Chapter II: Appendix

§ 27. Beside the vowel-signs discust in the foregoing paragrafs, a few consonant-signs may likewise discharge the function of vowels, for the Gothic liquids =l=, =r= and the nasals =m=, =n= ar very often vocalic (i. e. syllabic) at the end of a word after a consonant. Here an original suffixal vowel was lost in most cases, and in its place the following liquid or nasal became the bearer of the accent. Thus the Gothic has dissyllabic words with vocalic liquids or vocalic nasals (sonant liquids or sonant nasals); as, =ak~r~s=, _field_; =fug~l~s=, _bird_; =taik~n~s=, _token_; =maiþ~m~s=, _present_.

NOTE In the West Germanic languages a new vowel (OHG. a) has
developt from these vocalic liquids and nasals; e. g., OHG. akkar,
fogal, zeihhan, OS. mêþom. Cp. ahd. gr., § 65, and Brgm., I, 190.
237.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.

CHAP. III. TABLE OF THE GOTHIC VOWELS.

A. FONETIC SYSTEM.

§ 28. In the preceding paragrafs the Gothic vowels hav been givn according to the letters by which they ar represented. Now they wil be arranged according to the nature of their +sounds+, the following scale of seven vowels from i to u being taken as a basis:

i e æ a ǫ o u.

e and o denote here the close e and o (which shade very much to i and u, respectivly); æ = open e (= a in fat, fare); ǫ = open o.

In the following survey we shal state after each of these vowel grades whether it occurs in Gothic, and by what letter it is exprest.

i: Short, =i= (§ 10).
Long, =ei= (§§ 16. 17).
e: Short, wanting.
Long, =ê= (§§ 6-8).
æ: Short, =aí= (§ 20).
Long? (perhaps the ai in § 22).
a: Short, =a= (§§ 3. 4).
Long, =â= (§ 5).
ǫ: Short, wanting.
Long, =ô= (§§ 11. 12).
u: Short, =u= (§§ 13. 14).
Long, =û= (§ 15).

Difthongs:
iu: §§ 18. 19.
ai: § 21.
au: § 25.

B. HISTORICAL SYSTEM (Ablaut-Series).

§ 29. The Gothic vowels, as regarded from a historico-etymological point of view, may be groupt into a number of series of related vowels. The vowels belonging to such a series may interchange in formations with the same root; in the formation of tenses and in the verbal and nominal derivation all vowels of the same series may occur, but not such as hav nothing in common with that series. This change of vowels within a series is calld +ablaut+ (or gradation), the series themselvs +ablaut-series+. The ablaut-series ar most perceptibl in the verb. The relation between the vowels of the same series is not a fonetic but a +historical+ one; to establish it, we must pass beyond the limits of the Germanic languages and take recourse to the comparativ grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages. The Gothic ablaut-series as appearing in verbal inflection ar these (cp. § 172 et seq.):

§ 30. I. Series: =ei= =ai= =i (aí)=.

Exampls: =reisan= (=urreisan=), =rais=, =risum=, =risans=, _to rize_; =urraisjan=, _to raiz_; =urrists=, f., _resurrection_; --=þeihan=, =þaíh=, =þaíhum=, =þaíhans=, _to thrive_; --=wait=, _I know_; pl. =witum=; =weitan=, _to see_; =weitwôds=, _witness_; =miþ-wissei=, _conscience_; =witubni=, n., _knowledge_; --=lais=, _I know_; =lubja-leisei=, f., _wichcraft_; =lists=, f. (?), _stratagem_; =laisjan=, _to teach_.

NOTE. The =i= of this series is the proethnic Germanic i mentiond
in § 10, b.

§ 31. II. Series: =iu= =au= =u (aú)=.

Exampls: =giuta=, =gaut=, =gutum=, =gutans=, _to pour_; =gutnan=, _to pour_ (intr.); --=liugan=, =laug=, =lugum=, =lugans=, _to lie_; =liugnja=, m., _liar_; =liugn=, n., _lie_; =analaugns=, _hidn_; =laugnjan=, _to deny_; --=galaubjan=, _to believ_; =galaubeins=, _belief_; =liufs=, _dear_; =lubô=, f., _luv_; =lubains=, f., _hope_; --=siuks=, _sick_; =saúhts=, f., _sickness_; --=driusan=, _to fall_; =drausjan=, _to drop_ (tr.); =drus=, m., _fall_; =driusô=, f., _slope_.

NOTE. The vowel =û= is rare in this series; cp. =lûkan=, _to lock_
(§ 173, n. 2); =anabûsns= (? § 15, n. 1), _command_, < =biudan=.

§ 32. III. Series: =i (aí)= =a= =u (aú)=.

The themes of this series always hav two consonants after the vowel, mostly a liquid or a nasal in gemination, or a liquid or a nasal + another consonant. E. g.

=bindan=, =band=, =bundum=, =bundans=, _to bind_; =bandi=, f., _band_; =bandja=, m., _prisoner_; =gabinda=, f., _band, bond_; =and-bundnan=, _to becum loose_; =gabundi=, f., _bond_; --=rinnan=, _to run_; =rannjan=, _to cause to run_; =runs=, m., _a run, course_; =rinnô=, f., _brook_; --=waírpan=, =warp=, =waúrpum=, =waúrpans=, _to throw_; =uswaúrpa=, f., _a casting out_ or _away, an outcast_; --=þaírsan=, _to be dry_; =þaúrsnan=, _to wither_; =þaúrsus=, _dry, witherd_; =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; --=drigkan=, _to drink_; =dragkjan=, _to giv to drink_; =dragk=, n., _a drink, potion_; =-drukja=, m., _a drinker_; =drugkanei=, f., _drunkenness_; --=þriskan=, _to thresh_; =gaþrask=, n., _threshing-floor_.

NOTE. The =i= of this and the following two series is that givn in
§ 10, a (= proethnic Germanic e).

§ 33. IV. Series: =i (aí)= =a= =ê= =u (aú)=.

The stems of this series hav a simpl liquid or nasal after the vowel. E. g.

=niman=, =nam=, =nêmum=, =numans=, _to take_; =-numja=, m., _taker_; =anda-numts=, f., _a receiving_; =andanêms=, _agreeabl_; =andanêm=, n., _a receiving_; --=baíran=, =bar=, =bêrum=, =baúrans=, _to bear_; =baúr=, m., '_natus_'; =barn=, n., _child_; =bêrusjôs=, _parents_; --=ga-timan=, _to becum, suit_; =ga-tamjan=, _to tame_; =gatêmiba=, _fitly_.

NOTE. To this series belongs also =brikan=, =brak=, =brêkum=,
=brukans=, _to break_: =gabruka=, f., _a broken bit_; =us-bruknan=,
_to break off_ (intr.); =brakja=, f., _strugl_.--Also =trudan=, _to
tred_; § 175, n. 2.

§ 34. V. Series: =i (aí)= =a= =ê=.

The vowel of the stems of this series is followd by a singl consonant other than a liquid or a nasal. E. g.

=giban=, =gaf=, =gêbum=, =gibans=, _to giv_; =giba=, f., _gift_; =gabei=, f., _richness_; --=sitan=, _to sit_; =satjan=, _to set_; =anda-sêts=, _abominabl_; --=mitan=, _to mezure_; =mitôn=, _to consider_; =mitaþs=, f., _mezure_; =usmêt=, n., _manner of life_; --=ga-nisan=, _to be saved_, _recuver_; =nasjan=, _to save_; =ganists=, _salvation_.

NOTE. Also =saíƕan=, =saƕ=, =sêƕum=, =saíƕans=, belongs to this
class, because =ƕ= represents a singl sound; § 63, n. 1.

§ 35. VI. Series: =a= =ô=.

Most of the stems of this series end in a singl consonant. E. g.

=wakan=, =wôk=, =wôkum=, =wakans=, _to wake_; =waknan=, _to awake_; =wahtwô=, f., _wach_; =wôkains=, f., _a waching_; --=graban=, _to dig_; =grôba=, f., _pit, hole_; =graba=, f., _dich_; --=fraþjan=, =frôþ=, _to understand_; =fraþi=, n., _understanding_; =frôþs=, _wise_; =frôdei=, f., _understanding, wisdom_; --=hafjan=, =hôf=, _to heav_ (tr.); =-hafnan=, _to heav_ (intr.); =haban=, _to hav, hold_; =ungahôbains=, f., _incontinency_; --=ôg=, _I fear_; =unagands=, _fearless_; =ôgjan=, _to frighten_; =usagjan=, _to terrify_; =agis=, n., _fear_; --=sakan=, _to contend_; =sakjô=, f., _strife_; =sôkjan=, _to seek_; =sôkns=, f., _serch, inquiry_; =unand-sôks=, _irrefutabl_.

§ 36. Series: =ê= =ô= (VII. Ablaut-Series).

A connection between =ê= and =ô= occurs in the so-calld reduplicating ablaut-verbs =lêtan=, =laílôt=, etc.; =saian= (= =*sêan=, § 22), =saísô=, etc.; cp. § 180 et seq.

NOTE. This series is no longer found in the verbal inflection of
the remaining Germanic languages, but its existence is proved by
its occurring in word-formation; as, OHG. (â: ô) tât, f., tôn,
tuon, _to do_; --knâan, _to know_: knôt, chnuat, f., _kin_.--For
more on this point, s. Beitr. 11, 262 et seq.

CHAP. IV. THE CONSONANTS.

§ 37. The consonant-signs to be discust here both in regard to value and occurrence in the Gothic language hav alredy been enumerated in § 2. We divide the consonantal sounds in +sonorous+ consonants and +noizd sounds+. Cp. Sievers, Grundzüge der Phonetik⁴, p. 70 et seq. Accordingly, the Gothic consonant-signs =w=, =j=, =l=, =m=, =n=, =r=, represent the +sonorous sounds+, the rest the noizd sounds.

A. SONOROUS CONSONANTS.

1. The semivowels w and j.

§ 38. Germanic w and j ar the vowels u and i uzed as consonants; hense in Gothic the interchange between =i= and =j=, =u= and =w=, according to their position which determins their fonetic values as vowels or consonants. The consonantal i and u, which in other languages ar denoted by the same signs as the vocalic i and u, hav special signs in Gothic, =j= and =w=. These sounds ar also calld 'semivowels'.

w

§ 39. The sign of the Gothic alfabet which we represent by =w=, is, according to its form and alfabetic position, the Gr. υ. For this it also stands in Greek foren words, for exampl, =Pawlus=, Παῦλος; =Daweid=, Δαυίδ; =aíwaggêljô=, εὐαγγέλιον; =paraskaíwê=, παρασκευή. But the Gothic =w= stands not only for the Gr. υ of the combinations αυ, ευ, in which it had perhaps at that time assumed the value of a spirant, but also for simpl Greek υ, namely vocalic υ; as, =Swmaíôn=, Συμεών; =swnagôgê=, συναγωγή; =martwr=, μάρτυρ. But in our transcriptions of the Gothic texts the Greek vocalic υ is exprest by =y= instead of =w= (=Symaíôn=, =synagôgê=, =martyr=); so, also, for practical reasons, in this book.

NOTE 1. A noteworthy Gothic transcription is =kawtsjô= (= Lt.
cautio) in the document at Naples (§ 221, n. 3). Cp. Wrede,
'Ostg.', 166; Zs. fda., 36, 273.

NOTE 2. The Gothic sign is in most of the later editions
represented by =v=. But because of its correspondence in the
other Germanic languages the letter =w= should be uzed (as, Goth.
=wilja=, MHG. NHG. wille, OE. willa, NE. wil). Cp. Beitr., 12, 218
et seq.

§ 40. In Gothic words the =w= originally had the fonetic value of the consonantal =u= (= E. w). But at Wulfila's time the =u=-sound seems to hav alredy containd sumwhat of a spirant. Cp. Zs. fda., 36, 266 et seq. (37, 121 et seq.).

NOTE. Latin writers uzually express the =w= in proper nouns by uu.
=Vvilia=, =Uualamir=; but also often by Ub: =Ubadala= (= =Wadila=),
=Ubadamirus= (= =Wadamêrs=), etc. Greek authors mostly put οὐ for
the Goth. =w= (as in Οὐάνδαλοι), but also β (as in Βάνδαλοι). Cp.
Dietrich, pp. 77-80. Wrede, 'Wand.', 102; 'Ostg.', 167 et seq.

§ 41. Initial Gothic =w= occurs frequently; e. g., =wasjan=, _to clothe_; =witan=, _to know_; =wiljan=, _to wil_; =waír=, _man_; =warmjan=, _to warm_.

So also before =l= and =r=; as, =wlits=, _countenance_; =wrikan=, _to persecute_; =wrôhjan=, _to accuse_.

After the consonants: =t=, =d=, =þ=, =s=; e. g., =twai=, _two_; =dwals=, _foolish_; =þwahan=, _to wash_; =swistar=, _sister_.

Medial =w= before vowels; e. g., =awistr=, _sheepfold_; =saiwala=, _soul_; =hneiwan=, _to bow_; =siggwan=, _to sing_; =ûhtwô=, _dawn_; =taíhswô=, _right hand_; =nidwa=, _rust_.

NOTE. The signs =q= (=kw=) and =ƕ= (=hw=) ar also uzually explaind
as combinations of =w= with =k= and =h=. There ar reasons, however,
to assume that =q= and =ƕ= ar simpl labialized gutturals (§§ 59.
63). But on the other hand =q= and =ƕ= in High German ar treated
precisely like Goth. =tw=, =gw=, etc. (= t, g, etc., medial w being
dropt); for exampl, Goth. =ûhtwô=, =siggwan= = OHG. ûhta, singan;
and Goth. =sigqan=, =saíƕan= = OHG. sinkan, sehan. Altho this
proves nothing as to the values of the +Gothic+ signs, it certainly
shows that in +proethnic Germanic+ the tw, gw, etc., must hav
denoted sounds analogous to those of kw and hw.

§ 42. (1) =w= remains unchanged after +long+ vowels, +difthongs+, and +consonants+, (a) finally, (b) before the =s= of the nominativ, (c) before =j=; e. g., (a) =lêw=, n., _opportunity_; =hlaiw=, n., _grave_;, =waúrstw=, n., _work_; (b) =snaiws=, _snow_; =triggws=, _tru, faithful_; (c) =lêwjan=, _to betray_; =hnaiwjan=, _to abase_; =skadwjan=, _to cast a shade_ (< =skadus=, _shade_); =arwjô=, adv., _in vain_.

(2) in all three positions, however, =w= becums =u= after a +short+ vowel; e. g., (a) =snau= (prt. to =sniwan=, § 176, n. 2); =triu=, _tree_ (gen. =triwis=); =*kniu=, _knee_ (gen. =kniwis=, § 94, n. 1); (b) =naus=, m., _a ded person_ (gen. =nawis=); =*þius=, _servant_ (gen. =þiwis=, § 91, n. 3); (c) =mawi=, gen. =maujôs=, _girl_; =gawi=, gen. =gaujis=, _district_; =þiwi=, gen. =þiujôs=, _maid-servant_; =tawida=, pres. =taujan=, _to do_; =*straujan=, _to strew_, prt. =strawida; iujan=, _to quicken_, prt. =qiwida=.--Cp. Grundr., I, 414; Zs. fda., 36, 277.

NOTE 1. Hense a word does not end in =aw=, =iw=; =aws=, =iws=,
except the isolated =lasiws=, _weak_ (II. Cor. X, 10).

NOTE 2. =aw= for =au= occurs before =j= in =usskawjan=, _to awake_;
II. Tim. II, 26 (in B); I. Cor. XV, 34 (=ussk..jiþ= in MS.); and in
the nom. pl. =usskawai= (=unskawai= in MS.), _wakeful_; I. Thess.
V, 8; cp. § 124, n. 3.

NOTE 3. No exampl occurs for the position of medial =w= before
consonants other than =j= and =s=; before =n= after a short vowel
=u= is found in =qiunan= (< =qiwa-=), _to becum alive_; =siuns=
(cp. =saíƕa-=).

j

§ 43. The sign =j= stands, as a rule, for the Greek antevocalic ι, in =Akaja=, Αχαία; =Marja=, Μαρία; =Judas=, Ἰούδας; =Iskarjôtês=, Ἰσκαριώτης, etc. But Gr. antevocalic ι is also often represented by Goth. =i=; as, =Iskariôtês=, =Zakarias=, =Gabriêl=, =Iûdas=.--The sign =j= in Gothic pronunciation probably has the value of a consonantal =i=, not that of the spirant j in German.

§ 44. (a) +Initial+ =j= in Gothic words: =juk=, _yoke_; =jêr=, _year_; =ju=, _alredy_; =jus=, _yu_. (b) +Medial+ =j= occurs after vowels and after consonants, but always +before+ vowels, never before consonants; e. g., =midjis=, '_medius_'; =lagjan=, _to lay_; =niujis=, _new_; =frauja=, _lord_; =þrija=, '_tria_'; =bajôþs=, _both_. (c) =ji= is contracted into =ei= after a consonant belonging to the same syllabl, but is retaind when the syllabl begins with =j= (cp. Beitr. 16, 282). The latter is the case when it is preceded by a short high-toned vowel with a singl consonant or by a long stem-vowel without a consonant. Exampls--concerning particularly the masculins (and neuters) of the =ja=-stems (§§ 92. 127)--ar: =har-jis=, =tô-jis= (_doer_), but =haír-deis=, dat. =haírd-ja=; --also the I. Weak Conjugation (§ 185): =sô-kja=, =sô-keis=, =sô-keiþ=; =san-dja=, =san-deiþ=; =miki-lja=, =miki-leiþ=; but =nas-ja=, =nas-jis=, =nas-jiþ=; =stô-ja=, =stô-jis=, =stô-jiþ=.

NOTE 1. The rule under (c) may, practically, also be worded in
the following manner: =ji= becums =ei= after a long stem-syllabl
and after secondary syllabls, but remains =ji= after a short
stem-syllabl and immediately after a long stem-vowel.--For
exceptions, s. § 95; § 108, n. 2; § 132, n. 1.

NOTE 2. Only =i= is often employd for medial =ij= before vowels;
s. § 10, n. 4; for =j= occurring sporadically in the inflection of
=saian=, s. § 22, n. 1.

§ 45. =j= is never +final+; in this position it always becums =i=; e. g., =harjis=, acc. =hari=; =mawi=, gen. =maujôs= (s. § 42, 2, c); =taui=, _deed_, gen. =tôjis=.

NOTE 1. For the change of =aj= and =ai=, s. § 21, n. 2.

2. Liquids.

l

§ 46. Gothic =l= occurs often,--initially, medially, and finally; as, =laggs=, _long_; =galaubjan=, _to believ_; =liuhaþ=, _light_; =laúhmuni=, _lightning_; =wiljan=, _to wil_; =aljis=, '_alius_'; =blôma=, _flower_; --dubl =l=, as in =fill=, _hide_; =fulls=, _ful_; =wulla=, _wool_.

NOTE 1. =l= is syllabic (§ 27), for exampl, in =fugls=, _bird_
(_fowl_); =tuggl=, _constellation, star_; =tagl=, _hair_;
=swumfsl=, _pond_; =sigljan=, _to seal_.

NOTE 2. Goth. =l= always corresponds to Gr. λ. It is interpolated
in =alabalstraún=, ἀλάβαστρον.

r

§ 47. =r= is equivalent to Gr. ρ and occurs frequently in Gothic words; e. g., =raíhts=, _right_; =raubôn=, _to rob_; =baíran=, _to bear_; =fidwôr=, _four_.--Dubl =r= is rare: =qaírrus=, _meek_; =andstaúrran=, _to threten_; =faírra=, _far_.

NOTE 1. Syllabic =r= (§ 27) occurs, for exampl, in =ak~r~s=,
_field_; =brôþ~r~=, dat. sg. of =brôþar= (§ 114), _brother_;
=figg~r~s=, _finger_; =tag~r~=, _tear_; =hlût~r~s=, _pure_;
=fag~r~s=, _suitabl_; =maúrþ~r~=, _murder_; =hugg~r~jan=, _to
hunger_.

NOTE 2. Every =i= before =r= becums =aí=, and every =u= in the same
position =aú=; s. §§ 20. 24.

NOTE 3. Concerning =r= from =z=, s. § 78, n. 4; § 24, n. 2.

3. Nasals.

m

§ 48. =m= occurs in all positions of a word; as, =mizdô=, f., _reward_; =mêna=, m., _moon_; =ams=, m., _shoulder_; =guma=, m., _man_; finally: =nam=, _I took_; in the terminations of the dat. pl.,--=dagam=, etc.; 1st pers. pl.,--=nimam=, =nêmum=, etc.--Dubl (=mm=) in =swamms= (cp. § 80, n. 1), _spunge_; =wamm=, n., _spot_; in the pronominal dat. sg.,--=imma=, =blindamma=.

NOTE. Syllabic =m= (§ 27) in =maiþ~m~s=, _present_; =bag~m~s=,
_tree_.

n

§ 49. Initial =n= in =nahts=, _night_; =niujis=, _new_; =ni= (negation), etc.; medial: =kuni=, n., _kin_; =ains=, _one_, etc.; final: =laun=, n., _reward_; =niun=, _nine_; often in inflection; as, dat. sg. =hanin=, inf. =niman=, =nêmun= (3d pers. pl. prt.), etc.

Dubl =n= (=nn=) occurs frequently; e. g., =brinnan=, _to burn_; =spinnan=, _to spin_; =rinnan=, _to run_; =kann=, _I know_; =kannjan=, _to make known_; =manna=, _man_; =brunna=, _wel, spring_. Dubl =n= remains finally and before =j=, but is simplified before other consonants (s. § 80): =kant=, =kunþa= (inf. =kunnan=), =rant= (2nd pers. sg. prt.; inf. =rinnan=), =brunsts= (inf. =brinnan=), =ur-runs= (< =rinnan=), _outlet_.

NOTE. Syllabic =n= (§ 27) in =usbeis~n~s=, f., _expectation_;
=taik~n~s=, f., _token_; =ib~n~s=, _even_; =laug~n~jan=, _to deny_;
=swêg~n~jan=, _to triumf, rejoice_.

§ 50. Before guttural consonants =n= becums a guttural nasal which (in imitation of the Gr.) is denoted by =g= (=gg=; s. § 67).

NOTE. The (guttural) nasal disappears before =h=, and the preceding
short vowel is lengthend. S. § 5, b; § 15, b (Brgm., I, 182 et
seq.).

B. NOIZD SOUNDS.

1. Labials.

p

§ 51. The letter =p=, which does not occur very often in Gothic, corresponds to Gr. π.

(a) +Initially+, =p= may be regarded as being altogether wanting in purely Gothic words; the exampls which do occur ar either obviously foren words or at least etymologically obscure, if not loanwords too: =plinsjan=, _to dance_; =plats=, _pach_; =anapraggan=, _to harass_; =paida=, _coat_; =puggs=, _purse_; =peikabagms=, _date-palm_; =pund=, _pound_; =plapja=, _street_ ('platea'); =pistikeins=, πιστικός, =paúrpura=, _purpl_.

(b) =p= occurs in purely Gothic words +medially+ and +finally+; e. g., =slêpan=, _to sleep_; =greipan=, _to gripe_; =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =skapjan=, _to shape, make_; =hlaupan=, _to run_; =diups=, _deep_; =waírpan=, _to throw_; =hilpan=, _to help_; =skip=, _ship_; =iup=, _upwards_.--Initial =sp= in =speiwan=, _to spit_; =sparwa=, _sparrow_; =spillôn=, _to narrate_; =spinnôn=, _to spin_.

NOTE 1. =pp= does not occur.

NOTE 2. =p= before =t= becums =f= in =gaskafts=, f., _creature_
(cp. =skapjan=); =ƕôftuli=, f., _glory_ (cp. =ƕôpan=). Cp. § 81.

f

§ 52. Gothic =f= in foren words corresponds to Gr. φ; e. g., =Filippus=, Φίλιππος; =Kajafa=, Καϊάφας. Latin writers render Goth. =f= mostly by =ph= (Dietrich, p. 75); as, =Dagalaiphus=, =Phaeba=. Hense Goth. =f= was probably a +bilabial+, not a labiodental spirant, as is also evident from Goth. =fimf=, =hamfs=.

NOTE. =f= is regarded as labiodental by Jellinek; Zs. fda., 36, 275
et seq.

§ 53. (a) +Initial+ =f= occurs often in Gothic words; e. g., =fôtus=, _foot_; =fadar=, _father_; =flôdus=, _flud_; =faíhu= (_catl_), _muney_; =fûls=, _foul_; =frôþs=, _wise, judicious_; =frius=, _cold_; =fidwôr=, _4_.

(b) +Medially+ and +finally+ =f= occurs in but a small number of Gothic words; as, =hlifan=, _to steal_; =hafjan=, _to heav_; =hiufan=, _to lament_; =lôfa=, m., _palm of the hand_; =ufar=, _over_; =afar=, _after_. Before consonants: =luftus=, _air_; =hamfs=, _maimd_; =tweifls=, _dout_; =wulfs=, _wolf_; --(final) =fimf=, _five_; =hôf= (prt. of =hafjan=); =þarf=, _I need_ (inf. =þaúrban=).

NOTE 1. Finally and before the =s= of the nom., =f= occurs very
often for medial =b=; s. § 56.

NOTE 2. Medial =f= before =t= (=n=) stands for =b= (§ 56, n. 4),
before =t= also for =p= (§ 51, n. 2).

NOTE 3. =ff= is not found.

b

§ 54. =b= corresponds to Gr. β, for which it stands in foren words; e. g., =barbarus=, βάρβαρος; =Iakôb=, Ἰακώβ. The pronunciation of the Gr. β was that of a labial soft spirant [nearly = E. v]. In like manner Goth. =b= has the value of a soft (voiced) labiolabial spirant +medially+ after vowels, while +initially+ and medially after consonants it denotes a soft stop (= E. b).

NOTE 1. Gothic =b= between vowels in Latin foren words stands for
Lt. v, but after =m= for b: =Silbanus=, _Silvanus_; =Naúbaímbaír=,
_November_; =(ana)kumbjan=, _cumbere_.

NOTE 2. In Gothic names Latin writers employ Lt. b for Gothic =b=
initially and after a consonant (as, =Amala-berga=, =Hildi-bald=,
=Albila=), but medially between vowels Lt. v is uzed (as, =Liuva=,
=Erelieva=); cp. Dietrich, p. 71; Beitr., 1, 148 et seq.; Wrede,
'Ostg.', 169; Zs. fda., 36, 275.

§ 55. Exampls of =b=:

(a) +initially+: =baíran=, _to bear_; =beitan=, _to bite_; =brikan=, _to break_; =brûkjan=, _to uze_; =blêsan=, _to blow_; =biudan=, _to offer_; =blôma=, _flower_; =brôþar=, _brother_; =bôka=, _letter_; =bnauan=, _to rub_.

(b) +medially+: =liuba= (w. m. adj.), _dear_; =galaubjan=, _to believ_; =graban=, _to dig_; =sibja=, _relationship_; =arbi=, _inheritance_; =kalbô=, _hefer_; --=haubiþ=, _hed_; =hlaibis= (gen. of =hlaifs=), _bred_; =sibun=, _seven_; =haban=, _to hav_; =skaban=, _to shave_; =(bi-)leiban=, _to remain_; =liban=, _to liv_; =biraubôn=, _to rob_; =salbôn=, _to salv, anoint_.

NOTE. =bb= occurs in foren words only; as, =sabbatus=.

§ 56. =b= after consonants (=l=, =m=, =r=) remains finally, before the =s= of the nom., and before the =t= of the 2nd pers. sg. prt.; postvocalic =b= becums =f=. This means that postvocalic =b= was a soft spirant (§ 54) which, finally, changed into the corresponding hard spirant, while postconsonantal =b=, medially and finally, had the value of a stop. Hense =giban=, _to giv_, 1st and 3d pers. sg. prt.: =gaf=, 2nd. pers. =gaft=, 2nd sg. imper.: =gif=; =hlaifs=, _bred_, acc. =hlaif=, nom. pl. =hlaibôs=; --but =lamb=, _lam_; =dumbs=, _dum_; =swaírban=, _to wipe_, prt. =swarb=.

NOTE 1. Our texts contain a few exceptions to the rule of final =f=
for medial =b= after vowels, but the preponderant number of exampls
prove the validity of the rule which is fonetically founded and
has a striking analogon in the OS. geƀan--gaf; lioƀo--liof (but
lamb). The exceptional cases with final =b= (21 in all) occur only
in definit parts of the texts (7 in Lu., 5 in the epistls to the
Thess., 4 in Jo., 3 in Skeir., in all the other texts only onse
each in Mk. and Eph.). Therefore the anomalous =b=s may be referd
to the writers of the respectiv parts, who either from purely
orthografic considerations put the medial =b=s also finally, or in
order to express a later pronunciation as it existed at their time,
according to which voiced sounds occurd also finally. The latter
supposition is founded on the fact that in the Arezzo document
(of the 6th century) the spelling =Gudilub= occurs.--Cp. also the
remarks on the interchange of =d= and =þ= in § 74, n. 1.

The exceptions in the verb ar rare, only =grôb= (Lu. VI, 48) and
=gadôb= (Skeir. 42); --the forms with =f= occur in =gaf=, =gaft=,
=gif= (very often); onse each: =grôf= (inf. =graban=), =swaif=
(inf. =sweiban=), =bilaif= (inf. =bileiban=), =skauf= (inf.
=skiuban=). Accordingly, we may safely write =draif= (prt. of
=dreiban=, _to drive_).

Of nouns only =hlaifs= is often found: nom. =hlaifs= (12 times,
onse =hlaibs=), acc. =hlaif= (19 times, =hlaib= seven times);
--=twalif=, _twelv_ (12 times, =twalib= 3 times); accordingly, also
=*ainlif= (dat. =ainlibim=).

Furthermore the following nominativs must be regarded as normal
forms: =*stafs=, _element_ (only =stabim= occurs); =*laufs=, _leaf_
(only =galaubamma= 3 times, =filugalaubis=, =galubaim=), =*gadôfs=,
_becuming_ (onse =gadôf=, 4 times =gadôb=), =*liufs=, _dear_
(only forms with more than one syllabl occur: =liubai=, =liuba=,
=liubana=, etc.). Lastly, also =*þiufs= (= OS. thiof), _thief_, tho
the nom. accidentally occurs (4 times) as =þiubs=, beside =þiubôs=
(twice), =þiubê=.

NOTE 2. Subject to the abuv rule ar also the preps. =of= and =uf=,
the =f= of which becums medial by enclisis and is changed into
=b= before the following vowel; =ab-u=, =ub-uh=. In composition,
however, =f= remains: =af-êtja=, _voracious eater_; =uf-aiþeis=,
_under oath_. (Cp. =us= in § 78, n. 4).

NOTE 3. An apparent exception is =þarf=, _I want_ (for =þarb=), pl.
=þaúrbum=; but =þarf= has real =f= (§ 53) and must be kept apart
from the pl. with =b= (s. ahd. gr., § 101). =b= stands correctly in
the adj. =gaþaúrbs=. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

NOTE 4. =f= before =t= in derivativ words stands for =b= elsewhere
(§ 81): =gifts=, f., _gift_ (< =giban=, onse =fragibtim=; Lu. I,
27), =þaúrfts=, _necessity_. =b= is common before =n=: =ibns=,
=stibna=, =daubnan=, =drôbnan=, but the ending =-ubni= interchanges
with =-ufni=; as, =fraistubni=, _temptation_, but =waldufni=,
_power_; =aflifnan=, _to remain, be left_; cp. =laiba=, _remnant_.

2. Gutturals.

k

§ 57. Goth. =k= corresponds to Greek κ, Lt. c; e. g., =Kêfas=, Κηφᾶς; =aíkklêsjô=, ἐκκλησία; =laíktjô=, _lectio_. Goth. =k= in Greek words represents also χ; as, =kaúrazein=, Χοραζίν; =ark-aggilus=, ἀρχάγγελος. The Gr. sign χ is but rarely retaind, always in =χristus= (s. § 2). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 54.

NOTE. The labialized =k= (=kw=) has a special sign (=q= § 59) in
Gothic.

§ 58. Exampls of =k=: (a) +initially+: =kniu=, _knee_; =kaúrn=, _corn_; =kuni=, _kin_; =kalds=, _cold_; =kiusan=, _to choose_; =kalbô=, f., _calf_; --=sk=: =skeinan=, _to shine_; =skaidan=, _to separate_. (b) +medially+: =brikan=, _to break_; =aukan=, _to increase_; =akrs=, _field_; =reiks=, _mighty_; =mikils=, _great_; =waúrkjan=, _to work_; =laikan=, _to leap_; =rakjan=, _to strech_; +finally+: =ik=, _I_; =mik=, _me_; =juk=, _yoke_.

NOTE 1. =kk= occurs in =smakka=, _fig_; =sakkus=, _sack_.

NOTE 2. In derivativ words =h= takes the place of =k= before =t=
(§ 81); as, =saúhts=, _sickness_ (cp. =siuks=); =wahtwô=, _wach_
(cp. =wakan=); =brûhta= (prt. of =brûkjan=); =þâhta= (prt. of
=þagkjan=).--Sinse there occur no exampls of the 2nd pers. prt.
of verbs in =k= (as, =wakan=, =aukan=, =têkan=), it is uncertain
whether the =k= before =t= remaind =k= or was changed into =h=
(=wôkt= or =wôht=?).

q

§ 59. The Gothic sign =q= does not occur in the Greek alfabet, the corresponding sign being borrowd from the Latin (Q). In Lt. words it corresponds to Lt. qu (=qartus=; Rom. XVI, 23) to which it most likely corresponds also fonetically. The Lt. qu denoted a labialized k-sound which was a simpl consonant not forming position. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.

NOTE. The dubl sign =kw= (=kv=) which is uzed beside =q= for the
Gothic character is due to the perception that in the cognate
languages Gothic =q= is represented by a combination of consonants
which appears as k with a w-sound closely attacht to it, and is
therefore exprest by two signs: in OE. by cw, in ON. by kv, in
OHG. MHG. NHG. by qu. Hense Goth. =qiþan=, _to say_, = OE. cweþan,
ON. kveþa, OHG. quedan. But from this nothing certain can be
inferd about the fonetic value of Goth. =q=, altho it is +possibl+
that its pronunciation was precisely the same as that of NHG. NE.
qu.--Cp. also § 41, n. 1.

§ 60. Exampls of =q=: =qinô=, _woman_; =*qius=, pl. =qiwai=, _alive_; =qaírnus=, _mil_; =qiman=, _to cum_; =qrammiþa=, _moisture_; =naqaþs=, _naked_; =aqizi=, _ax_; =riqis=, _darkness_; =sigqan=, _to sink_, prt. =sagq=.

h

§ 61. Gothic =h= in Greek words stands for the ruf breathing (as, =Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος; =Hêrôdês=, Ἡρώδης), but the ruf breathing is often disregarded (as, =ôsanna=, ὡσαννά). Accordingly, Goth. initial =h= had the value of a mere breathing. Medially and finally it may stil hav had the value of a fricativ sound (HG. ch). Cp. the assimilations (§ 62, n. 3) and breaking (§ 62, n. 1). Also initially before consonants, (=hl=, =hn=, =hr= (=ƕ=)), the =h= had probably retaind a stronger sound.

NOTE 1. Latin writers render Gothic =h= by their h (as,
=Hildibald=, =Hildericus=); but they also omit it; as, =Ariamirus=,
=eils= = =hails= in the epigram (s. § 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379;
cp. Dietrich, p. 77.

NOTE 2. Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic: =ƕ= (§§ 63.
64).

NOTE 3. In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between
vowels; as, =Iôhannês=, Ιωάννης; =Abraham=, Ἀβραάμ. Cp. Es. Tegnér,
Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.

§ 62. Exampls for =h=: (a) +initially+: =haúrn=, _horn_; =hana=, _cock_; =haírtô=, _hart_; =hails=, _hole, sound_; =hund=, _hundred_; =hafjan=, _to heav_; --+initial combinations+: =hlaifs=, _bred_; =hliuma=, m., _hearing_; =hlifan=, _to steal_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_; =hlahjan=, _to laf_; =hnaiws=, _low_; =hrains=, _clean_; =hrôpjan=, _to call_; =hrôt=, n., _roof_.--(b) +medially+: =faíhu=, _muney_; =taíhun=, _ten_; =teihan=, _to show_; =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =saíhs=, _six_; =nahts=, _night_; =liuhtjan=, _to light_; =filhan=, _to conceal_; =swaíhra=, '_socer_'.--(c) +finally+: =jah=, _and_; =-uh=, _and_ (cp. § 24, n. 2); =falh= (prt. of =filhan=); =taúh= (prt. of =tiuhan=), etc.

NOTE 1. Before =h= (as before =r=) =i= is broken to =aí=, =u= to
=aú=; cp. §§ 20. 24.

NOTE 2. Dropping of =n= before =h=, which made the preceding vowel
long: =fâhan= (< =fanhan=), =þûhta= (< =þunhta=), etc.; cp. § 50,
n. 1; § 5, b; § 15, b.

NOTE 3. Final =h= in =-uh= (or =-h=; § 24, n. 2), =jah=, =nih=, may
be assimilated to the initial sound of a following word. But rarely
in the gospels (cod. argent.) and in codex B, and only before
particls or prns. beginning with =þ=; frequently, however, also
before other consonants, in codex A and Skeir; as, =wasuþþan= (=
=wasuh-þan=, _but it was_); Mk. I, 6; =sumaiþþan= (= =sumaih-þan=,
_but sum_); Mt. XXVI, 67; =sijaiþþan= (= =sijaih-þan=, _but it
shall be_); Mt. V, 37; =jaþþê= (= =jah-þê=, _and if_); =niþþan= (=
=nih-þan=, _and not_); --before +other+ consonants in A: =jalliban=
(= =jah liban=, _and liv_); II. Cor. I, 8; =jaggatraua= (= =jah
gatraua=, _and I trust_); Rom. XIV, 14; =jaddu= (= =jah du=, _and
to_); II. Cor. II, 16; =jabbrusts= (= =jah brusts=); II. Cor. VII,
15; =nukkant= (= =nuh kant=, _knowest thou now?_); I. Cor. VII, 16;
exceptionally also in the codex argent., but only in Lu.: =janni=
(= =jah ni=); Lu. VII, 32; =nissijai= (= =nih sijai=); Lu. XX, 16.

NOTE 4. Final =h= is sumtimes dropt (in consequence of having lost
its sharp sound? But cp. Beitr., XV, 277): =ƕarjô= (for =ƕarjôh=);
Mk. XV, 6; =ƕammê= (for =ƕammêh=); Gal. V, 3; =ƕarjanô= (for
=ƕarjanôh=); Skeir. 43; oftener =inu= (in A) for =inuh=, _without_;
the =h= of consonant-combinations is dropt in =hiuma=; Lu. VI, 17.
VIII, 4 (elsewhere =hiuhma=, _multitude_); =drausnôs=; Skeir. 50
(beside =drauhsna=, _crum_); =als= (for =alhs=); Mk. XV, 38, etc.
All these cases ar probably due to the copyists, and most of them
hav therefore been amended by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila,
LIII et seq.--Also superfluous =h= occurs: =snauh= (for =snau=); I.
Thess. II, 16; here, however, it is perhaps the enclitic =-h= (=
=-uh=, § 24, n. 2).

NOTE 5. In derivativ words =h= occurs in certain cases beside =k=
(s. § 58, n. 2) and =g= (§ 66, n. 1).

ƕ

§ 63. The sound of =ƕ= is peculiar to the Gothic, and has no equivalent in Gr. The Gothic sign (whose alfabetic position is that of the Greek ψ) is uzually exprest by =hv= (=hw=), because all the corresponding words of the remaining Germanic languages (at least initially) hav hw (hu, hv); as, Goth. =ƕeits= = OHG. hwîz, OS. OE. hwît, ON. hvîtr, _white_. But there ar reasons which justify the assumption that the Goth. =ƕ= was a simpl consonant. Fonetically, it may be regarded as a labialized =h= (or a voiceless =w= = NE. wh? Grundr., I, 411). It is therefore recommendabl to represent the simpl Gothic sign by the unitary ligature =ƕ=. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.; Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

NOTE. =ƕ= and =hw= ar not identical in Gothic. This is proved
by the fact that in composition the final =h= and the following
initial =w= ar not exprest by =ƕ=, but by =hw=: =þaírhwakandans=,
_keeping wach (thruout)_; Lu. II, 8; =ubuhwôpida= (=
=uf-uh-wôpida=; =ufwôpida= < =uf-wôpjan=), _and he cried out_; Lu.
XVIII, 38.--The simpl sound of =ƕ= is also evident from the fact
that the verb =saíƕan= is inflected like the verbal stems ending in
a singl consonant (§ 34, n. 1), and that in reduplication =ƕ= is
treated like a singl consonant (=ƕaíƕôp=, § 178). Cp. Holtzmann,
altd. gr. I, 25, together with § 41, n. 1, abuv.

§ 64. Exampls of =ƕ=: +initially+: =ƕas=, _who_; =ƕaírnei=, f., _skul_; =ƕaírban=, _to walk about_; =ƕeila=, _time_; =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =ƕeits=, _white_; =ƕaiteis=, _wheat_; --+medially+: =aƕa=, _water_; =saíƕan=, _to see_; =leiƕan=, _to lend_; =þeiƕô=, _thunder_; =nêƕa=, _near_; =aíƕa-tundi=, f., _brambl-bush_; --also +finally+: =saƕ=, =saƕt= (prt. of =saíƕan=), =nêƕ=, _near_.

NOTE. =i= and =u= ar broken before =ƕ= as wel as before =h=; cp. §
62, n. 1.

§ 65. =g= corresponds to Greek γ, also as a guttural nasal; as, =synagôgê=, συναγωγή; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος.--The pronunciation of the Gothic initial =g= was quite certainly that of a soft (voiced) stop; final and medial =g= was possibly a spirant.

NOTE 1. Latin authors render =g= in Gothic names by g, but
also by c; as, =Caina= beside =Gaina= (Jornandes), =Commundus=
(= =Gummundus=); medially, especially before =i=, it is often
dropt; as, =Eila= beside =Agila=, =Egila=, =Aiulf= (= =Aigulf=),
=Athanaildus= (= =Athanagildus=); cp. Dietrich, p. 73 et seq.

NOTE 2. For the pronunciation of medial =g= as a spirant the Latin
representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.',
173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that final =g=
does not becum =h= (cp. =b-f=, =d-þ=). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276
et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the
pronunciation of medial and final =g=; then the value of a stop
seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).

§ 66. =g= occurs frequently in Goth. words, both initially and medially. E. g. (a) =gasts=, _guest_; =guma=, _man_; =gulþ=, _gold_; =gôþs=, _good_; =giutan=, _to pour_; =greipan=, _to gripe, seiz_; =graban=, _to dig_. (b) =agis=, _aw_; =wigs=, _way_; <bgawigan=, _to move_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =þragjan=, _to run_; --=augô=, _ey_; =tagr=, _tear_; =tigus=, _ten_; =aigan=, _to hav_; suffixal =g=: =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =môdags=, _angry_.

Also final =g= remains unchanged: =ôg=, _I fear_; =mag=, _I can_; =wig= (acc. of =wigs=, _way_), etc.

NOTE. =g= becums =h= before a suffixal =t= attacht to it (§ 81);
e. g., =mahts=, =mahta= (prs. =mag=), =ôhta= (prs. =ôg=), =baúhta=
(inf. =bugjan=), =brâhta= (inf. =briggan=). But there seems
to be no change of consonants before the =t= of the 2nd pers.
prt. Only =magt= (1st =mag=) is found (201).--Also elsewhere in
word-formation an interchange between =h= and =g= takes place in
words belonging to the same root: =taíhun=, _10_; and =tigus=,
_decad_; =filhan=, _to conceal_, and =fulgins=, adj., _hidn_;
=faginôn=, _to rejoice_, and =fahêþs= f., _joy_; =huggrjan=, _to
hunger_, and =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =juggs=, _yung_; compar. =jûhiza=;
concerning the interchange between =áig= and =áih=, s. § 203, n. 1.
Cp. § 79, n. 2.

§ 67. =g= denotes also a guttural nasal (s. § 50); e. g., (=n= + =g=): =laggs=, _long_; =briggan=, _to bring_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =figgrs=, _finger_; =gaggan=, _to go_; --(=n= + =k=, =q=): =drigkan=, _to drink_; =þagkjan=, _to think_; =þugkjan=, _to seem_; =igqis=, _(to) yu both_; =sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=, _to thrust_.

NOTE 1. Beside the singl letter =g= uzed to express the guttural
nasal, =gg= is sumtimes found (so regularly in codex B): =siggqan=,
=driggkan=, =iggqis=; =g= is not dubld before =g=; the only
case, =atgagggand= (Mt. IX, 15) is corrected by the editors. The
reverse error occurs three times: =faúragagja= (for =faúragaggja=,
_steward_); Lu. VIII, 3. XVI, 1; =hugridai= (for =huggridai=); I.
Cor. IV, 11. Cp. Vulfila by Bernhardt, p. LI.

NOTE 2. The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few
times in Lu.; as, =þank=; XVII, 9; =bringiþ=; XV, 22.

§ 68. The combination =ggw= deservs special notice. (1) It is a guttural nasal + =gw=, as is proved by the ng of the remaining Germanic languages (also of the ON.): =aggwus=, _narrow_ (OHG. engi, ON. ǫngr); =siggwan=, _to sing_ (OHG. singan, ON. syngva); =saggws=, _song_. Here perhaps belongs also =unmanariggws=, _unrestraind, wild_ (cognate with OHG. ringi? Dtsch. Litteraturzeitg. 1888, p. 770).

(2) Another =ggw= corresponds to West-Germanic uw (OHG. uu or uuu; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 112. 113), to ON. gg(v); this =gg= certainly denotes a stop: =triggws=, _faithful_ (OHG. triuwi, ON. tryggr); =bliggwan=, _to beat_ (OHG. bliuwan); =*glaggwus=, _exact_ (OHG. glauwêr, ON. glǫggr); =skuggwa=, _mirror_ (ON. skyggja; cp. Goth. =skawjan=).

NOTE. Concerning the =ggw= of the words givn under (2) and the
analogous =ddj= (§ 73, n. 1), cp. Beitr., IX, 545; Göttinger
Nachrichten, 1885, No. 6; Brgm., I, 157; Scherer, 'Kleinere
Schriften', I, p. XII et seq.--Concerning the East-Gothic names
=Triggua=, =Trigguilla=, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 78 et seq.

3. Dentals.

t

§ 69. Gothic =t= corresponds to Greek τ, and stands frequently both initially and medially. E. g. (a) +initially+: =tunþus=, _tooth_; =triu=, _tree_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =tagr=, _tear_; =taíhun=, _ten_; =twai=, _two_; =tamjan=, _to tame_; =trauan=, _to trust_. =st=: =steigan=, _to mount_. (b) +medially+: =watô=, _water_; =haírtô=, _hart_; =baitrs=, _bitter_; =itan=, _to eat_; =giutan=, _to pour_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =witan=, _to know_.

Final =t= remains unchanged; as, =wait=, _I know_; =at=, _at_; =wit=, _we two_.

NOTE 1. =t= is dubld in =atta=, _father_; =skatts=, _muney_.

NOTE 2. =t= before =t= in derivativ and inflected words becums =s=
(§ 81); as, =ushaista=, _very poor_ (cp. =haitan=); =blôstreis=,
_wurshipper_ (cp. =blôtan=, _to wurship_); 2nd pers. sg. prt.
=waist= (1st =wait=), =haíhaist= (inf. =haitan=, _to be calld_);
weak prt. =gamôsta= (1st pers. =gamôt=); =kaupasta= (inf.
=kaupatjan=, _to cuf_); =wissa= (< =wista=, 1st =wait=).

§ 70. Gothic =þ= corresponds to Gr. θ (as, =Þômas=, Θωμᾶς; =Naþan=, Ναθάν); its sound-value was that of a voiceless dental spirant = the NE. surd th in thin. Also the Greek θ denoted at that time, as it stil does in New Greek, a similar sound.

NOTE 1. Greek authors represent the Goth. =þ= by θ; as, Θευδέριχος.
Latin writers express Goth. =þ= mostly by th; as, =Theodoricus=,
=Theodomirus=, but also often by t. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 104;
'Ostg.', 170 et seq.--In like manner sum later prints hav =th= for
=þ= (s. § 1, n. 3).

NOTE 2. Latin authors often uze d beside th for medial =þ= in
proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp.
Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.

NOTE 3. Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth. =þ=, cp. IF.
4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth. =þ= and Gr. θ, s.
Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.

§ 71. =þ= in Gothic words is very frequent. E. g. (a) +initially+: =þulan=, _to suffer_; =þanjan=, _to strech_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_; =þaúrsus=, _witherd_; =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =þata= (prn.), _that_; =þu=, _thou_; =þreis=, _three_; =þliuhan=, _flee_; =ga-þláihan=, _to cumfort, console_; =þwahan=, _to wash_. (b) +medially+: =brôþar=, _brother_; =tunþus=, _tooth_; =wiþrus=, _lam_; =fraþi=, n., _understanding_; =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =anþar=, _other_; =ƕaþar=, '_uter_'; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =qiþan=, _to say_. (c) Also +final+ =þ= remains unchanged; as, =þiuþ=, n., _good_ (gen. =þiuþis=); =qaþ=, prt. of =qiþan=; =aiþs=, acc. =aiþ=, _oath_.

NOTE 1. =þþ= occurs in =aiþþau=, _or_ (§ 20), and, by assimilation,
for =h-þ=: =niþþan=, etc.; s. § 62, n. 3.

NOTE 2. =þ= finally and before the =s= of the nom. very often
stands for =d=, and must be kept apart from the =þ= mentiond under
(c) which remain =þ= +medially+ also; s. § 74.

NOTE 3. =þ= becums =s= before =t= (§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt.
=qast= (inf. =qiþan=), =warst= (inf. =waírþan=), =snaist= (inf.
=sneiþan=, _to cut_).

NOTE 4. =d= stands for medial =þ= in =weitwôdida=, _testimony_; Jo.
III, 32.

d

§ 72. Goth. =d= corresponds to Greek δ. The New Greek pronunciation of δ is that of a soft (voiced) dental spirant (ð = NE. th in thou). Gothic =d=, at least medially after a vowel, likewise had the sound-value of this spirant. But d initially and medially after n, r, l, z, has the value of a soft (voiced) stop.

§ 73. Examples of =d=: (a) +initially+: =daúr=, n., _door, gate_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =dal=, _dale, valley_; =dauns=, _odor_; =daddjan=, _to suckl_; =ga-daúrsan=, _to dare_; =driusan=, _to fall_; =dwals=, _foolish_. (b) +medially+: =sidus=, _custom_; =wadi=, n., _wager_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =widuwô=, _widow_; =biudan=, _to offer_; =bindan=, _to bind_; =haírda=, _herd_; =waldan=, _to rule_; =mizdô=, _reward_; =fadar=, _father_; =frôdei=, _understanding_ (cp. =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _intelligent_); =fidwôr=, _four_; =þridja=, '_tertius_'; =þiuda=, _peple_; =-ida=, as in =auþida=, _desert_; =gahugds=, _mind_; =gards=, _house_ (_yard_); =hardus=, _hard_; =hund=, _hundred_; =and=, _on, in_; =alds=, _age_ (cp. =alþeis=, _old_), =kalds=, _cold_; =gazds=, _sting_.

NOTE. In Gothic words =dd= is found only in =waddjus=, _wall_ (ON.
veggr); =daddjan=, _to suckl_; =twaddjê= (gen. of =twai=, _2_;
ON. tweggja); =iddja=, _I went_; hense always in the combination
=ddj=.--Cp. § 68, n. 1; and Brgm., I, 127.

§ 74. Finally and before the =s= of the nominativ =d= remains only after a consonant; e. g., =hund=, =nimand= (3d pers. pl. prs.), =gards=, =alds=, =gazds=, =gahugds=. But postvocalic =d= becuming final (and before the =s= of the nominativ) is changed into =þ=, because =þ= denotes the hard sound corresponding to =d=. Such eufonic =þ=s from medial =d=s constitute the greater number of the Gothic final =þ=s, the smaller number ar original (also medial) =þ=s. (§ 71, n. 2). E. g.

=staþs=, =stadis=, _place_ (but =*staþs=, =staþis=, _shore_); =haubiþ=, =haubidis=, _hed_; =liuhaþ=, =liuhadis=, _light_; =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=, _good_; =báuþ=, prt. of =biudan=; =bidjan=, _to pray_, prt. =baþ=; --all pps. of wvs.; as, =nasiþs=, =nasidis=; =salbôþs=, =salbôdis=; furthermore all final =þ=s in verbal inflection (3d pers. sg., 2nd pl.); as, =nimiþ=, =nêmuþ=, =nêmeiþ=,--but with enclitic =-uh=: =nimiduh=, =nêmuduh=, =nêmeiduh=; --advs. like =ƕaþ=, _whither_ (cp. § 213); prep. =miþ=, _with_.

NOTE 1. The change of final =d= into =þ= does not occur in all
cases in our manuscripts. This exception does not concern the
original text of Wulfila, but is only a deviation from the normal
state of orthografy, which is proved by the fact that final =d=
occurs exceedingly often only in Lu., especially in the first ten
chapters, not quite rarely also in Jo., more rarely in the other
books. Exampls from the sixth chapter of Lu. ar: =samalaud= (34),
=gôds= (35. 43), =gôd= (43), =mitads= (38), ptc. =gamanwids=
(40), =gasulid=, and especially frequently verbal forms: =taujid=
(2), =ussuggwud= (3), =faginôd=, =laikid= (23), =habaid= (24),
=usbaírid= (45), etc.--Sinse yunger forms of speech ar a
characteristic feature of the gospel of Lu. (§ 221, 1), they might
be regarded as representativs of a later development of the Goth.
language, introduced into our text by sum writers (for similar
cases in East-Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171). Others explain
the forms with final =d= as being due to their original position
before words beginning with a vowel according to which the forms
=nimiþ= and =nimid= would be 'dublets' ('satzdubletten').--Cp. also
Kock, Zs. fda., 26, 226 et seq., who shows that these =d=s for
=þ=s ar most frequent after unaccented vowels (as in =mitads=), but
after an accented vowel only when the latter is long or a difthong,
rarely after a short accented vowel (as in =mid=; Lu. VII, 11.)

NOTE 2. Sinse the final =þ= has by all means to be regarded as the
regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms
with medial =d= occur: =biuþs=, =biudis=, _table_; =rauþs=, _red_;
=usdauþs=, _zelous_; =gamaiþs=, _maimd_; =môþs=, _anger_; =knôþs=,
_stock, race_. Hense also =garaiþs=, _redy_; =unlêds=, _poor_,
which, beside the forms with medial =b=, hav onse each the final
forms =garaid= and =unlêds=, respectivly. But both forms occur in
Lu.

With final =d= +only+ ar repeatedly found: =weitwôds=, _witness_,
acc. =weitwôd=; twice =gariuds= (=gariud=), _honorabl_; only
+one+ final form with =d= (but none with =þ=) occurs in =braids=,
_broad_; =dêds=, _deed_; =wôds=, _mad, possest_; =grids=, _step,
grade_; =skaískaid= (prt. of =skaidan=). The normal forms would
be =dêþs=, =wôþs=, etc., for the forms with =d= insted of =þ= ar
hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.

NOTE 3. The occurrence of this final =þ= for thematic =d= must
not be confounded with that of =þ= in words that hav also medial
=þ= beside =d= in other words from the same root; as, =frôd-=
(nom. =frôþs=), _prudent_; =frôdei=, _prudence_; but =fraþi=,
_understanding_, =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =sad-= (nom. =saþs=),
_satisfied_, but =ga-sôþjan=, _to satisfy_; =sinþs=, _a going,
way_, but =sandjan=, _to send_; =alds=, _age_, but =alþeis=, _old_.
Cp. § 79, n. 2.

NOTE 4. =þ= is seldom found where medial =d= is expected; as,
=guþa= (for =guda=); Gal. IV, 8; =unfrôþans=; Gal. III, 3.

§ 75. The =d= of the weak preterit, which stands mostly after vowels (=nasida=, =habaida=), remains intact after =l= and =n= (=skulda=, =munda=), while after =s=, =h=, =f= it becums =t=: =kaupasta=, =môsta=, =daúrsta=, =þâhta=, =brâhta=, =þûhta=, =brûhta=, =waúrhta=, =baúhta=, =ôhta=, =mahta=, =áihta=, =þaúrfta=; it is changed into =þ= in =kunþa=; =ss= is assimilated from =st= in =wissa=.

Conform to this rule ar the respectiv ptcs. =nasiþs=, =habaiþs=, =skulds=, =munds=, but =waúrhts=, =baúhts=, =mahts=, =binaúhts=, =þaúrfts=, =kunþs=. Cp. § 187, n. 1; § 197 et seq.; §§ 208. 209.

NOTE. =d= becums =s= before the =t= of the 2nd pers. prt. (§ 81):
=baust= (1st =bauþ=, inf. =biudan=); so, also, before consonants
in derivativ words; as, =gilstr=, _tax, tribute_ (< =gildan=);
=usbeisns=, _expectation_ (< =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_).

s

§ 76. =s= is a hard (voiceless) dental spirant and corresponds to Gr. σ. =s= occurs very often in Gothic words, especially initially. E. g.

(a) +initially+: =sunus=, _sun_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =skadus=, _shade_; =speiwan=, _to spit_; =standan=, _to stand_; =straujan=, _to strew_; =slêpan=, _to sleep_; =smals=, _small_; =snutrs=, _wise_; =swaíhra=, _father-in-law_.

(b) +medially+: =kiusan=, _to choose_; =wisan=, _to be_; =wasjan=, _to clothe_; =þûsundi=, _thousand_; =gasts=, _guest_; =fisks=, _fish_; =asneis=, _hired man_; =hansa=, _host_; =aúhsa=, _ox_; =þaúrsus=, _witherd_.

(c) Also +final+ =s= remains unchanged; as, =gras=, _grass_; =mês=, _table_; =was= (prt. of =wisan=), _was_; =hals=, _neck_.

NOTE 1. =ss= occurs frequently; e. g., =ƕassei=, _sharpness_;
=qiss=, _speech_; =wissa= (prt. of =witan=); suff. =-assus=
(=þiudinassus=, _kingdom_, etc.).

NOTE 2. Final =s= stands in most cases for medial =z=, especially
the final inflectional =s=. Cp. § 78; dropping of the =s= of the
nominativ in § 78, n. 2.

NOTE 3. For =s= from =t=, =þ=, =d=, before consonants (=t=), s. §
69, n. 2; § 71, n. 3; § 75, n. 1.

NOTE 4. Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirants =s=
and =þ=, cp. IF., 342.

§ 77. The sign =z= corresponds in Greek words to ζ; as, =Zaíbaídaius=, Ζεβεδαῖος; =azymus=, ἄζυμος. Its sound, like that of the Gr. ζ both at Wulfila's time and in New Greek, was the corresponding soft sound of =s=, hense a voiced dental spirant (E. z).

§ 78. (a) In Goth. words =z= occurs never +initially+.

(b) +Medial+ =z= is frequent. But final =z= becums =s=, the corresponding hard sound (cp. § 79). E. g.

=azêts=, _easy_; =hazjan=, _to praise_; =hazeins=, _praise_; =dius=, gen. =diuzis=, _animal_; =hatis=, gen. =hatizis=, _hatred_; =hatizôn=, _to be angry_; =huzd=, _trezure_; =gazds=, _sting_; =mizdô=, _reward_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =marzjan=, _to offend_; =talzjan=, _to teach_; --comparativs: =maiza=, '_major_'; =frôdôza=, =alþiza=, etc.; --pronominal forms; as, =izwara=, =þizôs=, =þizê=, =blindaizôs=; 2nd pers. sing. midl: =haitaza=.

(c) Most of the Gothic final =s=s represent =z=, especially the inflectional =s=; this reappears as =z= when it becums medial by an enclitic addition, for exampl, the =s= of the nom. =ƕas=, _who?_, but =ƕazuh=; =is=, _he_, but =izei=, _who_; =us=, _out_, but =uzuh=, =uzu=; =dis-= (as in =dizuhþansat=; Mk. XVI, 8); =þôs=, nom. pl. f., but =þôzuh=; =weis=, _we_; =weizuh=; =wileis=, 2nd pers. sg., but =wileizu=; advs.: =mais= (compar. =maiza=), _more_; =áiris=, _erlier_ (compar. =áiriza=), etc.

NOTE 1. =z= is but rarely employd for final =s=: =minz=, _less_;
II. Cor. XII, 15 (Codex B), for =mins= elsewhere; =riqiz= (4
times), _darkness_, beside =riqis=, gen. =riqizis=; =aiz=, _brass,
muney_ (only Mk. VI, 8); =mimz=, _flesh_; I. Cor. VIII, 13.--For a
different view of final =s= for =z=, s. Wilmanns, Dtsch. Gramm., I,
p. 86.

NOTE 2. The =s= (=z=) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) after =s= (=ss=,
=z=): =drus=, m., gen. =drusis=, _fall_; =swês=, gen. =swêsis=,
adj., _one's own_; =laus=, =lausis=, _loose_; =us-stass=, f.,
gen. =usstassais=, _resurrection_; (2) after =r= immediately
preceded by a short vowel: =waír=, =waíris=, _man_; =baúr=, _sun_;
=kaisar=, _Cæsar_; =anþar=, _other_; =unsar=, _our_; but =s=
remains unchanged after a long syllabl: =akrs=, _field_; =hôrs=,
_whoremonger_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =swêrs=, _honord_; =gáurs=,
_sorrowful_. An exception is the onse occurring nom. =stiur=,
_steer, calf_. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et
seq.--At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic,
the loss of the nominativ=-s= occurs more extensivly. So alredy in
the Documents (Neap. Doc.: =Gudilub=, =Ufitahari=); cp. Wrede, loc.
cit.

NOTE 3. =z= and =s= interchange in the prt. of =slêpan=; =saíslêp=;
Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14; =saízlêp=; Jo. XI,
11. I. Cor. XV, 6; --in the neuters in =-is= (gen. =agisis= and
gen. =hatizis=); s. 94, n. 5.

NOTE 4. The =z= (s. c, abuv) of the prep. =us= is in compounds
assimilated to a following =r= (cp. § 24, n. 2); e. g., =urruns=,
_a running out_; =urreisan=, _to (a)rise_; =urrûmnan= (beside
=usrûmnan=, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11), _to expand_; onse =ur=
for the prep. =us=: =ur riqiza=; II. Cor. IV, 6.--=us= remains
unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as, =usagjan=, _to
frighten_; =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_ (cp. § 56, n. 2). =z=
for =s= before a vowel appears only in =uzôn= (prt. of =*usanan=,
_to expire_); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and in =uzêtin= (dat. of =*usêta=,
_manger_); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.

NOTE 5. When =us= is affixt to a word beginning with =st=, only
one =s= is sumtimes writn: =ustaig= (prt. of =us-steigan=); Mk.
III, 13; =ustôþ=; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25; =ustandiþ= (prt. and prs.
of =us-standan=); Mk. X, 34; =ustassai= (nom. =usstass=); Lu. XIV,
14.--Cp. =twistandans= (in B = =twis-standans= in A); II. Cor. II,
13; =diskritnan= (for =dis-skritnan=); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no
analogon for =sp=.