, =otamme=, =otatte=, =ottavat=; imperfect =otin=, =otit=, =otti=, etc.; concessive =ottanen=; conditional =ottaisin=; imperative =ota=, =ottakaamme=; optative =ottaos=, =ottakoon=; infinitive =ottaa=, =ottaessa=, =ottaman=, =ottaminen=, =ottamaisillani=; participles =ottava=, =ottanut=; passive =otetaan=, etc.
=Rakenta=, _to build_, has in the present =rakennan= (=31=), =rakennat=, =rakentaa=, =rakennamme=, =rakennatte=, =rakentavat=; imperfect =rakensin=, =rakensit=, =rakensi=, etc.; passive =rakennetaan=, etc.
=Ymmärtä=, _to understand_, has similarly present (=31=) =ymmärrän=, =ymmärrät=, =ymmärtää=, etc.; imperfect =ymmärsin=; passive =ymmärretään=.
=Pyrki=, _to strive_, makes in the present =pyrin=, =pyrit=, =pyrkii=, =pyrimme=, =pyritte=, =pyrkivät=; imperfect =pyrin=; concessive =pyrkinen=; conditional =pyrkisin=; imperative =pyri=, =pyrkikää=; infinitive =pyrkiä=, etc.; passive =pyritään=, etc.
=Tappa=, _to kill_; present =tapan=, =tapat=, =tappaa=, etc.; imperfect =tapoin=, =tapoit=, =tappoi=, (=7=); concessive =tappanen=; conditional =tappaisin=; imperative =tapa=, =tappakaamme=; infinitive =tappaa=, =tappaessa=, =tappaman=, =tappaminen=, =tappamaisillani=; passive =tapetaan= (=11=).
_Third Conjugation._
This conjugation comprises all verbs where the radical is liable to become closed by the loss of the final vowel, from which results a variety of consonantal changes. The verbs which are conjugated in this way fall into two classes.
I. Dissyllabic roots ending in =le=, =ne=, =re=, =se=, and all polysyllabic roots ending in the vowel =e=.
These verbs have the following characteristics.
A. The root is closed—
(1) Before =t= in infinitive I and II and in the passive verb;
(2) Before =n= in the conditional and participle II active;
(3) Before =k= in the imperative.
B. The root may then be further changed by assimilation—
(1) Before =t= in the infinitive. The roots =tule=, =mene=, =pure= make their infinitives =tulta=, =mentä=, =purta=, which become =tulla, ennä=, =purra=. But roots ending in =se=, like =nouse=, keep the infinitive in =sta=,—=nousta=; for =st= is not a group liable to assimilation. Further simplifications of consonantal groups may take place; for example, root =syökse=, _to throw down_, shortened to =syöks=, infinitive =syökstä=, becomes =syöstä=; root =säkenöitse=, infinitive =säkenöits-tä= becomes =säkenöitä=.
(2) The =l=, =r=, or =t= at the end of the closed root always assimilates the =n= of the conditional and of participle II active. The final =s= sometimes assimilates =n=; frequently in participle II, rarely in the conditional.
_E.g._ The roots =tule=, =pure=, =kaitse=, which in their closed forms become =tul=, =pur=, =kait=, form the conditionals =tullee=, =purree=, =kainnee=, and the participles =tullut=, =purrut=, =kainnut=. =Nouse= forms =nousnee=, rarely =noussee= and participle II =nousnut= or =noussut=.
C. A strong consonant at the beginning of the penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words is also liable to softening in forms derived from the closed root, but _not_ in forms derived from the full root. Root =rohkene=, _to dare_; infinitive I =rohjeta=.
D. The final =e= is dropped in the imperfect.
E. The third sing. present has =ee=.
F. Trisyllabic roots in =ne= change =n= to =t= in the imperative, and have the infinitive I ending in =ta= preceded by a vowel so that =ne= is altogether lost; e.g. =alene=; imperative =aletkoon=; infinitive =aleta=.
G. The participle I active ends in =va=, =vä=.
In the verbs =näke= and =teke= =k= becomes =h= when the root loses its final vowel.
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A Finnish GrammarChapter II: Short Vowels (2)
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