Chapter II: Short Vowels (7)

8. Ei[44] hän[45] ollut[44] se[5] valkeus[23] mutta[46] hän[45] oli[30] lähetetty[30] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39].

9. Se[35] oli[2] totinen[47] valkeus[23] joka[18] valistaa[48] kaikki[9] ihmiset[49] jotka[50] maailmaan[51] tulevat[52].

10. Se[35] oli[2] maailmassa[53] ja[4] maailma[54] on[19] hänen[42] kauttansa[43] tehty[13] jä[4] ei[55] maailma[54] häntä[56] tuntenut[55].

11. Hän[45] tuli[36] omillensa[57] ja[4] ei[58] hänen[42] omansa[60] häntä[56] ottaneet[58] vastaan[59].

12. Mutta[46] niille[61] jotka[50] hänen[42] ottivat[62] vastaan[59], antoi[63] hän[45] voiman[64] Jumalan[6] lapsiksi[65] tulla[66] jotka[50] uskovat[67] hänen[42] nimensä[68] päälle[69];

13. Jotka[50] ei[70] verestä[71] eikä[70] lihan[72] tahdosta[73] ei[70] myös[74] miehen[75] tahdosta[73] mutta[46] Jumalalta[76] syntyneet[77] ovat[77].

14. Ja[4] sana[3] tuli[78] lihaksi[79] ja[4] asui[80] meidän[81] seassamme[82] (ja[4] me[83] näimme[84] hänen[42] kunniansa[85] niinkuin[86] ainoan[87] Pojan[88] kunnian[89] Isästä[90]) täynnä[91] armoa[92] ja[4] totuutta[93].

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN, I. 1-14.

1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

2. That was in-the-beginning with God.

3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made which was made.

4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.

5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness comprehended not.

6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.

7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through Him.

8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.

9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.

10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world knew Him not.

11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.

12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children of-God, who believe on His name,

13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-the-will of-men, but of God.

14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.

[Note 1: Inessive sing. of =alku=, formed with suffix =u= (p. 45); verb =alkaa=, _to begin_; =alkussa= becomes =alussa= by rule 27.]

[Note 2: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =olla=, _to be_ (p. 72).]

[Note 3: Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verb =sanoa=, _to speak_.]

[Note 4: Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish, _and_.]

[Note 5: Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p. 59) used almost like article (p. 166).]

[Note 6: =Jumala=, gen. =Jumalan=, _God_.]

[Note 7: Essive sing. of =tykö=; postposition governing =Jumalan= (p. 215).]

[Note 8: Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p. 58).]

[Note 9: Nominative plur. without term. (pp. 61 and 170).]

[Note 10: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =olla= (p. 72).]

[Note 11: Gen. sing. of demonstr. =se= (p. 59).]

[Note 12: =Kautta=, postposition governing gen. =sen= (p. 204).]

[Note 13: =tehty=, past part. pass. of root =teke= (rule 41); nominative plur. =tehdyt= (rule 32). Here the participle is used in combination with =ovat= to form perf. passive (p. 74).]

[Note 14: Preposition governing the partitive =sitä= (p. 203).]

[Note 15: Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron. =se=.]

[Note 16: =ei ole tehty=, negative perf. passive of root =teke= (p. 74).]

[Note 17: Partitive sing. of =mikä= with suffix =an= (pp. 61 and 219). For explanation of use of partitive here _v._ p. 183.]

[Note 18: Nom. sing, of rel. pron.]

[Note 19: 3rd pers. sing. pres. of =olla=.]

[Note 20: Iness. sing. of personal pron. =hän=.]

[Note 21: Nom. sing. formed from root =elä= with suffix =mä= (p. 45).]

[Note 22: Gen. plur. of =ihminen= declined like =toinen= (p. 35).]

[Note 23: Stem =valkeute= (nominative =-us=, p. 36) formed by adding affix =ute= to root =valke= (cf. =valkea=, _white_ or _fire_, and =valjeta=).]

[Note 24: Stem =pimeyte=, nominative =pimeys=; substantive formed from =pimeä=, _dark_, analogous to =valkeus=, but with soft termination; =pimeydessä= is inessive sing.]

[Note 25: 3rd pers. sing. pres. of root =paista=.]

[Note 26: =Jota=, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p. 127).]

[Note 27: 3rd sing. negative imperf. (p. 70) of verbal root =käsitä=, _to grasp_ or _understand_ (exact equivalent of comprehendere).]

[Note 28: =Yksi=, _one_, here used as the indefinite article, p. 51.]

[Note 29: Nominative sing. of stem =miehe=, _man_.]

[Note 30: Plupf. passive of =lähettää=, _to send_; pres. passive =lähetetään=, past part. =-etty= (p. 67).]

[Note 31: Ablative sing. of =Jumala=, _God_.]

[Note 32: Genitive sing. of relative pron. =joka=.]

[Note 33: Nominative sing. of stem =nime=.]

[Note 34: Nominative sing. of stem =Johannekse= (p. 36).]

[Note 35: Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p. 166).]

[Note 36: 3rd sing. imperf. of root =tule=, p. 95.]

[Note 37: Elative sing. of pron. =se=.]

[Note 38: Elative sing. of nominative =valkeus=, for use of case, _v._ p. 144.]

[Note 39: Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stem =todista=, 1st infin. =todistaa=, for constr. _v._ p. 194.]

[Note 40: Particle used here with conditional, _v._ for constr. p. 179.]

[Note 41: 3rd pers. plur. conditional of =uskoa=, _to believe_.]

[Note 42: =hänen=, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon]

[Note 43: the postposition =kautta= with the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix, _v._ p. 164.]

[Note 44: 3rd sing. impf. negative of =olla=.]

[Note 45: Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.]

[Note 46: conjunction _but_.]

[Note 47: Nom. sing. of stem =totise= (p. 35) formed with adjectival ending =ise= from stem =tote=, nom. =tosi=.]

[Note 48: 3rd sing. pres. of root =valista= (1st inf. =-taa=), _to light_.]

[Note 49: Acc. plur. of stem =ihmise=, nom. sing. =ihminen=, _man_.]

[Note 50: Nom. plur. of rel. pron. =joka=.]

[Note 51: =maailmaan=, illative sing. of =maailma=, _universe_ (=maa=, =ilma=), denoting motion into after =tulevat=.]

[Note 52: 3rd plur. pres. of root =tule= (1st inf. =tulla=) _to come_ (p. 95).]

[Note 53: Inessive sing.]

[Note 54: Nom. sing.]

[Note 55: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative of =tuntea=.]

[Note 56: Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p. 127).]

[Note 57: Allative plur. of =oma=, _own_, with the suffix of the 3rd pers. =om-i-lle-nsa=.]

[Note 58: Negative imperf. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]

[Note 59: Illative sing. of =vasta=, meaning literally, _what is opposite_. The combination =ottaa vastaan=, is used to mean _receive_.]

[Note 60: Nom. plur. of =oma= with suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p. 57). As =omansa= is subject to the verb, the latter should strictly be =eivät ottaneet=, but _v._ page 123.]

[Note 61: Allative plur. of demons. pron. =se=, nom. plur. =ne=.]

[Note 62: 3rd pers. plur. imperf. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]

[Note 63: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =antaa=, _to give_, pres. =annan=. For difference of form in =otti=, =antoi= _v._ page 85.]

[Note 64: Acc. sing. of =voima=, _power_, formed with suffix =ma= from root =voi= (1st inf. =voida=), _to be able_.]

[Note 65: Transl. plur. of =lapse=, _a child_, _v._ p. 158.]

[Note 66: 1st inf. from root =tule=, _to come_, here used as auxiliary meaning _to become_ or _enter on a state_, and taking the translative case.]

[Note 67: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =uskoa=, _to believe_.]

[Note 68: Genitive sing. of =nimi= (stem =nime=) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 69: Allative sing. of =pää=, _a head_, governing the genitive =nimensä=. The local cases of =pää= are used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.]

[Note 70: =Eikä= is the negative verb with the adverbial suffix =kä=, _and_; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.; =syntyneet= must be understood with the negative.]

[Note 71: Elative sing. of =veri= (stem =vere=), _blood_, for use _v._ p. 143.]

[Note 72: Genitive sing. of =liha=, _flesh_, depending on =tahdosta=.]

[Note 73: Elative sing. of =tahto=, _will_, used as a nominal and verbal stem (=tahtoa=, _to wish_).]

[Note 74: Particle, _also_, connected with =myötä= and =myöten=.]

[Note 75: Genitive sing. of =mies= (stem =miehe=), _man_, depending on =tahdosta=.]

[Note 76: Elative sing. of =Jumala=, _God_.]

[Note 77: 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. of =syntyä=, _to be born_, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitive =syntynyt=, _v._ p. 73.]

[Note 78: For form _v._ No. 36. Here used as auxiliary _became_ and followed by translative, _v._ Nos. 65 and 66 above.]

[Note 79: Translat. sing. of =liha=, _flesh_.]

[Note 80: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of =asua=, _to dwell_.]

[Note 81: Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postposition =seassamme=.]

[Note 82: Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur., _v._ p. 214.]

[Note 83: Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.]

[Note 84: 1st pers. plur. imperf. of root =näke= (inf. =nähdä=, _v._ p. 108), =näke-i-mme= becomes =näimme= by rules 14 and 28.]

[Note 85: Acc. sing. of =kunnia=, _glory_, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.]

[Note 86: _So as_, compound adverb formed of =niin=, instr. plur. of =se= and =kuin=, instr. plur. of root =ku= (nom. =kuka=).]

[Note 87: Genitive sing. of =ainoa=, _only_, agreeing with =Pojan=.]

[Note 88: Genitive sing. of =Poika=, _son_, for form _v._ rule 28.]

[Note 89: Accus. sing. of =kunnia=, _glory_, governing the genitive =ainoan Pojan=.]

[Note 90: Elative sing. of =Isä=, _Father_. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming together.]

[Note 91: Essive sing. of stem =täyte=, in apposition to =sana= (_v._ p. 157. iii). Modern Finnish makes =täytenä=, but here the =e= is dropped and =täytnä= becomes =täynnä=, cf. =ynnä= for =yhtenä= from =yksi=. In nom. =täyte= forms =täysi= by rule 37.]

[Note 92: Part. sing, of stem =armo=, _grace_ or _mercy_; for use of part. after =täynnä= _v._ p. 136.]

[Note 93: Part. sing. of stem =totuute= (p. 36), which rejects =e= before =ta= of part.; for formation from root =tote=, _v._ p. 47. iii.]

KALEVALA, XXXVI. 319-346.

Kullervo Kalervon poika
Tempasi[1] terävän[2] miekan[3], 320
Katselevi kääntelevi,
Kyselevi tietelevi[4];
Kysyi[5] mieltä[6] miekaltansa[3]
Tokko[7] tuon[8] tekisi[9] mieli[6]
Syöä[10] syyllistä[11] lihoa,[12] 325
Viallista[13] verta[14] juoa[15].
Miekka[3] mietti[16] miehen[17] mielen[6].
Arvasi[18] uron[19] pakinan[20],
Vastasi[21] sanalla[22] tuolla[8]:
‘Miks[23] en[24] söisi[24] mielelläni[25], 330
Söisi[24] syyllistä[11] lihoa[12],
Viallista[13] verta[14] joisi[26]?
Syön[10] lihoa[12] syyttömänki,[27]
Juon[15] verta[14] viattomanki[28].’
Kullervo Kalervon poika, 335
Sinisukka[29] äijön[30] lapsi[31]
Pään[32] on[33] peltohon[34] sysäsi[35],
Perä[36] painoi[37] kankahasen[38],
Kären[39] käänti[40] rintahansa[41],
Itse[42] iskihe[43] kärelle[44], 340
Siihen[45] surmansa[46] sukesi[47]
Kuolemansa[48] kohtaeli[49].
Se oli surma[45] nuoren[50] miehen[17],
Kuolo[51] kullervo-urohon[52],
Loppu[53] ainakin[54] urosta[55] 345
Kuolema[56] kova-osaista[57].

[Kullervo, the hero of Kalevala xxxi-xxxvi, is represented as a child of misfortune, who by no possible means could do good. After a series of crimes and disasters, rivalling the history of Oedipus, he determines to kill himself.]

Kullervo the son of Kalervo
Grasped the sharp sword, 320
Looked (at it), turned (it),
Asked, inquired:
Asked of his sword its mind,
If it were minded,
To eat guilty flesh, 325
To drink sinful blood.
The sword understood the mind of the man,
Followed the speech of the hero,
Answered with this word:
‘Why should I not eat to my pleasure, 330
Eat guilty flesh,
Drink sinful blood?
I eat the flesh of the guiltless,
I drink the blood of the sinless.’
Kullervo the son of Kalervo, 335
The old man’s child with blue stockings,
Drove the hilt into the ground,
Fixed the end in the plain,
Turned the point to his breast
Himself fell on the point. 340
Thus he sought his fate,
Met his death.
This was the fate of the young man,
The death of the hero Kullervo,
The end of the hero, 345
The death of the ill-fated one.

[Note 1: 3rd sing. imperf. of stem =tempata=, 1st inf. =temmata=, conjugated like =lupata=, pp. 95 and 101.]

[Note 2: Acc. sing. of adj. =terävä=, _sharp_, formed from =terä=, _edge_, with affix va.]

[Note 3: Acc. sing. of =miekka=, _sword_; =kk= becomes =k= in closed syllable (rule 25); in l. 323, occurs the ablative sing. with affix of 3rd pers. pron.]

[Note 4: These four verbs are all formed with the affix =ele= (_v._ p. 111) from the simple forms =katsoa=, =kääntää=, =kysyä=, =tietää=. The =vi= is the termination of the 3rd. pers. sing. pres. (p. 62).]

[Note 5: 3rd sing. imperf. of =kysyä=, followed by ablative, _to ask of_ (p. 154).]

[Note 6: Part. sing. of =miele=, nom. =mieli=, genitive =mielen=, etc.; =e= lost before =tä= by rule 17.]

[Note 7: Particle, _whether_.]

[Note 8: Acc. of demonstr. pron. =tuo=.]

[Note 9: 3rd pers. sing. conditional of root =teke=, inf. =tehdä=, of 3rd conjugation. The phrase =mieli tekee= followed by an accusative (here =tuon=) means _his mind drives him to_, or _he has a mind to_. Cf. the first lines of the =Kalevala Mieleni minun tekevi ... lähteäni laulamahan=, _my mind incites me to begin singing_.]

[Note 10: = =syödä= (p. 224) 1st inf. of root =syö= (pres indic. =syön=), depending on phrase =mieli tekisi= (p. 188).]

[Note 11: Part. sing. (object of =syöä=) of =syyllinen=, _guilty_, formed from =syy=, _cause_ or _guilt_, with affix =llise= (p. 47).]

[Note 12: = =lihaa= (p. 225), part. sing. of =liha=, _flesh_.]

[Note 13: Part. sing. of =viallinen=, formed from =vika=, _fault_, like =syyllinen=, =k= lost by rule 28.]

[Note 14: Part. sing. of =vere= (nom. =veri=); cf. =mieltä= for form.]

[Note 15: = =juoda= (p. 224), 1st inf. of =juo=, pres. =juon=.]

[Note 16: 3rd sing. imperf. of =miettiä= (2nd conj.) _to think over_, here meaning _understand_.]

[Note 17: Genitive sing. of stem =miehe= (nom. =mies=).]

[Note 18: 3rd sing. imperf. of =arvata=; pres. indic. =arvaan=, _to think, understand_, conjugated like root =lupata=, p. 101.]

[Note 19: Genitive sing. of =uro=, _hero_, which is more usual in the form =uros= (stem =uroho=, =uroo=).]

[Note 20: Accusative sing. (object of =arvasi=) of =pakina=, _speech_.]

[Note 21: =Vastasi=, 3rd sing. imperf. of =vastata=, conjugated like root =lupata=.]

[Note 22: Adessive sing. of =sana=, _word_, used here in instrum. signification (p. 152).]

[Note 23: Transl. sing. of =mikä=, used adverbially to mean _why_ (p. 159).]

[Note 24: Negative conditional of =syö=, composed of 1st pers. sing. of neg. verb, and stem of conditional (p. 70). By rule 4 =syö + isi= becomes =söisi=.]

[Note 25: Adessive sing. of =mieli= (_v._ No. 6) with affix of 1st pers. sing. _with my mind_, i.e. _with pleasure_.]

[Note 26: =Juo + isi= becomes =joisi= (_v._ No. 15).]

[Note 27: =ki= is an adverbial affix (p. 118) meaning _even_; =syyttömän= is the genitive sing. of =syytön=, _guiltless_ (stem =syyttömä=), a caritive adjective formed from =syy=, with suffix =ttoma=, just as =syyllinen= is formed with suffix =llise= (_v._ pp. 47 and 37).]

[Note 28: Genitive sing. of caritive adjective =viaton=, formed from =vika=.]

[Note 29: _Blue-stockinged_, a compd. of =sini=, _blue_, and =sukka=, _stocking_.]

[Note 30: Gen. sing. of =äijö= (= =äijä=), _an old man_.]

[Note 31: Nom. sing. of stem =lapse=, _child_.]

[Note 32: Accusative sing. of =pää=, _head_, here _the hilt of a sword_.]

[Note 33: Particle of emphasis frequently used in Kalevala, and not the verb substantive.]

[Note 34: = =peltoon= (p. 225), illative sing. of =pelto=, _field_ or _ground_.]

[Note 35: 3rd pers. sing. of =sysätä=, _to drive_, conj. like =luvata=.]

[Note 36: Accusative sing. of =perä=, _end_.]

[Note 37: 3rd pers. sing. impf. of =painaa=, _to force down_ or _into_.]

[Note 38: = =kankaasen= (p. 225), illative sing. of stem =kankaha=, nom. =kangas= (p. 38 and rule 26), _a bare plain_.]

[Note 39: Accusative sing. of stem =kärke=, nom. =kärki=, here _the point of the sword_.]

[Note 40: 3rd sing. impf. of =kääntää=, _to turn_, _v._ p. 16.]

[Note 41: = =rintaansa=, illative sing. of =rinta=, _breast_, with suffix of 3rd pers. pron.]

[Note 42: Nominative sing. of pronoun.]

[Note 43: 3rd pers. sing. reflex. impf. of =iskeä=, _to strike_. For form _v._ pp. 109 and 227.]

[Note 44: All. sing. of =kärki= (_v._ No. 38).]

[Note 45: Illative sing. of pron. =se=, but here the force of the illative is lost; literally _to this_, _up till now_.]

[Note 46: Acc. sing. of =surma=, _fate_, with pron. aff. of 3rd pers.]

[Note 47: 3rd sing. imperf. of root =suketa=, 1st infin. =sueta=, _to make_, or _prepare_, conjugated like =luvata=.]

[Note 48: Accusative sing. of =kuolema=, _death_ (pp. 45 and 190).]

[Note 49: 3rd sing. imperf. of =kohtaella=, _to meet_ (one’s fate); cf. =kohtalo=, _fate_.]

[Note 50: Genitive sing. of =nuori= (stem =nuore=), _young_.]

[Note 51: Nominative sing. = =kuolema=, but formed with suffix =o= (p. 45).]

[Note 52: Compound of proper name =Kullervo= and =uros=, _hero_ (stem =uroho=).]

[Note 53: Nominative sing. _end_, genitive =lopun=; cf. =loppua=, _to end_, intrans., =lopettaa= trans.]

[Note 54: Adv. =aina=, _always_, with suffix =kin=. Lönnrot explains this word as =åtminstone=, =visst=; it seems here almost pleonastic, and cannot be rendered _for ever_.]

[Note 55: Partitive sing. of =uros= (stem =uroho=), _hero_, used here as the genitive.]

[Note 56: Transcriber’s Note: note 56 was omitted.]

[Note 57: Partitive sing. of compound adj. formed from =kova= _hard_ and =osainen= (stem =-se=) _fated_; adjective of =osa=, _share_.]

KALEVALA, XVI. 151 ff.

Läksi[1] Tuonelta[2] sanoja[3],
Manalalta[4], mahtiloita[5];
Astua taputtelevi[6],
Kävi[7] viikon[8] vitsikkoa[9],
Viikon[8] toisen[10] tuomikkoa[9], 155
Kolmannen[11] katajikkoa[9],
Jo[12] näkyi[13] Manalan[4] saari[14],
Tuonen[2] kumpu[15] kuumottavi[16].
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Jo[12] huhuta[19] huikahutti[20] 160
Tuossa Tuonelan[21] joessa[22],
Manalan[4] alantehessa[23]:
‘Tuo[24] venettä[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Lauttoa[27] Manalan[4] lapsi[28]
Yli[29] salmen[30] saa’akseni[31], 165
Joen[22] poikki[32] päästäkseni[33]!’
Lyhykäinen[34] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Matala[35] Manalan[4] neiti[36]
Tuo oli peukkujen[37] pesiä[38],
Räpähien[39] räimyttäjä[40] 170
Tuonen[2] mustassa[41] joessa[22],
Manalan[4] alusve’essä[42];
Sanan[3] virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45],
Itse lausui[46] ja pakisi[47]:
‘Vene[25] täältä[48] tuotanehe[49], 175
Kuni[50] syy[51] sanottanehe[52],
Mi[53] sinun Manalle[2] saattoi[54]
Ilman[55] tau’in[56] tappamatta[57],
Ottamatta[58] oivan[59] surman[60],
Muun[61] surman[60] musertamatta[62].’ 180
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Sanan[3] virkkoi[43] noin[44] nimesi[45]:
‘Tuoni[2] minun tänne[63] tuotti[64],
Mana[2] mailtani[65] veteli[66].’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {_v._ 167, 168
Matala Manalan neiti {
Tuonpa[67] hän sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘Jopa[12] keksin[69] kielastajan[70]!
Kunp’[71] on[72] Tuoni[2] tänne[65] toisi[73],
Mana mailta[65] siirteleisi[74], 190
Tuoni toisi[73] tullessansa[75],
Manalainen[76], matkassansa[77],
Tuonen hattu[78] hartioilla[79],
Manan kintahat[80] käessä[81];
Sano[82] totta[83] Väinämöinen, 195
Mi[52] sinun Manalle saattoi[54]?’
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Jo[12] tuossa[84] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘Rauta[85] mun[86] Manalle[2] saattoi[54],
Teräs[87] tempoi[88] Tuonelahan[21].’ 200
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {
Matala Manalan neiti {_v._ 167, 168, 173.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {
‘Tuosta[89] tunnen[90] kielastajan[70]!
Kun[71] rauta[85] Manalle[2] saisi[91], 205
Teräs[87] toisi[73] Tuonelahan[21],
Verin[92] vaattehet[93] valuisi[94],
Hurmehin[95] hurahteleisi[96];
Sano totta Väinämöinen, _v._ 195.
Sano totta toinen[10] kerta[97]!’ 210
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Itse virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45]:
‘Vesi[98] sai[91] minun Manalle[2],
Aalto[99] toi[73] on[72] Tuonelahan[21].’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {
Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 173.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {
‘Ymmärrän[100] valehtelian[101]!
Jos[102] vesi[92] Manalle[2] saisi[91],
Aalto[99] toisi[73] Tuonelahan[21], 220
Vesin[102] vaattehet[93] valuisi[94],
Helmasi[103] herahteleisi[104];
Sano[82] tarkkoja[105] tosia[106],
Mi[53] sinun Manalle[2] saattoi[54]?’
Tuossa[84] vanha[17] Väinämöinen 235
Vielä[107] kerran[108] kielastavi[109]:
‘Tuli[110] toi[73] mun[86] Tuonelahan[21],
Valkea[111] Manalle[2] saattoi[54].’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {
Matala Manalan neiti {_v._ 167, 168, 183.
Hänpä tuon sanoiksi virkki: {
‘Arvoan[112] valehtelian[101]!
Jos[102] tuli[110] Manalle[2] toisi[73],
Valkeainen[113] Tuonelahan[21],
Oisi[114] kutrit[115] kärventynnä[116], 235
Partaki[117] pahoin[118] palanut[119].’
‘Oi[120] sie[121] vanha[17] Väinämöinen,
Jos[102] tahot[122] venettä[25] täältä[48],
Sano[82] tarkkoja[105] tosia[106],
Valehia[123] viimeisiä[124], 240
Mitenkä[125] tulit[126] Manalle[2]
Ilman tau’in tappamatta, {
Ottamatta oivan surman, {_v._ 178-183.
Muun surman murentamatta[127].’ {
Sanoi[82] vanha[18] Väinämöinen: 245
‘Jos[102] vähän[128] valehtelinki[129],
Kerran[108] toisen[10] kielastelin[109],
Toki[130] ma[131] sanon[82] toetki[132]:
Tein[133] tieolla[134] venettä[25],
Laain[135] purtta[136] laulamalla[137], 210
Lauloin[138] päivän[139], lauloin toisen[10],
Niin[140] päivällä[139] kolmannella[141]
Rikkoihe[142] reki[143] runoilta[144],
Jalas[145] taittui[146] lausehilta[147];
Läksin[1] Tuonelta[2] oroa[148], 255
Manalalta[4] vääntiätä[149]
Rekosen[150] rakentoani[151],
Laulukorjan[152] laatiani[153];
Tuopa[24] nyt[154] venoista[155] tänne[60],
Laita[156] mulle[157] lauttoasi[27] 260
Yli salmen saa’akseni, {_v._ 165, 166.
Joen poikki päästäkseni!’ {
Kyllä[158] Tuonetar[159] toruvi[160],
Manan[2] neiti[36] riitelevi[161]:
‘Oi [120] on[72] hullu[162] hulluuttasi[163], 265
Mies[164] on[72] mielesi[165] vähyyttä[166]!
Tulet[126] syyttä[167] Tuonelahan[21],
Tauitta[56] Manan[2] majoille[168];
Parempi[169] sinun olisi[170]
Palata[171] omille[172] maille[173]; 270
Äijä[174] on tänne[63] tullehia[175],
Ei paljo[176] palannehia[177].’
Sanoi vanha Väinämöinen:
‘Akka[178] tieltä[179] kääntyköhön[180],
Eip’ on[72] mies[164] pahempikana[181], 275
Uros[182] untelompikana[183];
Tuo[24] venettä[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Lauttoa[27] Manalan[2] lapsi[28]!’
Vei[184] venehen[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Sillä[184] vanhan[18] Väinämöisen 280
Yli[23] salmen[30] saattelevi[185],
Joen[82] poikki[32] päästelevi[185],
Itse tuon[67] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘Voi[180] sinua Väinämöinen,
Läksit[162] surmatta[60] Manalle[2], 285
Kuolematta[186] Tuonelahan[21]!’
Tuonetar[159] hyvä[187] emäntä[188],
Manalatar vaimo[189] vanha[18]
Toip’[73] on[72] tuopilla[189] olutta[190],
Kantoi[191] kaksikorvaisella[192], 290
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: _v._ 283.
‘Juop’[193] on[72] vanha[18] Väinämöinen!’
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Katsoi[194] pitkin[195] tuoppiansa[189],
Sammakot[196] kuti[197] sisällä[198], 295
Maot[199] laioilla[200] lateli[201];
Siitä[185] tuon[67] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘En mä[131] tänne[65] tullutkana[175]
Juomahan[193] Manalan[4] maljat[202],
Tuonen[2] tuopit[180] lakkimahan[203]! 300
Juopuvat[204] oluen[190] juojat[205],
Kannun[206] appajat[207] katoovat[208].’
Sanoi[182] Tuonelan[28] emäntä[188]:
‘Oi[120] on[72] vanha[18] Väinämöinen,
Mitä[209] sie[121] tulit[126] Manalle, 305
Kuta[210] Tuonelan[21] tuville[211]
Ennen[212] Tuonen[2] tahtomatta[213],
Manan[2] mailta[214] kutsumatta[215]?’
Sanoi[128] vanha[18] Väinämöinen:
‘Veistäessäni[216] venoista[155], 310
Uutta[217] purtta[136] puuhatessa[218]
Uuvuin[219] kolmea[220] sanoa[3]
Peripäätä[221] päätellessä[222],
Kokkoa[223] kohottaessa[224];
Kun[50] en[225] noita[226] saanutkana[225], 315
Mailta[214] ilmoilta[227] tavannut[228],
Piti[229] tulla[126] Tuonelahan[21],
Lähteä[1] Manan[2] majoille[168]
Saamahan[230] sanoja[3] noita[226],
Ongelmoita[231] oppimahan[232].’ 320
Tuopa[67] Tuonelan[21] emäntä[188]
Sanan[3] virkkoi[43], noin[44] nimesi[45]:
‘Ei[233] Tuoni[2] sanoja[3] anna[233],
Mana mahtia[5] jakele[234],
Etkä[235] täältä[48] pääsnekänä[235] 325
Sinä[236] ilmoisna[237] ikänä[238]
Kotihisi[239] kulkemahan[240],
Maillesi[241] matelemahan[242].’
Uuvutti[243] unehen[244] miehen[164],
Pani[245] maata[246] matkalaisen[247] 330
Tuonen[2] taljavuotehelle[248];
Siinä mies[164] makaelevi[249],
Uros[182] unta[250] ottelevi[251],
Mies[164] makasi[246], vaate[93] valvoi[251a].
Oli akka[178] Tuonelassa[21], 335
Akka[178] vanha[18] käykkäleuka[251b],
Rautarihman[251c] kehreäjä[251d],
Vaskilankojen[251e] valaja[252],
Kehräsi[251a] sataisen[253] nuotan[254],
Tuhantisen[255] tuuritteli[256] 340
Yönä[257] yhtena[258] kesäisnä[259],
Yhellä[260] vesikivellä[261].
Oli ukko[262] Tuonelassa[21],
Se on ukko[262] kolmisormi[263],
Rautaverkkojen[264] kutoja[265], 345
Vaskinuotan[266] valmistaja[267],
Se kutoi[268] sataisen[253] nuotan[254],
Tuhantisen[255] tuikutteli[269]
Samana[270] kesäisnä [259] yönä[257],
Samalla[270] vesikivellä[261]. 350
Tuonen[2] poika[271] koukkusormi[272],
Koukkusormi[272], rautanäppi[273],
Se veti[274] sataisen[253] nuotan[254]
Poikki[32] Tuonelan[21] joesta[275],
Sekä[276] poikki[32], jotta[276] pitkin[190], 355
Jotta[276] vieläki[107] vitahan[277],
Jott’[276] ei päästä[278] Väinämöisen,
Selvitä[279] Uvantolaisen
Sina[236] ilmoisna[237] ikänä [258],
Kuuna[280] kullan[281] valkeana[282] 360
Tuolta[67] Tuonelan[21] koista[283],
Manalan[4] ikimajoista[284].
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: _v._ 173.
‘Joko[12] lie[285] tuhoni[286] tullut[285], 365
Hätäpäivä[287] päälle[288] pääsnyt[235]
Näillä Tuonelan[21] tuvilla[211],
Manalan[4] majantehilla[289]?’
Pian[290] muuksi[291] muuttelihe[292],
Ruton[293] toiseksi[10] rupesi[294], 370
Meni[295] mustana[41] merehen[296],
Sarvana[297] saraikkohon[298],
Matoi[299] rautaisna[300] matona[197],
Kulki[240] kyisnä[301] käärmehenä[302]
Poikki[32] Tuonelan[21] joesta[275], 375
Läpi[303] Tuonen[2] verkkoloista[304].
Tuonen[2] poika[271] koukkusormi[272],
Koukkusormi[272], rautanäppi[273],
Kävi[7] aamulla[305] varahin[306]
Verkkojansa[304] katsomahan[193], 380
Sa’an[307] saapi[308] taimenia[309],
Tuhat[310] emon alvehia[311],
Eip’[308] on[72] saanut[308] Väinämöistä[312],
Ukkoa[262] Uvantolaista[312].

(Väimöinen journeys to the place of the dead to find his lost spells.)

He set out to fetch words from Tuoni
(Words of) power from Manala;
Going he stepped firmly,
Went a week through forests of young trees,
A second week through bird cherries, 155
A third week through junipers:
Already appeared the island of Manala,
The hill of Tuoni loomed.
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Now shouting cried loudly 160
In the river of Tuoni
In the lowland of Manala.
‘Bring a boat, daughter of Tuoni,
A ship, child of Manala,
For my going over this creek, 165
For my crossing over the river.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted maiden of Manala,
She was washing dirty linen,
Beating clothes, 170
In the black river of Tuoni,
In the marsh-water[19] of Manala;
Spoke a word, thus uttered,
Herself talked and conversed:
‘The boat will be brought 175
When the reason shall be told,
What brought thee to Mana,
Without slaying by disease
Without taking by a natural death
Without breaking by another death.’ 180
The prudent old Wäinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Tuoni brought me hither,
Mana brought me from my lands.’
The dwarfish daughter of death, 185
The stunted maiden of Manala
Spoke this in words:
‘Now I recognize the liar.
Had Tuoni brought (thee) hither,
Mana removed from the earth, 190
Tuoni would have brought (thee) in his coming,
Manalainen in his journeying,
The hat of death on (thy) head (lit. necks),
The gloves of death on (thy) hand[20];
Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen: 195
What brought thee to Manala?’
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Hereupon spoke in words:
‘Iron brought me to Mana,
Steel sped me to Tuonela.’ 200
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted child of Manala,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘From this I know the liar!
If iron had sent (thee) to Mana 205
Steel brought (thee) to Tuonela:
(Thy) clothes would drip with blood,
Would trickle with gore.
Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen,
Speak the truth a second time.’ 210
The prudent old Wäinämöinen
Himself spoke, thus uttered:
‘Water sent me to Mana,
The wave brought (me) to Tuonela.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni 215
The stunted maiden of Manala,
Framed a word, thus uttered:
‘I detect the liar.
If water had sent (thee) to Mana,
The wave brought (thee) to Tuonela, 220
(Thy) clothes would drip with water
Thy bosom would flow.
Speak the exact truth:
What brought thee to Mana?’
Hereupon the old Wäinämöinen 225
Lied again a time.
‘Fire brought me to Tuonela,
Flame sent me to Mana.’
The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni,
The stunted maiden of Manala, 230
She spoke this in words.
‘I detect the liar.
If fire had brought thee to Mana,
Flame to Tuonela,
(Thy) ringlets would be singed, 235
And (thy) beard be badly burnt.
O thou old Wäinämöinen,
If thou desirest the boat from here,
Speak the exact truth,
Last lies, 240
Why thou hast come to Mana,
Without slaying by disease,
Without taking by natural death,
Without destroying by another death.’
Said the old Wäinämöinen: 245
‘If I lied a little,
Told an untruth a second time,
Yet (now) I speak the truth:
I was making a boat with skill,
Constructing a ship with singing: 250
I sang a day, I sang a second,
Now on the third day
The sledge broke from my verses,
The foot-piece broke from my speech.
I set forth to obtain an auger from Tuoni, 255
A gimlet from Manala,
For my building the sledge,
For my arranging the basket-sledge of song[21].
So bring the boat here,
Prepare for me thy ship, 260
For my going over this creek,
For my crossing over the river.’
Greatly Tuonetar was wroth
The maiden of Mana was angry:
‘Alas, fool, for thy folly, 265
Man, for the smallness of thy sense.
Thou comest without a cause to Tuonela,
Without sickness to the dwellings of Mana:
Better were it for thee
To return to thy own lands. 270
Many are they who come hither,
Not many they who return.’
Said the old Wäinämöinen—
‘Let an old woman turn from the path,
Not even a worse man, 275
Not a duller hero.
Bring the boat, daughter of Tuoni,
The ship, child of Manala.’
The daughter of Tuoni brought the boat,
With it the old Wäinämöinen 280
Across the creek she carried.
Conveyed over the river.
Herself she spoke this in words.
‘Woe to thee, Wäinämöinen,
Thou hast come without death to Mana, 285
Without dying to Tuonela.’
Tuonetar, the good hostess,
Manalatar the old woman[22]
Brought beer in a cup,
Bore (it) in a two-handled vessel. 290
Herself framed this in words:
‘Drink old Wäinämöinen.’
Prudent old Wäinämöinen
Looked up and down over his cup.
Frogs were wriggling in the inside, 295
Worms crawled at the edges.
Then he framed this in words:
‘I came not here at all
To drink the pots of Manala,
To empty the cups of Tuoni. 300
The drinkers of beer get drunk,
The drainers of the cup fall.’
The hostess of Tuonela said:
‘O old Wäinämöinen,
Why hast thou come to Mana, 305
To the dwellings of Tuonela
Before the bidding of Tuoni,
The calling of Mana from the earth?’
Old Wäinämöinen said:
‘In my hewing a boat, 310
In fashioning a new ship,
I lost three words,
In finishing the end-piece,
In building up a structure of wood.
Since I have not found them, 315
Or met in the wide world,
It was necessary to come to Tuonela,
To set out for the habitations of Mana,
In order to find those words,
To learn dark sayings.’ 320
The hostess of Tuoni,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Tuoni does not give words,
(Nor) Mana distribute (words of) power,
And thou wilt not get free from here 325
In all this life
To go to thy home,
To return to thy land.’
She made the man sink into slumber,
Laid the traveller to sleep, 330
On to the skin rugs of Tuoni.
Then the man slept,
The hero took slumber,
The man slept, the clothes watched.
There was a hag in Tuonela, 335
An old hag with a sharp chin,
A spinner of iron threads,
A caster of brass threads.
She spun a hundred fold net,
Wrought one of a thousand fold 340
In one summer night
On one water-stone.
There was an old man in Tuonela.
He is an old man with three fingers,
A weaver of iron nets, 345
A preparer of brass nets.
He wove a hundred-fold net,
Forged one of a thousand-fold
In the same summer night
On the same water stone. 350
Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,
With crooked fingers, with iron nails,
He spread the hundred fold net
Across the river of Tuoni,
Both across and along, 355
And also slantwise,
That it might not let pass Wäinämöinen
(Or) free Uvantolainen,
In all this life,
While the golden moon shines, 360
From there, from the homes of Tuoni,
From the eternal dwellings of Mana.
Prudent old Wäinämöinen
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘Can my doom have already come, 365
The day of misfortune have lighted on my head,
In these dwellings of Tuonela,
In the abodes of Manala.’
Suddenly he changed himself to another shape,
Swiftly he became other, 370
Went black into the water,
As an otter into the reedy place,
Crept like an iron worm,
Moved like a viper snake
Across the river of Tuonela, 375
Through the nets of Tuoni.
Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers,
With crooked fingers and iron nails,
Went in the morning early.
To look at his nets, 380
Catches a hundred small fish
A thousand fry,
Did not catch Wäinämöinen
The old Uvantolainen.

KALEVALA XL. 113 ff.

[While Väinämöinen, Lemminkäinen, and Ilmarinen are sailing to Pohjola, the ship goes aground. Väinämöinen asks Lemminkäinen to find out what is the matter.]

Se on[72] lieto[313] Lemminkäinen[314]
Pyörähtihe[315] katsomahan[193],
Katsovi[193] venosen[155] alle[316], 115
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: _v._ xvi. 182.
‘Ei ole veno[155] kivellä[261],
Ei kivellä, ei haolla[317],
Vene[25] on hauin[318] hartioilla[70],
Ve’en[98] koiran[319] konkkaluilla[320].’ 120
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {_v._ xvi. 151,
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {182.
‘Jotaki[321] joessa[22] onpi[322],
Hakojaki[323], haukiaki[318];
Kun[50] lie[285] hauin[318] hartioilla[79], 125
Ve’en koiran konkkaluilla, _v._ l. 120.
Veä[324] miekalla[325] vetehen[98],
Katkaise[326] kala[327] kaheksi[328]!’
Se on lieto Lemminkäinen, _v._ l. 113.
Poika[271] veitikka[329] verevä[330] 130
Miekan[325] vyöltänsä[331] vetävi[324],
Luunpurian[332] puoleltansa[333];
Veti[324] miekalla[325] meryttä[334],
Alta[335] laian[198] laskettavi[336],
Itse vierähti[337] vetehen[98], 135
Kourin[338] aaltohon[99] kohahti[339].
Siitä[340] seppo[341] Ilmarinen[342]
Tarttui[343] tukkahan[344] urosta[345],
Nostalti[346] merestä[295] miehen[164],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: _v._ xvi. 283.
‘Kaikki[347] on mieheksi[164] kyhätty[348],
Pantu[245] parran[117] kantajaksi[191],
Lisäksi[349] satalu’ulle[350],
Tuhannelle[351] täytteheksi[352].’
Miekan vyöltänsä vetävi, _v._ line 131.
Tupestansa[353] tuiman[354] rauan[85],
Jolla[355] kalhaisi[356] kaloa[327],
Alta[335] laian[198] läimähytti[357];
Miekka[325] murskaksi[358] mureni[359],
Eipä hauki[318] tiennytkänä[360]. 150
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {_v._ xvi. 197,
Tuossa tuon sanoiksi virkki: { 198.
‘Ei ole teissä[361] puolta[362] miestä[164],
Ei urosta[182] kolmannesta[363];
Kun[50] konsa[364] tulevi[120] tarve[365], 155
Miehen[164] mieltä[165] vaaitahan[366],
Silloin[367] mieli[165] melkeässä[368],
Kaikki[347] toimi[369] toisialla[370].’
Itse miekkansa[325] veälti[371],
Tempasi terävän rauan, _v._ xxxvi. 326.
Työnti[372] miekkansa[325] merehen[295],
Alle[316] laian[198] langetteli[373]
Kalahauin[374] hartioihin[79],
Ve’en koiran konkkaluihin. _v._ line 120.
Miekka[325] luottihe[375] lujahan[376], 165
Kitasihin[377] kiinnittihe[378];
Siitä[340] vanha Väinämöinen
Nostalti[346] kaloa[327] tuota[67],
Veti[324] haukia[318] ve’estä[98]:
Hauki[31] katkesi[379] kaheksi[328], 170
Pursto[380] pohjahan[381] putosi[382],
Pää[288] kavahti[383] karpahasen[384].
Jo[12] otti[385] venonen[155] juosta[386],
Pääsi[235] pursi[136] puutoksesta[387];
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 175
Luotti[388] purren[136] luotoselle[389],
Ravahutti[390] rantasehen[391],
Katselevi, kääntelevi _v._ xxxvi. 321.
Tuota[67] hauin[318] pääpaloa[392],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: _v._ xvi. 283.
‘Ken[393] on vanhin[18] sulholoista[394],
Sepä hauki halkomahan[395],
Kala[327] viploin[396] viiltämähän[397],
Pää[298] paloiksi[322] pahkomahan[398]!’
Miehet[164] purresta[136] puhuvat[399], 185
Vaimot[189] lausui[46] laitasilta[400]:
‘Saajanpa[401] käet[81] sulimmat[402],
Sormet[263] pyytäjän[403] pyhimmät[404].’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Veti[324] veitsen[405] huotrastansa[406], 190
Kyleltänsä[407] kylmän[408] rauan[85],
Jolla[355] hauin[318] halkaisevi[409],
Pahkovi[410] kalan[327] paloiksi[392],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: _v._ xvi. 283.
‘Ken[393] on nuorin[411] neitosista[412], 195
Sepä hauki keittämähän
Murkinaisiksi[414] muruiksi[415],
Kalaisiksi[416] lounahiksi[417]!’
Kävi[7] neiet[38] keittämähän[413],
Kävi[7] kilvan[418] kymmenenki[419]; 200
Siitä[340] hauki[318] keitetähän[420],
Murkinoiahan[421] muruina[422],
Jäipä[423] luita[424] luotoselle[389],
Kalanluita[424] kalliolle[425].
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 205
Noita[226] tuossa[84] katselevi,
Katselevi, kääntelevi, _v._ xxxvi. 321.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: _v._ xvi. 182.
‘Mikä tuostaki[426] tulisi[126],
Noista[427] hauin[218] hampahista[428], 210
Leveästä[429] leukaluusta[430],
Jos[102] oisi[114] sepon[341] pajassa[431],
Luona[432] taitavan[433] takojan[434],
Miehen,[164] mahtavan[435] käsissä[81]?’
Sanoi[128] seppo[134] Ilmarinen: 215
‘Ei tule[126] tyhjästä[436] mitänä[437],
Kalan[327] ruotasta[438] kalua[439],
Ei seponkana[341] pajassa,
Luona taitavan takojan, _v._ lines 213, 214.
Miehen mahtavan käsissä.’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: _v._ xvi. 283.
‘Näistäpä[130] toki tulisi[126]
Kalanluinen[424] kanteloinen[440],
Kun[50] oisi[114] osoajata[441], 225
Soiton[442] luisen[424] laatiata[443].’
Kun[50] ei toista[10] tullutkana[175],
Ei ollut osoajata[441],
Soiton luisen laatiata, _v._ line 226.
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 230
Itse loihe[444] laatiaksi[443],
Tekiäksi[445] teentelihe[446];
Laati[153] soiton[442] hauinluisen[424],
Suoritti[447] ilon[448] ikuisen[449].
Kust’[450] on koppa[451] kanteletta[452]? 235
Hauin[318] suuren[453] leukaluusta[430];
Kust’[450] on naulat[454] kanteletta[452]?
Ne on hauin[318] hampahista[428];
Kusta[450] kielet[454] kanteletta[452]?
Hivuksista[455] Hiien[456] ruunan[457]. 240
Jo oli soitto[442] suorittuna[458],
Valmihina[459] kanteloinen[440],
Soitto[442] suuri[453] hauinluinen[421],
Kantelo[440] kalaneväinen[460].

THE INVENTION OF THE HARP.

The gay Lemminkäinen
Turned himself to see,
Looked under the boat, 115
Spoke a word, thus spoke:
‘The boat is not on a stone,
Not on a stone, not on timber,
The boat is on the neck of a pike,
On the hip bones of a water dog.’ 120
The prudent old Väinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus said:
‘There are all sorts of things in a river,
Timber, pikes:
If it be on the neck of a pike, 125
On the hips of a water-dog,
Smite with the sword into the water,
Cut the fish in two.’
The gay Lemminkäinen,
The bright lively youth, 130
Draws the sword from his girdle,
The bone biter from his side;
Struck the sea with the sword,
Stirs under the side (of the ship).
Himself rolled into the water, 135
Fell splash into the billow hands foremost.
Then the smith Ilmarinen,
Clung on to the hair of the hero,
Raised the man from the sea.
Himself spoke this in words: 140
‘Every-one is formed to be a man,
Made to be a bearer of a beard,
To be a supplement to the number of a hundred,
To complete a thousand[23].’
He draws the sword from his girdle, 145
The cruel iron from his sheath,
With which he smote the fish,
Struck below the side (of the ship).
The sword broke into pieces,
The pike did not even perceive. 150
Prudent old Väinämöinen
On this spoke this in words:
‘There is not in you half a man,
Not the third part of a hero,
When need comes, 155
The mind of a man is wanted,
Then (your) mind fails,
All (your) sense is away.’
He himself drew his sword,
Seized the sharp iron 160
Struck his sword into the sea,
Smote below the side (of the ship)
On-to the neck of the pike fish,
On to the hip bones of the water dog.
The sword was driven home into the firm (flesh), 165
Fixed in the gills;
Then old Väinämöinen
Brought up that fish,
Drew the pike from the water;
The pike fell in two; 170
The tail dropped to the bottom of the sea,
The head rolled into the boat.
Now the boat began to run,
The vessel got free from the impediment.
Prudent old Väinämöinen 175
Brought the vessel near to shore,
Drove her on to the strand,
Looked at and turned
That head-piece of the pike.
Himself spoke this in words: 180
‘Who is the oldest of the youths,
(Let him come) to cut up the pike,
Divide the fish into pieces,
Split the head into bits.’
The men speak from the ship, 185
The women cry from the shore:
‘The hands of the catcher are the purest,
The fingers of the seeker are the holiest.’
The prudent old Väinämöinen
Drew a knife from his sheath, 190
The cold iron from his side,
With which he cuts up the pike,
Splits the fish into pieces.
Himself spoke this in words:—
‘Who is the youngest of the women, 195
(Let her come) to cook the pike,
Into morsels for dinner,
Into a fish midday meal.’
The women went to cook,
Ten went in rivalry; 200
Then the pike is cooked,
Pieces for dinner;
The bones remained on the shore,
The fish bones on the edge of the sea.
The prudent old Väinämöinen 205
Looked at them there,
Looked, turned,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘What might come from this,
From these teeth of the pike, 210
From the broad jaw bone,
If it were in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man?’
Said the smith Ilmarinen:— 215
‘There comes not anything from nothingness,
No instrument from the mouth of a fish,
Not even in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man.’ 220
Prudent old Väinämöinen
Himself spoke this in words:
‘Yet from these might come
A fish-bone harp,
Were there but an artist, 225
A maker of bone playing-instruments.’
When there came no other,
(When there) was not any artist,
(No) maker of bone playing-instruments,
Prudent old Väinämöinen 230
Himself became a maker,
Appeared as a fabricator:
Made an instrument of pike-bone,
Made ready an eternal joy.
Of what is the body of the harp? 235
Of the jaw-bone of the great pike.
Of what are the pegs of the harp?
They are the teeth of the pike.
Of what are the strings of the harp?
Of the hairs of the courser of Hiisi. 240
Now the instrument was prepared,
The harp made ready,
A great instrument of pike-bone,
A harp of fish-fins.

[Note 1: 3rd sing. imperf. of =lähteä= (rule 40); =lähti= is also found. The lit. meaning of this word is _to set out_, but it is used sometimes with an object to mean _to go after_, _to fetch_.]

[Note 2: Ablative sing. of =tuoni=, _death_. =Mana= is a synonym.]

[Note 3: Part. plur. of =sana=, _word_ (rule 7), obj. of =läksi=.]

[Note 4: Ablative sing. of =Manala=, _abode of death_ (_v._ p. 47 for the suffix).]

[Note 5: Part. plur. of =mahti=, _power_, obj. of =läksi=; for suffix =loi=, _v._ p. 225.]

[Note 6: For constr. _v._ p. 188; =astua=, 1st infin., _to step_; =taputtelevi=, 3rd pers. sing. pres. (p. 228) of =taputella=, _to tread heavily or firmly_.]

[Note 7: 3rd sing. imperf. of =käydä= (rule 5, p. 9), _to go_ or _traverse_.]

[Note 8: Accusative sing. of =wiikko=, _week_, denoting duration (_v._ p. 137).]

[Note 9: These three words are formed with the suffix =kko= (p. 47) from the words =witsa=, _small tree_ or _shoot_; =tuomi=, _bird-cherry_, Swedish =hägg=; and =kataja=, _juniper_.]

[Note 10: Accusative sing. of =toinen= (p. 35).]

[Note 11: Accusative sing. of =kolmas= (p. 35).]

[Note 12: Adv. _now_ or _already_.]

[Note 13: 3rd. sing. imperf. of =näkyä=, neut. form of =nähdä=, _to see_ (p. 109).]

[Note 14: Nominative sing. of stem =saari=, _an island_.]

[Note 15: Nominative sing. _a hill_.]

[Note 16: 3rd sing. pres. of =kuumottaa=, _to loom_ or _be seen indistinctly_.]

[Note 17: This is a constant epithet of =Wäinämöinen=, meaning literally _firm_, and then used to denote a kind of steady prudence, which is a natural characteristic of the Finns, and (like Scotch canniness) untranslatable, though more frivolous nations might render it by stolid.]

[Note 18: Adj. _old_, also a constant epithet.]

[Note 19: 1st infin.; for constr. _v._ p. 188.]

[Note 20: 3rd sing. imperf. of =huikahuttaa=. Like the last word this is onomatopœic.]

[Note 21: Genitive sing. of =Tuonela=, _place of Tuoni_ (_v._ p. 47).]

[Note 22: Inessive sing. of =joki=, _a river_ (rule 28).]

[Note 23: Inessive sing. of =alanne=, _lowland_ or _depth_ (stem =alantehe=).]

[Note 24: 2nd sing. imper. of =tuoda= (p. 80).]

[Note 25: Part. sing. of =vene=, _a boat_; stem =venehe= (cf. =terve=, p. 39), obj. of =tuo=.]

[Note 26: = =tyttö=, diminutive, nom. sing.]

[Note 27: = =lauttaa= (p. 225), part. sing. of =lautta=, _ship_.]

[Note 28: Nominative sing. of stem =lapsi=, _child_.]

[Note 29: Preposition with gen. (_v._ p. 217) _across_.]

[Note 30: Genitive sing. of =salmi=, _creek_, depending on =yli= (p. 217).]

[Note 31: = =saadakseni=, longer form of 1st infin. of root =saa= (here used intransitively) with suffix of 1st pers. pron. For constr. _v._ p. 185.]

[Note 32: Postposition (p. 204) governing the genitive =joen=.]

[Note 33: Longer form of =päästä= (root =pääse=) with suffix of 1st pers.]

[Note 34: Nominative sing. dimin. adj. from =lyhyt= (p. 48).]

[Note 35: Nominative sing. _low_, _dwarfish_.]

[Note 36: Nominative sing. _a maiden_.]

[Note 37: Genitive plur. of =poukku=, _dirty linen_.]

[Note 38: = =pesijä=, _washer_, _v._ p. 196.]

[Note 39: Genitive plur. of =räväs= (stem =räpähä=), _rag_.]

[Note 40: Nominative sing. _a beater_; cf. =räimätä=, _to beat_.]

[Note 41: Inessive sing. of =musta=, _black_.]

[Note 42: Inessive sing. of compound noun =alusvesi= (p. 34).]

[Note 43: 3rd sing. imperf. (the form varies between =virkki= and =virkkoi=) from =virkkaa=, _to speak_.]

[Note 44: Instr. plur. of =tuo=, _thus_.]

[Note 45: 3rd sing. imperf. of =nimetä=, literally _to name_.]

[Note 46: 3rd sing. imperf. of =lausua=, _to call_.]

[Note 47: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pakista=, _to talk_ or _speak_.]

[Note 48: Adv. _thence_; abl. of =tämä=, _this_; =täällä=, =täältä= are written with two =ä=’s when used adverbially.]

[Note 49: = =tuotaneen=, concessive passive of =tuoda=, _to bear_. The final =n= of the passive is omitted. For constr. _v._ pp. 177 and 182.]

[Note 50: = =kun=, _when_.]

[Note 51: Nominative sing. _a cause_.]

[Note 52: Conditional passive of =sanoa=, _to speak_ (= =sanottaneen=).]

[Note 53: = =mikä=.]

[Note 54: 3rd sing. imperf. of =saattaa=, causative form of =saada= (p. 110), _to cause to come_ or _bring_; for form _v._ rule 7.]

[Note 55: Prep. with the abessive (p. 203): used also as adverb. Apparently genitive of =ilma=, _air_, but connection of meaning is obscure.]

[Note 56: = =taudin=, gen. sing. of =tauti=, _disease_, constr. with =tappamatta= (p. 184).]

[Note 57: Abessive of the 3rd infin. of =tappaa=, _to kill_ (p. 193).]

[Note 58: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]

[Note 59: Genitive sing. of =oiva=, _right_ or _proper_.]

[Note 60: Genitive sing. of =surma=, _fate_; _a right fate_ is a natural death. For constr. _v._ p. 184.]

[Note 61: Genitive sing. of =muu=, _other_; _another fate_ means one other than a natural death.]

[Note 62: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =musertaa=, _to break_.]

[Note 63: Adv. _hither_, _v._ p. 24.]

[Note 64: 3rd sing. imperf. from =tuottaa=, causal of =tuoda=, _to bear_.]

[Note 65: Ablative plur. of =maa=, _land_, with affix of 1st person.]

[Note 66: 3rd sing. imperf. from =vedellä=, formed from =vetää=, _to carry_.]

[Note 67: Accusative sing. of pron. =tuo=, with adverbial suffix =pa=.]

[Note 68: Transl. plur. of =sana= after =virkki=, _spoke this into words_ (p. 158).]

[Note 69: 1st sing. pres. of =keksiä=, _to find_ or _detect_.]

[Note 70: Accusative sing. of =kielastaja= (from =kieli=, _tongue_). One who is ready with his tongue, hence _a liar_. The Finns are a silent race.]

[Note 71: =kun=, _if_, with adv. suffix =pa=.]

[Note 72: =On=, a particle of emphasis, not the verb substantive.]

[Note 73: 3rd sing. conditional of =tuoda=, _to bring_.]

[Note 74: 3rd sing. conditional of =siirtellä=, deriv. verb from =siirtää=.]

[Note 75: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =tulla=, _to come_, with pron. affix of 3rd person.]

[Note 76: Adjectival form from =Manala= (_v._ p. 46).]

[Note 77: Inessive of =matka=, _a journey_.]

[Note 78: Nominative sing. _a hat_. For the constr. of nominative absolute _v._ p. 134.]

[Note 79: Adessive plur. of =hartia=, _neck_ or _shoulders_.]

[Note 80: Nominative plur. of =kinnas=, _a glove_, stem =kintaha= (p. 38).]

[Note 81: = =kädessä=, inessive of =käsi=, _a hand_ (stem =käte=), for use _v._ p. 141.]

[Note 82: 2nd sing. imper. of =sanoa=, _to speak_.]

[Note 83: Part. sing. of =tosi=, _truth_ (stem =tote=, _v._ p. 34).]

[Note 84: Inessive of =tuo=, _there_ or _thereupon_.]

[Note 85: Nominative sing. (gen. =raudan=, =rauan=), _iron_.]

[Note 86: = =minun=, _me_.]

[Note 87: Nominative sing. of stem =teräkse=, _steel_.]

[Note 88: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tempoa=, cf. =temmata=.]

[Note 89: Elative sing. of =tuo=, _from this_.]

[Note 90: 1st sing. pres. of =tuntea=.]

[Note 91: 3rd sing. conditional of =saada=, meaning here _to convey_ (cf. reflex. =saapua=). N.B. Pres. cond. used here with past signif.]

[Note 92: Instr. plur. of =veri= (stem =vere=), blood.]

[Note 93: Nominative plur. of =vaate= (stem =vaattehe=), _garment_.]

[Note 94: 3rd pers. sing. cond. (though with plur. subject) of =valua=, _to drip_.]

[Note 95: Instr. plur. of =hurme=, _gore_ (stem =hurmehe=).]

[Note 96: 3rd sing. (for plural) cond. of =hurahdella=.]

[Note 97: Nom. sing. (gen. =kerran=) _time_; for use of nom. _v._ p. 137. In l. 224 the accusative is used in same constr.]

[Note 98: Nominative sing. of stem =vete=, p. 34.]

[Note 99: Nominative sing. (gen. =aallon=), _billow_.]

[Note 100: 1st pers. sing. pres. of =ymmärtää=, p. 93.]

[Note 101: Accusative sing. of =valehtelia= (or =valhetelija=), _a liar_, _v._ No. 129.]

[Note 102: Conj. _if_.]

[Note 103: Nominative sing. with affix of 2nd person.]

[Note 104: 3rd pers. sing. (for plur.) of =herahdella=, identical with =hurahdella= above.]

[Note 105: Part. plur. of =tarkka=, _exact_.]

[Note 106: Part. plur. of stem =tote= (nom. =tosia=), _truth_.]

[Note 107: Adv. _once more_.]

[Note 108: Accusative sing. of =kerta=, cf. No. 97.]

[Note 109: 3rd sing. pres. of =kielestaa=, _v._ No. 70.]

[Note 110: Nominative sing. of =tule=, _fire_.]

[Note 111: Nominative sing.; has two meanings, (1) _white_ or _bright_, (2) _flame_; so here.]

[Note 112: = =arvaan=, 1st sing. pres. of =arvata=, _to think_ or _perceive_, conjugated like =luvata=.]

[Note 113: Adj. from =valkea= (p. 47), _the flaming one_, i.e. _fire_.]

[Note 114: = =olisi=, here used for =olisivat=.]

[Note 115: Nominative plur. of =kutri=, _a lock_.]

[Note 116: = =kärventyneenä=, essive sing. of past part, act of =kärventyä=, neuter form of =kärventää=, _to burn_.]

[Note 117: Nominative =parta=, _beard_ (gen. =parran=), with adverbial affix =ki=.]

[Note 118: Instrum. plur. of =paha=, _bad_, used adverbially (p. 161).]

[Note 119: Nominative sing. past part. act. of palaa, _to burn_ (intrans.).]

[Note 120: An interjection.]

[Note 121: = =sinä=.]

[Note 122: = =tahdot=, 2nd pers. sing. pres. of =tahtoa=, _to wish_.]

[Note 123: Part. plur. of =walhe=, _a lie_ (the cases and derivatives of this word are written either =walhe= or =waleh=).]

[Note 124: Part. plur. of =viimeinen= (stem =sen=), _last_, often employed in indeclinable form =viime=.]

[Note 125: Adv. fr. pron. stem =mi=.]

[Note 126: 2nd sing. imperf. of =tulla=, _to come_.]

[Note 127: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =murentaa=, _to crush_ or _break_.]

[Note 128: Instr. of =vähä=, _little_, used adverbially.]

[Note 129: 1st sing. imperf. of =valehdella=, with suffix =ki=.]

[Note 130: Adv. _yet_.]

[Note 131: = =minä=.]

[Note 132: = =todet=, accusative plur. of stem =tote=, nominative =tosi=, _truth_.]

[Note 133: 1st sing. imperf. of =tehdä=, stem =teke=.]

[Note 134: = =tiedolla=, adessive sing. of =tieto=, _knowledge_, used instrumentally, _v._ p. 152.]

[Note 135: = =laadin=, 1st pers. imperf. of =laatia=, _to fashion_.]

[Note 136: Part. sing. of =pursi= (stem =purte=), _ship_; part. is used because action was not completed, _v._ p. 127.]

[Note 137: Adessive of 3rd infin. of =laulaa=, _to sing_ (p. 193).]

[Note 138: 1st sing. imperf. of same verb (p. 85).]

[Note 139: Accusative sing. of =päivä=, _day_ (p. 137).]

[Note 140: Instr. plur. of =se=, used adverbially.]

[Note 141: Adessive sing. of =kolmas= (p. 35); the essive would be more usual as a definite date is mentioned (p. 150).]

[Note 142: 3rd sing. imperf. of =rikkoa=, _to break_ (_v._ p. 227).]

[Note 143: Nominative sing. _sledge_ (p. 33).]

[Note 144: Ablative plur. of =runo=, _verse_ (p. 154).]

[Note 145: Nominative sing. of stem =jalakse= (fr. =jala=, _foot_), _the foot_ or _end of a sledge_.]

[Note 146: 3rd sing. imperf. from =taittua=, _to bend_, reflex. form of =taittaa= (p. 109).]

[Note 147: Ablative plur. of =lause= (stem =lausehe=).]

[Note 148: = =oraa=, part. sing, of =ora=, _a gimlet_.]

[Note 149: Part. sing. of =vääntiä=, _an auger_.]

[Note 150: Accusative sing. of =rekonen=, dim. fr. =reke=, _a sledge_.]

[Note 151: = =rakentaa= (p. 93) 1st infin. with affix of 1st person (p. 187).]

[Note 152: Accusative sing. compound word formed from =laulu=, _song_, and =korja=, _a basket sledge_ (Swedish =korgsläde=).]

[Note 153: _v._ No. 135, 1st infin. with suffix of 1st person.]

[Note 154: Adv. _now_.]

[Note 155: Part. sing. of =venoinen=, _dim._ of =vene=, _boat_.]

[Note 156: 2nd sing. imperf. of =laittaa=, _to make ready_.]

[Note 157: = =minulle=.]

[Note 158: =kyllä=, adv. _much_; originally a subst. meaning _plenty_.]

[Note 159: Nominative sing. of =tuonettare=, from stem =tuone=, with affix =ttare= (p. 46).]

[Note 160: 3rd sing. pres. of =torua=, _to chide_.]

[Note 161: 3rd sing. pres. of =riidella= (stem =riitele=), _to quarrel_ or _be angry_.]

[Note 162: Nominative sing., _a fool_.]

[Note 163: Part. sing, with affix of 2nd pers. of stem =hulluute=, _folly_, derived from =hullu= (p. 47); for use of part, after =oi=, _v._ p. 136.]

[Note 164: Nominative sing. of stem =miehe=.]

[Note 165: Gen. sing. of =mieli=, with affix of 2nd pers. sing.]

[Note 166: Part. sing. of stem =vähyyte= (after =oi=), formed like =hulluus=, above, from =vähä=, _little_.]

[Note 167: Abessive sing. of =syy=, _cause_; =tauitta= (from =tauti=) is same case.]

[Note 168: Allative sing. (after =tulet=) from =maja=, _a habitation_.]

[Note 169: Nominative of stem =parempa=, comp. of =hyvä=, _good_.]

[Note 170: For constr. _v._ p. 138.]

[Note 171: 1st infin. and root _to return_, conjugated like =luvata=.]

[Note 172: Adessive plur. of =oma=, _own_.]

[Note 173: Adessive plur. of =maa=, _land_.]

[Note 174: Adv. and adj. _much_.]

[Note 175: Part. plur. of stem =tullehe= (nominative sing. =tullut=, p. 40), 2nd part. act. of =tulla=, _to come_.]

[Note 176: Adv. _much_.]

[Note 177: _v._ 175; this is corresponding form from =palata=, _to return_.]

[Note 178: Nominative sing., _an old woman_.]

[Note 179: Ablative sing. =tie=, _a way_.]

[Note 180: = =kääntyköön=, 3rd sing. opt. of =kääntyä=, reflex. form of =kääntää=, _to turn_.]

[Note 181: Nominative of compar. of =paha=, _bad_ (p. 42), with adv. affix =kana=. N.B. As =ei= is indic. and not imper. the line must mean ‘the meanest man _will_ not.’]

[Note 182: Nominative sing. stem =uroho= (p. 38).]

[Note 183: Nominative of compar. of =untelo=, _sleepy_ or _dull_, from =untua=, _to be sleepy_.]

[Note 184: 3rd sing. imperf. of =viedä= (rule 4).]

[Note 185: =saatella=, =päästellä= are derivative forms from =saada=, =päästä= (p. 111).]

[Note 186: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =kuolla=, _to die_.]

[Note 187: Nominative sing. _good_.]

[Note 188: Nominative sing. (gen. =emännän=), _mistress_ or _hostess_.]

[Note 189: Adessive sing. of =tuoppi=. The inessive would seem more natural.]

[Note 190: Part. sing. of =olut=, _beer_, stem =olue=; cf. =kevät=, p. 39; for part. _v._ p. 135.]

[Note 191: 3rd sing. of =kantaa=, _to bear_.]

[Note 192: Adessive sing. of =kaksikorvainen=, formed of =kaksi=, _two_; =korva=, _ear_, with adj. ending =inen=, _two-eared_ or _two-handled_.]

[Note 193: 2nd sing. imperf. of =juoda=, _to drink_.]

[Note 194: 3rd sing. imperf. of =katsoa=, _to look_.]

[Note 195: Prep. governing partitive =tuoppiansa= (p. 204).]

[Note 196: Nominative plur. of =sammakko=, _frog_.]

[Note 197: 3rd sing. (for plural) imperf. of =kutea=.]

[Note 198: Adessive sing. of =sisä=, _interior_ (cf. p. 214).]

[Note 199: = =madot=, nominative plur. of =mato=, _worm_.]

[Note 200: = =laidoilla=, adessive plur. of =laita=, _side_.]

[Note 201: = =mateli= (which perhaps should be read), imperf. of =madella= (sing. for plur.), _to creep_ (connected =mato=).]

[Note 202: Accusative plur. of =malja=, _a cup_.]

[Note 203: Illative of 3rd infin. of =lakkia=. For the construction of this and of =juomahan=, _v._ p. 192.]

[Note 204: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =juopua= (p. 111).]

[Note 205: Nominative plur. of =juoja= (p. 45).]

[Note 206: Genitive sing. of =kannu=, _a cup_, or _can_.]

[Note 207: Nominative plur. of =appaja=, formed from =appaa=, _to eat_ or _drink greedily_.]

[Note 208: 3rd plur. pres. of stem =katota=, 1st infin. =kadota=, conjugated like =koota= (p. 104).]

[Note 209: Part. of =mitä=, used adverbially, _why_.]

[Note 210: Part. of =kuka=, here used like =mikä=.]

[Note 211: Allative plur. (after =tulit=) of =tupa=, _house_.]

[Note 212: Adv. _before_.]

[Note 213: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =tahtoa=, _to wish_. There is here a confusion of two ideas, _without the will of Tuoni_ and _before the bidding of Tuoni_.]

[Note 214: Ablative plur. of =maa=, _land_.]

[Note 215: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =kutsua=, _to call_.]

[Note 216: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =veistää=, _to cut_, from =veitsi=, _a knife_, _v._ p. 189.]

[Note 217: Part. sing. of =uusi= (stem =uute=), _new_; part. because action was not complete.]

[Note 218: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =puuhata=, like =luvata=.]

[Note 219: 1st pers. sing. of =uupua=, _to fall asleep_, _to lose_; cf. No. 243.]

[Note 220: Part. of =kolme=, _three_, followed by part. sing. of =sana= (p. 172).]

[Note 221: = =peräpää=, lit. _end-head_, i.e. _extreme part_.]

[Note 222: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =päätellä=, derived from =päättää=, _to finish_.]

[Note 223: = =kokkaa=, part. sing. of =kokka=, _prow_.]

[Note 224: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =kohottaa=, transitive form of kohota, _to swell_ or _rise_.]

[Note 225: 1st sing. imperf. neg. of =saada=, with adv. affix =kana=.]

[Note 226: Part. plur. of =tuo= used after negative.]

[Note 227: Ablative plur. of =ilma=, _air_. =maailma= (_earth_, _air_) means _universe_, and the present expression, in which the two elements are declined, has much the same force.]

[Note 228: Nominative sing. 2nd part. active of =tavata= (root =tapata=), conjugated like =luvata=; =en= must be understood with this participle.]

[Note 229: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pitää= (here impersonal, _oportere_).]

[Note 230: Illative of 3rd infin. of =saada=. N.B. This infin. does not depend on =piti=, but denotes the purpose of the action; _v._ p. 192.]

[Note 231: Part. plur. of =ongelmo= (derived from =onki=), _a crooked saying_, _a riddle_.]

[Note 232: Illative of 3rd infin. of =oppia=, _to learn_.]

[Note 233: 3rd. sing. pres. neg. of =antaa=, _to give_ (p. 69).]

[Note 234: Negative form (understand =ei=) of =jaella=, derived from =jakaa=, _to divide_ or _distribute_.]

[Note 235: 2nd pers. sing. concessive negative of =päästä= (like =nousta=).]

[Note 236: Essive of =se=.]

[Note 237: Essive sing. of =ilmoinen=, derived from =ilma= (_the open space_ or _air_) and apparently meaning _long_.]