Chapter III: Irregular Verbs

_1. PRETERIT-PRESENTS._

§ 196. Preterit-Presents ar strong verbs whose preterit has assumed a present meaning. In consequence thereof the real presents hav been lost. These verbs form the preterit like weak verbs by adding =-da= (=-ta=, =-þa=, =-sa=; cp. §§ 75. 81). Their inflection is the same as that of =nasida= (§ 184). According to the form of their presents, the preterit-presents may be distributed among the different classes of the strong verbs. The prs. inflects like a strong preterit. In the following the 13 Gothic verbs of this kind ar clast according to the corresponding ablaut-series:

§ 197. First Ablaut-Series.

1. Prs. =wait=, _I know_, 2nd pers. =waist=, pl. =witum=, opt. =witjau=; prt. =wissa=, prt. opt. =wissêdjau=, prs. ptc. =witands=, inf. [=witan=].

2. =lais=, _I know_ (the only form extant; causativ =laisjan=, _to teach_).

NOTE. The complete strong verb of =wait= is =*weitan=, =wait=,
=witum=, =witans=, retaind in =fraweitan=, _to avenge_, and in
=inweitan=, _to wurship_ (§ 172, n. 1).--To =wait= belongs also a
weak verb of the III. weak conj., =witan=, =witaida=, _to look at,
observ_.

§ 198. Second Ablaut-Series.

3. =daug= (impers., the only form extant), _it is of use, it profits_.

§ 199. Third Ablaut-Series.

4. =kann=, _I know_, 2nd pers. =kant= (also =kannt=; cp. § 80), pl. =kunnum=; prt. indic. =kunþa=, prt. opt. =kunþêdjau=, pp. =kunþs=, _known_; inf. =kunnan=; prsp. =kunnands=.

5. =þarf=, _I need, be in want of_, 2nd pers. =þarft=, pl. =þaúrbum=, opt. =þaúrbjau=; prt. =þaúrfta=, pp. =þaúrfts=, _necessary_, prsp. =þaúrbands=, _needing_, inf. [=þaúrban=].--Cp. § 56, n. 3.

6. =ga-dars=, _I dare_, pl. =ga-daúrsum=, opt. =gadaúrsjau=; prt. =gadaúrsta=; inf. =gadaúrsan=.

NOTE. Like =kann= inflect its cpds.: =frakann=, _I despise_;
=gakann=, _I subject myself_.--With this must not be confounded
the derivativ weak verb =-kunnan= of the III. weak conjug.,
=-kunnan=, =-kunnaida=, _to recognize_, in the cpds.: =anakunnan=
(ἀναγιγνώσκειν), _to read_; =atkunnan=, _to grant, award_;
=gakunnan=, _to know, consider, read_ (Mk. XII, 26).--=uf-kunnan=,
_to recognize, know_, belongs in the prs. and pp. (=ufkunnaiþs=) to
the III. weak conjug., but its prt. is =ufkunþa=, onse (I. Cor. I,
21) =ufkunnaida=.

§ 200. Fourth Ablaut-Series.

7. =skal=, _I shal_, 2nd pers. =skalt=, pl. =skulum=, opt. =skuljau=; prt. =skulda=, opt. =skuldêdjau=, pp. =skulds=, _owing_; inf. [=skulan=], prsp. =skulands=.

8. =man=, _I think, suppose_, 2nd pers. [=mant=], pl. =munum=, opt. =munjau=; prt. =munda=, pp. =munds= (Lu. III, 23); inf. =munan=, prsp. =munands=.

NOTE. Like =man= goes =gaman=, _I remember_.--To this belongs also
=munan=, prt. =munaida=, a derivativ wv. of the III. conjug.

§ 201. Fifth Ablaut-Series.

9. =mag=, _I may, can_, 2nd pers. =magt=, 3d =mag=; dual =magu=, =maguts=, pl. =magum=, =maguþ=, =magun=, opt. =magjau=; prt. =mahta=, opt. =mahtêdjau=, pp. =mahts=; inf. [=magan=], prsp. =magands=.

10. =ga-nah=, _it suffices_; =binah=, _it is permitted, it is lawful_. These impersonal forms and the pp. =binaúhts= ar the only forms extant. There may be inferd the pl. =-naúhum=; prt. =-naúhta=; inf. =-naúhan=.

§ 202. Sixth Ablaut-Series.

11. =ga-môt=, _I hav_ or _find room_ or _place_, 2nd pers. [=môst=], pl. [=môtum=], opt. =gamôtjau=, prt. =gamôsta=; inf. [=gamôtan=].

12. =ôg=, _I fear_, 2nd pers. [=ôht=], pl. [=ôgum=], opt. =ôgjau=; prt. =ôhta=; inf. [=ôgan=]. Causativ =ôgjan=, _to frighten_.

NOTE 1. To =ôg= belongs an anomalous 2nd pers. sg. imper.: =ôgs=,
_fear thou!_ The opt. =ôgeiþ= does duty for the corresponding 2nd
pers. pl.

NOTE 2. The only extant form of the primary strong verb is the
negativ prsp. =unagands=, _fearless_.

§ 203. The verb =áih=, _I hav_, belongs to none of the ablaut-series. Disregarding the want of reduplication, we may, according to its formation, refer it to a reduplicated prt. like =haíhait= (§ 179, 3). The extant forms ar: 1st and 3d pers. sg. =áih= (onse =aig=), pl. 1st =aigum= and =áihum=, 2nd =áihuþ= (onse), 3d =aigun=, opt. sg. 3d =aigi=, pl. 2nd =aigeiþ=, 3d =aigeina=; prt. =áihta=; prsp. =aigands= (5 times) and =áihands= (onse), inf. =áihan= (only onse, in =faíráihan=, _to partake_).

NOTE. In most forms there is a peculiar fluctuation between =g=
and =h= in such a manner that the =h= is predominant in the sg.
(=áih=), the =g= in the other forms. Cp. § 66, n. 1; § 79, n. 2.

_2. THE VERBS 'be' AND 'wil'._

§ 204. The old root es-, which is preservd in all Indo-Germanic languages, occurs in the Gothic substantiv verb only in the present indic. and opt. The remaining forms ar supplied by the strong verb =wisan= (§ 176, n. 1). The pp. is wanting (cp. Anz. fda., 14, 286).

+Present.+

INDIC. OPT.

Sing. 1. =im= =sijau=
2. =is= =sijais=
3. =ist= =sijai=

Dual 1. =siju= [=sijaiwa=]
2. [=sijuts=] [=sijaits=]

Plur. 1. =sijum= =sijaima=
2. =sijuþ= =sijaiþ=
3. =sind= =sijaina=

INF.: =wisan=

PRSP.: =wisands=

+Preterit.+

INDIC.: =was=, =wast=, =was=, etc.

OPT.: =wêsjau=

NOTE 1. For =ij= (in the opt. and du. pl. indic. prs.) also simpl
=i= (§ 10, n. 4) is occasionally found; e. g., pl. indic. 1st pers.
=sium=, 2nd =siuþ=, opt. =siau=, etc. But the ful forms occur far
more frequently. The comparativly small number of the forms with
=i= is confined to the epistls (especially in Cod. B) and to the
gospel of Lu. which also in other respects shows many irregular
forms (V, 10. VIII, 25. IX, 12. 41. XIV, 31). Of two extant codices
(II. Cor. VII, 13. Phil. IV, 5. Col. IV, 6. I. Tim. V, 22) one (in
three cases A) always has the correct form with =j=.

NOTE 2. Insted of the imper. the opt. forms, sg. =sijais=, =sijai=,
pl. =sijaiþ=, ar employd. The form =sai= (= Gr. ἔστω), which occurs
onse in the manuscript, either stands erroneously for =sijai=,
=siai=, or must, according to Osthoff (Beitr., 8, 311), be regarded
as interj. =sai=, _'ecce'!_

NOTE 3. =nist= = =ni ist=, _is not_ (§ 10, n. 2), =þatist= =
=þata ist=, _that is_, =karist= = =kara ist=, _there is care, it
concerns_; Jo. X, 12 (§ 4, n. 1).

§ 205. The verb 'wil' has in the present only an opt. which discharges, however, the function of the indicativ. This present optativ has the uzual terminations of the prt. opt. Its preterit is weak. The extant forms ar:--

PRESENT: Sg. 1. =wiljau= 2. =wileis= 3. =wili=
Du. 2. =wileits=
Pl. 1. =wileima= 2. =wileiþ= 3. =wileina=

INFINITIV: =wiljan=

PRSP.: =wiljands=

PRET.: =wilda= OPT.: =wildêdjau=

(Inflection like that of =nasida=, § 184.)

_3. IRREGULARITIES._

§ 206. The distinction between the present stem and the preterit stem of the strong ablaut verbs consists only in the change of the vowel. The consonantal skeleton of the word remains the same. This was not always so, for in proethnic Germanic, as in other Indo-Germanic languages, there existed present formations with additional consonantal elements. Of these a few remnants stil survive in Gothic, which from a Gothic point of view must be regarded as irregularities.

(a) Present formations with =j=. The =j= of these formations which in the present inflect entirely like weak verbs of the I. conjug. (as, =nasjan=, =sôkjan=), is no formativ suffix and is dropt in the prt. and pp. The existing exampls ar:--=bidjan= (§ 176, n. 5), =hafjan=, =fraþjan=, =hlahjan=, =skapjan=, =skaþjan=, =wahsjan= (§ 177, n. 2), =arjan= (§ 179, n. 5). Cp. also § 209.

(b) Present stems with a final nasal: =keinan= (§ 172, n. 2) and =fraíhnan= (§ 176, n. 4); --a medial nasal is seen in =standan= (§ 177, n. 3).

§ 207. The verb =gaggan= belongs, according to its present and pp. and according to the testimony of the other Germanic languages, to the reduplicated verbs (§ 179, n. 3). Its prt. is uzually represented by the defectiv =iddja= which is conjugated like a weak prt.: =iddja=, _I went_, =iddjês=, =iddja=, etc.; opt. =iddjêdjau=. Onse, however (Lu. XIX, 12), a weak prt. =gaggida= occurs.

§ 208. =briggan=, _to bring_, is, according to its prs., an ablaut verb (III), but the prt. (with ablaut) is formd weak: =brâhta= (from =*branhta=, § 5, b), pp. [=brâhts=].

§ 209. Sum verbs whose present follows the first weak conjug. (in part perhaps belonging to § 206, a), form the prt. weak, but without the formativ suffix =i=: =bugjan=, _to buy_, =baúhta=; =brûkjan=, _to uze_, =brûhta=; =waúrkjan=, _to work_, =waúrhta=; =þagkjan=, _to think_, =þâhta= (§ 5, b); =þugkjan=, _to seem_, =þûhta= (§ 15, b). The extant pps. ar:--=baúhts= < =bugjan=, =waúrhts= < =waúrkjan=, the remaining ones would be =brûhts=, =þâhts=, =þûhts= (§ 75); =þâhts= occurs in =anda-þâhts=, _cautious, vigilant_; =þûhts= in =háuh-þûhts=, =mikil-þûhts=, _haughty_.

NOTE. Cp. also =kaupatjan= (§ 187, n. 1), which has, however, the
formativ =i= in the pp.

CHAP. VI. PARTICLS.

1. ADVERBS.

§ 210. Adverbs of Manner ar formd from adjectivs. (a) The commonest adverbial suff. is =-ba= which is added to the stem of the adjectiv.

Thus, from =a=-stems (§§ 123. 124); e. g., =ubilaba=, _evilly_; =baírhtaba=, _brightly_; from a =ja=-stem (§ 125 et seq.): =sunjaba=, _truly_.--The original =i-= and =u=-stems (§§ 129-131) also show here their real stem-endings; e. g., =analaugniba=, _secretly_; =anasiuniba=, _visibly_; =arniba=, _surely_; =gatêmiba=, _fitly_; --=harduba=, _hard, severely_; =manwuba=, _redily_; =glaggwuba=, _accurately_.

NOTE. =a= for =u= is found onse each in =hardaba=; II. Cor. XIII,
10 (in Cod. A, =harduba= in B); =glaggwaba=; Lu. XV, 8.--Cp.
=brôþra-lubô= (in A), § 88ᵃ, n. 2.

§ 211. (b) Another class of adverbs formd from adjectivs hav the suffix =-ô= which contains the final vowel of the adjectival stem; e. g., =galeikô=, _similarly_; =ûhteigô=, _seasonably_; =þiubjô=, _secretly_; =glaggwô= (beside =glaggwuba=, _accurately_).

NOTE. The same adverbial ending also in =auftô=, _perhaps_;
=sprautô=, _quickly_; =missô=, _reciprocally_; =sundrô=,
_especially_; =unwêniggô=, _unexpectedly_; =ufarô=, _abuv_;
=undarô=, _below_; =aftarô=, _behind, from behind_.

§ 212. From comparativ adjectivs an adverbial form has developt which ends in the bare comparativ suffix (=-iz=), =-is=; e. g., =háuhis=, _higher_; =áiris=, _erlier_; =mais=, _more_; =haldis=, _rather, more_; =framis=, _further_; =nêƕis=, _nearer_.

NOTE 1. Without the =i= of the suffix ar formd: =mins= (§ 78, n.
1), _less_; =waírs=, _wurse_; =þana-seiþs=, _further, more_.

NOTE 2. With the comparativ suffix =-ôs= appear =sniumundôs=, _more
speedily_; =aljaleikôs=, _otherwise_.

NOTE 3. As superlativ adverbs occur the neuter forms =frumist=,
_first_; =maist=, _most_.

§ 213. Adverbs of Place ar formd either without a suffix or by means of the suffixes =-þ= (=-d=) and =-drê= to denote motion towards a place; by means of the suffixes =-r= and =-a= to denote rest in a place; with the suffixes =-þrô= and =-ana= to denote motion from a place.

NOTE 1. From pronominal stems ar thus formd the correlativs:

=ƕaþ=, =ƕadrê=, _wither?_ | =ƕar=, _where_ | =ƕaþrô=, _whense_
=[þaþ]= (=þadei=, _where, whither_) | =þar=, _there_ | =þaþrô=, _thense_
=jaind=, =jaindrê=, _thither_ | =jainar=, _yonder_ | =jainþrô=, _thense_
=aljaþ=, _elsewhere, away_ | =aljar=, _elsewhere_ | =aljaþrô=, _by another way_
| =hêr=, _here_ |

NOTE 2. Other exampls: (a) 'Whither'? =dalaþ=, _down_; =samaþ=,
_together_; =iup=, _upwards_; =ût=, _out_; =inn=, _into_. (b)
'Where'? =dalaþa=, _below_; =iupa=, _abuv_; =ûta=, _out_; =inna=,
_in_; =faírra=, _far_; =afta=, _behind_. (c) 'Whense'? =dalaþrô=,
_from below_; =iupaþrô= and =iupana=, _from abuv_; =ûtaþrô= and
=ûtana=, _from without_; =innaþrô= and =innana=, _from within_;
=allaþrô=, _from all sides_; =faírraþrô=, _from afar_; =aftana=,
_from behind_; =hindana=, _from behind, beyond_.

§ 214. Adverbs of Time ar for the most part represented by cases of substantivs; e. g., =gistradagis=, _to-morrow_; =himma daga=, _to-day_; =du maúrgina=, _to-morrow_; =ni aiw=, _never_ (acc. of =aiws=, _time_); =framwigis=, _continually_.

NOTE. Simpl adverbs of time are rare: =nu=, _now_; =ju=, _alredy_;
=áir=, _erly_; =simlê=, _onse_; =ufta=, _often_; from pronominal
stems: =þan=, _then_; =ƕan=, _when?, whenever_; =suman=, _in times
past_.

§ 215. Other nominal cases than those givn in § 214 ar also uzed as adverbs; e. g., =landis=, _far away_, lit. '_of land_'; =allis=, _holely_; =sunja= and =bi sunjai=, _truly_.

§ 216. Questions and Answers ar mostly accumpanied by adverbial particls. Interrogativ particls ar: =-u= (=niu=, _not?_, § 18, n. 2); =an=, =nuh=, _then?_; =ibai=, _whether_; =jau= (=ja-u=), _whether_; =þau=, _perhaps_.--Affirmativ particls: =ja=, =jai=, _yes, truly!_; a negativ particl is =nê=, _no!_ These particls, however, ar rarely uzed 'alone' as answers, the verb of the question being uzually repeated, in negativ sentences with the adv. =ni=.

NOTE. The interrogativ particl =-u= is enclitically attacht to
the first word of the sentence; as, =skuldu=; e. g., =skuldu ist
kaisaragild giban=; Mk. XII, 14. In combinations with a prefix the
=u= is attacht to the prefix; e. g., =galaubjats þatei magjau þata
taujan?= Mk. IX, 28.

2. PREPOSITIONS.

§ 217. (a) With the Dativ: =alja=, _except_; =af=, _of_; =du=, _to_; =miþ=, _with_; =us=, _out, out of_; =faúra=, _before_; =fram=, _from_; =nêƕa=, _near_; =faírra=, _far off_; =undarô=, _under_.

(b) With the Accusativ: =and=, _along_; =þaírh=, _thru, by_; =inuh=, _without_; =undar=, _under_; =wiþra=, _against_; =faúr=, _for_.

(c) With Dativ and Accusativ: =ana=, _on, upon_; =at=, _at, by_; =afar=, _after_; =bi=, _by, according to, against, about, concerning_; =hindar=, _behind, beyond_; =und= w. dat., _for_; w. acc., _unto, to, until_; =uf=, _under, beneath_; =ufar=, _over, abuv_.

(d) With Genitiv and Dativ: =ufarô=, _over, abuv, upon_.

(e) With Genitiv, Dativ, and Accusativ: =in= w. gen., _on account of, for ... sake_; w. dat., _in, into, within, among, on, at_; w. acc., _in, into, toward, against_, etc. (s. the Glossary).

NOTE. Also adverbs ar uzed as prepositions with the genitiv; =as=,
=utaþrô=, =utana=, =hindana=, =innana= (§ 213, n. 2).

3. CONJUNCTIONS.

§ 218. (a) Copulativ: =jah=, _and, also_; =-uh=, _and_ (cp. § 24, n. 2); =nih=, _and not_. (b) Disjunctiv: =aíþþau=, _or_; =andizuh... aíþþau=, _either ... or_; =jaþþê...jaþþê=, _whether ... or_; =þau= (=þáuh=), _or_. (c) Adversativ: =iþ=, =þan=, =aþþan=, =akei=, _but, however_; =ak=, _but_. (d) Causal: =allis=, =auk=, =untê=, =raíhtis=, _for, because_. (e) Conclusiv: =þanuh=, =þaruh=, =eiþan=, =nu=, =nuh=, =þannu=, =nunu=, _now, therefore, hense_. (f) Conditional: =jabai=, _if_, =niba=, =nibai=, _if not, unless_ (§ 10, n. 2). (g) Concessiv: =þáuhjabai=, _even if, tho_; =swêþauh=, _yet, indeed, however_. (h) Final: =ei=, =þatei=, =þêei=, =þei=, _that, in order that_; =ei=, =swaei, waswê=, _so that_; =ibai= (=iba=), _that not, lest_. (i) Comparativ: =ƕaiwa=, _how?_; =swê=, _as_; =swaswê=, _so as, as_; =þau=, (=þáuh=), _than_. (k) Temporal: =swê=, _as, when_; =þan=, =þandê=, _when, as long as_; =biþê=, =miþþanei=, _while_; =sunsei=, _as soon as_; =faúrþizei=, _before_; =untê=, =und þatei=, =þandê=, _til, until, as long as_.

NOTE. Sum of these conjunctions ar uzed also as adverbs. The adverbial origin of a few is even recognizabl from their form; e. g., =allis=, =raihtis=, =faúrþizei= (=faúrþis=, adv., _beforehand_).

4. INTERJECTIONS.

§ 219. =ô=, _oh! ah!_; =wai=, _woe!_; =sai=, _behold!_--Interjectional in meaning ar the sg. =hiri=, the du. =hirjats=, and the pl. =hirjiþ=, _cum here!_ (cp. § 20, n. 1; § 187, n. 4).