Chapter I: Strong Verbs

_A. INFLECTION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

§ 169. The inflection of the strong verbs (by means of personal endings) is the same in all three classes (§ 168). Therefore we first giv the paradims of inflection and then discuss the formation of the tense-stems (which is different in each class). As paradims may serv a reduplicating verb, =haitan=, _to be calld_, and two ablaut verbs, =niman=, _to take_, and =biudan=, _to offer_.

§ 170. +(a) Present (Activ).+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nima= =biuda= =haita=
2. =nimis= =biudis= =haitis=
3. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ=

Dual 1. =nimôs= =biudôs= =haitôs=
2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam=
2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ=
3. =nimand= =biudand= =haitand=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimau= =biudau= =haitau=
2. =nimais= =biudais= =haitais=
3. =nimai= =biudai= =haitai=

Dual 1. =nimaiwa= =biudaiwa= =haitaiwa=
2. =nimaits= =biudaits= =haitaits=

Plur. 1. =nimaima= =biudaima= =haitaima=
2. =nimaiþ= =biudaiþ= =haitaiþ=
3. =nimaina= =biudaina= =haitaina=

IMPERATIV.

Sing. 2. =nim= =biuþ= =hait=
3. =nimadau= =biudadau= =haitadau=

Dual 2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam=
2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ=
3. =nimandau= =biudandau= =haitandau=

INFINITIV.

=niman= =biudan= =haitan=

PARTICIPL.

=nimands= =biudands= =haitands=

+(b) Preterit.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait=
2. =namt= =baust= =haíhaist=
3. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait=

Dual 1. =nêmu= =budu= =haíhaitu=
2. =nêmuts= =buduts= =haíhaituts=

Plur. 1. =nêmum= =budum= =haíhaitum=
2. =nêmuþ= =buduþ= =haíhaituþ=
3. =nêmun= =budun= =haíhaitun=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nêmjau= =budjau= =haíhaitjau=
2. =nêmeis= =budeis= =haíhaiteis=
3. =nêmi= =budi= =haíhaiti=

Dual 1. =nêmeiwa= =budeiwa= =haíhaiteiwa=
2. =nêmeits= =budeits= =haíhaiteits=

Plur. 1. =nêmeima= =budeima= =haíhaiteima=
2. =nêmeiþ= =budeiþ= =haíhaiteiþ=
3. =nêmeina= =budeina= =haíhaiteina=

+(c) Preterit Participl Passiv.+

=numans= =budans= =haitans=

+(d) Medio-Passiv--Present.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada=
2. =nimaza= =biudaza= =haitaza=
3. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada=

Plur.
1. 2. 3. =nimanda= =biudanda= =haitanda=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau=
2. =nimaizau= =biudaizau= =haitaizau=
3. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau=

Plur.
1. 2. 3. =nimaindau= =biudaindau= =haitaindau=

NOTE 1. =biudan= is subject to the rules for the final soft
spirants (§ 79): imper. sg. =biuþ=, prt. =bauþ= (cp. § 374).
Likewise =giban=, =gif=, =gaf= (cp. § 56).

NOTE 2. The termination of the 2nd pers. sg. prt. (=-t=) causes
the change stated in the rule for consonants before dentals (§
81). Final =b= of stems becums =f=: =gaft= (inf. =giban=); exampls
for =pt= ar wanting: =skôpt= or =skôft=? (inf. =skapjan=); --=g=
remains unchanged in =magt= (§ 66, n. 1), other exampls ar wanting;
neither ar there any exampls for =kt= (=wôkt= or =wôht=? cp. § 58,
n. 2); --dentals becum =s=: =warst= < =waírþan=, =qast= < =qiþan=
(§ 71, n. 3), =gastôst= < =standan=, =baust= < =biudan= (§ 75, n.
1), =bigast= < =gitan=, =haíhaist= < =haitan= (§ 69, n. 2).--The
extant 2nd pers. prt. of =saísô= (inf. =saian=) is =saísôst=. On
account of the scarcity of exampls it is uncertain whether all
stems ending in a vowel had =-st=.--The 2nd pers. prt. of =rinnan=
is =rant= (§ 80).

NOTE 3. Only one strong verb is found (twice) in the 3d pers. sg.
imper.: =atsteigadan=, καταβάτω; Mt. XXVII, 42. Mk. XV, 32 (cp. §
186, n. 1). The 3d pers. pl. may be givn with certainty according
to the weak verb (§ 192, n. 1).

NOTE 4. The dual forms of the verb occur very seldom. The 1st pers.
du. opt. prt., =nêmeiwa=, etc., which is only givn according to the
corresponding form of the prs. =nimaiwa=, is not found at all. Also
the 2nd pers. du. opt. prt. is but an inferd form according to the
anomalous =wileits= (§ 205).

NOTE 5. Concerning the irregular formation of the present of sum
strong verbs with =j=, s. § 206, n.

_B. TENSE-FORMATION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

1. Ablaut Verbs.

§ 171. The ablaut verbs form their tense-stems by a regular change of the radical vowel, the so-calld ablaut. The several ablaut-series and the conditions of their appearance wil be found givn in §§ 30-35. To each of these series belong ablaut verbs, and therefore six ablaut classes must be distinguisht. Each ablaut verb contains four ablaut vowels which appear in the formation of the verb in the following manner: (1) The first vowel belongs to the present and to what is connected with the present (prsp., inf., also medio-passiv). (2) The second vowel is that of the sg. prt. indic. (3) The third vowel appears in the du. and pl. prt. indic. and thruout the prt. opt. (4) The fourth vowel belongs to the pp.

In order to determin the inflection of a strong verb, it is customary to giv the following four forms (principal parts): (1) 1st pers. sg. prs. indic., or the prs. inf.; (2) 1st pers. sg. prt. indic.; (3) 1st pers. pl. prt. indic.; (4) the pp.

In the following we arrange the ablaut verbs according to their classes.

§ 172. Class I. Verbs of the first ablaut series: =ei=--=ái=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 30); e. g., =greipa=, =graip=, =gripum=, =gripans=, _to gripe, seiz_; =i= before =h= (=ƕ=) becums =aí= by breaking (§ 20): =leiƕa=, =láiƕ=, =laíƕum=, =laíƕans=, _to lend_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =deigan=, _to knead_; =steigan=, _to
mount_; =gateihan=, _to show_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; =þreihan=,
_to throng_; =weihan=, _to fight_; --=beitan=, _to bite_;
=dis-kreitan=, _to tear to pieces_; =ga-smeitan=, _to smear_;
=-weitan= (=inweitan=, _to wurship_; =fraweitan=, _to punish_);
=beidan=, _to wait_; =leiþan=, _to go_; =sneiþan=, _to cut_;
--=weipan=, _to crown_; =dreiban=, _to drive_; =bi-leiban=, _to
remain_; =sweiban=, _to cease_; --=reisan=, _to rize_; =skeinan=,
_to shine_; =hneiwan=, _to decline, bow_; =speiwan=, _to spit_.

NOTE 2. The =n= of =keinan= (OHG. kînan), _to germinate_, occurs
only in the prs. stem (cp. § 206, b); the pp. is =kijans= (only in
=uskijanata=; Lu. VIII, 6). The prt. =*kai=, =*kijum=, has been
replaced by a weak prt. of the IV. weak conjugation (=keinôda=, §
195, n. 2). Cp. Kluge, 'Germ. Conjug.', 143.

NOTE 3. The verb =neiwan=, _to hav a quarrel against_, occurs only
in a sumwhat doutful exampl: =naiw=; Mk. VI, 19. Cp. Bernhardt,
'Vulfila', p. 282, and Zs. fdph., 7, 112. 484.

§ 173. Class II. Verbs of the second ablaut series: =iu=--=au=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 31); e. g., =biuda=, =bauþ=, =budum=, =budans=, _to offer_; with breaking (§ 24): =tiuha=, =táuh=, =taúhum=, =taúhans=, _to draw, lead_.

NOTE 1. Like =tiuhan= inflect: =siukan=, _to be sick_; =biugan=,
_to bend_; =driugan=, _to perform military service_; =liugan=, _to
lie_; =þliuhan=, _to flee_; --=giutan=, _to pour_; =usþriutan=,
_to trubl, vex_; =niutan=, _to enjoy_; =liudan=, _to grow_;
--=dis-hniupan=, _to break to pieces_; =sliupan=, _to slip_;
=af-skiuban=, _to shuv away_; =hiufan=, _to weep_; =driusan=, _to
fall_; =kiusan=, _to choose_; =fra-liusan=, _to lose_; =kriustan=,
_to gnash_.

NOTE 2. The vowel of the prs. is irregular in =lûka=, =lauk=,
=lukum=, =lukans=, _to lock_.

§ 174. Class III. Verbs of the third ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 32); e. g., =binda=, =band=, =bundum=, =bundans=, _to bind_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =waírpa=, =warp=, =waúrpum=, =waúrpans=, _to throw, cast_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =brinnan=, _to burn_; =du-ginnan=, _to
begin_; =af-linnan=, _to depart_; =rinnan=, _to run_; =spinnan=,
_to spin_; =winnan=, _to suffer_; --=trimpan=, _to tred_;
--=fra-slindan=, _to devour_; =windan=, _to wind_; =hinþan=, _to
cach_; =finþan=, _to find_; =þinsan=, _to draw_; --=stiggan= (only
by conjecture in Mt. V, 29), _to sting_; =bliggwan=, _to beat_
(§ 68, 2); =siggwan=, _to sing_; =sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=,
_to thrust_; =drigkan=, _to drink_; --=gildan=, _to be of value_;
=swiltan=, _to die_; =hilpan=, _to help_; =filhan=, _to hide_;
=wilwan=, _to rob_; --=baírgan=, _to hide, keep_; =gaírdan=,
_to gird_; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_;
=swaírban=, _to wipe_; =ƕaírban=, _to walk_; --=þriskan=, _to
thresh_; =ga-wrisqan=, _to bear fruit_ (these two only in the prs.
tense, in I. Tim. V, 18. Lu. VIII, 14).

NOTE 2. According to its prs. tense, also =briggan= would belong
here; s. § 208.

§ 175. Class IV. Verbs of the fourth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 33); e. g., =nima=, =nam=, =nêmum, umans=, _to take_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =baíra=, =bar=, =bêrum=, =baúrans=, _to bear_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =qiman=, _to cum_; =ga-timan=, _to
suit_; =stilan=, _to steal_; =ga-taíran=, _to tear_; --=brikan=,
_to break_ (§ 33, n. 1).

NOTE 2. Here belongs also =trudan=, [=traþ=], [=trêdum=],
=trudans=, _to tred_ (ON. troða, trað, traðum, troðinn; in OHG.
according to V.: trëtan, trat, trátum, trëtan). According to
=trudan=, we should also write =wulan=, _to boil_ (only prsp.
=wulandans= occurs; Rom. XII, 11).

§ 176. Class V. Verbs of the fifth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 34); e. g., =mita=, =mat=, =mêtum=, =mitans=, _to mezure_; =giba=, =gaf=, =gêbum=, =gibans=, _to giv_.

NOTE 1. Here belong also =wrikan=, _to persecute_; =rikan= (found
in the prs. only), _to accumulate_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =ga-wigan=,
_to move_; =saíƕan=, _to see_ (cp. § 34, n. 1); --=hlifan=, _to
steal_; --=bigitan=, _to get, obtain_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =fitan=,
_to bear_ (_children_)?; =widan=, _to bind_; =qiþan=, _to say_;
=niþan=, _to help_ (?); --=lisan=, _to gather_; =ga-nisan=, _to
recuver_; =wisan=, _to remain_.

NOTE 2. =sniwan=, _to hasten_, has =sniwa=, =snau= (§ 42),
=snêwum=, =sniwans=. Onse occurs the prt. =snauh= (with additional
=h=; cp. § 62, n. 4), onse =sniwun= for =snêwun= (§ 7, n. 3).--Like
=sniwan= inflects probably =diwan=, _to die_, of which only the pp.
(=þata=) =diwanô= occurs.

NOTE 3. The prt. sg. of =itan= is, irregularly, =êt=, not =at=;
only the cpd. =frêt= (< =fra-itan=, _to eat up_; § 4, n. 1; § 7, b)
is extant. Hense =itan=, =êt=, =êtum=, =itans=. Cp. the OHG. prts.
âz frâz (ahd. gr., § 343, n. 5), ON. át. Möller, 'Engl. Studien',
3, 154.

NOTE 4. The =n= of =fraíhnan=, _to ask_, occurs only in the prs.
stem: =fraíhna=, =frah=, =frêhum=, =fraíhans= (cp. § 206, b).

NOTE 5. The =j= in =bidjan= occurs in the prs. stem only: =bidja=,
=baþ=, =bêdum=, =bidans= (cp. § 206, n.). Onse the prs. is found
without =j=: =usbida=; Rom. IX, 3.

§ 177. Class VI. Verbs of the sixth ablaut series: =a--ô--ô--a= (cp. § 35); e. g., =slaha=, =slôh=, =slôhum=, =slahans=, _to strike_.

NOTE 1. Like =slahan= go: =sakan=, _to quarrel_; =wakan=, _to
wake_; =dragan=, _to carry, load_; =þwahan=, _to wash_; =hlaþan=,
_to load_; =ga-daban=, _to becum, fit_; =ga-draban=, _to hew_;
=graban=, _to dig_; =skaban=, _to shave_; =alan=, _to grow_;
=malan=, _to grind_; =swaran=, _to swear_; =faran=, _to fare, go_;
=us-anan=, _to expire_. Sum of these verbs occur only in the prs.:
=wakan=, =dragan=, =alan=, =malan=, =faran=.

NOTE 2. Sum verbs of this class hav =j= in the present stem,
which is wanting in the prt. and pp.; e. g., =hafjan=, _to heav_,
forms: =hafja=, =hôf=, =hôfum=, =hafans=. So do: =fraþjan=, _to
understand_; =hlahjan=, _to laf_; =skapjan=, _to shape, make_;
=skaþjan=, _to do scath, to injure_; =wahsjan=, _to wax, grow_.
Doutful is the prs. form =*garaþjan= which is uzually inferd from
the pp. =garaþana= (Mt. X, 30), _to count_.--Cp. § 206, n.

NOTE 3. The =n= of =standan= occurs only in the present stem (cp.
§ 206, b): =standa=, =stôþ=, =stôþum=. The pp. =*staþans= (ON.
staðinn) is wanting; cp. Anz. fda., 14, 286.

2. Reduplicating Verbs.

§ 178. The preterit of the reduplicating verbs is formd by reduplication only, the radical vowel remaining unchanged. The reduplication consists of the initial consonant together with the constant reduplication vowel =aí= (short e; s. § 20); e. g., =haita=, _I am calld_, prt. =haíhait=; =ƕôpa=, _I boast_, prt. =ƕaíƕôp=. When the word begins with two consonants, only the first is repeated; e. g., =fraisa=, _I tempt_, prt. =faífrais=. The initial combinations =st=, =sk=, [=sp=], however, ar repeated together; e. g., =(ga-)stalda=, _I possess_, prt. =staístald=; =skaida=, _I separate_, prt. =skaískaiþ=. When the word begins with a vowel, only the reduplication vowel is prefixt; e. g., =auka=, _I increase_, prt. =aíauk=.

The pp. is formd without reduplication: =haitans=, =fraisans=, etc.

§ 179. The reduplicating verbs may be divided into five classes according to their radical vowels: (1) =a= (=â=). (2) =ê=. (3) =ai=. (4) =ô=. (5) =au=. Sinse the vowel remains unchanged in the hole verb, it causes no change of inflection. Therefore the paradim =haitan= (givn in § 170) is sufficient for all classes.

The preterits of the following reduplicating verbs ar extant:

(1) =haldan=, _to hold_; =falþan=, _to fold_; =staldan=, _to possess_; --=fâhan=, _to cach_ (prt. =faífâh=, pl. =faífâhum=, pp. =fâhans=), =hâhan=, _to hang_ (§ 62, n. 2).

(2) =slêpan=, _to sleep_ (concerning the prt., cp. § 78, n. 3).

(3) =af-aikan=, _to deny_; =fraisan=, _to tempt_; =haitan=, _to be calld_; =laikan=, _to leap_; =maitan=, _to cut off_; =skaidan=, _to separate_.

(4) =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =flôkan=, _to lament_.--The inf. belonging to the prt. =laílôun= (Jo. IX, 28) is probably (according to § 26, n.) =*lauan=, _to revile_. Cp. § 22, n. 2.

(5) =aukan=, _to increase_.

NOTE 1. It is tolerably certain that several verbs of which the
preterit does not occur belong here too: (1) =us-alþan=, _to grow
old_; =blandan=, _to blend_; =saltan=, _to salt_; =waldan=, _to
wield, rule_; =ana-praggan=, _to oppress, harass_. (2) =blêsan=,
_to blow_. (3) =ga-þláihan=, _to cumfurt, caress_. (4) =blôtan=,
_to wurship_. (5) =stautan=, _to thrust, smite_; =hlaupan=, _to
run_.

NOTE 2. =bauan=, _to dwel_, which formerly belongd here according
to the testimony of other Germanic dialects, has the weak prt.
=bauaida= and is referd to the third weak conjugation (§ 193)
also because of the f. =bauains= (§ 103, n. 1). But the 3d pers.
sg. is =bauiþ= which is stil a form of the strong conjugation.
The inflection of the Goth. =bnauan=, _to rub_, which occurs only
onse (=bnauandans=; Lu. VI, 1) can not be determind; its ON.
correspondence, *bnúa, (g)núa (altisl. gr., § 433; cp. Zs. fdph.,
17, 250), like the OHG. nûan, niuwan (ahd. gr., § 334, n. 5)
belongs to the strong inflection; =trauan=, however, follows the
weak inflection thruout.--Cp. § 26, b.

NOTE 3. =gaggan=, _to go_, pp. =gaggans=, has lost its prt.
=*gaígagg=, which is replaced by other forms. Cp. § 207.

NOTE 4. Insted of =flôkan= the form =flêkan= was formerly uzed on
account of the isolated prt. =faíflôkun= (according to § 181). That
this is wrong was shown by Bezzenberger, 'Ueber die =a=-reihe der
got. spr.', p. 56⁴. Cp. also Gallée, 'Noord en Zuid', 4, 54 et seq.

NOTE 5. =arjandan= (in Lu. XVII, 7) seems to refer to a red. v.
=arjan= (_to plow_), w. a =j=-present (206ᵃ); cp. OHG. erien, iar,
giaran (ahd. gr., § 350, n. 5).

3. Reduplicating Ablaut Verbs.

§ 180. A number of verbs with the stem-vowel =ê= in the present (or final =ai= in the root) hav the ablaut of the =ê--ô=-series (s. § 36). The prt. has the vowel =ô= and reduplication. In the pp. appears the same vowel as in the prs. These verbs ar divided into two classes according to the vowel of the prs.:

§ 181. I. Stems ending in a consonant hav =ê= in the prs.; e. g., =lêtan=, _to let_, which has =lêta=, =laílôt=, =laílôtum=, =lêtans=. Of this kind ar also =grêtan= (=gaígrôt=), _to weep_; =têkan= (=taítôk=), _to tuch_; =-rêdan= (=raírôþ=), _to counsel_.

§ 182. II. Roots ending in a vowel change the =ê= into =ai= (§ 22). Here belong: =saian=, _to sow_: =saia=, =saísô=, =saísôum=, =saians= (concerning other forms, cp. § 22, n. 1; § 170, n. 2), and =waian= (=waíwô=), _to blow_.

NOTE. The prt. of =faian=, _to blame_, is not extant; cp. § 22, n.
2.