Chapter M (8)

=smug-skinnde,= sleek, smooth-skinned. Gascoigne, Herbs, ed. Hazlitt, i. 393.

=snache;= see =snatch.=

=’snails,= a profane oath, for ‘God’s nails’, i.e. ‘Christ’s nails’ on the Cross. Beaumont and Fl., Wit at several Weapons, v. 1 (Pompey); London Prodigal, v. 1. 222. Cp. Chaucer, ‘By goddes precious herte, and by his nayles’ (C. T. C. 651).

=snakes:= To _eat snakes_ was a recipe for enabling one to grow younger. Dekker, Honest Wh., Pt. II, i. 2 (Orlando); Beaumont and Fl., Elder Brother, iv. 4 (Andrew).

=snaphance,= a flint-lock used in muskets and pistols, Lyly, Mother Bombie, ii. 1 (Dromio); a musket or gun fitted with a flint-lock, Capt. Smith, Virginia, iii. 12. 93 (NED.). Du. _snaphaan_, ‘a firelock, fusee, snaphaunce’ (Sewel).

=snaphance,= an armed robber, a highwayman. Holinshed, Chron. ii. 684. Du. ‘_snaphaan_, a Fuselier carrying a _snaphaan_’ (Sewel), also a mounted highwayman. Cp. G. _schnapphahn_ in 1494, _schnapphan_, a highwayman (Brant, Narrenschiff); _schnapphahn_ in prov. Germ. has also the meaning of constable, thief-catcher. See Weigand and H. Paul (s.v.). Cp. F. _chenapan_, ‘mot tiré de l’Allemand, où il désigne un brigand des Montagnes noires; en François, il signifie un vaurien, un bandit’, Dict. de l’Acad., 1762.

=snapper,= to trip, to stumble. Skelton, ed. Dyce, i. 15, l. 4; id., Ware the Hauke, 142; ‘I snapper as a horse dothe that tryppeth, _Je trippette_’, Palsgrave. A north-country word, see EDD. (s.v. Snapper, vb.^{1} 1). ME. _snapere_, to stumble: ‘Thi foot schal not snapere’ (Wyclif, Prov. iii. 23); _snapir_ (Wars Alex. 847).

=snar,= to snarl; ‘Tygres that did seeme to gren And snar at all’, Spenser, F. Q. vi. 12. 27. Cp. Du. _snarren_, to snarl (Hexham).

=snarl,= to ensnare, entangle. Spenser, F. Q. iii. 12. 17; J. Beaumont, Psyche, ix. 275; Palsgrave. A north-country word for snaring hares or rabbits, see EDD. (s.v. Snarl, vb.^{2} 2). ME. _snarlyn_, ‘illaqueo’ (Prompt.).

=snatch,= a trap, snare, entanglement; ‘The Chevalier . . . being taken in a Gin like unto a Snatch’, Shelton, Quixote, iii. 1; spelt _snache_, ‘A new-founde snache which did my feet ensnare’. Mirror for Mag., Carassus, st. 43. ME. _snacche_, a trap, snare (K. Alis. 6559).

=sneaker,= a sneaking fellow; ‘Clarke is a pitifull proud sneaker’, Reliq. Hearnianae (ed. Bliss, 483); ‘_Origlione_, an eavesdropper, a listener, . . . a sneaker, a lurking knave’ (Florio).

=sneap,= to nip or pinch with cold; ‘An envious sneaping Frost’ L. L. L. i. 1. 100; ‘The sneaped birds’, Lucrece, 333. In prov. use in the north of England: ‘They’n do well if they dunna get sneaped wi’ the frost’ (Cheshire), see EDD. (s.v. Snape, vb. 2). Also, to check, repress, reprove, chide, snub, Brome, Antipodes, iv. 9 (NED.); ‘A man quickly sneapt’, Maiden’s Tragedy, iii. 1 (Servant), in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, x. 428. In prov. use (EDD.). ME. _snaip_, to rebuke sharply (Cursor M. 13027), Icel. _sneypa_, to chide (NED. s.v. Snape, vb.^{1}).

=sneb,= to reprimand sharply, Sidney, Arcadia, xxxiii. 22; _snebbe_, Spenser, Shep. Kal., Feb., 126. In prov. use in Lancashire (EDD.). In Chaucer, C. T. A. 525, some MSS. have _snebbe_. Swed. dial. _snebba_ (Rietz). See =snib.=

=sneck up;= see =snick.=

=snetched,= slaughtered; ‘A snetched Oxe’, Golding, Metam. v. 122 (Lat. _mactati iuuenci_). Not found elsewhere.

=snib,= to reprimand, rebuke sharply; ‘Christian snibbeth his fellow for unadvised speaking’, Bunyan, Pilgr. Pr. i. 169; Middleton, Five Gallants, ii. 3 (Tailor); Spenser, Mother Hubberd, 372; to snip off, as with snuffers, Marston, Malcontent, iii. 1 (Malevole). In prov. use, in the sense of rebuking sharply, in Scotland and north of England down to Bedford (EDD.). ME. _snibben_, to rebuke (Chaucer, C. T. A. 523). Dan. _snibbe_. See =sneb.=

=snick:= _snick up_ (used imperatively), be hanged! London Prodigal, v. 1; Middleton, Blurt, Master Constable, iv. 1; _Snecke up!_, Twelfth Nt. ii. 3. 101; also used with _go_, ‘Let him go snick up’, Beaumont and Fl., Knt. Burning Pestle, ii. 2 (Mrs. Merrythought); Davenant, Play-House (Works, ed. 1673, 116). ‘Snick up!’, in the sense of ‘Begone, go and be hanged’, is said to be in use in west Yorks., see EDD. (s.v. Snickup, int. 4).

†=snickfail;= ‘Whereas the snickfail grows, and hyacinth’, Webster, The Thracian Wonder, i. 2. A misprint for _sinckfoil_ = _cinquefoil_; cp. Greene, Menaphon (ed. Arber, 36); see NED. (s.v. Cinquefoil). Communicated by Mr. Percy Simpson.

=snickle,= a running noose. Marlowe, Jew of Malta, iv. 5 (Ithamar). In prov. use in the north and east, esp. in Yorks. and Linc. (EDD.). Here, for ‘snicle hand too fast’ we should probably read ‘two hands snickle-fast’, see various conjectures in Tucker Brooke’s ed. of Marlowe.

=snig,= a young eel. Drayton, Pol. xxv. 96. In prov. use in various parts of England (EDD.). ME. _snygge_, an eel (Cath. Angl.).

=sniggle,= to fish for eels by means of a baited hook or needle thrust into their holes or haunts. I. Walton, Angler, ch. x. [In the passage cited by Todd and later Dicts. from Fletcher’s Thierry, ii. 2, ‘I have snigled him’, the correct reading is doubtless ‘singled’, so NED.]

=snob,= to sob. Puritan Widow, i. 1. 90; Middleton, Mad World, iii. 2. In prov. use in Worc. and Glouc. (EDD.). ME. _snobbe_, to sob; ‘My sobbyng (v.r. snobbyng) and cries’ (Wyclif, Lam. iii. 56).

=snudge,= a miser, a mean person; ‘A covetous snudge’, Ascham, Toxophilus (ed. Arber, p. 28); Dekker, O. Fortunatus, i. 2 (Shadow); ‘Snudge, _parcus_’, Levins, Manipulus. See EDD.

=snudge,= to remain snug and quiet; ‘Now he will . . . eat his bread in peace, And snudge in quiet’, G. Herbert, Temple, Giddinesse, 11. In prov. use in the north country and in E. Anglia (EDD.).

=snuff:= in phr. _to take_ (_a thing_) _in snuff_, to take (a matter) amiss, to take offence at; ‘Mr. Mills . . . should take it in snuffe that my wife did not come to his child’s christening’, Pepys, Diary, 1661, Oct. 6; ‘Who therewith angry . . . Took it in snuff’, 1 Hen. IV, i. 3. 41; _to take snuff at_, to take offence at a thing, Fuller, Joseph’s Coat (ed. 1867, 51). ‘Snuff’ in these phrases refers probably to the act of ‘snuffing’ as an expression of contempt or disdain, see NED. (s.v. sb.^{2} 1), and EDD. (s.v. sb.^{1} 1).

=soader,= to ‘solder’, cement together. Rowley, All’s Lost, iii. 1. 34; _sodder_, Chapman, Byron’s Tragedy, iii. 1 (Janir).

=soar-falcon,= a falcon or hawk of the first year that has not moulted and still has its red plumage; ‘Of the soare faulcon so I learne to fly’, Spenser, Hymn Heav. Beauty, 26; Latham, Falconry, 37; see Nares (s.v. Sore-Hawk). F. _Faulcon sor_, a soar Hawk; _Harenc sor_, a red Herring (Cotgr., s.v. Sor). Anglo-F. _sor_, reddish brown (Rough List). O. Prov. _sor_, _saur_, Ital. _sauro_. See =sore= (a buck).

=sod,= boiled; _pret._ of ‘seethe’; ‘Sod Euphrates . . . sod Orontes’, Golding, Metam. ii. 248. The reference is to the boiling of rivers during the mad career of Phaethon; Ovid has ‘Arsit et Euphrates’, &c.

=sodder;= see =soader.=

=soggy,= soaked with moisture, soppy; hence, heavy (like damp and green hay). B. Jonson, Ev. Man out of Humour, iii. 2 (Mitis). In prov. use in various parts of England, see EDD. (s.v. Sog, sb.^{2} 3).

=soil,= a miry or muddy place used by a wild boar for wallowing in; ‘_Sueil_, the soyle of a wild Bore, the mire wherein hee commonly walloweth; _se souiller_ (of a swine), to take soyle, or wallow in the mire’, Cotgrave. The phr. ‘to take soil’ corresponds to F. _prendre souille_. _Souille_ is a deriv. from _souiller_, to soil with mud, Romanic type *_soc’lare_, deriv. of L. _sŭcula_, a little sow.

=soil,= a pool or stretch of water, used as a refuge by a hunted deer or other animal, Turbervile, Hunting, 241; _to take soil_, to take to the water, as a hunted deer, id., 148; B. Jonson, Barth. Fair, i. 1 (Quarl); Dekker, Shoemakers’ Holiday, ii. 4. 6. See above.

=soil,= to expound, explain, to resolve a doubt; ‘I have not learned to soyle no riedles’, Udall, tr. Apoph. 309 (NED.); ‘_Souldre_, to cleere or soile a doubt’, Cotgrave. Anglo-F. _soiler_, OF. _soldre_, L. _solvere_, to loosen, to explain.

=soil,= to absolve from sin, ‘I soyle from synne, _je assouls_’, Palsgrave. For _assoil_, Anglo-F. _assoiler_, to absolve, pardon (Rough List); OF. _assoldre_, L. _absolvere_; see Moisy.

=sokingly,= slowly, gently, gradually; ‘Sokingly, one pece after an other’, Udall, tr. of Apoph., Julius, § 32. ME. _sokingly_, ‘sensim, paulatim’ (Prompt. EETS. 147); ‘By good leyser sokingly, and nat over hastily’ (Chaucer. C. T. B. 2767).

=Sol,= the sun. Peele, Poems (ed. Routledge, p. 601); an alchemist’s term for gold. B. Jonson, Alchem. i. 1 (Dol).

=sol,= a small coin, B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2 (Bonario); Marmion, The Antiquary, iii. 1 (Ant.). OF. _sol_; L. _solidus_ (sc. _nummus_), a gold coin (in the time of the emperors).

=solayne,= sullen, melancholy. Skelton, ed. Dyce, i. 16, 1. 51; _soleyne_, id., Bowge of Courte, 187; _solein_, Spenser, Shep. Kal., May, 213. ME. _soleyn_, of maners or he þat lovyth no company, ‘solitarius, Acheronicus’. (Prompt. EETS. 421); ‘The soleyn fenix of Arabye’ (Chaucer, Boke Duch. 982).

=sold,= pay, remuneration, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 9. 6. Med. L. _soldum_, pay, related to L. _solidus_, a piece of money; see =sol.=

=soldado,= a soldier. B. Jonson, Every Man in Hum. iv. 2 (_or_ 1) (Downright). Span. _soldado_, one who is paid; a soldier; deriv. of Med. L. _soldum_, pay. See above. See Stanford.

=soldan,= the supreme ruler of a Mohammedan country, Marlowe, 1 Tamburlaine, iii. 2. 31; Milton, P. L. i. 764. ME. _soldan_ (Gower, C. A. i. 245); Ital. _soldano_; Arab, _sulṭân_.

=sole;= see =sowl.=

=solein;= see =solayne.=

=solf,= to sing the notes of the _sol-fa_, or gamut; to sing. Calisto and Melibaea, in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, i. 71; _solfe_, Skelton, Phyllyp Sparowe, 415. ME. _solfe_ (P. Plowman, B. v. 423).

†=solidare,= a small piece of money. Timon, iii. 1. 46. Not found elsewhere.

=sollar,= an upper room. Udall, tr. Erasmus, Acts xx. 8 (= ὑπερῷον, _cenaculum_); a loft, ‘Sollars full of wheat’, Marlowe, Jew of Malta, iv. 1 (Barabas). The word is still in prov. use in various parts of England with many meanings: esp. an upper room, a first-floor apartment; loft or garret (EDD.). The Gk. word ὑπερῷον (Vulg. _cenaculumm_) in Acts xx. 8 is rendered by _soler_ in Wyclif’s tr. (Luther has _söller_). In the Heliand and in Tatian _soleri_ = ‘cenaculum’. ME. _solere_ or lofte, ‘solarium’ (Prompt.); ‘Soler-halle at Cantebregge’ (Chaucer, C. T. A. 3990, see Notes); OE. _solor_ (_soler_-); L. _solarium_, a part of the house exposed to the sun, esp. a flat house-top (Vulgate, 2 Sam. xi. 2).

=somedele,= somewhat, in some measure, Spenser, Shep. Kal., Dec, 40. In prov. use in Scotland, Yorks., Northants, see EDD. (s.v. Some, 1 (3)). ME. _somdel_, in some measure (Chaucer, C. T. A. 3911).

=somer,= a ‘summer’, a supporting beam, a support. Fitzherbert, Husbandry, § 5. 22. In prov. use, see EDD. (s.v. Summer, sb.^{2}). F. _sommier_, ‘the piece of timber called a Summer’ (Cotgr.); OF. _somier_, a pack-horse (Burguy); Med. L. _saumarius_, _sagmarius_, ‘equus clitellarius’ (Ducange); deriv. of _sagma_, a pack, burden; Gk. σάγμα. See Dict. (s.v. Sumpter). For the development of meaning from ‘a kind of horse’ to a ‘timber-beam’, cp. F. _poutre_, (1) a filly, (2) a supporting beam.

=somner,= an official summoner. Middleton, A Trick to catch, ii. 1 (Lucre). ME. _somner_ (P. Plowman, C. iii. 59); _somnour_, summoner, apparitor, an officer who summoned delinquents before the ecclesiastical courts (Chaucer, C. T. A. 543).

=sonde,= a sending, a messenger. Morte Arthur, leaf 420, back, 13; bk. xxi, c. 1. OE. _sand_ (_sond_), a sending, message.

=sonties:= in phr. _by God’s sonties_, an oath used by old Gobbo in Merch. Ven. ii. 1. 17. The same as _God’s santy_, Dekker, Honest Wh., Pt. I, v. 2 (Bellafront). Adapted from OF. _saintée_, _sancteit_, sanctity, holiness (Godefroy).

=soop,= to sweep; ‘A sooping traine’, Return from Parnassus, i. 2 (Judicio); _sooping it_, sweeping alone; id., v. 1 (Studioso). Icel. _sōpa_, to sweep.

=sooreyn,= jaded feeling, exhaustion; ‘Abundance breedes the sooreyn of excesse’, Gascoigne, Grief of Joy, ed. Hazlitt, ii. 286. A back-formation from the verb _to surrein_, to overtire. See =surreined.=

=soote,= sweetly, Spenser, Shep. Kal., April, 111; also sweet, Surrey, Description of Spring, 1. ME. _sote_, sweetly (Chaucer, Leg. G. W. 2612), OE. _swōte_, sweetly. Chaucer has also _sote_ as adj. sweet (C. T. A. 1), but the OE. adj. is _swēte_.

=sooterkin,= an imaginary kind of afterbirth formerly attributed to Dutch women; ‘There goes a report of the Holland Women that together with their children they are delivered of a Sooterkin, not unlike a Rat, which some imagine to be the Offspring of the Stoves’, Cleveland (NED.); Butler, Hud. iii. 2. 146. [Swift to Delany (Works, ed. 1755, III. ii. 232); Pope, Dunciad, i. 126; ‘Sooterkin, _maankalf_’, Calisch.] See =mooncalf.=

=sooth,= to declare a statement to be true, to corroborate it. Udall, Roister Doister, i. 1. 47; to support a person in a statement, ‘Sooth me in all I say’, Massinger, Duke Milan, v. 2; _to sooth up_, ‘Sooth me in all I say’, Kyd, Span. Tragedy, iii. 10. 19. The same word as _soothe_, OE. _sōðian_, to show to be true. The pronunciation of the verb is due to the sb. _sooth_, OE. _sōð_.

=sophie,= wisdom; ‘The seuenfold sophie of Minerue’, Grimald, Death of Zoroas, 67; in Tottel’s Misc., p. 121. Gk. σοφία.

=sops-in-wine,= a name given to some kind of gilliflower or pink. Spenser, Shep. Kal., April, 138; B. Jonson, Pan’s Anniversary (Shepherd, l. 6). See Nares.

=sord,= ‘sward’, turf. Milton, P. L. xi. 433; _greene-sord_, green sward, Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 157 (so Fol. 1).

=sore,= a buck of the fourth year. Phaer, Aeneid x. 725 (L. _cervum_). ‘The bucke . . . the iij. yere a sowrell, A _sowre_ at the iiij. yere’, Book of St. Albans, fol. e, iiij.

=sorel,= a buck of the third year; ‘Sorell jumps from thicket’,
L. L. L. iv. 2. 60; ‘Sorell, a yonge bucke’, Palsgrave; see NED.
(s.v. Sorrel, sb.^{2} 2). Anglo-F. _sorel_, a reddish-brown
horse (Ch. Rol. 1379), deriv. of _sor_ (id., 1943). See
=soar-falcon.=

=sore.= Of the hare: to traverse open ground, ‘I might see [the hare] sore and resore’, i.e. dart off, first in one direction and then in another, Return from Parnassus, ii. 5 (end). ‘When he gooth the howndys before, He sorth and resorth’, Boke of St. Albans, fol. e 8, back.

=sore,= to make sore, to hurt. Spenser, F. Q. iii. 12. 38.

=sort,= a company, assemblage of people: Mids. Night’s D. iii. 2. 13; Richard II, iv. 1. 246; Spenser, F. Q. vi. 9. 5; Ps. lxii. 3 (Great Bible, 1539); rank, degree, ‘A gentleman of great sort’, Hen. V, iv. 7. 143; _of sorts_, of various kinds, ‘They have a king and officers of sorts’ (id., i. 2. 190). Anglo-F. _sort_, company, assemblage (Gower, Mirour, 16800).

=sortilege,= a drawing of lots. Sir T. Browne, Rel. Med., pt. 1, § 18. F. _sortilège_, L. _sortilegium_.

=soss,= to make oneself wet and dirty, to dabble; ‘Sossing and possing, dabbling in mire’, Gammer Gurton’s Needle; i. 4 (Hodge); _sost_, pp. made wet and dirty, Tusser, Husbandry, § 48. 20. In prov. use in various parts of the British Isles, see EDD. (s.v. Soss, vb.^{2} and vb.^{3}).

†=sothbind.= ‘But late medcynes can help no sothbynde sore’, Mirror for Mag., Richard, st. 10 (ed. 1578 has: ‘no _festered_ sore’). Not found elsewhere. See Nares.

†=sothery.= The devils are described as having—‘Theyr taylles wel kempt, and, as I wene, With sothery butter theyr bodyes anoynted’, Heywood, The Four Plays, v. 87, Anc. Brit. Drama, i. 18, col. 2; Hazlitt’s Dodsley, i. 376. Does it mean ‘Surrey butter’? Surrey is spelt _Sothery_ in Reliquiae Antiquae, i. 269; and _Sothray_ in Skelton, El. Rummyng, 96.

=souce;= see =souse.=

=soud,= to consolidate, make whole. Pp. _souded_, Morte Arthur, leaf 359. 20; bk. xvii, c. 19. F. _souder_, to consolidate; L. _solidare_.

=souder,= to be soldered together, to become whole; ‘The pecys . . . soudered as fayr as euer they were to-fore’, Morte Arthur, leaf 348. 12; bk. xvii, c. 4.

=soul,= a part of the viscera of a cooked fowl. Heywood, Eng. Traveller, ii. 1 (Clown). See EDD. (s.v. Soul, sb.^{1} 8). ‘_Âme_, the soule of a capon or gose’, Palsgrave; ‘_Mazzacáre_, the tender part of any bird or fowl, in a Goose it is called the Soul’ (Florio). See EDD. (s.v. Soul, sb.^{1} 8) and Notes and Queries (8th S. ii. 169).

=souling,= relishing, affording a relish; _souling well_, affording a good relish, Warner, Alb. England, bk. iv, ch. 20, st. 32. Cp. the north country prov. word _sowl_(_e_, a relish, dainty, anything eaten with bread (EDD.). OE. _sufl_.

=sound,= to swoon, Two Angry Women, iii. 2 (Francis); Heywood, Four Prentises (Guy), vol. ii, p. 181; a swoon, ‘a deadly sound’, id., Fair Maid of the Exchange (Anthony), vol. ii, p. 15; Udall, Roister Doister, iii. 3. 94; ‘She fell into a traunce or sownde’, Stubbes, A Christall Glasse (ed. Furnivall, 202). In common prov. use in Scotland, also in England in various parts, esp. in Yorks., see EDD. (s.v. Sound, vb.^{2}). See =sowne= (2).

=sounder,= a herd of wild swine. Stanyhurst, tr. Aeneid, iv. 163; Fletcher, Beggar’s Bush, iii. 3 (Hubert); ‘That men calleth a trip of a tame swyn is called of wylde swyn a soundre, that is to say ȝif ther be passyd v or vi togedres’ (Halliwell). OE. _sunor_: ‘sunor bergana’ (Luke viii. 32, Lind.) = ‘grex porcorum’ (Vulg.).

=sourd,= to arise. Sir T. Elyot, Governour, bk. i, c. 2, § 7; Fabyan’s Chron., ed. 1811, p. 436; p. 499, l. 23. ME. _sourde_, to arise (Chaucer, C. T. I. 475); F. _sourdre_; L. _surgere_.

=sous, souse,= a ‘sou’, a small coin. Farquhar, The Inconstant, i. 2 (Old Mirabel); Prior, Down Hall, st. 33. [‘Those most heav’nly pictures . . . For which the nation paid down every souse’, Peter Pindar, Works (ed. 1816, p. 397).] An obsolete Scotch word (EDD.).

=souse,= to swoop down like a hawk. Heywood, Dialogue, 181 (Mercury), vol. vi, p. 247; to deal a heavy downward blow, Sir T. Wyatt, Sat. i. 6; Heywood, Brazen Age (Hercules); the downward swoop of a bird of prey, the sudden blow given by a ‘sousing’ hawk, Drayton, Pol. xx. 241; Heywood, A Woman Killed, i. 3. 2; Ford, Lady’s Trial, iv. 2 (Futelli). The word as applied in falconry meant originally the upward spring or swoop of a bird of prey; an older form was _sours_; OF. _sorse_ (mod. _source_), lit. the ‘rise’ of the hawk; cp. Chaucer, C. T. D. 1938, and Hous Fame, ii. 36. See Dict. (s.v. Souse), and Notes on Eng. Etym. 275.

=souse,= brine for pickle. Beaumont and Fl., Knt. of Malta, ii. 1 (Normandine); ears and feet of a pig in pickle, Tusser, Husbandry, § 12; Butler, Hud. i. 2. 120; hence _souse-wife_ (_sowce-wife_), a woman who sold ‘souse’, Greene, George-a-Greene (ed. Dyce. 257); Dekker, Shoemakers’ Hol. ii. 3 (Firk). ME. _sowce_, ‘succidium’ (Prompt. EETS. 424, see note, no. 2063); OF. _sous_ (_souz_), see Godefroy (s.v. Soult, 2); cp. OHG. _sulza_ (Schade), O. Prov. _soltz_, ‘viande à la vinaigrette’ (Levy); Ital. _solcio_, a seasoning of meat (Florio). Cp. also OF. _solcier_, ‘confire de la viande dans du vinaigre et des épices’ (Raschi). See note on ‘Solz’, in Romania, 1910, p. 176.

=sovenance,= remembrance. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 6. 8; Shep. Kal., May, 82, Nov., 5. Anglo-F. _sovenance_ (Gower, Mirour, 8244); F. _souvenance_, ‘memorie, remembrance’ (Cotgr.).

=sovereign,= a gold coin, a ten-shilling piece. B. Jonson, Ev. Man out of Humour, v. 7 (Fallace).

=sow,= a large lump of metal; ‘Sowes of gold’, Mirror for Mag., King Chirinnus, Lenvoy, st. 1; ‘_Pano di metallo_, a mass, a sow or ingot of metal’ (Florio).

=sowce-wife;= See =souse= (2).

=sow-gard,= a protecting shield or shelter (= L. _testudo_). Stanyhurst, tr. of Aeneid, ii. 451. A sow was a military engine consisting of a movable roof arranged to protect men handling a battering-ram or advancing to scale walls.

=sowl,= to pull by the ears. Coriolanus, iv. 5. 213 (old edd. _sole_); spelt _sole_, Heywood, Love’s Mistress, iv. 1 (Vulcan); vol. v, p. 137. ‘Sowl’ is in prov. use in many spellings (_soul_, _sool_, _sole_, _soal_, _saul_), meaning to pull by the ears, also to hit on the head, see EDD. (s.v. Sowl, vb.^{1}).

=sowne, soune,= a sound, Sir T. Elyot, Governour, bk. i, c. 2, § 2; c. 13, § 4; to sound, ‘Sowning through the sky’, Tottel’s Misc., p. 202. ME. _sowne_ (_soune_), to sound (Chaucer). F. _son_, sound; _sonner_, to sound.

=sowne,= to swoon, Butler, Hud. ii. 1. 483; a swoon, Puritan Widow, i. 3. 42. In prov. use for swoon, see EDD. (s.v. Sound, vb.^{2} 1). ME. _sownyn_, ‘sincopo’ (Prompt. EETS. 324). See =sound.=

=sowse;= see =souse.=

=sowter, souter,= a cobbler. Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 3 (Rosalura); Women Pleased, iv. 1 (Soto); Mad Lover, ii. 1. 22. In prov. use in the north country (EDD.). ME. _souter_ (Chaucer, C. T. A. 3904); OE. _sūtere_; L. _sutor_.

=soyle,= the watery place in which a hunted animal takes refuge. Turbervile, Hunting, c. 40; p. 115. Used to signify the hunted animal; Spenser, F. Q. iv. 3. 16. See =soil= (pool).

=space,= to walk or roam about. Spenser, F. Q. iv. 2. 44. Cp. Ital. _spaziare_, to walk about (_spatiare_ in Florio). L. _spatiari_, whence also O. Prov. _espasiar_, reflex, ‘se promener’ (Levy), and G. _spazieren_. Cp. Med. L. ‘_Spatiamentum_, ambulatio, deambulatio, animi relaxatio’ (Ducange).

=spade,= to make a female animal barren, to ‘spay’. Chapman. Widow’s Tears, v (Governor). Med. L. _spadare_, ‘spadonem facere’ (Ducange), deriv. of L. _spado_, Gk. σπάδων, one who has no generative power, eunuch. See =spay.=

=spade-bone,= blade-bone, shoulder-bone. Drayton, Pol. v. 266; Skinner (ann. 1671). In prov. use (EDD.). _Spade_ = Norm. F. _espalde_, ‘épaule’ (Moisy). For the phonology cp. jade = Icel. _jalda_, a mare, through OF. *_jaude_, *_jalde_. See below.

=spalle,= a shoulder. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 6. 29. ‘Spawl’ (‘spaul’) is in prov. use in Scotland, see EDD. (s.v. Spaul). OF. _espalle_, _espalde_ (F. _épaule_), Med. L. _spatula_, a shoulder-blade, L. _spatula_, a broad-bladed knife. See =spade-bone.=

=span-counter,= a boys’ game. One boy throws down a counter, which another wins, if he can throw another so as to hit it or lie within a span of it. 2 Hen. VI, iv. 3; Northward Ho, i. 2 (Philip). See Nares.

=spang,= a spangle. Gascoigne, Steel Glas, 1162; Bacon, Essay 37. Hence _spang’d_, spangled, Three Lords and Three Ladies (Shealty), in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, vi. 467.

=Spanish fig,= a poisoned fig. Webster, White Devil (Flamineo), ed. Dyce, p. 30.

=Spanish needle,= a needle of the best quality. Middleton, Blurt, Mr. Constable, ii. 1. 6.

=Spanish pike,= a needle; jocosely. Ford, Sun’s Darling, ii. 1 (Folly).

=spare, spaire, spayre,= an opening or slit in a gown or petticoat. _Spayre_, Skelton, Phyllyp Sparowe, 345; ‘_Sparre_ of a gowne, _fente de la robe_’, Palsgrave; Skene, Difficill Scottish Words (ann. 1681). ME. _speyre_ of garment, ‘cluniculum’ (Prompt. EETS. 427, see note, no. 2083); _spayre_, ‘manubium, cluniculum’ (Cath. Angl.).

=Spargirica,= a name for Alchemy; ‘Ars Spagyrica’ (misspelt), B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 5 (ed. 1616). Ital. _Spargirica_, a name given to Alchemy from its separating and analysing chemical substances (Fanfani). Cotgrave has ‘_Spargirie_, Alchymie’, and ‘_Spargirique_, an Alchemist’. Florio has ‘_Spargirio_, Alchymy or the Extraction of Quintessences’.

=spark,= a diamond. Shirley, Bird in a Cage, ii. 1 (Rolliardo).

=sparkle,= to scatter, disperse. Beaumont and Fl., Loyal Subject, i. 5. 4; Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1 (Demetrius); _sparkling_, scattering, Bonduca, iii. 2 (near the end). See Nares, and Trench’s Select Glossary (ed. 1890). In prov. use in Yorks. (EDD.). See =disparkle.=

=sparse,= to scatter. Fairfax, Tasso, xii. 46; Chapman, tr. of Iliad, xi. 268. L. _spars-us_, pp. of _spargere_, to scatter. See =sperse.=

=spaw,= a spa, place with mineral waters; ‘Your Tunbridge, or the Spaw itself’, B. Jonson, News from the New World (1 Herald); _The Spawe_, Gascoigne, Works, i. 376 (1572). So named from _Spa_, in Belgium.

=spay,= to render female animals barren; ‘Geld your loose wits, and let your Muse be spay’d’, Cleveland (Johnson’s Dict.). Anglo-F. *_espayer_ (OF. _espeër_) < Med. L. _spadare_, to deprive of generative power (Ducange). See =spade.=

=speed,= to dispatch, destroy, kill; ‘With a speeding thrust his heart he found’, Dryden (Johnson); _sped_, pp. done for, Romeo, iii. 1. 94; Merch. Ven. ii. 9. 72; _speeding-place_, the place where a wound is fatal, and the man is sped. Marston, What you Will, i. 1 (Quadratus); Chapman, Widow’s Tears, i (Tharsalio).

=spence,= expense; ‘Spence, cost, _despence_’, Palsgrave; Ascham, Toxophilus, 122. ME. _spense_, spendynge, ‘dispensa’, Voc. 578. 45; _spence_, or expence (Prompt. EETS. 427).

=spence,= a buttery, a larder; ‘Spens, a buttrye, _despencier_’, Palgrave; _spence_, The Four Elements, in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, i. 35 (Taverner). In prov. use in Scotland and the north country, meaning a larder, pantry, store-cupboard, see EDD. (s.v. Spense). ME. _spence_, botery, ‘promptuarium’ (Prompt. EETS. 427).

=sperage,= ‘the herb asparagus; it is so called by Gerard, and all the old botanists, as its English name’ (Nares). North, tr. Plutarch, Jul. Caesar, § 16 (in Shaks. Plut., p. 58); Sylv. Du Bartas, Furies (Nares); Haven of Health, c. xxiii, p. 45 (id.). A Glouc. form (EDD.). ME. _sperage_, asparagus (Palladius, Husbandry, 112).

=spere,= used in the sense of a youth, a stripling; ‘A lusty spere’, Skelton, Magnyfycence, 947; Poems ag. Garnesche, iii. 41. Prob. a _fig._ use of ‘spere’, a young shoot or sprout, still in prov. use, see EDD. (s.v. Spear, sb.^{1} 7).

=spere, speer,= to shoot, sprout, a term in malting, Tusser, Husbandry, § 84. 5. See =spire.=

=sperhauk,= sparrowhawk. Morte Arthur, leaf 301. 34; bk. xii, c. 7. Cp. OE. _spearhafoc_ (Voc. 132. 26); _spearwa_, sparrow + _hafoc_, hawk.

=sperre,= to shut, fasten, Spenser, Shep. Kal., May, 224; Tr. and Cr., Prol. 19 (Theobald’s emendation); ‘I sperre, _Je ferme_. This verbe is of the northyrne langaige and nat commynly in use’, Palsgrave. _Spear_, ‘to bar or fasten a door’, is a Northumbrian word, see EDD. (s.v. Speer, vb. 6. 2); ‘To _sper_, to shut, to fasten a door with a bar of wood’ (Jamieson). ME. _sperre_, ‘claudere’ (Cath. Angl.); _sperred_, barred (Chaucer, Tr. and Cr. v. 521). Cp. G. _sperren_, to shut (in or out).

=sperse,= to scatter, ‘disperse’. Spenser, F. Q. i. 1. 39; v. 3. 37.

=spertle,= to sprinkle with fluid, Drayton, Pol. ii. 283. In prov. use in the Midland counties, see EDD. (s.v. Spirtle).

=spheres.= Peacham, Compl. Gentleman, c. 7, gives the old eleven spheres: ‘The eleventh heaven is the habitation of God and his angels. The tenth, the first moover [_primum mobile_]. The ninth, the Christalline heaven. The eighth, the starry firmament. Then the seven planets in their order’ [viz. Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon]. In the Ptolemaic astronomy, the sun went round the earth, which was the immovable centre of the universe.

=spial,= a spy. Bacon, Essay 44. In some edd. for _espial_ in 1 Hen. VI, i. 4. 8; _spials_, spies, Marl. 1 Tamburlaine, ii. 2. 35. See =espial.=

=spice,= a species, kind, sort. Sir T. Elyot, Governour, bk. iii, c. 1, §§ 1, 3; ‘Spyce, a kynde, _espece_’, Palsgrave. ME. _spice_, species, kind: ‘Absteyne you fro yvel spice’ (Wyclif, 1 Thess. v. 22); ‘The spices (v.r. speces) of envye ben these’ (Chaucer, C. T. I. 490). OF. _espice_, a species, L. _species_, a kind, sort (Vulgate, 1 Thess. v. 22).

=spiced,= scrupulous, over-nice, too particular; ‘Out of a scruple he took . . . in spiced conscience’, B. Jonson, Barthol. Fair, i. 1 (Quarlous); Sejanus, v. 4 (Sej.); Fletcher, Mad Lover, iii. 1 (Cleanthe). See note on Chaucer, C. T. A. 526. See =spice.=

=spick,= lard. Skelton, El. Rummyng, 335. In Scotland the fat of animals, the blubber of whales (EDD.). ME. _spyke_ or fette flesch, ‘popa’ (Prompt. EETS. 428). Icel. _spik_, the fat of seals or whales, cp. OE. _spic_, fat bacon; G. _speck_, bacon, lard.

=spilt,= (perhaps) inlaid with thin slips. Spenser, F. Q. iv. 10. 5. See EDD. (s.v. Spill, sb.^{2} 1).

=spilth,= a spilling, pouring out. Used of wine, Timon, ii. 2. 169. A Scottish word; also in use in Suffolk (EDD.).

=spinet,= a spinny, a copse, thicket. B. Jonson, The Satyr, first stage-direction. L. _spinetum_, a thicket of thorns; from _spina_, thorn.

=spinner,= a spider. B. Jonson, Barth. Fair, i. 1 (Quarlous); Mids. Night’s D. ii. 2. 21; Romeo, i. 4. 59; ‘Spynner or spyder, _herigne_’, Palsgrave; ‘_Araigne_, a spider or spinner’, Cotgrave. In prov. use (EDD.). ME. _spynner_, ‘arania’ (Prompt.).

=spintry,= a male prostitute. B. Jonson, Sejanus, iv. 5 (Arruntius). L. _spintria_.

=spiny,= slender. Middleton, A Chaste Maid, iii. 2 (1 Puritan); A Mad World, iii. 2. 7. Cp. prov. words _spindly_, _spindling_, _spindle_, meaning slender, see EDD. (s.v. Spindle).

=spire,= to sprout, shoot forth. Spenser, F. Q. iii. 5. 52. In prov. use, see EDD. (s.v. Spire, vb.^{1} 8). ME. _spyryn_, as corn or odyre lyk, ‘spico’; _spyre_ of corne (Prompt. EETS. 429 and 463). OE. _spīr_ (Leechdoms), cp. Dan. _spire_, a germ, sprout. See =spere.=

=spirget,= a wooden peg on which to hang things; ‘There hung a Bowle of Beech upon a _spirget_ by a ring’, Golding, Metam. viii. 653. ‘Spurget’ is in prov. use in the north country, E. Anglia, and Sussex for an iron hook, see EDD. (s.v. Sperket).

=spirt,= to shoot up (as a plant), to sprout. Hen. V, iii. 5. 8; Stanyhurst, tr. of Aeneid, i. 558. In prov. use in the Midlands and Dorset (EDD.). OE. _sprytian_, to sprout, germinate.

=spital, spittle,= a hospital. Formerly _hospital_; whence _’spital_. Hen. V, ii. 1. 78; v. 1. 86; Puritan Widow, i. 1. 151; _spittle_, Sir Thos. More, i. 3. 81; ‘_Ladrerie_, a Spittle for lepers’, Cotgrave. Hence, _spital-house_, Timon, iv. 3. 39. ME. _spytyl hows_, ‘leprosorium’ (Prompt. EETS. 429).

=spitchcock’d.= _A spitchcock’d eel_, a broiled eel spread on a skewer, ‘Spitchcock’d like a salted eel’, Cotton, Burlesque (Poems, p. 222); Cartwright, The Ordinary, ii. 1, in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, xii. 239. Hence _spitchcock_, a spitchcocked eel, Northward Ho, i. 1 (Chamberlain). See Dict. (s.v. Spitch-cock).

=spitter,= ‘Among Hunters, a red Male Deer near two Years old, whose Horns begin to grow up sharp, and spit-wise; it is also call’d a Brocket or Pricket’, Phillips, Dict., ed. 1706; ‘_Subulo_, an hart havyng hornes without tynes, called (as I suppose) a spittare’, Elyot, 1559. Applied to a full-grown stag by Golding, Metam. x. 117; fol. 121 (1603). Cp. G. _spiesser_, a brocket, a buck of the second year (Grieb-Schröer).

=spittle;= see =spital.=

=splay,= to display, Caxton, Hist. Troye, leaf 93. 13; ‘Hys banners splaide’, and ‘Our ensignes splayde’, Gascoigne (Nares). Cp. E. _splay-foot_, see Dict. (s.v. Splay).

=splay,= to castrate, Meas. for M. ii. 1. 249 (mod. edd. _spay_). In Shropshire heifers are _splayed_ to make them barren (EDD.).

=spleen.= The organ of the body viewed as the seat of emotions and passions; impetuosity, eagerness, ‘The spleen of fiery dragons’, Richard III, v. 3. 350; malice, hatred, ‘I have no spleen against you’, Hen. VIII, ii. 4. 89; a fit of passion,’ A hair-brained Hotspur, governed by a spleen’, 1 Hen. IV, v. 2. 19; any sudden impulse or fit beyond the control of reason, esp. a fit of laughter, ‘Thy silly thought enforces my spleen’, L. L. L. iii. 77; a caprice, ‘A thousand spleens bear her a thousand ways’, Ven. and Ad. 907. See Schmidt.

=splent,= a lath, Fitzherbert, Husbandry, § 122. 10; ‘Splent for an house, _laite_’, Palsgrave. An E. Anglian word, see EDD. (s.v. Splint, sb.^{1} 2). ME. _splente_ (Prompt. EETS. 429).

=splent,= ‘a kind of hard swelling, without Pain, that grows on the Bone of a Horse’s Leg’, Phillips, Dict., 1706; Greene, Looking Glasse, i (p. 120).

=sploach,= a ‘splotch’, a blot. Wycherley, Gent. Dancing-master, v. 1 (Don Diego). ‘Splotch’ is in common prov. use (EDD.).

=spondil,= one of the vertebrae of the spine; ‘The spondils of his back’, B. Jonson, Sad Sheph. ii. 2 (Tuck). Gk. (Ionic) σπόνδυλος, (Attic) σφόνδυλος, a vertebra.

=spooks-make,= interpreter; ‘Of Gods the spooks-make’ (= L. _interpres Divum_), Stanyhurst, tr. of Aeneid, iii. 373. _Spooks-make_ = _spokes-make_. ‘Spoke’ is in prov. use for talk, conversation (EDD.); ‘make’ is still in prov. use, meaning a companion. See =make.=

=spoom,= to sail before the wind. Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 96; Beaumont and Fl., Double Marriage, ii. 1 (Master).

=spoon-meat,= broth. Middleton, The Witch, iv. 1 (Almachildes).

=spoorn,= some kind of hobgoblin. Middleton, The Witch, i. 2 (Hecate); Denham Tracts (ed. 1895, ii. 77); _the spoorne_, Scot, Disc. Witches, 153.

=spousayles,= a marriage, wedding. Sir T. Elyot, Governour, bk. ii, c. 12, § 2 (ed. Croft, ii. 142); _spousals_, Surrey, tr. of Aeneid, iv. 407. OF. _espousailles_; L. _sponsalia_, pl.

=sprag,= quick, alert. Merry Wives, iv. 1. 84. In prov. use in the north country, Worc. and the west (EDD.). ‘Sprag’ is a later form of ‘sprack’, in common prov. use in various parts of England. Cp. Norw. dial. _spræk_, fresh, lively (Aasen).

=spraints,= the dung of the otter, Turbervile, Hunting, c. 73, p. 201; _sprayntes_, id., c. 37, p. 98; Maister of Game, c. 11; Howell, Parl. of Beasts, 8 (Davies, 162). In prov. use in the north country (EDD.). [C. Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xviii.] F. ‘_esprainctes_, _espreinctes_, dung of the otter’ (Cotgr.); _épreintes_ de la loutre (Hatzfeld). OF. _espreindre_, to press out, L. _exprimere_.

=sprent,= _pp._ sprinkled. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 12. 45. In prov. use in Scotland and the north country (EDD.). ME. _spreynd_, also _spreynt_, sprinkled (Wyclif, Heb. ix. 13; Rev. xix. 13), pp. of _sprengen_, to sprinkle, OE. _sprengan_.

=spring.= _A spring garden_, a garden in which a concealed spring was made to spout jets of water over a visitor, when he trod upon a particular spot. Beaumont and Fl., Four Plays in One, Pt. I, sc. 1 (Sophocles).

=spring,= a dance-tune. Fletcher, Prophetess, v. 3 (3 Shepherd). In prov. use in Scotland, see EDD. (s.v. Spring, 9). ME. _spring_, a merry dance (Chaucer, Hous Fame, 1235).

=spring-halt,= a lameness in which a horse twitches up his leg.
Hen. VIII, i. 3. 13.

=spring:= _a spring of pork_, the lower part of the fore-quarter, divided from the neck. Fletcher, The Prophetess, i. 3. 7. In prov. use in Northants (EDD.). See Nares.

=spring,= the young growth in a wood, a copse, a grove; ‘The nightingale among the thick-leav’d spring’, Fletcher, Faithful Sheph. v. 1; Fairfax, Tasso, xiii. 35; ‘In yonder spring of roses’, Milton, P. L. ix. 218; a young shoot of a tree, Lucrece, 950; _fig._ a youth, lad, ‘Being yong and yet a very spring’, Mirrour for Mag., Northumberland, st. 4; Spenser, Muiopotmos, 292. ‘Spring’ is in prov. use for young growth, the undergrowth of wood; a copse, a grove (EDD.).

=springal,= a youth. Spenser, F. Q. v. 10. 6; Beaumont and Fl., Laws of Candy, iii. 2 (Cassilane); _springald_, id., Knt. of B. Pestle, ii. 2; ‘Springald, _adolescens_’, Levins, Manip. See EDD. (s.v. Springald).

=spruntly,= smartly, sprucely. B. Jonson, Devil an Ass, iv. 1 (Lady T.). The adj. is in prov. use (EDD.).

=spurblind,= ‘purblind’, nearly blind. Lyly, Sapho, ii. 2 (Phao). Halliwell says that the word was used by Latimer.

=spurling,= a smelt. Tusser, Husbandry, § 12, st. 5; Gascoigne, Supposes, ii. 4 (Carion). ME. _sperlynge_, ‘sperlingus’ (Cath. Angl.); F. _esperlan_, a smelt (Cotgr.).

=spur-ryal, spur-royal,= a gold coin, worth about fifteen shillings; also called a _royal_ or _ryal_. It had a star on the reverse resembling a rowel of a spur (Nares). Beaumont and Fl., Scornful Lady, i. 1 (Young Loveless); Mayne, City Match, ii. 3 (Aurelia).

=spyon, spion,= a scout, in an army; ‘Captain of the Spyons’, Heywood, Four Prentises (Guy), vol. ii, p. 242. F. ‘_espion_, a spy, scout; _espier_, to spy’ (Cotgr.).

=spyrre,= to ask, inquire. Morte Arthur, leaf 416, back, 36; bk. xxi, c. 8. Cp. ‘spur’ in use in the north country for publishing or _asking_ the banns of matrimony in church, see EDD. (s.v. Spur, vb.^{2}). ME. _speren_, to ask (Barbour’s Bruce, see Gloss.). OE. _spyrian_, to inquire into.

=squall,= a term of endearment; ‘The rich gull gallant calls her deare and love, Ducke, lambe, squall, sweet-heart, cony, and his dove’, Taylor, 1630 (Nares); Middleton, Mich. Term, iii. 1 (Hellgill); Five Gallants, iv. 2. 3; used as a term of reproach, ‘_Obereau_, a young minx or little proud squal’, Cotgrave; also, applied to a man as a term of contempt, Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune (in Hazlitt’s Dodsley, vi. 199). See Halliwell.

=squander,= to scatter, disperse, Merch. Ven. i. 3. 32; Dryden, Annus Mirab., st. 67. In prov. use in Scotland and various parts of England (EDD.).

=square,= rule, exact conduct; ‘I have not kept my square’, Ant. and Cl. ii. 3. 6; ‘Never breaks square’ (i.e. never gives offence), Middleton, The Widow, ii (end).

=square,= to quarrel. Mids. Night’s D. ii. 1. 30; Titus And. ii. 1. 100; Ant. and Cl. ii. 1. 45; Harington, Ariosto, xiv. 72; id., Ep. i. 37; a quarrel, Promos and Cass. ii. 4 (Nares). Hence _squarer_, a quarreller, Much Ado, i. 1. 82. Also, a squadron, ‘Our squares of battle’, Hen. V, iv. 2. 28; ‘Squares of war’, Ant. and Cl. iii. 11. 40. Cp. O. Prov. _esqueira_, ‘corps de bataille’ (Levy). Med. L. _squadra_, ‘caterva, turba, cohors; acies, copiae militares’ (Ducange); cp. Ital. _squadra_, ‘a squadron or troop of men’ (Florio); F. _escadre_ (Cotgr.). See Dict. (s.vv. Square, Squadron).

=squares.= _How go the squares?_ how goes the game? The reference is to the chessboard; Middleton, Family of Love, i. 3 (Purge); May, The Old Couple, iv. 1 (Sir Argent).

=squash,= the shell or pod of peas or beans; an unripe pea-pod. Twelfth Nt. i. 5. 166; Wint. Tale, i. 2. 161. An E. Anglian word, see EDD. (s.v. Squash, vb.^{1} 3).

=squat,= to squeeze, crush, bruise. Middleton, No Wit like a Woman’s, i. 3 (Savourwit). In prov. use in various parts of England (EDD.). OF. _esquatir_, ‘aplatir, briser’ (Didot). See Dict.

=squelch,= to crush, bruise, strike with a heavy blow. Fletcher, Nice Valour, v. 1 (Galoshio); a heavy blow, Butler, Hud. i. 2. 836, 933. In prov. use (EDD.).

=squelter,= to ‘welter’, wallow, roll about; ‘The slaughter’d Trojans squeltring in their blood’, Locrine, ii. 6. 4.

=squib,= a paltry fellow. Spenser, Mother Hubberd, 371. In prov. use in west Yorks. in the sense of a small dwarfish person, see EDD. (s.v. Squib, sb.^{2}).

=squib,= used _fig._ for a flashy, futile project or design, Bacon, Henry VII (ed. Lumby, 195).

=squich,= to move quickly. Marriage of Wit and Science, in Hazlitt’s Dodsley. ii. 387; to wince, to flinch, Soliman and Perseda, iv. (Basilisco), id., v. 343. Probably identical with prov. E. _switch_, to move quickly, see EDD. (s.v. Switch, vb.^{1} 9).

=squince,= the quinsy. Sir T. Elyot, Governour, bk. iii, c. 22, § 3; ‘_Squinantia_, the Squince or Squinancie’, Florio; also _squincy_, ‘_Esquinance_, the Squincy’, Cotgrave; ‘Shall we not be suspected for the murder, And choke with a hempen squincy’, Randolph, The Jealous Lovers (ed. 1634, p. 54). ME. _squynesy_, ‘squinancia’ (Prompt. EETS. 431). Sec Dict. (s.v. Quinsy).

=squinny, squiny,= to look asquint. King Lear, iv. 6. 140; ‘How scornfully she squinnies’, Shirley, Sisters, ii. 2 (Antonio). In prov. use in various parts of England (EDD.).

=squire, squier,= a ‘square’, a rule for measuring, Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 348; _by the squire_, by exact rule, B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iv. 2 (Pan). ME. _squire_, a carpenter’s instrument (Chaucer, C. T. D. 2090). F. ‘_esquierre_, a rule or square’ (Cotgr.).

=staddle,= a prop, support. Spenser, F. Q. i. 6. 14; a young growing tree left standing in a wood after the underwood has been cut away, Bacon, Essay 29, § 5; id., Henry VII (ed. Lumby, 72). See EDD. OE. _staþol_, a foundation, firm support.

=staffe,= a stave, a stanza; ‘_Staffe_ . . . The Italian called it _Stanza_’, Puttenham, Eng. Poesie, bk. ii, c. 2 (Of proportion in Staffe).

=staffier,= a lacquey, a footman. Butler, Hud. ii. 2. 651. F. ‘_estaffier_, a lackey or footboy, that runs by the stirrup; a servingman that waits afoot, while his master rides; _estaphe_, a stirrup’ (Cotgr.); Ital. _staffiere_, ‘a lacquey, that runs by a man’s stirrup’; _staffa_, ‘a kind of stirrup for a saddle’ (Florio). Of Germ. origin, cp. G. _stapfe_, a foot-step.

=staggers,= a sudden fit of giddiness, vertigo. Beaumont and Fl., Mad Lover, i. 1 (Calis); Cymbeline, v. 5. 234; All’s Well, ii. 3. 170; a disease in horses indicated by staggering and falling down, Taming Shrew, iii. 2. 55.

=stakker,= to stagger. Morte Arthur, leaf 232, back, 6; bk. x, c. 30; and in Palsgrave. ME. _stakeren_, to stagger (Chaucer, Leg. G. W. 2687). Norw. dial. _stakra_, to stagger (Aasen).

=stale,= a station where one lies in wait for birds; ‘Stale for foules takynge’, Palsgrave; _to lie in stale_, to lie in wait or ambush, ‘As I lay in stale To fight with the duke Richard’s eldest son, I was destroy’d’, Mirror for Mag., 366 (Nares); Stanyhurst, Desc. Ireland (Halliwell). ME. _staal_, of fowlynge or of byrdys takynge ‘stacionaria’ (Prompt. EETS. 432). OF. _estal_, place, séjour, arrêt; _prendre son estal_, prendre position (Didot), Anglo-F. _estal_ (Ch. Rol. 1108, 2319).

=stale,= a decoy; a bird or something in the form of a bird set up to allure a bird of prey; ‘The fowler’s stale the appearance of which brings but others to the net’, Cap of Gray Hairs (ed. 1688, p. 96); see Halliwell; Mirrour for Mag. (Nares); Sidney, Arcadia, ii, p. 169 (Nares); an object of allurement, Spenser, F. Q. vi. 10. 3; Tempest, iv. 1. 187; a device, trick, F. Q. ii. 1. 4; a laughing-stock, Titus And. i. 2. 241. In prov. use in Lincolnsh., see EDD. (s.v. Stale, sb.^{1}). Anglo-F. _estale_, ‘appeau, oiseau qui sert à attirer les autres’ (Vocab. to Bozon).

=stale,= the shaft of an arrow, Chapman, tr. Iliad, iv. 173; the shaft of a javelin, Nomenclator (Nares). In prov. use in the sense of a shaft, a long slender handle, see EDD. (s.v. Stale, sb.^{2} 1). See =stele.=

=stale,= the urine of horses and cattle, Ant. and Cl. i. 4. 62 to urinate, Butler, Hud. iii. 1. 152; ‘_Escloy_, urine, stale’, Cotgrave. In prov. use, see EDD. (s.v. Stale, vb.^{3}). OF. _estaler_, to stale (of horses), see Godefroy. Of Germ, origin, cp. Dan. _stalle_, Swed. _stalla_, to urinate; cp. G. _stallen_ (used of horses); _stall_, urine.

=stale,= stalemate, at chess; ‘Like a stale at chess, where it is no mate, but yet the game cannot stir’, Bacon, Essay 12.

=stale,= to render stale, to make common and worthless. Coriol. i. 1. 95; Ant. and Cl. ii. 2. 240; Jul. Caesar, i. 2. 73; _a stale_, a prostitute, harlot, Much Ado, ii. 2. 26; iv. 1. 66.

=stall,= to forestall. B. Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1 (Tiberius); Massinger, Bashful Lover, iv. 3.

=stall,= to install set in authority, Richard III, i. 3. 206; ‘And stawled gods doe condiscend’, Turbervile, The Lover excuseth himself. _Stalled to the rogue_ (Cant Phrase), admitted as a recognized thief, Middleton, Roaring Girl, v. 1 (Moll); Harman, Caveat, p. 34. The master-thief admitted a rogue with the ceremony of pouring a quart of beer over his head, and using a formula of words.

=stall,= to stick fast; ‘When his cart was stalled (he) lay flat on his back and cried aloud, Help, Hercules!’, Burton, Anat. Mel., p. 222 (Nares). In prov. use in the north country and Midlands, see EDD. (s.v. Stall, vb. 20).

=stalled,= _pp._; ‘Dole perpetuall, From whence he never should be quit, nor stal’d’ (rimes with _cal’d_), Spenser, Mother Hubberd, 1245. Meaning doubtful.

=stalling ken,= a house for receiving stolen goods (Cant). Middleton, Roaring Girl, v. 1 (Tearcat); _stauling ken_, Harman, Caveat, p. 83; B. Jonson, Gipsies Metamorphosed (Jackman).

=stammel, stamel,= a kind of woollen cloth, of a red colour. Beaumont and Fl., Little French Lawyer, i. 1 (Cleremont); Chapman, Mons. D’Olive, ii. 1 (D’Ol.). See Nares and Halliwell.

=stamp,= a stamped coin, a coin. Merry Wives, iii. 4. 16; Macbeth, iv. 3. 153.

=stand.= _It stands me upon_, it is incumbent on me, it is important to me, I ought. _It standeth thee upon_, Lyly, Euphues, p. 271.

=standard,= a standing-bowl. Greene, Looking Glasse, v. 1 (1858); p. 141, col. 2.

=stander-grass, standard-grass, stander-wort, standle-wort,= _Orchis mascula_, and other allied plants. _Standelwort_, or _Standergrass_, Lyte’s Dodoens, bk. ii, ch. 56; _Royal Standergrass_, or Palma Christi, id., ch. 59; ‘_Foul standergrass_’, Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 2 (Clorin).

=staniel,= a kind of hawk, considered as of inferior value, Twelfth Nt. ii. 5. 124; hence, a coward, Lady Alimony, i. 3 (Haxter); hence _stanielry_, cowardice, id., v. 2. 17. In prov. use in the north country for the kestrel or windhover, see EDD. (s.v. Stannel). OE. _stangella_, used to translate L. _pellicanus_ in Ps. ci. 7 (Vesp. Psalter). See notes on Eng. Etym.

=stank,= weary. Spenser, Shep. Kal., Sept., 47. Ital. _stanco_, weary.

=stare,= a starling. Chapman, tr. of Iliad, xvi. 541; Middleton, Game at Chess, iv. 2 (B. Knight). In prov. use in Ireland and in various parts of England (EDD.). ME. _stare_, a starling (Chaucer, Parl. Foules, 348); OE. _stær_: ‘tuoege staras’ (Lind. Gosp., Matt. x. 29, rendering of Vulgate _duo passeres_).

=stare,= to bristle up; said of hair. Fitzherbert, Husbandry, § 56. 11; § 98. 4; Jul. Caesar, iv. 3. 280. In prov. use: they say in Herts, ‘It will make her (a cow’s) hair to stare’, see EDD. (s.v. Stare, vb. 4). Cp. G. _starren_, to bristle.

=stark,= stout, sturdy. Sir T. Wyatt (Nares); stiff (used in speaking of a dead body), 1 Hen. IV, v. 3. 42; Romeo, iv. 1. 103; Cymbeline, iv. 2. 209; _starkly_, stiffly (as in a dead body), Meas. for M. iv. 2. 70. In common prov. use in the north country in the two meanings (1) stout, sturdy, and (2) stiff, esp. through rheumatism (EDD.). OE. _stearc_, stiff, rigid; rough, strong (B. T.); Icel. _sterkr_, strong. See =storken.=

=startups,= rustic shoes with high tops, or half-gaiters; ‘_Guestres_ [gaiters], startups, high shooes, or gamashes for countrey folks’, Cotgrave; Hall, Satires, book vi; Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 4 (Cloe). See Nares. In prov. use in the Midlands (EDD.).

=state,= high rank, dignity. 3 Hen. VI, iii. 2. 93; _chair of state_, a canopied chair, dais, or throne for a king, 3 Hen. VI, i. 1. 51; Hen. VIII, iv. 1. 67; _state_ = _chair of state_, Twelfth Nt. ii. 5. 51; Coriol. v. 24; Macbeth, iii. 4. 5; _states_, persons of high rank, Cymb. iii. 4. 39; _state_, an estate, Beaumont and Fl., Wit without Money, i. 1. 7; Rule a Wife, iii. 5 (Leon).

=statist,= a statesman, politician. Hamlet, v. 2. 33; Beaumont and Fl., Laws of Candy, ii. 1 (Gonzalo); Webster, Appius, i. 3 (Virginius). Ital. _statista_ (Florio).

=statua,= a statue. Jul. Caesar, iii. 2. Bacon, Essay 27, § 6, and 45, § 3; a picture, Massinger, City Madam, v. 3 (Sir John, 15th speech). L. _statua_, an image, statue (commonly made of metal).

=statuminate,= to prop up. B. Jonson, New Inn, ii. 2 (Tipto). L. _statumino_ (Pliny).

=statute-caps,= woollen caps, which, by a statute of 1571, citizens were enjoined to wear on holydays. L. L. L. v. 2. 281. Also, the wearers of such caps, citizens, Middleton, Family of Love, v. 3 (Dryfat). See Nares.

=statute-lace,= lace made according to a law that regulated its width and material. Massinger, Parl. of Love, iv. 5 (Perigot).

=statute-merchant,= or =statute-staple,= a bond acknowledged before one of the clerks of the _statute-merchant_, and mayor of the _staple_, or chief warden of the City of London, or other sufficient men; see quotation from Blount, in Nares. ‘His lands be engaged in twenty statutes staple’, Middleton, Family of Love, i. 3 (Glister); cp. Marston, Scourge of Villainy, Sat. iii. 110.

=stauling ken;= see =stalling ken.=

=staunce,= disagreement. Gascoigne, Supposes, ii. 4 (Dulipo). See =distance.=

=stead,= to stand in good stead; ‘Necessaries which since have steaded much’, Temp. i. 2. 165; to be of use to, benefit, help, Gent. Ver. ii. 1. 124; Othello, i. 3. 344; _stead up_, to take a person’s place (in an arrangement), Meas. for M. iii. 1. 261.

=steaming;= see =steming.=

=sted,= a bedstead. Dryden, tr. of Virgil, Georgies, ii. 726.

=stedy,= an anvil. Caxton, Hist. Troye, leaf 149, back, 30. This form for ‘stithy’ is in prov. use in the north country, see EDD. (s.v. Stiddy). Icel. _steði_. See =stithy.=

=steenkirk,= a loose cravat of fine lace. Vanbrugh, The Relapse, i. 3 (Sempstress); Congreve, Love for Love, i. 2 (Scandal). Named with reference to the battle of Steenkerke (1692). See Stanford.

=stele,= the shaft of an arrow, Ascham, Toxophilus, p. 123; the handle of a rake, Fitzherbert, Husbandry, § 24. 19; ‘Steale or handell of a staffe, _manche_’, Palsgrave. This word in many spellings is in common prov. use in Scotland and England for a shaft or handle, esp. a long straight handle, see EDD. (s.v. Steal, sb.^{2}). ME. _stele_, or sterte of a vessel, ‘ansa’ (Prompt. EETS. 434). OE. _stela_, a stalk. See =stale= (3).

=stelled,= fixed; ‘A face where all distress is stell’d’, Lucrece, 1444; _stelled fires_, fixed stars, King Lear, iii. 7. 61. ‘To stell’ is in prov. use in Scotland in the sense of to place, set, fix, see EDD. (s.v. Stell, vb. 7). OE. _stellan_, to place.

=stellionate,= fraudulent dealing. Bacon, Henry VII, ed. Lumby, p. 62. L. _stellionatus_, trickery; from _stellio_, a knave.

=stem,= to keep in, enclose. Spelt _stemme_, Spenser, F. Q. vi. 10. 12. Icel. _stemma_, to stop, dam up.

=steming,= shining, bright; ‘Two stemyng eyes’, Sir T. Wyatt, Sat. i. 53; ‘With skouling steaming eyes’, Phaer, tr. of Aeneid, vi. 300 (L. _stant lumina flamma_). ME. _steeme_, or lowe of fyre, ‘flamma’ (Prompt. EETS. 434); _stem_: ‘A stem Als it were a sunnebem’ (Havelok, 591).

=stench,= ‘staunch’, firm; hence, continent. Lady Alimony, iii. 3 (Sea-song, st. 5). See EDD. (s.v. Staunch, adj. 10 and 11).

=stene, steane,= a stone jar or pitcher. Spelt _stene_, Udall, tr. of Apoph., Aristippus, § 17; _steane_, Spenser, F. Q. vii. 7. 42. ‘Stean’ is in prov. use in various parts of England, see EDD. (s.v. 3). ME. _steene_, a pitcher, earthenware vessel, Trevisa, tr. Higden, bk. i, c. 41; OE. _stǣna_, an earthenware jug (Sweet).

=stent,= to leave off, to cause to cease. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 4. 12; to cease, pt. t., Sackville, Mirror for Mag., Induction, st. 32. In common prov. use in Scotland, see EDD. (s.v. Stent, vb.^{1} 2). ME. _stenten_, to cease, to cause to cease (Chaucer). See =stint.=

=stepony;= see =stiponie.=

=stept in age,= advanced in years. Ascham, Scholemaster, p. 152. OE. _stæppan_, _steppan_, to proceed, advance (B. T.).

=stern,= the hinder part of an object; used of the tail of a dragon. Spenser, F. Q. i. 1. 18; i. 11. 28. The same word as _stern_, the hinder part of a ship. Hence _sternage_, steerage, Hen. V, iii, Prol. 18. Icel. _stjōrn_, a steering, hence, the steering-place.

=sterve,= to die. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 6. 34; Fairfax, Tasso, ii. 17. ME. _sterve_, to die, esp. to die of famine (Chaucer, C. T. A. 1249; C. T. C. 451). OE. _steorfan_, to die; cp. G. _sterben_.

=stethva,= a congress of Welsh bards. Drayton, Pol. iv. 177. Welsh _eisteddfod_.

=steven,= voice, outcry. Spenser, Shep. Kal., Sept., 224; _steuyn_, Skelton, ed. Dyce, i. 130, l. 144. In common prov. use in the north country, see EDD. (s.v. Steven, sb.^{1} 1 and 2). ME. _stevene_, voice (Chaucer, C. T. A. 2562). OE. _stefn_.

=stick-free,= sword-proof, invulnerable to a sword-thrust. Burton, Anat. Mel., Of Witches and Magicians (ed. Shilleto, 1. 233); Shirley, Young Admiral, iv. 1 (ed. 1637). See Mod. Lang. Notes, June, 1912. G. _stichfrei_, sword-proof.

=stickle,= to interpose between combatants, and separate them when they had sufficiently satisfied the laws of honour, to act as umpire between combatants; ‘I styckyll betwene wrastellers . . . to se that none do other wronge, or I parte folkes that be redy to fyght’, Palsgrave; ‘(The angel) stickles betwixt the remainders of God’s hosts and the race of fiends’, Dryden, Ded. Trans. Juvenal; _to be stickled_, to be settled by a ‘stickler’, Drayton, Muses’ Elysium, Nymph. 6. Hence _stickler_, Tr. and Cr. v. 8. 18; Florio, Montaigne, ii. 27; Dryden, Oliver Cromwell, 41. ME. _stihtlen_, to order, arrange, as a steward or a master of the ceremonies (P. Plowman, C. xvi. 40). See Nares, Trench, Select Glossary (ed. 1890), and Dict.

=sticklebag,= a ‘stickleback’, a small fish. Beaumont and Fl., Wit at several Weapons, v. 1 (Pompey).

=stigmatic,= one branded with infamy, Webster, White Devil (Flamineo), ed. Dyce, p. 26; one branded by nature with deformity, 2 Hen. VI, v. 1. 215; 3 Hen. VI, ii. 2. 136; also, _stigmatical_, Com. Errors, iv. 2. 22. Gk. στιγματικός, branded with a mark (στίγμα).

=stike,= a ‘stich’, a verse. Sackville, Induction, st. 21. Gk. στίχος, a row, a line.

=still,= to ‘distil’, to fall in drops. Spenser, F. Q. iv. 7. 35.

=stillatory,= a still-room, for keeping distilled waters. Beaumont and Fl., Faithful Friends, iv. 3 (near end). Late L. _stillatorium_, from _stillare_, to fall in drops.

=Stilliard,= the Steelyard; the place of business used by the German merchants in London. Westward Ho, ii. 1 (Justiniano); _Stilyard merchants_, merchants of the Steelyard, Stow’s Survey (ed. Thoms, p. 88). See Notes and Queries, 10 S. vi. 413, and Dict. (s.v. Steelyard, 1).

=stint,= to cause to cease. Timon, v. 4. 83; to cease, Pericles, iv. 4. 42; Spenser, F. Q. i. 9. 29; Mother Hubberd, 1092. ME. _stinte_, to cease, to cause to cease (Chaucer). See M. and S. (s.v. Stynten). OE. _styntan_, to make dull, ‘_hebetare_’ (B. T.). See =stent.=