Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: No. I (7)

In describing the Reflecting-apparatus delineated in Fig. 3., we may notice, that, agreeably to the laws of optics, almost inconceivable effects are produced by the use of these specula, by which portions of a sphere are illuminated, whose radii seem to be proportionate to the elevation of the radiant point, and the particular state of the atmosphere. Taking these conditions into view, the Revolving-light at the Bell Rock has been seen, from an elevated position on the land, at the distance of about 35 miles. According also to observations which have been made upon Sumburgh-Head Light, in Shetland, which is elevated about 300 feet above the medium level of the sea, it has been seen from a ship’s deck at the distance of about 27 miles. Similar effects are also expected to be produced with light refracted through glass-lenses. These, it is believed, are about to be made trial of in the Tour de Corduan, at the entrance of the Garonne, with what are termed Polygonal Lenses, being one large lens, built or composed of a number of small lenses, as suggested by Dr Brewster, in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, in the year 1811, under the article “Burning Glass.”

Fig. 3. _a a a_ represents one of the reflectors, measuring 25 inches over the lips, in a finished state, as now in use at the Bell Rock and Northern Light-houses in general. They consist of a circular sheet of copper, measuring, when flat, 26¼ inches in diameter; weighing 11½ lb. on an average; and plated with silver in the proportion of 6 oz. to each pound avoirdupois of copper. These plates are formed into the Parabolic curve by a very nice process of hammering, and afterwards set into a bezil or ring of brass; _b_ is the lamp, being an Argand-burner, with a circular wick, of about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. If the parabolic figure of the reflector could be constructed and its form preserved with perfect accuracy, the magnitude of the flame of the lamp employed for its illumination would be of less importance. From certain experiments now in progress, the writer is in expectation that considerable improvements may be introduced, in the construction of reflectors, and that additional modes of distinguishing the Light-houses on the coast will be obtained. _c_ is a cylindrical fountain of brass, which contains 24 oz. of oil, suitable for the consumpt of the lamp for about 18 hours, or equal to its expenditure during the longest night in Shetland. A great improvement upon the Burner-apparatus has lately been introduced into the Northern Lights, by affording the light-keeper an opportunity of cleaning the reflector without the obstruction of the burner: the oil-pipe and fountain of the burner is connected with the rectangular frame _d_, and moveable in a perpendicular direction upon the guide-rods _e_ and _f_, by which it can be let down and taken out of the reflector, by simply turning the handle _g_, as will be more fully understood by examining Fig. 5. In this way, the necessity of lifting the reflector, or deranging its focus, is avoided. Although a properly trimmed lamp, especially upon the Argand principle, does not emit smoke, yet the heat and effluvia arising from it, are sufficient to oxydise or sully the upper part of the reflector: an aperture of an elliptical form, measuring about 2 inches by 3 inches, is therefore cut in the upper part of the reflector, to which the copper-tube _h_ is attached. Letter _i_, immediately behind the reflector, refers to a cross section of the main-bar of the chandelier or frame on which the reflectors are ranged, each being made to rest upon three knobs of brass, one of which, as seen at _k k_, is soldered upon the brass band _l_, that clasps the exterior of the reflector.

To distinguish the Bell Rock Light from others on the coast, as noticed at page 401, it is made to revolve, and to exhibit periodically a bright light of the natural appearance, alternating with a red coloured light. This last effect is produced by means of shades of red glass, one of which, represented at _m m_, is also set in a brass bezil, and made to slide horizontally upon two rods marked _n n_, into corresponding sockets, fixed upon the reflector-frame at _o_, so as to enable the light-keeper to trim the lamp without entirely removing the red coloured shade. In the present aspect of the shade, the rods are drawn out to their full extent; but when set for use, the shade is pushed in till its bezil and that of the reflector are within half an inch of each other.

Fig. 4. is a section of the reflector _a a_, shewing the position of the burner _b_, with the glass chimney accented _b´ b´_, and oil cup _b_, or receiver for any drop that may fall from the lamp. The letters _c_, _d_, _f_, and _g_, in reference to the corresponding letters in Fig. 3., shew the oil-fountain in its place when the burner is in use.

Fig. 5. has reference to the apparatus for moving the burner up and down, so as to admit freely of the reflector being cleaned. In the present position, _c_, the fountain, is moved partly down; _d d_, &c. shows the rectangular frame on which the burner is mounted; _e e_ the elongated socket-guides; _f_ the rectangular guide-rod, connected with the sockets on which the perforated check-handle _g_ slides; accented _c´_ is a cross section of the oil-pipe, where it joins the valve of the fountain.

Figs. 6, 7, and 8. These three diagrams represent a different mode of withdrawing the burner from the reflector, for the conveniency of cleaning it. In Figs. 3, 4, and 5., this is supposed to be done by a perpendicular motion of the burner; but in Figs. 6, 7, and 8. it slides horizontally. Fig. 8. is a horizontal section of the reflector _a a a_, and its apparatus, the letters in which correspond with those of Figs. 3, 4, and 5. The advantages attending this mode, are the rendering of the apparatus more steady, by its having two points of support upon the bars _i i_ and _k k_; while its motion is more direct. The part of the reflector cut out for the admission of the burner in this case, being that which is partly intercepted by it, little of the reflecting surface is thus lost; and this mode may therefore be considered an improvement upon the perpendicular manner of lifting and lowering the burner.

FRONTISPIECE.

[Sidenote: Pl. XXI.]

This scene, which is intended to represent the Bell Rock after a storm at north-east, will hardly admit of any adequate description, from the evanescence of the form of the waves upon these occasions. It is, however, founded upon observations made at the Light-house, between the years 1810 and 1822, or during twelve successive winters. The great rise of the sea during a gale, as delineated in the Vignette to the Narrative of the Edystone Light-house, being so surprising, the writer was at much pains to ascertain the effect also at the Bell Rock; and the _maximum_ height of the sprays hitherto observed has been about 105 feet, or as high as the central part of the Light-room windows.

Mr Andrew Masson, an artist who in early life had been at sea, having expressed a desire to reside in the Light-house for some time during winter, that he might observe the waves in a storm, was readily furnished with an opportunity. He went there in the month of December 1816, and remained for six weeks and four days, when he produced various sketches of the appearances which he witnessed; and Mr Macdonald, noticed at page 519, made several outlines from actual observation, in the winter of 1820. All of these were put into the hands of Mr Turner, Royal Academician; who gave the very spirited drawing from which Mr Horsburgh, an artist of much promise, has succeeded in producing the striking representation in the Frontispiece. The writer has also the pleasure of acknowledging the obligations he owes to Mr Williams, author of Views in Greece, for his friendly advice and assistance.

It may here be remarked, as not a little surprising, that while the sea is running nearly to the height represented in the Frontispiece, the entrance-door of the Light-house, or at least one of its leaves, may nevertheless be left open; and the portion of water which on these occasions makes its way into the passage, is found to be very trifling. This is owing to the fortunate position of the door; for, while the sprays on the eastern side fly with the quickness of lightning to the top of the house, the waves separate below, and are sent round the building with such force, that their collision upon the lee-side produces the wonderful appearance in the picture; where a downy spray, white as snow, rises at some distance from the house, to the height of 20 or 30 feet above the medium surface of the sea, and comes in minute particles upon those within the entrance-door, producing a sensation as if dust were falling upon them.

VIGNETTE OF SECOND TITLE-PAGE.

[Sidenote: Pl. XXII.]

The night scene of the Bell Rock Light-house, in the Vignette of the Second Title-page, was drawn by Miss Stevenson, from a sketch by the masterly hand of Mr Skene of Rubislaw. To Miss Stevenson, also, as an amanuensis, the writer takes this opportunity, with parental affection, of acknowledging his obligation for almost the entire manuscript written to his diction. The reader will be gratified to find, in connection with this Vignette, inserted at page 64., a _fac-simile_ of the handwriting of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. in the expressive and beautiful lines which he wrote in the Album kept at the Light-house, as noticed at page 419.

PLATE XXIII.

DESIGN FOR A LIGHT-HOUSE, SUGGESTED UPON VISITING THE WOLF ROCK SITUATE EIGHT MILES _S. S. W._ FROM THE LAND’S-END.

_SKETCHES OF A NEW DESIGN FOR A LIGHT HOUSE._

_Drawn by G. C. Scott_

_Eng^d. by J. Moffat Edin^r._

_PLATE XXIII._]

[Sidenote: Pl. XXIII.]

In the range of aquatic buildings applicable to the purposes of a Light-house, which the writer has examined, he was forcibly struck with the magnitude of the Tour de Corduan, on the French coast. This magnificent edifice measures about 145 feet in diameter at the base, and 150 feet in height. Its cubical contents may perhaps be stated at the immense quantity of 339,432 feet; of which the basement alone forms about 200,000 feet. This building has undergone considerable alterations since its completion in the year 1609, as appears from Belidor’s _Architecture Hydraulique_, tom. ii. At the time of its alteration from a coal fire to an oil light with reflectors, the upper parts in particular seem to have been greatly simplified, by the removal of several of its exterior ornamental appendages.

The Edystone Light-house, owing to the smallness of the rock, as appears from Mr Smeaton’s Narrative of this celebrated building, measures only 26 feet in diameter, at the level of the first entire course; but if there had been space on the Rock for extending it equally on all sides, the ground-course, according to the curve of the outward walls, and the position of the foundation-stone, would have measured 32 feet in diameter. The height of the cupola of the Edystone Light-house is 90 feet, and the cubical contents of the masonry is about 13,147 feet. The Bell Rock Light-house, measures 42 feet in diameter at the base; its height, from the foundation to the cupola, is 118 feet; and the cubical contents of the masonry, as appears from the Table in Appendix, No. VI. is 28,530 feet.

Though the design represented in Plate XXIII., is more or less applicable to several situations upon the coast, yet the writer, in making this Sketch, had special reference to the Wolf Rock, which, as noticed at page 423, he visited in the Orestes sloop of war, commanded by Captain Smith. The extreme dimensions of the upper surface of this rock are about 115 feet, by 90 feet. It is not liable to be covered by the ordinary rise of the tide, though little of it appears above water in spring-tides. The Rock consists of grey porphyry, and is extremely hard. Its outline is somewhat uniform, and the depth of water in its vicinity is from 20 to 40 fathoms. The dangerous position of this reef, in reference to the navigation of the British Channel, led to the proposition of having a Light-house upon it many years since. The erection, however, was ultimately made upon the Long-Ships Rocks, lying about one mile off the Land’s-End.

With the construction and dimensions, therefore, of the Light-houses above alluded to in view, the design delineated in this Plate is given, as the result of the writer’s knowledge and experience on subjects of this kind. Without, however, entering into particulars as to the mode in which such an operation should be conducted, he merely notices, in reference to the various curves delineated in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. as applicable to Light-houses upon sunken rocks, that he prefers the curve of the diagram represented in Fig. 3., as the outline of a building for a situation like the Wolf Rock.

Fig. 1. is formed by the supposed revolution of the cycloidal curve round the axis of a building, whose base is 50 feet, and which, at the entrance-door or top of the solid, measures 25 feet in diameter; the lines produced beyond these dimensions, which would form the habitable part of the Light-house, being tangents to the curves below. Between the base _a b_, and its parallel _c d_, this Figure contains 29,635 cubic feet.

Fig. 2. is in like manner formed by the revolution of the logarithmic curve round the axis of a building of similar dimensions at the base and top of the solid with Fig. 1., and contains 31,867 cubic feet.

Fig. 3. is obtained by the revolution of a parabola round the axis of the supposed building. The contents of the solid part, ascertained as in the two former Figures, is 34,006 cubic feet, being 4,371 cubic feet more than that of the cycloidal curve, and 2,139 cubic feet more than in the logarithmic curve.

Fig. 4. is formed by the revolution of the hyperbola between the two parallels _a b_, and _c d_, and contains 39,655 cubic feet, or 5,649 cubic feet more than the parabola. But, from the divergent nature of this curve, it is not applicable to the purposes of a Light-house tower, in its pure or simple form.

Fig. 5. is the section of a design formed by the revolution of the parabola round the axis of a building, as its asymptote, whose base _a b_, measures 56 feet in diameter, and parallel _c d_, at the top of the solid, is 36 feet; and height to the entrance-door, 35 feet. The contents of this Figure between these parallels is calculated at 45,000 cubic feet; but the whole of the masonry of the design is estimated at 70,624 cubit feet. Its general features may be stated as similar to those of the Edystone and Bell Rock Light-houses, the parts being only enlarged and the parabolic instead of the logarithmic curve, adopted for its outline. In this design, the parabolic curve is continued from the basement to the cope-stone of the Light-room, exclusively of the projection for the cornice and balcony. The masonry is intended to be 120 feet in height, estimating from the medium level of the sea, of which the solid, or from the foundation to the entrance-door, forms 35 feet, the stair-case 25 feet; and the remaining 60 feet of its height is occupied with six apartments, and the walls of the Light-room. In the stair-case a recess is formed for containing the machinery, for raising the stores to the height of the entrance-door; here a small hole, marked _g g_, is perforated through the building, for the admission of the purchase-chain. The thickness of the walls immediately above the solid, marked _c c_, is 12 feet; at the top of the stone staircase or level _e f_, they are 8 feet, and where the walls are thinnest, as at _h i_, immediately under the cornice, they measure 2 feet. _k k_ represents a drop-hole formed in the courses of the stair-case and solid, for the range of the weight of the machinery of a revolving Light. The ascent to this building, as at the Bell Rock, is intended to be by an exterior stair or ladder of brass, and the interior communication between the several apartments by means of flights of circular oaken-steps.

Fig. 6. represents the first entire course of this design, drawn to a scale double the size of the former Figure, and shows the manner in which the courses are proposed to be built or connected with each other. In every building of this kind, it is proper that two or more of the lower courses, according to the situation and circumstances of the rock, should be sunk or imbedded in it. Since the erection of the present Light-house on the Edystone, the practice of dove-tailing and trenailing stones in water-buildings has been occasionally followed; and there can be no doubt that in some instances it is attended with advantage. But it is also true, that, independently of the extra quantity of rock and workmanship required, the stones are thereby greatly weakened, and rendered much more difficult to be landed in safety in such situations, and that there is often more apparent than real utility in cutting them agreeably to this system of building, as the great bond of the fabric still resolves itself into the gravity of the materials. It may likewise be noticed, that, unless in very peculiar circumstances, the process of trenailing stones newly laid in mortar ought to be avoided, as it becomes necessary to bore holes into the course immediately below, which is apt to break the bond of the mortar by the tremulous motion of the jumper or chisel and hammer.

To avoid these disadvantages, and more effectually to preserve the square or simplest form of the stones, it is proposed, in this new design, to adopt the same mode throughout, that was followed with the courses of the void or habitable part of the building at the Bell Rock, viz. to have zones or joggle-belts worked on the upper beds, and corresponding grooves cut into the under beds, of all the stones. In the plan represented in this Figure these zones are intended to be 1 foot in breadth, and 1½ inch in depth or thickness, forming the concentric rings, marked _c c c c c c_, which become so many girths to the course, superseding the necessity both of the dove-tailing system, and of the cubic joggles described in Plate XVI.

In tracing the general aspect of Fig. 6., it may be observed that the outer circle of stones is more lightly shaded, being intended for granite, while the hearting or interior part is of a darker shade, as descriptive of sandstone. The whole course of the building here represented, is uniformly simple, and when laid in its place, no mode of attachment can be conceived more effectually to add to the strength and connection of the fabric than these circular belts. Letter _d_ refers to the recess worked in the outward wall of the solid, measuring 2 feet in breadth and 1 foot in depth, for the reception of a flight of brazen-steps for ascending to the entrance-door, instead of the greater projection of the spiral-formed stair delineated in Plate VII., Fig. 6., or the uncertain means of communication by a rope-ladder. The recess alluded to on the outward wall is worked with a small projection, which gradually falls into the circle of the building, without presenting any abrupt face to the waves. A stair of this description, upon a sloping wall, is ascended with great ease.

Fig. 7. is a section of part of the solid of the building, of which _a b_ is the foundation course, and, in reference to Fig 6., letters _c c_, &c. correspond with the zones or joggle-belts; _d d_, shew a section of part of the brazen-ladder, answerable to the purposes of a stair, and a pair of skids, for preventing the joints of the building from being injured in taking up stores to the Light-house. This ladder may also be applied as a part of the thunder-rod, as is the case at the Bell Rock.

Fig. 8. is a plan of an entire course of the void or habitable part of the Light-house, showing one of the joggle-belts of the bed-joints. The form of joggle for the end-joints here shewn is also simple, and suited for preserving the strength of the materials more entire than the method of dove-tailing.

Fig. 9. is a section of three courses of the void of the building, showing the connection of the bed-joints.

FINIS.

P. NEILL, Printer.

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

The View of the Light-house in a Storm, to be placed as a
Frontispiece, opposite the General Title-page.

The Engraved Title-page, with the Vignette representing the
Light-house during Night, to be placed immediately after p. 64.

The General View of the Works, or Plate XVIII,
to be placed immediately after p. 424.

* * * * * *

Transcriber's Note

The following printed corrigenda have been incorporated into the text:

CORRIGENDA.

Page 90, line 10. _after_ matter _insert_ rested

---- 414, marginal note, _for_ April _read_ August

---- 516, line 38. -- one of the ---- the two

The following further apparent errors have been corrected:

p. vi "Inchkeith Light-hoouse" changed to "Inchkeith Light-house"

p. vi "Corsewall Light-houuse" changed to "Corsewall Light-house"

p. vii "92-74" changed to "72-74"

p. vii "93-81" changed to "75-81"

p. viii "is passed" changed to "is passed."

p. ix "137-130" changed to "127-130"

p. x "a Life-boats" changed to "a Life-boat"

p. xii "hree" changed to "three"

p. xii "562-277" changed to "272-277"

p. xiv "Tinber" changed to "Timber"

p. xvii "Mr Forest" changed to "Mr Forrest"

p. xix "Instructions" changed to "Instructions."

p. xix "VI Schedules" changed to "VI. Schedules"

p. xix "wth Sections" changed to "with Sections"

p. 5 (sidenote) "1736" changed to "1786"

p. 10 "E," changed to "E.,"

p. 10 "SE," changed to "SE.,"

p. 20 (sidenote) "Sanday." changed to "Sanday"

p. 26 "From the" changed to "“From the"

p. 28 "uinformity" changed to "uniformity"

p. 29 "nonoticed" changed to "noticed"

p. 44 "Turnberry Point." changed to "Turnberry Point,"

p. 50 "Langnees" changed to "Langness"

p. 53 "MASTERS’ NAMES" changed to "MASTERS’ NAMES."

p. 55 "Plate II,;" changed to "Plate II.;"

p. 56 "Puzzolano" changed to "Pozzolano"

p. 67 "sea-cost" changed to "sea-coast"

p. 74 "them," changed to "then,"

p. 79 "Bell Rock;" changed to "Bell Rock,"

p. 79 (sidenote) "Dee." changed to "Dee"

p. 81 "southernside" changed to "southern side"

p. 100 (sidenote) "Loan" changed to "Loan."

p. 105 (sidenote) "reading" changed to "reading."

p. 116 (sidenote) "7th August" changed to "7th August."

p. 133 "duty," changed to "duty."

p. 142 (sidenote) "Monday, 31st" changed to "Monday, 31st."

p. 159 "artifieers" changed to "artificers"

p. 172 "Plate XII" changed to "Plate VIII"

p. 194 "Plate XIII" changed to "Plate XIII."

p. 196 "Plate XII." changed to "Plate IX."

p. 206 "Bell Rock," changed to "Bell Rock."

p. 213 "the a species" changed to "a species"

p. 225 (sidenote) "12th" changed to "12th."

p. 238 (sidenote) "13th" changed to "13th."

p. 238 (sidenote) "the Rock" changed to "the Rock."

p. 239 "circumtances" changed to "circumstances"

p. 247 "applyed" changed to "applied"

p. 250 (sidenote) "pram boats" changed to "praam-boats"

p. 254 (sidenote) "a a small" changed to "a small"

p. 259 (sidenote) "February," changed to "February."

p. 267 "lowt hey" changed to "low they"

p. 272 "windlas" changed to "windlass"

p. 282 "obliged slip" changed to "obliged to slip"

p. 282 (sidenote) "to day" changed to "to-day"

p. 288 (sidenote) "Mortar makers" changed to "Mortar-makers"

p. 292 "_hyp num_" changed to "_hypnum_"

p. 293 "opportuty" changed to "opportunity"

p. 296 "tthe Rock" changed to "the Rock"

p. 303 (sidenote) "5th" changed to "5th."

p. 305 (sidenote) "Beacon" changed to "Beacon."

p. 308 "with rain," changed to "with rain."

p. 311 "A. M" changed to "A. M."

p. 329 (sidenote) "Beacon" changed to "Beacon."

p. 329 "bridge, which which" changed to "bridge, which"

p. 331 "measuer" changed to "measure"

p. 334 "cr e" changed to "crew"

p. 334 "ballass" changed to "ballast"

p. 335 (sidenote) "Thirty-fifth" changed to "Thirty-first"

p. 335 (sidenote) "Beacon" changed to "Beacon."

p. 340 "provided" changed to "provided."

p. 343 "Thirtieth" changed to "Fortieth"

p. 343 "balance-crane" changed to "balance-crane."

p. 348 "petticoat-trowers" changed to "petticoat-trowsers"

p. 363 "3rd" changed to "3rd."

p. 364 "respresented" changed to "represented"

p. 373 (sidenote) "20th." changed to "19th."

p. 373 (sidenote) "21st." changed to "20th."

p. 374 (sidenote) "3d." changed to "23d."

p. 374 (sidenote) "2d." changed to "24th."

p. 376 (sidenote) "27th." changed to "26th."

p. 376 (sidenote) "26th." changed to "27th."

p. 383 (sidenote) "Station" changed to "Station."

p. 383 "29.90." changed to "29.90"

p. 386 "&c" changed to "&c."

p. 389 (sidenote) "landed" changed to "landed."

p. 410 (sidenote) "house" changed to "house."

p. 411 (sidenote) "Rock" changed to "Rock."

p. 412 "propritey" changed to "propriety"

p. 418 "premisses" changed to "premises"

p. 422 "seeiug" changed to "seeing"

p. 428 "prosions" changed to "provisions"

p. 433 "eef, Bin Llb." changed to "Beef, in Lib."

p. 433 "Galls" changed to "Galls."

p. 433 "Butter in Lib." changed to "Butter, in Lib."

p. 433 ",Beer in Qts." changed to "Beer, in Qts."

p. 434 "Articers" changed to "Artificers"

p. 434 "89.225" changed to "892.25"

p. 435 "Syevenson" changed to "Stevenson"

p. 440 "Cssist" changed to "Assist"

p. 443 "of a a" changed to "of a"

p. 449 "foretel" changed to "foretell"

p. 459 "cubit" changed to "cubic"

p. 471 "7 4" changed to "7.4"

p. 496 "FOREST’S PASSAGE." changed to "FORREST’S PASSAGE."

p. 501 "Plate XXIII" changed to "Plate XXIII."

p. 503 "faint lines" changed to "faint lines."

p. 505 "Plate XVII" changed to "Plate XVII."

p. 523 "Fig.1." changed to "Fig. 1."

p. 523 "in this way" changed to "In this way"

p. 527 "lense" changed to "lens"

p. 533 "Plate VII" changed to "Plate VII."

(plate) "_PLATE II_" changed to "_PLATE II._"

(plate) "_PLATE XII_" changed to "_PLATE XII._"

(plate) "_PLATE XVI_" changed to "_PLATE XVI._"

(plate) "_PLATE XXI._" changed to "_PLATE XXIII._"

The following additional changes have been made from the printed text:

Plates I to XXI have been moved next to their descriptions.

Duplicate sidenotes have been removed.

Totals carried forward at the end of each page of the Account of Expence have been removed.

Large tables have been split and reformatted with keys and altered punctuation, in order to fit smaller displays.

Spacing of sums of money has been regularised in the form L. 61,331:9:2.

The text contains many Scottish and archaic words and spellings, as well as inconsistent capitalisation and punctuation, which have otherwise been retained. Apostrophes are not consistently used in possessive plurals.

Compass directions are inconsistently presented in the forms SW. and S.W.; S. SW. and S.SW.

References to diagrams are given in the forms á and a´.

The colours mentioned in the description of plate III. on p. 490 are not apparent.

The following possible errors have been left as printed:

p. 239 "35 persons"

p. 334 "with it mortar"

p. 339 "Thirty-eighth"

p. 346 "slump sum"

p. 353 "alwise"

p. 457 "begin to the"

p. 500 "plat"

p. 519 "several apartment"

The name of the engraver of Plate I was not intact in the copy of text transcribed.

In addition to variant spellings in quotations, the following are used inconsistently in the text:

adrift and a-drift

ahead and a-head

aisler and aislar

alongside and along-side

Belider and Belidor

blacksmith and black-smith

brushwood and brush-wood

bucky and buckie

Burlington Bay and Burlington-Bay

cast iron and cast-iron

coalfish and coal-fish

coboose and co-boose

cofferdam and coffer-dam

conveniencey and conveniency

Copinsha and Copinsay

coxswain and coxwain

creeking and creaking

daylight and day-light

dovetail and dove-tail

forepeak and fore-peak

freestone and free-stone

halfpenny and half-penny

hawsehole and hawse-hole

Island Glass and Island-Glass

Kinghornness and Kinghorn-ness

Kinnaird Head and Kinnaird-Head

landmark and land-mark

lengthway and length-way

Lewis bat, Lewis batt, Lewis-bat and Lewis-batt

lighthouse and light-house

lightkeeper and light-keeper

lightroom and light-room

manhole and man-hole

millwright and mill-wright

Milnfield and Mylnefield

Mull of Kantire and Mull of Kintyre

oatmeal and oat-meal

overboard and over-board

praam boat, praam-boat and Praam-boat

railway and rail-way

Redhead and Red-head

relaid and re-laid

roadway and road-way

Rubislaw, Rubieslaw and Rubeslaw

Scottish and Scotish

shackle and shakle

shipboard and ship-board

shipmaster and ship-master

shipowner and ship-owner

shipwreck and ship-wreck

skylight and sky-light

staircase and stair-case

Start Point and Start-Point

storehouse and store-house

tie chain and tie-chain

torchlight and torch-light

topmast and top-mast

torchlight and torch-light

Traill and Trail

United Kingdom, United kingdom, and united kingdom

_vice versa_ and _vice versâ_

workshop and work-shop

workyard and work-yard