A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossary

Chapter III: Appendix: General Remarks on the Consonants

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§ 79. The Gothic soft spirants, =b=, =d=, =z=, finally and before the =s= of the nom. (cp. §§ 56. 74. 78) ar changed into the corresponding hard sounds, =f=, =þ=, =s=, while the fourth soft spirant, medial =g=, remains unchanged when final (§ 66; § 65, n. 2).

NOTE 1. Also the final =b=, =d=, =z= hav sumtimes remaind
unchanged, i. e. =z= rarely (§ 78, n. 1), but =b= and =d=
especially often in certain parts where also other forms show a
later stage of development. Cp. § 56, n. 1; § 74, n. 1, and Zs.
fda., 25, 226 et seq.

NOTE 2. Interchange between =f= and =b=, =þ= and =d=, =h= and =g=,
=s= and =z=, which had taken place in proethnic Germanic according
to definit laws and is better preservd in other Germanic languages
('Grammatical Change'; s. ahd. gr., § 100 et seq.), occurs in
Gothic only in derivativ words; cp. =g-h=, § 66, n. 1; =d-þ=, §
74, n. 3; (=z--s=, § 78, n. 3); and traces of it ar seen in the
inflection of the verbs =þarf= (§ 56, n. 3), =áih= (§ 203, n. 1).

§ 80. Gemination of the Gothic liquids and nasals, =l=, =m=, =n=, =r=, is frequent; also =ss= and a few instances of =kk= (§ 58, n. 1), =tt= (§ 69, n. 1), =þþ= (§ 71, n. 1), =dd= (§ 73, n. 1); --the more frequent exampls of =gg= (§§ 67. 68) ar in part of another kind.

The geminated consonants remain unchanged when final and before the =s= of the nominativ: =skatts=, =full=, =kann=, =rann=, =wamm=, =gawiss=; likewise before =j= (as in =fulljan=, =skattja=, =kannjan=, etc.), but ar as a rule simplified before other consonants: =kant=, =kunþa= (cp. =kann=); =rant=, 2nd pers. sg. prt., =ur-runs=, m., _a running out_ (cp. =rinnan=); =swumfsl=, _pond_ (cp. =*swimman=); --but uzually =fullnan=, only a few times =fulnan=.

NOTE. Sum instances of gemination as wel as of simplified
gemination in the MSS. ar merely orthografic errors; as, =allh= for
=alh=; Lu. II, 46; =wisêdun= (=s= for =ss=); =inbranjada= (=nj= for
=nnj=); Jo. XV, 6; =swam= for =swamm=; Mk. XV, 36.--Such errors ar
mostly corrected by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, 'Vulfila', p. LVII.

§ 81. The changes of consonants before dentals may, as far as the Gothic is concernd, be embraced in the following rule:

Before the dentals, =d=, =þ=, =t=, all labial stops and spirants ar changed into =f=, all gutturals into =h=, all dentals into =s=, the second dental appearing always as =t=. E. g.

=skapjan=, =gaskafts= (§ 51, n. 2); =þaúrban= (=*þaúrbda=), =þaúrfta=; =giban=, =gifts= (§ 56, n. 4); --=siuks=, =saúhts=; =þagkjan=, =þâhta= (§ 58, n. 2); =magan=, =mahta= (§ 66, n. 1); --=wait=, =waist= (§ 69, n. 2); =waírþan=, =warst= (§ 71, n. 3); =biudan=, =baust= (§ 75, n. 1).

NOTE 1. Exceptions ar =magt= (2nd pers. sg.; 1st =mag=, § 201) and
=gahugds=, _mind_.

NOTE 2. =st= often becums =ss= by assimilation; as, =wissa=, prt.
of =witan= (§ 76, n. 1). Cp. Beitr., 7, 171 et seq.; 9, 150 et
seq.; IF., 4, 341 et seq.

NOTE 3. The rule givn abuv from a practical standpoint of
the Gothic grammar must be formulated differently from
a comparativ-historical standpoint, because the discust
sound-shiftings hav not originated in the Gothic language, but ar
reflections of proethnic Germanic and Indo-Germanic relations of
sounds. S. Brgm., I, 381 et seq.; 403 et seq.

§ 82. Assimilations occur only in combination with =h= (s. § 62, n. 3) and =us= (§ 78, n. 4).

INFLECTION.

CHAP. I. DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVS.

GENERAL PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

(a) On declension in general.

§ 83. The Gothic declension, like that of the remaining Old-Germanic dialects, comprises three genders: the +masculin+, +neuter+ and +feminin+.

NOTE 1. The neuter of all declensions resembls in form very closely
the masculin; a distinction occurs in the nom. and acc. sg. and pl.
only.

NOTE 2. A distinction of gender is wanting only with the personal
prn. of the 1st and 2nd persons, with the reflexiv prn. (§ 150),
and with the numeral adjectivs 4-19 (§ 141).

§ 84. The Goth. declension has +two+ numbers: +singular+ and +plural+.

NOTE. The +dual+ which originally existed in all Indg. languages,
is preservd in the Goth. decl. in the 1st and 2nd pers. of the
personal prn. only (§ 150).

§ 85. The Goth. declension has four complete cases: +nominativ+, +genitiv+, +dativ+, +accusativ+. The +vocativ+ is mostly identical with the nominativ, only in the singular of sum classes of declension the vocativ is different from the nominativ, but then it is always identical with the accusativ.

NOTE. The Goth. dativ represents several Indg. cases (dativ,
locativ, ablativ, instrumental). Relics of the neuter instrumental
ar stil present in the pronominal declension: =þê= (§ 153), =ƕê= (§
159).

(b) On the declension of substantivs.

§ 86. The declension of substantivs in Gothic is divided into a vocalic and a consonantal declension, according as the stems of the substantivs end in a vowel or a consonant.

NOTE. The original form of the stem is in part unrecognizabl in the
Gothic language, because the stem has blended with the endings,
final vowels hav been lost, and the like, so that the division
into a vocalic and a consonantal declension appears correct only
in the light of the Comparativ Indo-Germanic Grammar, and but with
reference to this it must be retaind. Such a division would never
hav been made from an especially Gothic-Germanic standpoint.

§ 87. Of the +consonantal+ stems in Gothic the =n=-stems (i. e. the stems in =-an=, =-ôn=, =-ein=), ar very numerous, while of other consonantal declensions but a few remains ar preservd (§ 114 et seq.). Sinse the time of Jac. Grimm the =n=-declension has also been calld +Weak Declension+.

§ 88. There ar four classes of the +vocalic+ declension: stems in =a=, =ô=, =i=, =u=. Accordingly, we distinguish them as =a-=, =ô-=, =i-=, and =u=-declensions. The stem-characteristics ar stil clearly seen in all classes in the dat. and acc. pl.; e. g., =dagam=, =dagans=; -- =gibôm=, =gibôs=; -- =gastim=, =gastins=; -- =sunum=, =sununs=. Sinse the time of Jacob Grimm the vocalic declension has also been calld +Strong Declension+.

NOTE 1. Of the four vocalic declensions the =a-= and
=ô-=declensions ar closely connected, the =a=-declension containing
only masculins and neuters (=dags=, =waúrd=), the =ô=-declension
the corresponding feminins. Both classes ar therefore uzually givn
as one, the =a=-declension.

NOTE 2. The Gothic =a=-declension corresponds to the second or
o-declension in Greek and Latin (Gr. m. -ος, n. -ον; Lt. -us, -um),
the Goth. =ô=-declension corresponds to the first or ā-declension
in Gr. and Lt. Now sinse Comparativ Grammar teaches us that the
Græco-Lt. vowels ar the more original ones, and that onse also the
Germanic stems of the corresponding masculine and neuters must
hav ended in o and those of the feminins in â, we often meet in
Germanic Grammar with the term o-declension for the masculins and
neuters, and with the term â-declension for the feminins.

§ 88ᵃ. Substantivs (and adjectivs) as the first parts of compounds end as a rule in a vowel, the connecting vowel of the components (or composition-vowel), which in the case of the vocalic stems is oftenest identical with the stem-vowel. Exampls: =a=-decl.: =figgra-gulþ=, =hunsla-staþs=, =himina-kunds=, =fulla-tôjis=; --=i=-decl.: =gasti-gôþs=, =naudi-bandi=; --=u=-decl.: =fôtu-baúrd=, =hardu-haírtei=, =filu-waúrdei=.

But the connecting vowel of the =o=-stems is always =-a=; as, =aírþa-kunds=, =hleiþra-stakeins=; the =-ja= of =ja=-stems persists when the stem is a short syllabl, but it becums =i= when the stem is long (cp. § 44); as, =wadja-bôkôs=, =alja-kuns=; =arbi-numja=, =aglaiti-waúrdei=; in like manner =þûsundi-faþs=, < stem in =-jô-=, nom. =þûsundi= (§ 145).

The =n=-stems hav simpl =a= insted of the thematic ending =-an=, =-ôn=; as, =guma-kunds=, =fruma-baúr=, =wilja-halþei=, =qina-kunds=, =auga-daúrô=; but =mari-saiws= (cp. Beitr., 8, 410).

NOTE 1. The composition-vowel was often dropt in Gothic, especially
that of the =a=-stems; e. g., of =a=-stems: =wein-drugkja= (but
=weina-triu=, =weina-basi=, etc.), =gud-hûs=, =guþ-blôstreis=
(but =guda-faúrhts=, =guda-laus=, =guþa-skaunei=), =laus-qiþrs=,
=laus-handus= (but =lausa-waúrds=), =þiudan-gardi=, =háuh-þûhts=,
=ain-falþs=, =þiu-magus= (for =þiwa-=, § 91, n. 3); --of
=ja=-stems: =niuklahs= (but =niuja-satiþs=), =frei-hals=,
=aglait-gastalds= (but =aglaiti-waúrdei=); --of =i=-stems:
=brûþ-faþs=, =þut-haúrn= (Beitr., 8, 411), =twalib-wintrus= (§ 141).

NOTE 2. Sum words show evasions of the composition-vowel:
=þiuþi-qiss= (for =þiuþa-=); I. Cor. X, 16 (in Cod. A); =anda-laus=
(for =andja-=); I. Tim. I, 4 (in A, but =andi-laus= in B);
=hrainja-haírts= (for =hraini-=); Mt. V, 8; =garda-= in cpds.
seems to be the normal form beside the stem =gardi-= (s. § 101):
=garda-waldands=; Mt. X, 25. Lu. XIV, 21; =miþgarda-waddjus=; Eph.
II, 14 (in B, but =midgardi-w.= in A); Beitr., 8, 432. Cp. also
=brôþra-lubô=; Rom. XII, 10 (in A, but =brôþru-lubô=; I. Thess.
IV, 9, in B).--The evasions occur mostly in Codex A and seem to
be yunger East-Gothic forms; cp. the names in the Documents (e.
g., =Gudi-lub=, in Ar. Doc.; =Sunjai-friþas=, in Neap. Doc.), and
Wrede, 'Ostg.', 184.

NOTE 3. Beside the other consonantal stems there occur:
=brôþru-lubô= (§ 114); cp. the preceding note; =baúrgs-waddjus=,
a genitiv-composition (§ 116); =nahta-mats= (§ 116); beside
=mann-= (§ 117) the stem =mana-= is found: =mana-sêþs=,
=mana-maúrþrja=, =unmana-riggws=; and (probably according to note
1) =man-leika=.--=sigis-laun= and =þruts-fill=, which belong to old
=s=-stems (s. § 94, n. 5.--Leo Meyer, Got. Spr., p. 174), may (by
loss of =a=, according to note 1) also refer to =a=-stems.

NOTE 4. For more about the cpds. in Gothic, s. Beitr., 8, 371-460;
Brgm., II, 73 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 183 et seq.

A. VOCALIC (STRONG) DECLENSION.

1. (a) A-Declension.

§ 89. The Gothic =a=-declension contains only masculins and neuters. We distinguish between pure =a=-stems and =ja=-stems.

NOTE. The =wa=-stems in Gothic differ but very litl from the pure
=a=-stems. Their number is very small (§ 91, n. 3; § 93; § 94, n.
1).

Masculins.

§ 90. Paradims of the masculins. (a) Pure =a=-stems: =dags=, _day_ (< an erlier *dagaz, proethnic Germanic *dago-z, § 88, n. 2); =hlaifs=, _(loaf of) bred_ (proethnic Germanic *hlaibo-z). (b) =ja=-stems: =haírdeis=, _herdsman_ (proethnic Germanic *herdio-z); =harjis=, _army_ (proethnic Germanic *hario-z).

§ 91. Like =dags= decline many masculins; as, =stains=, _stone_; =skalks=, _servant_; =tains=, _twig_; =himins=, _heven_; =fisks=, _fish_; =wigs=, _way_; =wulfs=, _wolf_; =fugls=, _bird (fowl)_; =aiþs= (gen. =aiþis=), _oath_.

=hlaifs= shows the hardening of the medial soft spirant when becuming final (cp. §§ 56. 79). So does =laufs= (nom. pl. =laubôs=), _leaf_.

NOTE 1. The declension of these masculins is identical with that of
the masculin =i=-stems (100) in the hole sg. and in the gen. pl.
Only the nom., acc., and dat. pl. can show to which declension they
belong. Consequently, a number of masculins which ar not found in
those pl. cases cannot with certainty be classified. The testimony
of the other Germanic languages, however, wil in many cases
enable us to decide. Thus =akrs=, _field_; =mêgs=, _sun-in-law_;
=maúrgins=, _morning_; =snaiws=, _snow_; =maiþms=, _present_, etc.,
belong to the =a=-decl.

NOTE 2. Words which ar not found in the nom. sg. nor in the nom.
acc. pl., may be neuter. Thus the nom. to the isolated gen.
=akeitis= (_vinegar_) may be both =akeits= and =akeit=, that to the
dat. =staþa= (_shore_) both =staþs= and =staþ=. Sum of such words
ar undoutedly m., as is evident from the adjs. which modify them,
or from the cognate dialects; e. g., =slêps=, _sleep_; =wôkrs=,
_uzury_; =aúhns=, _oven_; =tweifls=, _dout_; =môþs=, _anger_ (gen.
=môdis=, § 74).

NOTE 3. According to the rules for final =w= (§ 42), =þius= and
=þiu= ar givn, respectivly, as the nom. and voc. sg. to the nom.
pl. =þiwôs= (_servants_), gen. =þiwê=--the only forms found. Cp.
=þiu-magus=, _servant_, § 88ᵃ, n. 1.

NOTE 4. According to § 78, n. 2, the =s= of the nom. sg. is dropt
in =*ans= (dat. =anza=), _beam_; =*hals= (=halsis=), _neck_;
=freihals=, _liberty_; =*ams= (acc. pl. =amsans=), _shoulder_:
=waír=, _man_; =*gabaúr= (n. pl. =gabaúrôs=), _festiv meal_;
=kaisar=, _emperor, Cæsar_; =stiur=, _steer_ (Neh. 5, 18; cp. Zs.
fda., 37, 319).

NOTE 5. =wêgs=, _wave_ (nom. pl. =wêgôs=, but dat. pl. =wêgim=);
=aiws=, _time_ (dat. pl. =aiwam=, acc. pl. =aiwins=), show a
tendency to merge into the =i=-decl.

§ 92. The =ja=-stems ar subject to the rules concerning the contraction of the =ji= into =ei= (s. § 44, c and n. 1), according to which there is a distinction between the words with long and those with short stem-syllabls. Further exampls: (a) long-stemd and trisyllabic (polysyllabic): =asneis=, _hired man_; =andeis=, _end_; =ƕaiteis=, _wheat_; =sipôneis=, _disciple_; the words in =-areis= (Kluge, Stammbildung, §§ 8. 9; ahd. gr., § 200): =laisareis=, _teacher_; =bôkareis=, _scribe_, etc. (b) short stems: =niþjis=, _cuzin_; =*andastaþjis=, _adversary_.

NOTE 1. =andeis=, _end_, has in Rom. X, 18 the acc. pl. according
to the =i=-decl.: =andins=.

NOTE 2. Only in the pl. occurs: =bêrusjôs=, _parents_ (§ 33).

NOTE 3. The acc. pl. =hlijans= (Mk. IX, 5) suggests the nom. sg.
=*hleis= (like =freis=, § 126, n. 2), _tent_. Cp. Zimmer, QF., 13,
308.

NOTE 4. A nom. pl. =silbawiljôs=, adj. uzed as sb. (nom. sg.
=*silba-wiljis=, _willing of one's self_; cp. =gawiljis=, § 126),
occurs in II. Cor. VIII, 3.

Neuters.

§ 93. Paradims. (a) pure =a=-stems: =waúrd=, _word_; =haubiþ=, _hed_. (b) =wa=-stems: =triu=, _tree_. (c) =ja=-stems: =kuni=, _kin_.

§ 94. Like =waúrd= ar declined a very great number of neuter nouns; e. g., =blôþ=, =blôþis=, _blud_; =gulþ=, _gold_; =juk=, _yoke_; =jêr=, _year_; =haúrn=, _horn_; =sauil=, _sun_; =silubr=, _silver_; =agis=, _fear_; =sáir=, _sorrow_; =maúrþr=, _murder_; =gras=, =grasis=, _grass_.

Exampls of words, like =haubiþ=, with a final hard sound for a medial soft spirant: =dius=, =diuzis=, _animal_; =hatis=, _hatred_; =riqis=, _darkness_ (§ 78, n. 1); =liuhaþ=, =liuhadis=, _light_; =witôþ=, _law_.

NOTE 1. According to § 42, the final =w= of =wa=-stems becums
=u= after a short vowel. There occur two words of this kind: the
paradim =triu= (=weina-triu=, _vine_) and =*kniu=, =kniwis=,
_knee_. No change after a long vowel; as, =lêw=, _opportunity_;
=fraiw=, _seed_.

NOTE 2. According to § 91, n. 2, it is doutful whether sum words
ar m. or n. The reasons givn there permit us to class words like
=þaúrp=, _field_; =maþl=, _market_, with the neuters; doutful ar
the forms =dal=, _dale_ (cp. ON. dalr), =lun=, _ransom_ (or =lûns=,
cp. § 15, n. 1).

NOTE 3. The word =guþ=, which is neuter in form, is uzed as m.
when denoting the Christian God. But the n. pl. =guda= (_heathen_)
_gods_ (cp. § 74, n. 4), is stil uzed. The inflection of the sg.
is uncertain, because only abbreviated forms (§ 1, n. 4) occur:
=g̅þ̅=, =g̅þ̅s̅=, =g̅þ̅a̅=. As ful forms ar givn: nom. acc.
=guþ=, gen. =guþs=, dat. =guþa=, tho we should expect the gen.
=gudis=, dat. =guda=. If the gen. form =guþs= is correct, the word
=guþ= would belong to the consonantal stems (§ 114 et seq.).--In
composition =guda-= and =guþa-=; s. § 88ᵃ, n. 1.

NOTE 4. =fadrein=, '_paternity_', in the sense of '_parents_', may
be uzed as an indeclinabl pl. with the art.: =þai fadrein=, =þans
fadrein=. But also the regular neuter pl. =fadreina= occurs in the
sense of '_parents_'. The fem. =fadreins=, _lineage, family_, is a
separate word (§ 103).--Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 14.

NOTE 5. The gen. of =hatis=, _hatred_, occurs onse (in cod. B)
as =hatis= (a consonantal form); Eph. II, 3 (=hatizê= in A). For
a different view, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 77.--Concerning the neuters
in =-is=, s. v. Bahder, 'Verbalabstracta', 52 et seq.; Kluge,
Stammbild., §§ 84. 145; Brgm., II, 419 et seq. Cp. also § 78, n. 3.

§ 95. Like =kuni= ar declined both short and long =ja=-stems; e. g., =badi=, _bed_; =nati=, _net_; =faírguni=, _mountain_; =gawi=, =gaujis=, _province_ (§ 42, n. 2); =taui=, =tôjis=, _deed_ (§ 26); =reiki=, =reikjis=, _kingdom_; =arbi=, =arbjis=, _inheritance_; =galigri=, _consummation of marriage_; =gawaúrki=, _business_; =garûni=, _counsel_; =andwaírþi=, _presence_.

NOTE 1. Beside =-jis= a contracted gen. in =-eis= (cp. § 44, c; §
92) is found in but a few long and short stems; as, =trausteis=
(nom. =trausti=, _cuvenant_); Eph. II, 12; =andbahti=, _office_,
has the gen. =andbahtjis= (3 times) beside =andbahteis= (onse);
Lu. I, 23; =gawaírþi=, _peace_, has =gawaírþjis= (6 times),
=gawaírþeis= (3 times); =waldufni=, _power_, has =waldufneis=
(Skeir., 49) beside =waldufnjis= (twice).

1. (b) Ô-Declension.

§ 96. The Gothic =ô=-declension contains only +feminins+ which serv as a supplement to the =a=-decl. (§ 88, n. 1). Also here we distinguish between pure =ô=-stems and =jô=-stems.

Paradims: (a) =giba=, _gift_ (stem =gibô-=). (b) long =jô=-stems: =bandi=, _bond_ (stem =bandjô-=); =mawi=, _girl_ (stem =maujô-=).

§ 97. Like =giba= ar declined a great many words; as, =bida=, _request_; =þiuda=, _peple_; =hansa=, _multitude_; =saiwala=, _soul_; =stibna=, _voice_; =aírþa=, _erth_; =ƕeila=, _hour_; =wamba=, _belly_; =mildiþa=, _mercy_; =aƕa=, _water_.

NOTE 1. The declension of the =wô-= and short =jô=-stems is
identical with that of =giba=; e. g., =triggwa=, _cuvenant_;
=bandwa=, _sign_; --=sunja=, _truth_; =halja=, _hel_; =sibja=,
_relationship_; =wrakja=, _persecution_; =plapja=, _street_.

NOTE 2. The acc. sg. of =ƕeila= before the enclitic =-hun= is found
as =ƕeilô-= in =ƕeilôhun=; s. § 163, n. 1 (as regards the form, cp.
=ainôhun=, § 163, c; =ƕarjôh=, § 165).

§ 98. Like =bandi= go the long and polysyllabic =jô=-stems. Their inflection is the same as that of =giba=, except in the nom. and voc. sg. which hav =i= insted of =ja=.--Further exampls: =þiudangardi=, _kingdom_; =ƕôftuli=, _glory_; =*haiþi=, _field, heath_; =*wasti=, _garment_; =*frijôndi=, f., _frend_; =*fraistubni=, _temptation_.

NOTE 1. Like =mawi= (for the change of =w= into =u=, s. § 42),
whose inflection corresponds to that of =bandi=, inflects also
=þiwi=, =þiujôs=, _maid-servant_.

2. I-Declension.

§ 99. The =i=-declension contains only masculins and feminins. Both genders properly ought to inflect precisely alike. But this is the case in the pl. only, while the sg. of the masculins has the gen. and dat. after the analogy of the =a=-declension.

Masculins.

§ 100. Paradim: =balgs=, _wine-skin_ (proethnic Germanic =balgi-z=).

Sing. N. =balgs= Plur. N. =balgeis=
G. =balgis= G. =balgê=
D. =balga= D. =balgim=
A. =balg= A. =balgins=
V. =balg=

§ 101. The number of masculins inflecting like =balgs= is not very great; e. g., =gasts=, _guest_; =gards=, _house_; =muns=, _thought_; =mats=, _meat, food_; =saggws=, _song_; =sauþs=, =saudis=, _sacrifice_; =brûþ-faþs= (=d=), _bridegroom_; =staþs= (=d=), _sted, place_.

NOTE 1. Words not occurring in the nom., dat., acc. pl. can not
with certainty be referd to this declension (cp. § 91, n. 1). In
many cases, however, we can infer from the remaining Germanic
languages to what declension they belong. Accordingly, the word
=saiws=, _sea, lake_, belongs here; and, particularly, a number of
verbal abstracts like =qums=, _arrival_; =drus=, _fall_; =wlits=,
_face_; =runs= (gen. =runis=), _a running_; =grêts=, _weeping_;
=krusts=, _gnashing_.

NOTE 2. The =s= of the nom. is dropt according to § 78, n. 2; e.
g., =ur-runs=, =ur-runsis=; =drus=, =drusis=; =baúr=, =baúris= (<
=baíran=, _to bear_), _sun_.

NOTE 3. =naus=, _a ded person_, is explaind according to the rules
for =w= (§ 42); nom. pl. =naweis=, acc. pl. =nawins=; so, also, the
acc. and voc. sg. =nau=.

NOTE 4. For =wêgs= and =aiws=, s. § 91, n. 5; for the acc. pl.
=andins=, s. § 92, n. 1.

Feminins.

§ 102. Paradim: =ansts=, _favor_ (proethnic Germanic =ansti-z=).

Sing. N. =ansts= Plur. N. =ansteis=
G. =anstais= G. =anstê=
D. =anstai= D. =anstim=
A. =anst= A. =anstins=
V. =anst=

§ 103. A great number of feminins belong to this class. Exampls: =qêns=, _woman, wife_; =dails=, _deal_; =wêns=, _hope_; =nauþs=, =nauþais=, _need_; =siuns=, _sight_; =sôkns=, _serch_; =taikns=, _token_; =fahêþs=, =fahêdais=, _joy_; =magaþs= (=þ=), _maid_; =fadreins=, _generation, family_; =arbaiþs= (=d=), _work_; =asans=, _harvest_; =ahaks=, _duv_; those in =-duþs=, =-duþais= (perhaps =-dûþs=; cp. § 15, n. 1): =mikilduþs=, _greatness_; =managduþs=, _abundance_; =ajukduþs=, _eternity_; =gamainduþs=, _communion_.

Very numerous ar the verbal abstracts which may be formd from every strong verb by means of the dental suffix =t= (=þ=, =d=); e. g., =gaskafts=, _creation_; =þaúrfts=, _need_; =ganists=, _salvation_; =fralusts=, _loss_; =gakusts=, _test_; =gabaúrþs=, _birth_; =gataúrþs=, _destruction_; =manasêþs= (=d=), _world_; =dêþs=, _deed_; =gahugds=, _thought_.

NOTE 1. Here belong also the abstracts in =-eins=, =-ôns=,
=-ains=, derived from the weak verbs of the I., II., and III.
Weak Conjugations, respectivly; e. g., =naseins= (< =nasjan=),
_salvation_; =laiseins=, _doctrin_; =háuheins=, _a 'heightening'_,
hense _praise_; =galaubeins=, _belief_; =naiteins=, _blasfemy_;
=laþôns= (< =laþôn=), _invitation_; =salbôns=, _salv, ointment_;
=mitôns=, _consideration_; =þulains= (< =þulan=), _suffering,
patience_; =libains=, _life_.--But those in =-eins= hav the nom.
and gen. pl. according to the =ô=-declension. Thus, for exampl:

Sing. N. =naiteins= G. =naiteinais= D. =naiteinai= A. V. =naitein=
Plur. N. =naiteinôs= G. =naiteinô= D. =naiteinim= A. =naiteinins=.

So in one exampl also the dat. pl.: =unkaúreinôm=; II. Cor. XI,
8.--The pl. of the abstracts in =-ôns=, =-ains= is regular:
=mitôneis=, =mitônê=, etc.

NOTE 2. Whether words ar f. or m. is doutful when they do not occur
in a distinctiv case; as, =lists=, _craftiness_; =fulleiþs= (or
=fulleiþ=, n.), _fulness_.

NOTE 3. The =s= of the nom. is dropt according to § 78, n. 2;
e. g., =us-stass=, =us-stassais=, _resurrection_; =garuns=,
=-runsais=, _street_.

NOTE 4. =haims=, _village_, forms its pl. according to the
=ô=-declension: =haimôs=, etc.

3. U-Declension.

Masculins and Feminins.

§ 104. The masculins and feminins of the =u=-declension ar identical in form. Paradim: =sunus=, _sun_.

Sing. N. =sunus= Plur. N. =sunjus=
G. =sunáus= G. =suniwê=
D. =sunáu= D. =sunum=
A. =sunu= A. =sununs=
V. =sunu=

§ 105. Further exampls: (a) masculins; e. g., =áirus=, _messenger_; =asilus=, _ass_; =dauþus=, _deth_; =wulþus=, _glory_; =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =þaúrnus=, _thorn_; =haírus=, _sword_; =liþus=, _lim_; =lustus=, _lust_; =magus=, _boy_; =faírƕus=, _world_; =fôtus=, _foot_; =stubjus=, _dust_; =wrêþus=, _flock_ (§ 7, n. 3); in =-assus= (Kluge, Stammbildg., § 137 et seq.): =draúhtinassus=, _warfare_; =ibnassus=, _evenness_; =þiudinassus=, _kingdom_; in =-ôdus=, =-ôþus= (Kluge, Stammbildg., § 134); e. g., =auhjôdus=, _tumult_; =gabaúrjôþus=, _plezure_.

(b) The only feminins ar certainly only =handus=, _hand_; =kinnus=, _cheek_; =waddjus=, _wall_ (cp. Beitr., 16, 318¹), and perhaps =asilus= (if ὄνου in Lu. XIX, 30. Joh. XII, 15, means _she-ass_).

The gender of sum is doutful; as, =qaírnus=, _mil_; =flôdus=, _flud_; =luftus=, _air_.

NOTE 1. Foren words like =aggilus=, _angel_; =sabbatus=, _sabbath_,
fluctuate in the pl. between the =u-= and =i=-decl.; s. § 120, n. 1.

NOTE 2. There is a notewurthy fluctuation between =u= and =au=
(=aú=? cp. § 24, n. 4) in the terminations of the sing. All cases
of this kind hav been collected by Leo Meyer in his 'Got. Spr.',
p. 574. =au= occurs for =u=: nom. =sunaus=; Lu. IV, 3; =faírƕaus=;
Gal. VI, 14 (in cod. B = =faírƕus= in cod. A); =Bartimaiaus=;
Mt. X, 46; --acc. =handau=; Mk. VII, 32; =þiudinassau=; Lu. IX,
27; =haírau=; Rom. XIII, 4 (in A = =haíru= in Cod. Car.); --voc.
=sunau= (often), =magau=; Lu. II, 48.

Reversely we find =u= for =au=: gen. =dauþus=; Lu. I, 79; =wulþus=;
Rom. IX, 23; =apaustaulus=; II. Cor. XII, 12 (in A = =apaustaulaus=
in B); dat. =wulþu=; Lu. IX, 26; =Paítru=; Gal. II, 7 (in A =
=Paítrau= in B).

From the great number of exampls, however, we infer that the
abuv paradim is by all means the regular one; the deviations
just mentiond ar merely owing to confusion on the part of later
copyists. When a word occurs in two manuscripts, it generally
has the correct form in one. Especially in Cod. Amb. A and in the
gospel of Lu. the =u=-decl. is confused in this way. Cp. Beitr.,
18, 280¹.

Neuters.

§ 106. The word =faíhu=, _muney_ (orig. '_catl_', = OHG. fihu) is the only neuter sb. of this class which occurs in several cases in the singular. No n. pl. is found.

N. =faíhu=
G. [=faíháus=]
D. =faíháu=
A. =faíhu=

NOTE 1. Also =gairu=, _sting_, is n. It occurs only in the nom. sg.
(II. Cor. XII, 7 in A, as a gloss to =hnûþô=).--The sb. =leiþu=,
_fruit-wine_, probably belongs here too; only the acc. sg. =leiþu=
occurs (Lu. I, 15); cp. Gallée (§ 223, n. 1), I, p. 38.--The acc.
sg. =sihu=, a gloss to the neuter =sigis=, _victory_, in Cod. B I.
Cor. XV, 57, is probably miswritn for =sigu= (because the =i= in
=sihu= would hav becum =aí=) which may also belong to a masculin
(nom. sg. =*sigus= = OHG. sigu). But cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra',
153.

NOTE 2. The gen. =faíháus= has been inferd from the m. (f.) and
from the adv. gen. =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3).

B. N-DECLENSION (WEAK DECLENSION).

1. Masculins.

§ 107. Paradim: =guma=, _man_.

Sing. N. =guma= Plur. N. =gumans=
G. =gumins= G. =gumanê=
D. =gumin= D. =gumam=
A. =guman= A. =gumans=

§ 108. Like =guma= inflect a great many masculins; e. g., =staua=, _judge_; =hana=, _cock_; =skula=, _detter_; =mêna=, _moon_; =atta=, _father_; =ahma=, _spirit_; =blôma=, _flower_; =milhma=, _cloud_; =hliuma=, _hearing_; =weiha=, _priest_; =swaíhra=, _father-in-law_; =magula=, _litl boy_; pl. =brôþrahans=, _brothers_ (J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra', 16); --=bandja=, _prisoner_; =haúrnja=, _trumpeter_; =fiskja=, _fisher_; =timrja=, _carpenter_; =arbja=, _heir_; =wilja=, _wil_; =manamaúrþrja=, _(man-)murderer_; =waúrstwja=, _workman_.

NOTE 1. =aba=, _man_, has the gen. pl. =abnê=, dat. pl. =abnam=;
of =aúhsa=, _ox_, occurs the gen. pl. =aúhsnê=. Cp. the neuters
in § 110, n. 1. Onse (I. Cor. IX, 9) we meet with the acc. pl.
=aúhsununs= which either stands for =aúhsuns= (according to § 80,
n. 1; cp. Anz. fda. 6, 120) or for =aúhsnuns= (Beitr., 8, 115; 12,
543; Brgm., I, 203).

NOTE 2. The long stems in =-ja= do not contract the =ji= of the
gen. and dat. sg. into =ei= (s. § 44, n. 1); hense, =bandja=, gen.
=bandjins=, dat. =bandjin=.

2. Neuters.

§ 109. Paradim: =haírtô=, _hart_.

Sing. N. =haírtô= Plur. N. =haírtôna=
G. =haírtins= G. =haírtanê=
D. =haírtin= D. =haírtam=
A. =haírtô= A. =haírtôna=

§ 110. Like =haírtô= inflect but few substantivs: =augô=, _ey_; =ausô=, _ear_; =barnilô=, _litl child_; =auga-daúrô=, _window_; =þaírkô=, _hole_, _ear of a needl_; =kaúrnô=, _corn_; =sigljô=, _seal_. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 106 et seq.

Also the weak adjectivs (§ 132).

NOTE 1. Irregular forms occur in the pl. of the neuters =namô=,
_name_, and =watô=, _water_. The sg. inflects like =haírtô=.
Paradim:

Sing. N. =namô= G. =namins= D. =namin= A. =namô=
Plur. N. =namna= G. =namnê= D. =namnam= A. =namna=.

The pl. of =watô= occurs only in the dat. =watnam=. Cp. § 108, n. 1.

NOTE 2. To the dat. sg. =sunnin= which occurs (twice) in the frase:
=at sunnin urrinnandin= (Mk. IV, 6. XVI, 2), belongs perhaps a
neuter =sunnô= (not a m. =sunna=), beside the f. =sunnô=, _sun_
(§ 112).--Cp. Mahlow, 'Die langen vocale a, e, o', p. 156, and
Sievers' comments on this in the appendix to the 3d G. edition of
this grammar.

NOTE 3. The word =gajukô= which was formerly regarded as n., is f.,
'_a female cumpanion_'. Cp. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', comment on Phil.
IV, 3.

3. Feminins.

§ 111. The feminins of the =n=-declension ar divided into two classes: stems in =-ôn-= and =-ein-=. Their inflection is the same. Paradims: =tuggô=, _tung_; =managei=, _multitude_.

Sing. N. =tuggô= =managei=
G. =tuggôns= =manageins=
D. =tuggôn= =managein=
A. =tuggôn= =managein=

Plur. N. =tuggôns= =manageins=
G. =tuggônô= =manageinô=
D. =tuggôm= =manageim=
A. =tuggôns= =manageins=

§ 112. Like =tuggô= inflect many substantivs; as, =qinô=, _woman_, _wife_; =ûhtwô=, _dawn_; =swaíhrô=, _mother-in-law_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =gatwô=, _street_; =staírnô=, _star_; =wikô=, _week_; =sunnô=, _sun_ (cp. § 110, n. 2); --=arbjô=, _heiress_; =brunjô=, _brestplate_; =tainjô=, _basket_; =niþjô=, _female cuzin_; =raþjô=, _account_.

NOTE 1. Also the feminins of the weak adjectivs inflect like
=tuggô= (§ 132).

§ 113. Nearly all substantivs inflecting like =managei= ar derived from adjectivs. Such an abstract in =-ei= may be formd from every adjectiv, hense the great number of these words; e. g., =diupei=, _depth_; =laggei=, _length_; =bleiþei=, _mercy_; =mikilei=, _greatness_; =braidei=, _bredth_; =frôdei=, _wisdom_; =hardu-haírtei=, _hard-hartedness_; =drugkanei=, _drunkenness_; sum can not be referd to corresponding adjs., but they likewise denote a state; e. g., =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =magaþei=, _maidenhood_. But very few hav a concrete meaning; as, =aiþei=, _mother_; =þramstei=, _locust_; =kilþei=, _womb_; =marei=, _sea_; =ƕaírnei=, _skul_.

NOTE 1. There is a close resemblance between adjectival abstracts
in =-ei= and the verbal abstracts in =-eins= (cp. § 103, n.
1); e. g., =háuhei=, _height_ (< =háuhs=), but =háuheins=, _a
heightening_, _praise_ (< =háuhjan=). Both hav the acc. sg.
=háuhein=.

In one case there is confusion. In Jo. X, 33 we meet with a gen.
sg. =wajamêreins= (nom. =wajamêreins=, _blasfemy_) from which it is
customary to infer a nom. =wajamêrei=, tho in its meaning such a
form is impossibl.

NOTE 2. In Cod. B. three nominativs sg. in =-ein= ar found:
=liuhadein=, _illumination_; II. Cor. IV, 4 (=liuhadeins= in A;
comp. this passage in Bernhardt's 'Vulfila'); =wiljahalþein=,
_favor_; Col. III, 25 (wanting in A); =gagudein=, _piety_; I. Tim.
IV, 8 (=gagudei= in A).

NOTE 3. The comparativs, the superlativs in =-ma=, and the prs.
participls form their feminin like =managei= (cp. § 132, n. 4).

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A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossaryChapter III: Appendix: General Remarks on the Consonants

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