Chapter XI: Part 11

PERISPERM, per'i-sp[.e]rm, _n._ (_bot._) that which is round a seed, the albumen.--_adj._ PERISPER'MIC. [Gr. _peri_, around, _sperma_, seed.]

PERISPHERIC, -AL, per-i-sfer'ik, -al, _adj._ globular.

PERISPORE, per'i-sp[=o]r, _n._ the outer covering of a spore.

PERISSAD, pe-ris'ad, _n._ (_chem._) an atom whose valency is represented by an odd number--opp. to _Artiad_--also _adj._ [Gr. _perissos_, beyond the regular number.]

PERISSODACTYLA, pe-ris-[=o]-dak'ti-la, _n._ one of the two divisions of the great mammalian order Ungulata, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros, distinguished by the third digit of each limb being symmetrical in itself, by the presence of an odd number of digits on the hind-foot, &c.--opp. to _Artiodactyla_.--_adjs._ PERISSODAC'TYL, PERISSODAC'TYLATE, PERISSODACTYL'IC, PERISSODAC'TYLOUS. [Gr. _perissos_, beyond the regular number, _daktylos_, a finger.]

PERISSOLOGY, per-i-sol'[=o]-ji, _n._ verbiage.--_adj._ PERISSOLOG'ICAL, redundant in words.

PERISSOSYLLABIC, pe-ris-o-si-lab'ik, _adj._ having superfluous syllables.

PERISTALITH, pe-ris'ta-lith, _n._ a series of standing stones surrounding a barrow or burial-mound. [Gr. _peri_, around, _histanai_, to stand, _lithos_, a stone.]

PERISTALTIC, per-i-stalt'ik, _adj._ noting the involuntary muscular action of the alimentary canal, by which it forces its contents onwards.--_n._ PERISTAL'SIS. [Gr. _peristaltikos_--_peristellein_, to wrap round--_peri_, around, _stellein_, to place.]

PERISTEROPOD, p[=e]-ris'te-r[=o]-pod, _adj._ pigeon-toed--also _n._ [Gr. _peristera_, a pigeon, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

PERISTOME, per'i-st[=o]m, _n._ the mouth-parts of echinoderms, &c.: the fringe of hair-like appendages round the rim of the capsule of a moss.

PERISTYLE, per'i-st[=i]l, _n._ a range of columns round a building or round a square: a court, square, &c., with columns all round.--_adj._ PERISTY'LAR. [L. _peristylium_--Gr. _peristylon_, with pillars round the wall--_peri_, around, _stylos_, a column.]

PERITHORACIC, per-i-th[=o]-ras'ik, _adj._ around the thorax.

PERITOMOUS, pe-rit'[=o]-mus, _adj._ (_min._) cleaving in more directions than one parallel to the axis, the faces being all similar. [Gr. _peri_, round, _temnein_, to cut.]

PERITONEUM, PERITONÆUM, per-i-t[=o]-n[=e]'um, _n._ a serous membrane which encloses all the viscera lying in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.--_adjs._ PERITON[=E]'AL; PERITONIT'IC.--_n._ PERITON[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the peritoneum. [Gr. _peritoneion_--_peri_, around, _teinein_, to stretch.]

PERITYPHLITIS, per-i-tif-l[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of the cæcum, appendix, and connective tissue, or of the peritoneum covering cæcum and appendix. [Gr. _peri_, round, _typhlos_, blind (the cæcum being the 'blind gut').]

PERIVASCULAR, per-i-vas'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ surrounding a vascular structure.

PERIVISCERAL, per-i-vis'e-ral, _adj._ surrounding viscera.

PERIWIG, per'i-wig, _n._ a peruke or small wig, usually shortened to _Wig_: an artificial head of hair.--_v.t._ to dress with a periwig.--_adj._ PER'IWIG-P[=A]'TED, wearing a periwig. [Old Dut. _peruyk_--Fr. _perruque_.]

PERIWINKLE, per'i-wingk-l, _n._ a creeping evergreen plant, growing in woods. [M. E. _peruenke_, through A.S. _peruincæ_, from L. _pervinca_, _vinc[=i]re_, to bind.]

PERIWINKLE, per'i-wingk-l, _n._ a small univalve mollusc: a small shellfish, abundant between tide-marks on the rocks, boiled and eaten as food. [Corrupted by confusion with preceding from A.S. _pinewincla_--_wincle_, a whelk; prov. Eng. _pin-patch_.]

PERJURE, p[.e]r'j[=oo]r, _v.t._ to swear falsely (followed by a reciprocal pronoun): to cause to swear falsely.--_v.i._ to be false to one's oath.--_n._ (_Shak._) a perjured person.--_adj._ PER'JURED, having sworn falsely: being sworn falsely, as an oath.--_n._ PER'JURER.--_adjs._ PERJU'RIOUS, PER'JUROUS, guilty of perjury.--_n._ PER'JURY, false swearing: the breaking of an oath: (_law_) the crime committed by one who, when giving evidence on oath as a witness in a court of justice, gives evidence which he knows to be false. [Fr.,--L. _perjur[=a]re_--_per-_, _jur[=a]re_, to swear.]

PERK, p[.e]rk, _adj._ trim: spruce: jaunty: proud.--_v.t._ to make smart or trim.--_v.i._ to hold up the head with smartness: to toss or jerk the head.--_adj._ PERK'Y (_Tenn._), perk, trim. [W. _perc_, trim.]

PERK, p[.e]rk, _v.i._ (_prov._) to peer.--_adj._ PERK'ING, peering, inquisitive.

PERKIN, per'kin, _n._ weak perry.

PERLACEOUS=_Pearlaceous_. See PEARL.

PERLITE, p[.e]r'l[=i]t, _n._ the name given to some vitreous rocks, as obsidian, which seem as if made up of little pearly or enamel-like spheroids.--_adj._ PERLIT'IC.

PERLOUS, p[.e]rl'us, _adj._ (_Spens._). Same as PERILOUS.

PERLUSTRATE, per-lus'tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to survey carefully.--_n._ PERLUSTR[=A]'TION. [L. _perlustr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

PERMANENT, p[.e]r'ma-nent, _adj._ lasting: durable: not subject to change: not to be removed: (_zool._) always present.--_ns._ PER'MANENCE, PER'MANENCY, state or quality of being permanent: continuance in the same state, position, &c.: unlikelihood of change: duration.--_adv._ PER'MANENTLY.--PERMANENT WAY, the finished road of a railway. [Fr.,--L. _perman[=e]re_--_per_, through, _man[=e]re_, to continue.]

PERMANGANATE, per-man'gan-[=a]t, _n._ a salt containing manganese.--_adj._ PERMANGAN'IC.

PERMEATE, p[.e]r'm[=e]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to pass through the pores of: to penetrate and fill the pores of.--_n._ PERM[=E]ABIL'ITY.--_adj._ PER'M[=E]ABLE, that may be permeated or passed through: allowing the passage of liquids.--_adv._ PER'M[=E]ABLY.--_n._ PERM[=E][=A]'TION, act of permeating, or state of being permeated.--_adj._ PERM[=E][=A]'TIVE. [L. _permeatus_--_per_, through, _me[=a]re_, to pass.]

PERMIAN, per'mi-an, _n._ a group of strata forming the uppermost division of the Palezoic series.

PERMISCIBLE, per-mis'i-bl, _adj._ capable of being mixed.

PERMIT, per-mit', _v.t._ to give leave to: to allow to be or to be done: to afford means: to give opportunity:--_pr.p._ permit'ting; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ permit'ted.--_n._ (per'mit) a written permission, esp. from a custom-house officer to remove goods.--_n._ PERMISSIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ PERMISS'IBLE, that may be permitted: allowable.--_adv._ PERMISS'IBLY.--_n._ PERMIS'SION, act of permitting: liberty granted: allowance.--_adj._ PERMISS'IVE, granting permission or liberty: allowing: granted: not hindered.--_adv._ PERMISS'IVELY, by permission, without prohibition.--_ns._ PERMIT'TANCE, permission; PERMITT[=EE]', one to whom permission is granted; PERMIT'TER, one who permits.--PERMISSIVE BILL, a measure embodying the principles of local option for the regulation of the liquor traffic; PERMISSIVE LAWS, laws that permit certain things without enforcing anything. [L. _permitt[)e]re_, _-missum_, to let pass through--_per_, through, _mitt[)e]re_, to send.]

PERMUTABLE, per-m[=u]'ta-bl, _adj._ that may be changed one for another.--_ns._ PERM[=U]'TABLENESS, PERMUTABIL'ITY.--_adv._ PERM[=U]'TABLY.--_ns._ PERM[=U]'TANT; PERMUT[=A]'TION, act of changing one thing for another: (_math._) the arrangement of things or letters in every possible order.--_v.t._ PERMUTE'. [L.,--_permut[=a]re_--_per_, through, _mut[=a]re_, to change.]

PERN, p[.e]rn, _n._ a honey-buzzard.--Also PER'NIS.

PERNICIOUS, per-nish'us, _adj._ killing utterly: hurtful: destructive: highly injurious.--_adv._ PERNI'CIOUSLY.--_n._ PERNI'CIOUSNESS. [Fr.,--L. _perniciosus_--_per_, completely, _nex_, _necis_, death by violence.]

PERNICKETY, per-nik'e-ti, _adj._ easily troubled about trifles: (_coll._) fastidious.--_n._ PERNICK'ETINESS.

PERNOCTATION, p[.e]r-nok-t[=a]'shun, _n._ act of passing the whole night, esp. in prayer or watching: a watch all night. [L. _per_, through, _nox_, _noctis_, night.]

PERONE, per'[=o]-n[=e], _n._ the fibula or small bone of the leg.--_adjs._ PER[=O]N[=E]'AL; PER[=O]N[=E][=O]TIB'IAL, pertaining to the perone and the tibia.--_n._ a muscle from the fibula to the tibia in some marsupials: an anomalous muscle in man, constant in apes, between the inner side of the head of the fibula and the tibia.--_n._ PERON[=E]'US, one of several fibular muscles. [Fr.,--Gr. _peron[=e]_, the tongue of a buckle.]

PEROPOD, p[=e]'r[=o]-pod, _adj._ having rudimentary hind limbs, as serpents--also _n._ [Gr. _p[=e]ros_, maimed, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

PERORATION, per-[=o]-r[=a]'shun, _n._ the conclusion of a speech, usually summing up the points and enforcing the argument.--_v.i._ PER'ORATE, to make a peroration: (_coll._) to make a speech. [Fr.,--L. _peroratio_--_peror[=a]re_, to bring a speech to an end--_per_, through, _or[=a]re_, to speak--_os_, _oris_, the mouth.]

PEROXIDE, per-ox'[=i]d, _n._ an oxide having a larger proportion of oxygen than any other oxide of the same series.--_n._ PEROXID[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ PEROX'IDISE.

PERPEND, per-pend', _v.t._ to weigh in the mind, to consider carefully. [L. _perpend[)e]re_--_per_, inten., _pend[)e]re_, to weigh.]

PERPEND, per'pend, _n._ in building, a bond-stone or bonder.--Also PER'PEND-STONE, PER'PENT-STONE. [O. Fr. _parpaigne_, Fr. _parpaing_.]

PERPENDICULAR, p[.e]r-pen-dik'[=u]-lar, _adj._ exactly upright: extending in a straight line toward the centre of the earth: (_geom._) at right angles to a given line or surface.--_n._ a perpendicular line or plane.--_n._ PERPENDICULAR'ITY, state of being perpendicular.--_adv._ PERPENDIC'ULARLY.--PERPENDICULAR STYLE, a style of Gothic architecture in England which succeeded the Decorated style, prevailing from the end of the 14th to the middle of the 16th century, contemporary with the Flamboyant style in France, marked by stiff and rectilinear lines, mostly vertical window-tracery, depressed or four-centre arch, fan-tracery vaulting, and panelled walls. [Fr.,--L. _perpendicularis_--_perpendiculum_, a plumb-line--_per_, through, _pend[)e]re_, to weigh.]

PERPETRATE, p[.e]r'p[=e]-tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to perform or commit (usually in a bad sense): to produce (as a poor pun).--_adj._ PER'PETRABLE.--_ns._ PERPETR[=A]'TION, act of committing a crime: the thing perpetrated: an evil action; PER'PETR[=A]TOR. [L. _perpetr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_per_, thoroughly, _patr[=a]re_, to perform.]

PERPETUAL, per-pet'[=u]-al, _adj._ never ceasing: everlasting: not temporary.--_adv._ PERPET'UALLY.--PERPETUAL CURATE, a curate of a parish where there was neither rector nor vicar, the tithes being in the hands of a layman--abolished in 1868, every incumbent not a rector now being a vicar; PERPETUAL MOTION, motion of a machine arising from forces within itself, constantly kept up without any force from without; PERPETUAL SCREW, an endless screw. [Fr. _perpétuel_--L. _perpetuus_, continuous.]

PERPETUATE, per-pet'[=u]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make perpetual: to cause to last for ever or for a very long time: to preserve from extinction or oblivion.--_adj._ PERPET'[=U]ABLE, capable of being perpetuated.--_n._ PERPET'UANCE, the act of making perpetual.--_adjs._ PERPET'U[=A]TE, -D, made perpetual: continued for an indefinite time.--_n._ PERPETU[=A]'TION, act of perpetuating or preserving from oblivion: preservation for ever, or for a very long time; PERPET[=U]'ITY, state of being perpetual: endless time: duration for an indefinite period: something lasting for ever: the sum paid for a perpetual annuity: the annuity itself.

PERPLEX, per-pleks', _v.t._ to make difficult to be understood: to embarrass: to puzzle: to tease with suspense or doubt.--_n._ (_obs._) a difficulty.--_adv._ PERPLEX'EDLY.--_n._ PERPLEX'EDNESS.--_adj._ PERPLEX'ING.--_adv._ PERPLEX'INGLY.--_n._ PERPLEX'ITY, state of being perplexed: confusion of mind arising from doubt, &c.: intricacy: embarrassment: doubt. [Fr.,--L. _perplexus_, entangled--_per_, completely, _plexus_, involved, pa.p. of _plect[)e]re_.]

PERQUISITE, p[.e]r'kwi-zit, _n._ an allowance granted over and above the settled wages: a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service.--_ns._ PERQUISI'TION, a strict search: diligent inquiry; PERQUIS'ITOR, the first purchaser of an estate. [L. _perquisitum_, from _perquir[)e]re_--_per_, thoroughly, _quær[)e]re_, to ask.]

PERRADIAL, p[.e]r-r[=a]'di-al, _adj._ fundamentally radial.--_n._ PERR[=A]'DIUS.

PERRIER, per'i-[.e]r, _n._ a machine for hurling stones.

PERRON, per'on, _n._ an external flight of steps giving access to the entrance-door of a building.

PERRUQUE, PERRUQUIER. See PERUKE.

PERRY, per'i, _n._ an agreeable beverage made by fermenting the juice of pears. [Fr. _poiré_, from _poire_, a pear--L. _pirum_.]

PERSANT, p[.e]rs'ant, _adj._ (_Spens._). Same as PERCEANT.

PERSCRUTATION, per-skr[=oo]-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a thorough search through: a minute inquiry. [L. _per_, through, _scrut[=a]ri_, to search carefully.]

PERSE, pers, _adj._ dark blue, bluish-gray.--_n._ a dark-blue colour, a cloth of such colour. [O. Fr. _pers_--L. _persicum_, a peach.]

PERSECUTE, p[.e]r'se-k[=u]t, _v.t._ to pursue so as to injure or annoy: to follow after persistently: to annoy or punish, esp. for religious or political opinions.--_ns._ PERSEC[=U]'TION, act or practice of persecuting: state of being persecuted: a time of general oppression on account of religious opinions; PER'SEC[=U]TOR:--_fem._ PER'SEC[=U]TRIX. [Fr.,--L. _persequi_, _persecutus_--_per_, thoroughly, _sequi_, to follow.]

PERSEUS, per's[=u]s, _n._ a fabled Greek hero, who slew the Gorgon Medusa, and rescued Andromeda from a sea-monster: a constellation in the northern sky. [Gr.]

PERSEVERE, p[.e]r-s[=e]-v[=e]r', _v.i._ to persist in anything: to pursue anything steadily: to be constant: not to give over.--_n._ PERSEV[=E]'RANCE, act or state of persevering: continued application to anything which one has begun: a going on till success is met with.--_adj._ PERSEV[=E]'RING.--_adv._ PERSEV[=E]'RINGLY.--PERSEVERANCE OF SAINTS, the Calvinistic doctrine that those who are effectually called by God cannot fall away so as to be finally lost. [Fr.,--L. _persever[=a]re_--_perseverus_, very strict--_per_, very, _severus_, strict.]

PERSIAN, p[.e]r'shi-an, _adj._ of, from, or relating to _Persia_, its inhabitants, or language.--_n._ a native of Persia: the language of Persia: (_archit._) male figures used instead of columns to support an entablature--also PER'SIC.--PERSIAN APPLE, the peach; PERSIAN BERRY, the fruit of several buckthorns; PERSIAN BLINDS (see PERSIENNE); PERSIAN WHEEL, a large wheel for raising water, fixed vertically with a number of buckets at its circumference.

PERSICOT, per'si-kot, _n._ a cordial flavoured with kernels of peaches and apricots. [Fr.,--L. _persicum_, a peach.]

PERSIENNE, per-si-en', _n._ an Eastern cambric or muslin with coloured printed pattern: (_pl._) Persian blinds, outside shutters of thin movable slats in a frame.

PERSIFLAGE, p[.e]r'si-fläzh, _n._ a frivolous way of talking or treating any subject: banter.--_adj._ PER'SIFLANT, bantering.--_v.i._ PER'SIFL[=A]TE (_Thackeray_).--_n._ PER'SIFLOUR (_Carlyle_). [Fr.,--_persifler_, to banter--L. _per_, through, Fr. _siffler_--L. _sibil[=a]re_, to whistle, to hiss.]

PERSIMMON, PERSIMON, per-sim'on, _n._ the American date-plum. [Amer. Ind.]

PERSIST, per-sist', _v.i._ to stand throughout to something begun: to continue in any course, esp. against opposition: to persevere.--_ns._ PERSIS'TENCE, PERSIS'TENCY, quality of being persistent: perseverance: obstinacy: duration, esp. of an effect after the exciting cause has been removed.--_adj._ PERSIS'TENT, persisting: pushing on, esp. against opposition: tenacious: fixed: (_bot._) remaining till or after the fruit is ripe, as a calyx.--_advs._ PERSIS'TENTLY; PERSIS'TINGLY.--_adj._ PERSIS'TIVE (_Shak._), persistent. [Fr.,--L. _persist[)e]re_--_per_, through, _sist[)e]re_, to cause to stand--_st[=a]re_, to stand.]

PERSON, p[.e]r'sun, _n._ character represented, as on the stage: character: an individual, sometimes used slightingly: a living soul: a human being: the outward appearance, &c.: bodily form: one of the three hypostases or individualities in the triune God: (_gram._) a distinction in form, according as the subject of the verb is the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.--_adj._ PER'SONABLE, having a well-formed body or person: of good appearance.--_n._ PER'SON[=A]GE, a person: character represented: an individual of eminence: external appearance.--_adj._ PER'SONAL, belonging to a person: having the nature or quality of a person: peculiar to a person or to his private concerns: pertaining to the external appearance: done in person: relating to one's own self: applied offensively to one's character: (_gram._) denoting the person.--_n._ PERSONALIS[=A]'TION, personification.--_v.t._ PER'SONALISE, to make personal.--_ns._ PER'SONALISM, the character of being personal; PER'SONALIST, one who writes personal notes; PERSONAL'ITY, that which distinguishes a person from a thing, or one person from another: individuality: a derogatory remark or reflection directly applied to a person--esp. in _pl._ PERSONAL'ITIES.--_adv._ PER'SONALLY, in a personal or direct manner: in person: individually.--_n._ PER'SONALTY (_law_), all the property which, when a man dies, goes to his executor or administrator, as distinguished from the realty, which goes to his heir-at-law.--_v.t._ PER'SON[=A]TE, to assume the likeness or character of: to represent: to counterfeit: to feign.--_adj._ (_bot._) mask-like, as in the corollary of the snapdragon: larval, cucullate.--_adj._ PER'SON[=A]TED, impersonated, feigned, assumed.--_ns._ PERSON[=A]'TION; PER'SON[=A]TOR.--_n._ PERSONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ PER'SONISE, to personify.--_n._ PERSONNEL', the persons employed in any service, as distinguished from the materiel.--PERSONAL ESTATE, PROPERTY, movable goods or property, as distinguished from freehold or real property, esp. in land; PERSONAL EXCEPTION (_Scots law_), a ground of objection which applies to an individual and prevents him from doing something which, but for his conduct or situation, he might do; PERSONAL IDENTITY, the continued sameness of the individual person, through all changes both without and within, as testified by consciousness; PERSONAL RIGHTS, rights which belong to the person as a living, reasonable being; PERSONAL SECURITY, security or pledge given by a person, as distinguished from the delivery of some object of value as security; PERSONAL SERVICE, delivery of a message or an order into a person's hands, as distinguished from delivery in any other indirect way; PERSONAL TRANSACTION, something done by a person's own effort, not through the agency of another.--IN PERSON, by one's self, not by a representative. [Fr.,--L. _pers[=o]na_, a player's mask, perh. from _pers[)o]n[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_per_, through, _son[=a]re_, to sound.]

PERSONA, p[.e]r-s[=o]'na, _n._ a person.--PERSONA GRATA, a person who is acceptable to those to whom he is sent.--DRAMATIS PERSONÆ, the characters in a play or story. [L.]

PERSONIFY, per-son'i-f[=i], _v.t._ (_rhet._) to treat, look on, or describe as a person: to ascribe to any inanimate object the qualities of a person: to be the embodiment of:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ person'if[=i]ed.--_n._ PERSONIFIC[=A]'TION. [L. _persona_, a person, _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

PERSPECTIVE, per-spek'tiv, _n._ a view or a vista: the art of drawing objects on a plane surface, so as to give the picture the same appearance to the eye as the objects themselves: just proportion in all the parts: a telescope or field-glass: a picture in perspective.--_adj._ pertaining or according to perspective.--_adv._ PERSPEC'TIVELY.--_ns._ PERSPEC'TOGRAPH, an instrument for indicating correctly the points and outlines of objects; PERSPECTOG'RAPHY, the science of perspective, or of delineating it.--PERSPECTIVE PLANE, the surface on which the picture of the objects to be represented in perspective is drawn.--IN PERSPECTIVE, according to the laws of perspective. [Fr.,--L. _perspic[)e]re_, _perspectum_--_per_, through, _spec[)e]re_, to look.]

PERSPICACIOUS, p[.e]r-spi-k[=a]'shus, _adj._ of clear or acute understanding: quick-sighted.--_adv._ PERSPIC[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ PERSPIC[=A]'CIOUSNESS; PERSPICAC'ITY, state of being acute in discerning: keenness of sight or of understanding; PERSPIC[=U]'ITY, state of being perspicacious: clearness in expressing ideas so as to make them easily understood by others: freedom from obscurity.--_adj._ PERSPIC'[=U]OUS, that can be seen through: clear to the mind: easily understood: not obscure in any way: evident.--_adv._ PERSPIC'[=U]OUSLY.--_n._ PERSPIC'[=U]OUSNESS. [L. _perspicax_, _perspicacis_--_perspic[)e]re_, to see through.]

PERSPIRE, per-sp[=i]r', _v.i._ and _v.t._ to emit or to be emitted, as moisture, through the pores of the skin: to sweat.--_n._ PERSPIRABIL'ITY.--_adj._ PERSP[=I]R'ABLE, capable of being perspired.--_v.i._ PER'SPIR[=A]TE (_rare_), to sweat.--_n._ PERSPIR[=A]'TION, act of perspiring: that which is perspired: moisture given out through the pores of the skin: sweat.--_adj._ PERSP[=I]R'ATORY, pertaining to or causing perspiration. [L. _perspir[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_per_, through, _spir[=a]re_, to breathe.]

PERSTRINGE, p[.e]r-strinj', _v.t._ to criticise.

PERSUADE, per-sw[=a]d', _v.t._ to influence successfully by argument, advice, &c.: to bring to any particular opinion: to cause to believe: to convince.--_adj._ PERSUAD'ABLE.--_n._ PERSUAD'ER.--_adj._ PERSU[=A]'SIBLE, capable of being persuaded.--_ns._ PERSU[=A]'SIBLENESS, PERSUASIBIL'ITY; PERSU[=A]'SION, act of persuading: state of being persuaded: settled opinion: a creed: a party adhering to a creed: (_Spens._) an inducement.--_adjs._ PERSU[=A]'SIVE, PERSU[=A]'SORY, having the power to persuade: influencing the mind or passions.--_n._ that which persuades or wins over.--_adv._ PERSU[=A]'SIVELY.--_n._ PERSU[=A]'SIVENESS. [Fr.,--L. _persuad[=e]re_, _-suasum_--_per_, thoroughly, _suad[=e]re_, to advise.]

PERSUE, p[.e]rs'[=u], _n._ (_Spens._) a track.

PERSULPHATE, p[.e]r-sul'f[=a]t, _n._ that sulphate of a metal which contains the relatively greater quantity of acid.

PERT, p[.e]rt, _adj._ (_obs._) open: evident: plain. [O. Fr. _apert_--L. _aper[=i]re_, _apertum_, to open.]

PERT, p[.e]rt, _adj._ forward: saucy: impertinent: too free in speech: (_obs._) clever.--_n._ an impudent person.--_adv._ PERT'LY.--_n._ PERT'NESS. [_Perk_.]

PERTAIN, per-t[=a]n', _v.i._ to belong: to relate (with _to_).--_ns._ PER'TINENCE, PER'TINENCY, state of being pertinent or to the point: fitness for the matter on hand: suitableness: appositeness.--_adj._ PER'TINENT, pertaining or related to a subject: being to the point: fitted for the matter on hand: fitting or appropriate: suitable: apposite.--_adv._ PER'TINENTLY.--_n._ PER'TINENTNESS. [O. Fr. _partenir_--L. _pertin[=e]re_--_per_, thoroughly, _ten[=e]re_, to hold.]

PERTINACIOUS, p[.e]r-ti-n[=a]'shus, _adj._ thoroughly tenacious: holding obstinately to an opinion or a purpose: obstinate: unyielding.--_adv._ PERTIN[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ PERTIN[=A]'CIOUSNESS; PERTINAC'ITY, quality of being pertinacious or unyielding: obstinacy: resoluteness. [Fr.,--L. _pertinax_, _-acis_, holding fast--_per_, thoroughly, _tenax_, tenacious--_ten[=e]re_, to hold.]

PERTURB, per-turb', _v.t._ to disturb greatly: to agitate--also PER'TURBATE.--_adj._ PERTUR'BABLE, that can be agitated or confused.--_ns._ PERTUR'BANCE, PERTURB[=A]'TION, act of perturbing or state of being perturbed: disquiet of mind: irregular action, esp. (_astron._) the disturbance produced in the simple elliptic motion of one heavenly body about another by the action of a third body, or by the non-sphericity of the principal body; PERTUR'BANT, any disturbing thing.--_adjs._ PERTURB[=A]'TIONAL; PERTUR'BATIVE.--_n._ PERTUR'BATORY, the power of deflecting the divining-rod by magnetic influence.--_p.adj._ PERTURBED'.--_adv._ PERTURB'EDLY.--_ns._ PERTUR'BER, PERTURB[=A]'TOR:--_fem._ PER'TURB[=A]TRIX. [Fr.,--L. _perturb[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_per_, thoroughly, _turb[=a]re_, to disturb--_turba_, a crowd.]

PERTUSION, p[.e]r-t[=u]'zhon, _n._ a hole made by a sharp instrument.--_adjs._ PERT[=U]'SATE, pierced at the apex; PERTUSE', -D, pierced with holes. [L. _pertund[)e]re_, _-tusum_--_per_, through, _tund[)e]re_, to strike.]

PERTUSSIS, per-tus'is, _n._ whooping-cough.--_adj._ PERTUSS'AL.

PERUKE, per-[=u]k', or per'[=u]k, _n._ an artificial cap of hair: a periwig--also PERRUQUE.--_adj._ PERUQU[=E]R'IAN, of or pertaining to the making of wigs.--_n._ PERRU'QUIER, a wigmaker. [Fr. _perruque_--It. _parrucca_ (Sp. _peluca_)--L. _pilus_, hair.]

PERUSE, per-[=u]z', or per-[=oo]z', _v.t._ to read attentively: to examine carefully or in detail.--_ns._ PERUSAL (per-[=u]z'al, or per-[=oo]z'al), the act of perusing: careful examination: study: reading; PERUS'ER. [Formed from L. _per_, thoroughly, _uti_, _usum_, to use.]

PERUVIAN, per-[=oo]'vi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Peru_ in South America.--_n._ a native of Peru.--PERUVIAN BALSAM, a fragrant bitterish liquid yielded by a South American tree, used for asthma and in making soaps; PERUVIAN BARK, cinchona (q.v.).

PERVADE, per-v[=a]d', _v.t._ to go through or penetrate: to spread all over.--_n._ PERV[=A]'SION.--_adj._ PERV[=A]'SIVE, tending or having power to pervade. [L. _pervad[)e]re_, _pervasum_--_per_, through, _vad[)e]re_, to go.]

PERVERSE, per-v[.e]rs', _adj._ turned aside: obstinate in the wrong: stubborn: vexatious.--_adv._ PERVERSE'LY.--_ns._ PERVERSE'NESS, PERVER'SITY, state or quality of being perverse: inclination to oppose: wickedness.--_adj._ PERVER'SIVE, tending to pervert. [L. _perversus_, turned the wrong way.]

PERVERT, per-v[.e]rt', _v.t._ to turn wrong or from the right course: to change from its true use: to corrupt: to turn from truth or virtue.--_v.i._ to go wrong or out of the right course.--_n._ (per'vert) one who has changed from a former position: an apostate.--_ns._ PERVER'SION, the act of perverting: a diverting from the true object: a turning from truth or propriety: misapplication; PERVERT'ER.--_adj._ PERVERT'IBLE, able to be perverted. [Fr. _pervertir_--L. _pervert[)e]re_--_per_, thoroughly, _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.]

PERVEYAUNCE. Same as PURVEYANCE.

PERVICACIOUS, per-vi-k[=a]'shus, _adj._ very obstinate.--_ns._ PERVIC[=A]'CIOUSNESS, PERVICAC'ITY.

PERVIOUS, p[.e]r'vi-us, _adj._ permeable, penetrable: open, perforate.--_adv._ PER'VIOUSLY.--_n._ PER'VIOUSNESS. [L. _pervius_--_per_, through, _via_, a way.]

PESADE, pe-z[=a]d', _n._ the act or position of a saddle-horse in rearing. [Fr.]

PESETA, pe-s[=a]'ta, _n._ a silver coin of Spain worth 9½d. [Sp., dim. of _pesa_, weight.]

PESHITO, pe-sh[=e]'to, _n._ a translation of the Bible into Syriac, made in the second century.--Also PESHIT'TO. [Syriac, _p[)e]shittá_, the simple.]

PESHWA, pesh'wa, _n._ a chief or prince of the Mahrattas.--Also PEISH'WAH.

PESKY, pes'ki, _adj._ annoying.--_adv._ PES'KILY.

PESO, p[=a]'so, _n._ a Spanish dollar. [Sp.,--L. _pensum_, _pend[)e]re_, to weigh.]

PESSARY, pes'a-ri, _n._ an instrument worn in the vagina to remedy displacement of the womb. [Fr. _pessaire_--Low L. _pessarium_--Gr. _pessos_, a pebble.]

PESSIMISM, pes'i-mizm, _n._ the doctrine that on the whole the world is bad rather than good: a temper of mind that looks too much on the dark side of things: a depressing view of life.--_v.i._ PESS'IMISE.--_n._ PESS'IMIST, one who believes that everything is tending to the worst: one who looks too much on the dark side of things--opp. to _Optimist_.--_adjs._ PESSIMIS'TIC, -AL. [L. _pessimus_, worst.]

PEST, pest, _n._ a deadly disease: a plague: anything destructive: a troublesome person.--_n._ PEST'HOUSE, a hospital for persons afflicted with any contagious disease.--_adj._ PESTIF'EROUS, contagious: pestilent: annoying.--_adv._ PESTIF'EROUSLY.--_n._ PEST'ILENCE, any contagious deadly disease: anything that is hurtful to the morals.--_adjs._ PEST'ILENT, producing pestilence: hurtful to health and life: mischievous: corrupt: troublesome; PESTILEN'TIAL, of the nature of pestilence: producing pestilence: destructive.--_advs._ PESTILEN'TIALLY, PEST'ILENTLY. [Fr. _peste_--L. _pestis_, a contagious disease.]

PESTALOZZIAN, pes-ta-lot'si-an, _adj._ pertaining to graduated object-teaching as originated by Johann Heinrich _Pestalozzi_ (1745-1827).

PESTER, pes't[.e]r, _v.t._ to disturb, to annoy.--_n._ a bother.--_n._ PES'TERER, one who pesters.--_adv._ PES'TERINGLY.--_n._ PES'TERMENT, annoyance. [Short for _impester_, O. Fr. _empestrer_ (Fr. _empêtrer_), to entangle, from _in_, in, Low L. _pastorium_, a foot-shackle--L. _pastus_, pa.p. of _pasc[)e]re_, to feed.]

PESTLE, pes'l, or pest'l, _n._ an instrument for pounding anything in a mortar.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ to pound with a pestle: to use a pestle. [O. Fr. _pestel_--L. _pistillum_, a pounder, _pins[)e]re_, _pistum_, to pound.]

PET, pet, _n._ any animal tame and fondled: a word of endearment often used to young children: a favourite child: a wilful young woman--also PEAT.--_adj._ indulged: cherished: favourite.--_v.t._ to treat as a pet: to fondle:--_pr.p._ pet'ting; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ pet'ted. [Celt., as Ir. _peat_, Gael. _peata_.]

PET, pet, _n._ a sudden fit of peevishness or slight passion: ill-humour.--_v.i._ to be peevish, to sulk. [From the above word.]

PETAL, pet'al, _n._ a flower-leaf: a corolla leaf.--_adjs._ PET'ALED, PET'ALIFORM, PET'ALOUS, having petals or flower-leaves; PET'ALINE, pertaining to or resembling a petal: attached to a petal.--_n._ PET'ALISM, a method of ostracism practised in ancient Syracuse, the name being written on an olive-leaf.--_adj._ PET'ALOID, having the form of a petal--also PETALOI'DEOUS. [Gr. _petalon_, a leaf.]

PETARD, p[=e]-tärd', _n._ a kind of mortar filled with gunpowder, fixed to gates, barriers, &c., to break them down by explosion--(_Shak._) PETAR': a paper bomb in pyrotechny.--_ns._ PETARDEER', PETARDIER'.--HOIST WITH ONE'S OWN PETARD (see HOIST). [O. Fr.--_péter_, to crack or explode--L. _ped[)e]re_, cog. with Gr. _perdein_, Eng. _fart_.]

PETARY, p[=e]'tar-i, _n._ a peat-bog.

PETASUS, pet'a-sus, _n._ a low broad-brimmed hat worn by heralds, &c., characteristic of Hermes. [Gr.]

PETAURIST, pe-taw'rist, _n._ a flying opossum, Australian squirrel, &c.--_adj._ PETAU'RINE. [Gr.]

PETCHARY, pech'a-ri, _n._ the gray king-bird.

PETECHIÆ, p[=e]-tek'i-[=e], _n.pl._ purple spots on the skin.--_adj._ PETECH'IAL. [L. _petigo_, a scab.]

PETER, p[=e]'t[.e]r, _v.i._ in mining, to become exhausted (with _out_): (_fig._) to lose power or value.

PETER, p[=e]'t[.e]r, _v.i._ to call for trumps at whist, by throwing away a higher card of a suit while holding a smaller.--_n._ this signal for trumps.

PETEREL. Same as PETREL.

PETERSHAM, p[=e]'t[.e]r-sham, _n._ a heavy greatcoat, also the rough-napped cloth, generally dark blue, of which it is made. [From Lord _Petersham_.]

PETER'S-PENCE. See PENNY.

PETIOLE, pet'i-[=o]l, _n._ the stalk which joins a leaf to the twig or branch: a footstalk--also PET[=I]'OLUS.--_adjs._ PET'IOLAR, -Y, pertaining to, or growing upon, a petiole; PET'IOL[=A]TE, -D, PET'IOLED, growing on a petiole.--_n._ PET'IOLULE, a little or partial petiole. [Fr.,--L. _petiolus_, a little foot--_pes_, _pedis_, a foot.]

PETIT, pet'i, _adj._ small:--_fem._ PETITE (pe-t[=e]t').--_n._ PET'IT-MAÎ'TRE, a dandy, a coxcomb generally. [Fr.]

PETITION, p[=e]-tish'un, _n._ a request generally from an inferior to a superior: a written request presented to a court of law, or to a body of legislators: a prayer: a supplication.--_v.t._ to present a petition to: to ask as a favour: to supplicate.--_adj._ PETIT'IONARY, offering or containing a petition: supplicatory.--_ns._ PETIT'IONER, one who offers a petition or prayer; PETIT'IONING, the act of presenting a petition: entreaty: solicitation; PETIT'IONIST.--_adj._ PET'ITORY, petitioning.--PETITIO PRINCIPII, the fallacy of begging the question--a taking for granted in argument of that which has yet to be proved. [Fr.,--L. _petitio_--_pet[)e]re_, _petitum_, to ask.]

PETRARY, pe-tr[=a]'ri, _n._ an engine for hurling stones.

PETRE. Same as SALTPETRE.

PETREAN, p[=e]-tr[=e]'an, _adj._ pertaining to rock. [L. _petræus_--Gr. _petraios_--_petra_, a rock.]

PETREL, pet'rel, _n._ a long-winged dusky sea-bird, rarely landing except to lay its eggs, esp. the STORMY PETREL, called by sailors 'Mother Carey's Chickens,' scarcely larger than a lark, the smallest web-footed bird known. [Fr.; from Matt. xiv. 29.]

PETRIFY, pet'ri-f[=i], _v.t._ to turn into stone: to make hard like a stone: to fix in amazement.--_v.i._ to become stone, or hard like stone:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ pet'rified.--_n._ PETRES'CENCE.--_adjs._ PETRES'CENT, growing into or becoming stone; PETRIC'OLOUS, inhabiting rocks.--_n._ PETRIFAC'TION, the act of turning into stone: the state of being turned into stone: that which is made stone: a fossil.--_adjs._ PETRIFAC'TIVE, PETRIF'IC, changing animal or vegetable substances into stone; PET'RIF[=I]ABLE.--_ns._ PETROG'ENY, the science of the origin of rocks; PET'ROGLYPH, a rock-carving.--_adj._ PETROGLYPH'IC.--_ns._ PETROG'LYPHY, the art of writing on rocks or stones; PETROG'RAPHER, a student of petrography.--_adjs._ PETROGRAPH'IC, -AL.--_adv._ PETROGRAPH'ICALLY.--_n._ PETROG'RAPHY, the study of rocks: petrology.--_adj._ PETROLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ PETROLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ PETROL'OGIST; PETROL'OGY, the science of the composition and classification of rocks.--_adjs._ PETR[=O]'SAL, of great hardness: petrous; P[=E]'TROUS, like stone: hard: rocky. [L. _petra_--Gr. _petra_, rock, L. _fac[)e]re_, _factum_, to make.]

PETRINE, p[=e]'trin, _adj._ pertaining to, or written by, the Apostle _Peter_.--_n._ P[=E]'TRINISM, the Tübingen theory of F. C. Baur (1792-1860) and his school, of a doctrinal trend in primitive Christianity towards Judaism, ascribed to Peter and his party in opposition to _Paulinism_. [L. _Petrinus_--_Petrus_, Peter.]

PETROLEUM, p[=e]-tr[=o]'l[=e]-um, _n._ a liquid inflammable substance issuing or pumped up from the earth in various parts of the world.--_ns._ PET'ROL, a spirit obtained from petroleum; PETROLEUR (p[=a]-tro-l[=a]r'), one of those Parisians who, with the help of petroleum, set fire to many of the public buildings of Paris in May 1871: an incendiary:--_fem._ PETROLEUSE'.--_adj._ PETROLIF'EROUS, yielding petroleum. [L. _petra_, rock, _oleum_, oil.]

PETRONEL, pet'ro-nel, _n._ a large horse-pistol: a small carbine. [O. Fr. _petrinal_, the breast--L. _pectus_.]

PETTED, pet'ed, _adj._ treated as a pet: indulged.--_adj._ PETT'ISH, given to take the pet: peevish: fretful.--_adv._ PETT'ISHLY.--_n._ PETT'ISHNESS.

PETTICHAPS, PETTY-CHAPS, pet'i-chaps, _n._ the garden warbler, the willow-warbler, chiff-chaff.

PETTICOAT, pet'i-k[=o]t, _n._ a loose under-skirt worn by females and little boys: (_coll._) a woman: a fisherman's loose canvas or oilcloth skirt: a bell-mouthed piece over the exhaust nozzles in the smoke-box of a locomotive, strengthening and equalising the draught through the boiler-tubes.--_adj._ feminine: female, as 'petticoat influence.'--_n._ PETT'ICOAT-AFFAIR', an affair in which a woman is concerned.--_n.pl._ PETT'ICOAT-BREECH'ES, a loose short breeches worn by men in the 17th century.--_adj._ PETT'ICOATED.--PETTICOAT GOVERNMENT, government by women, either at home or in the state. [_Petty_ + _coat_.]

PETTIFOGGER, pet'i-fog-[.e]r, _n._ a lawyer who practises only in paltry cases.--_v.i._ PETT'IFOG, to play the pettifogger.--_n._ PETT'IFOGGERY, mean tricks: quibbles.--_adj._ PETT'IFOGGING. [_Petty_, and obs. _fog_, to cheat (cf. Old Dut. _focker_).]

PETTITOES, pet'i-t[=o]z, _n.pl._ the feet of a sucking pig: (_Shak._) human feet. [_Petty_ + _toe_.]

PETTLE, pet'l, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to indulge, pet.

PETTO, pet'o, _n._ the breast. [It.,--L. _pectus_, breast.]

PETTY, pet'i, _adj._ small: of less importance: lower in rank, power, &c.: inconsiderable, insignificant: contemptible.--_adv._ PETT'ILY.--_n._ PETT'INESS.--PETTY CASH, small sums of money received or paid; PETTY LARCENY (see LARCENY); PETTY OFFICER, a naval officer with rank corresponding to a non-commissioned officer in the army. [O. Fr. _petit._]

PETULANT, pet'[=u]-lant, _adj._ showing peevish impatience, irritation, or caprice: forward, impudent in manner.--_ns._ PET'ULANCE, PET'ULANCY, sauciness: peevishness or impatience.--_adv._ PET'ULANTLY. [L. _petulans, -antis_--obs. _petul[=a]re,_ dim. of _pet[)e]re,_ to fall upon.]

PETUNIA, p[=e]-t[=u]'ni-a, _n._ a Brazilian genus of ornamental plants of the nightshade family, with small undivided leaves and showy funnel-form flowers. [Amer. Ind. _petun,_ tobacco.]

PEW, p[=u], _n._ an enclosed seat in a church.--_ns._ PEW'-FELL'OW, companion; PEW'-HOLD'ER, one who rents a pew in a church; PEW'-[=O]'PENER, an attendant who opens pews in a church; PEW'-RENT, rent paid for the use of a pew in church. [O. Fr. _pui_, a raised place--L. _podium_, a front seat in the amphitheatre--Gr. _podion_, orig. a footstool--_pous_, _podos_, foot.]

PEWIT, p[=e]'wit, _n._ the lapwing, a bird with a black head and crest, common in moors.--Also P[=E]'WET, PEE'WIT. [Imit.; cf. Dut. _piewit_ or _kiewit_.]

PEWTER, p[=u]'t[.e]r, _n._ an alloy of four parts of tin and one of lead: sometimes tin with a little copper and antimony: a vessel made of pewter, esp. a beer-tankard: (_slang_) prize-money.--_adj._ made of pewter.--_ns._ PEW'TERER, one who works in pewter; PEW'TER-MILL, a lapidaries' polishing-wheel for amethyst, agate, &c.--_adj._ PEW'TERY, belonging to pewter. [O. Fr. _peutre_ (It. _peltro_), from a Teut. root, seen in Low Ger. _spialter_, Eng. spelter.]

PFENNIG, pfen'ig, _n._ a German copper coin, the hundredth part of a mark.--Also PFENN'ING.

PHACITIS, f[=a]-s[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of the crystalline lens of the eye.--_n._ PHACOCYST[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye.--_adj._ PH[=A]'COID, lentil-shaped.--_n._ PH[=A]'COSCOPE. [Gr. _phakos_, a lentil.]

PHÆNOGAMOUS, PHENOGAMOUS, f[=e]-nog'a-mus, _adj._ having manifest flowers, phanerogamous.--_ns._ PHÆ'NOGAM, a phanerogamous plant; PHÆNOG[=A]'MIA=_Phanerogamia_.--_adj._ PHÆNOGAM'IC. [Gr. _phainein_, to show, _gamos_, marriage.]

PHAETON, f[=a]'e-ton, _n._ a kind of open pleasure-carriage on four wheels, drawn by one or two horses, from _Phaëthon_, son of Helios, the sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive: a tropic bird.--_adj._ PHAËTON'IC.

PHAGEDENA, PHAGEDÆNA, faj-e-d[=e]'na, _n._ a sloughing ulcer, hospital gangrene.--_adjs._ PHAGED[=E]'NIC, PHAGEDÆ'NIC. [Gr. _phagein_, to eat.]

PHAGOCYTE, fag'o-s[=i]t, _n._ a white or colourless blood-corpuscle--also called _leucocyte_--an active amoeboid cell, which engulfs both nutritive and harmful particles.--_adjs._ PHAGOCYT'IC, -AL.--_ns._ PHAG'OCYTISM, the nature or function of a phagocyte; PHAGOCYT[=O]'SIS, the destruction of microbes by phagocytes. [Gr. _phagein_, to eat, _kytos_, a vessel.]

PHALÆNA, f[=a]-l[=e]'na, _n._ the Linnæan genus including moths.--_adj._ PHAL[=E]'NOID. [Gr. _phalaina_, a moth.]

PHALANGE, f[=a]-lanj', _n._ a phalanx of a digit: any of the joints of an insect's tarsus: a bundle of stamens joined by their filaments: a socialistic community in Fourier's dream of an ideal arrangement of society, consisting of 1800 persons living in a _phalanstère_--generally in _pl._, the usual _sing_. being PH[=A]'LANX (q.v.).--_adjs._ PHALAN'GAL, PHALAN'G[=E]AL, PHALAN'GIAL, PHALAN'GIAN; PHALAN'GIFORM; PHALANST[=E]'RIAN.--_ns._ PHALANST[=E]'RIANISM, PHALAN'STERISM; PHAL'ANSTERY, the dwelling of the phalange in the ideal social system of Fourier (1772-1837), a vast structure in the midst of a square league of cultivated land.

PHALANGER, f[=a]-lan'jer, _n._ a genus of small arboreal Australasian marsupials. [Fr.,--L. _phalanx_.]

PHALANX, fal'angks, or f[=a]'-, _n._ a line of battle: a square battalion of heavy-armed infantry drawn up in ranks and files close and deep: any compact body of men: one of the small bones of the fingers and toes:--_pl._ PHALAN'GES, or PHAL'ANXES. [L.,--Gr. _phalangks_.]

PHALAROPE, fal'a-r[=o]p, _n._ a genus of wading birds, forming a sub-family of the snipes. [Gr. _phalaris_, a coot, _pous_, a foot.]

PHALLUS, fal'us, _n._ the symbol of generation which figures in the rites and ceremonies of most primitive peoples: (_biol_.) the organ of sex.--_adj._ PHALL'IC.--_ns._ PHALL'ICISM, PHALL'ISM, the phallic worship.--_adj._ PHALL'OID. [L.,--Gr. _phallos_.]

PHANARIOT, fa-nar'i-ot, _n._ one of the Greeks inhabiting the _Fanar_ quarter of Constantinople--in Turkish history mostly diplomatists, administrators, and bankers, also hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia.--_adj._ PHANAR'IOT.--Also FANAR'IOT.

PHANEROGAMOUS, fan-e-rog'a-mus, _adj._ having true flowers containing stamens and pistils--opp. to _Cryptogamous_--also PHANEROGAM'IC.--_n._ PHAN'EROGAM, a phanerogamic plant. [Gr. _phaneros_, visible, _gamos_, marriage.]

PHANTASM, fan'tazm, _n._ a vain, airy appearance: a fancied vision: an apparition or spectre--also PHANTAS'MA (_Shak._):--_pl._ PHAN'TASMS, PHANTAS'MATA.--_adjs._ PHANTAS'MAL; PHANTASM[=A]'LIAN (_rare_).--_n._ PHANTASMAL'ITY.--_adv._ PHANTAS'MALLY.--_adjs._ PHANTASMAT'IC, -AL; PHANTAS'MIC; PHANTASMOGENET'IC, begetting phantasms.--_adv._ PHANTASMOGENET'ICALLY.--_adj._ PHANTASMOLOG'ICAL, pertaining to phantasms as subjects of inquiry.--_n._ PHANTASMOL'OGY, the science of phantasms. [Gr. _phantasma_--_phantazein_, to make visible--_phainein_, to bring to light--_pha-ein_, to shine.]

PHANTASMAGORIA, fan-taz-ma-g[=o]'ri-a, _n._ a fantastic series of illusive images: a gathering of appearances or figures upon a flat surface by a magic-lantern.--_adjs._ PHANTASMAG[=O]'RIAL, pertaining to or resembling a phantasmagoria; PHANTASMAGOR'IC, -AL. [Gr. _phantasma_, an appearance, _agora_, an assembly--_ageirein_, to gather.]

PHANTASTIC, PHANTASY. See FANTASTIC, FANTASY.--_n._ PHANT[=A]'SIAST, one of those Docetæ who believed Christ's body to have been a mere phantom.

PHANTOM, fan'tom, _n._ a phantasm.--_adj._ illusive, spectral.--_adj._ PHANTOMAT'IC, relating to a phantom. [O. Fr. _fantosme_--Gr. _phantasma_.]

PHARAOH, f[=a]'r[=o], _n._ a title of the kings of ancient Egypt.--_adj._ PHARAON'IC. [Heb.,--Egyptian.]

PHARE, fär, _n._ a lighthouse.--Also PH[=A]'ROS. [_Pharos_.]

PHARISEE, far'i-s[=e], _n._ one of a religious school among the Jews, marked by their strict observance of the law and of religious ordinances: any one more careful of the outward forms than of the spirit of religion, a formalist.--_adjs._ PHARIS[=A]'IC, -AL, pertaining to, or like, the Pharisees: hypocritical.--_adv._ PHARIS[=A]'ICALLY.--_ns._ PHARIS[=A]'ICALNESS; PHAR'IS[=A]ISM, PHAR'ISEEISM, the practice and opinions of the Pharisees: strict observance of outward forms in religion without the spirit of it: hypocrisy. [Late L. _pharisæus_--Gr. _pharisaios_--Heb. _p[=a]r[=u]sh_, separated from, _parash_, to separate.]

PHARMACEUTIC, -AL, fär-ma-s[=u]'tik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to the knowledge or art of preparing medicines.--_adv._ PHARMACE[=U]'TICALLY.--_ns._ PHARMACE[=U]'TICS, the science of preparing medicines; PHARMACE[=U]'TIST, one who practises pharmacy.

PHARMACOPOEIA, fär-ma-k[=o]-p[=e]'ya, _n._ a book containing directions for the preparation of medicines: a collection of drugs.--_adj._ PHARMACOPOE'IAL. [Gr. _pharmakon_, a drug, _poiein_, to make.]

PHARMACY, fär'ma-si, _n._ a department of the medical art which consists in the collecting, preparing, preserving, and dispensing of medicines: the art of preparing and mixing medicines: a drug-store.--_ns._ PHAR'MACIST, a druggist, one skilled in pharmacy; PHARMACOGNOS'TICS, the sum of knowledge about drugs; PHARMACOG'RAPHY, a description of drugs; PHARMACOL'OGIST, one skilled in pharmacology; PHARMACOL'OGY, pharmacy; PHAR'MACON, a drug; PHARMACOP'OLIST, a dealer in drugs. [Fr. _pharmacie_--L.,--Gr. _pharmakon_, a drug.]

PHARO=Faro.

PHAROS, f[=a]'ros, _n._ a lighthouse or beacon, so named from the famous lighthouse on the island of _Pharos_ in the Bay of Alexandria.--_n._ PHAROL'OGY, the art or science of directing the course of ships by means of light-signals from the shore.

PHARYNX, far'ingks, _n._ the cleft or cavity forming the upper part of the gullet, and lying behind the nose, mouth, and larynx:--_pl._ PHAR'YNGES, PHAR'YNXES.--_adjs._ PHARYN'G[=E]AL; PHARYNGIT'IC, pertaining to pharyngitis.--_n._ PHARYNG[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.--_adjs._ PHARYNGOGLOS'SAL, pertaining to the pharynx and the tongue; -LARYN'GEAL, to that and the larynx; -N[=A]'SAL, and the nose; -[=O]'RAL, and the mouth.--_ns._ PHARYNGOG'RAPHY, a description of the pharynx; PHARYNG'[=O]SCOPE, an instrument for inspecting the pharynx; PHARYNG'OSCOPY; PHARYNGOT'OMY, the operation of making an incision into the pharynx to remove a tumour. [Late L.,--Gr. _pharyngkx_, the pharynx.]

PHASE, f[=a]z, _n._ aspect, appearance, at any stage: an era: the form in which an object or a question presents itself to the mind: the appearance at a given time of the illuminated surface exhibited by a planet--also PH[=A]'SIS:--_pl._ PHAS'ES.--_adj._ PHASE'LESS, unchanging. [Gr. _phasis_--_phaein_, to shine.]

PHASMA, fas'mä, _n._ a genus of gressorial orthopterous insects--walking-stick insects, spectre-insects (_Phasma_), and leaf-insects.

PHEASANT, fez'ant, _n._ a gallinaceous bird abundant in Britain, and highly valued as food.--_n._ PHEAS'ANTRY, an enclosure for pheasants, where they may be bred and reared. [O. Fr. _faisan_--L. _Phasiana_ (_avis_)--Gr. _Phasianos_, of Phasis, in Colchis.]

PHEER, f[=e]r, _n._ (_Shak._). Same as FERE, a mate.

PHEESE, f[=e]z, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to beat, to drive off: to worry.--_v.i._ (_U.S._) to worry.--_n._ worry--better FEEZE.--_n._ PHEES'AR, one of the mad host's words (_Merry Wives_, I. iii. 10).

PHELLOPLASTICS, fel-[=o]-plas'tiks, _n._ modelling in cork.--_n._ PHELL'OGEN, cork-meristem.--_adj._ PHELLOGENET'IC. [Gr. _phellos_, cork, _plassein_, to form.]

PHENACETIN, f[=e]-nas'e-tin, _n._ a drug prepared from carbolic acid, good against fevers, insomnia, &c.

PHENAKISTOSCOPE, fen-a-kis't[=o]-sk[=o]p, _n._ an optical instrument which produces the appearances of objects in motion, as birds flying, &c.--_n._ PHEN'AKISM (_Bacon_), deceit. [Gr. _phenakistikos_--_phenakizein_--_phenax_, a cheat.]

PHENIX=_Phoenix_.

PHENOGAM=_Phænogam_.

PHENOGAMIA=_Phænogamia_.

PHENOL, f[=e]'nol. _n._ phenyl alcohol or carbolic acid. [_Fr._]

PHENOLOGY, PHÆNOLOGY, f[=e]-nol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the branch of biology treating of animal or plant life and development as affected by climate.--_adjs._ PHENOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ PHENOL'OGIST. [_Phenomenology_.]

PHENOMENON, f[=e]-nom'e-non, _n._ an appearance: the appearance which anything makes to our consciousness, as distinguished from what it is in itself: an observed result: a remarkable or unusual person, thing, or appearance:--_pl._ PHENOM'ENA.--_adj._ PHENOM'ENAL, pertaining to a phenomenon: of the nature of a phenomenon: so strange as to excite great wonder: out of the common.--_v.t._ PHENOM'ENALISE, to represent as a phenomenon.--_ns._ PHENOM'ENALISM, the philosophical doctrine that the phenomenal and the real are identical--that phenomena are the only realities--also _Externalism_; PHENOM'ENALIST, one who believes in phenomenalism; PHENOMENAL'ITY, the character of being phenomenal.--_adv._ PHENOM'ENALLY.--_v.t._ PHENOM'ENISE, to bring into the world of experience.--_ns._ PHENOM'ENISM, the doctrines of the phenomenists; PHENOM'ENIST, one who believes only what he observes, or phenomena, one who rejects necessary primary principles.--_adj._ PHENOMEN[=O]LOG'ICAL.--_n._ PHENOMENOL'OGY, a description of phenomena. [Gr. _phainomenon_--_phainein_, to show.]

PHENYL, f[=e]'nil, _n._ an organic radical found esp. in carbolic acid, benzole, and aniline.--_adjs._ PH[=E]'NIC, PHENYL'IC. [Fr. _phényle_.]

PHEON, f[=e]'on, _n._ (_her._) the barbed iron head of a dart: the broad arrow marking property of the Crown.

PHEW, f[=u], _interj._ an exclamation of disgust.

PHIAL, f[=i]'al, _n._ a small glass vessel or bottle. [L. _phiala_--Gr. _phial[=e]_, a vial.]

PHI BETA KAPPA, fi bet-a kap-a, the oldest of the American college Greek letter societies. [From the initial letters of its motto--_Philosophia biou kubern[=e]t[=e]s_, 'Philosophy is the guide of life.']

PHILADELPHIAN, fil-a-del'fi-an, _n._ one of a mystic sect emphasising 'brotherly love,' founded in London in 1652 under the influence of Boehme. [Gr. _philein_, to love, _adelphos_, a brother.]

PHILANDER, fi-lan'd[.e]r, _v.i._ to make love: to flirt or coquet.--_n._ a lover.--_n._ PHILAN'DERER. [Gr. _philandros_, loving men--_philos_, dear--_philein_, to love, _an[=e]r_, _andros_, a man.]

PHILANTHROPY, fi-lan'thr[=o]-pi, _n._ love of mankind, esp. as shown in good deeds and services to others: goodwill towards all men.--_ns._ PHIL'ANTHROPE, PHILAN'THROPIST, one who tries to benefit mankind.--_adjs._ PHILANTHROP'IC, -AL, doing good to others, benevolent.--_adv._ PHILANTHROP'ICALLY. [L.,--Gr. _philanthr[=o]pia_--_philos_, loving, _anthr[=o]pos_, a man.]

PHILATELY, fi-lat'e-li, _n._ the study and collection of postage and revenue stamps and labels (also _Timbrophily_, _Timbrology_).--_adj._ PHILATEL'IC.--_n._ PHILAT'ELIST, one devoted to this pursuit. [Formed in 1865 from Gr. _philos_, loving, _atel[=e]s_, free of tax, 'prepaid'--_a-_, neg., _telos_, tax.]

PHILHARMONIC, fil-har-mon'ik, _adj._ loving music. [Gr. _philos_, loving, _harmonia_, harmony.]

PHILHELLENIC, fil-he-len'ik, _adj._ loving Greece.--_ns._ PHILHEL'LENE, PHILHEL'LENIST, a supporter of Greece, esp. in 1821-32; PHILHEL'LENISM, love of Greece. [Gr. _philos_, loving, _Hell[=e]n_, a Greek.]

PHILIBEG, PHILABEG. See FILLIBEG.

PHILIPPIAN, fi-lip'i-an, _n._ a native of _Philippi_ in Macedonia--also _adj._

PHILIPPIC, fil-ip'ik, _n._ one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon, or of Cicero against Marc Antony: any discourse full of invective.--_v.i._ PHIL'IPPISE, to utter such.

PHILISTINE, fil'is-tin, _n._ one of the ancient inhabitants of south-western Palestine, enemies of the Israelites--also PHILIS'TIAN, and PHILIS'TIM (_Milt._): a name applied by German students to shopkeepers and others not connected with the university: an uncultured person.--_n._ PHIL'ISTINISM.

PHILL-HORSE, fil'-hors, _n._=_Thill-horse_, a shaft-horse.

PHILOGYNY, fil-oj'i-ni, _n._ love of women.--_n._ PHILOG'YNIST. [Gr. _philos_, loving, _gyn[=e]_, a woman.]

PHILOLOGY, fi-lol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the science of language: the study of etymology, grammar, rhetoric, and literary criticism: (_orig._) the knowledge which enabled men to study and explain the classical languages of Greece and Rome.--_ns._ PHILOL'OGER, PHILOL[=O]'GIAN, PHILOL'OGIST, PHIL'OLOGUE, one versed in philology.--_adjs._ PHILOLOG'IC, -AL.--_adv._ PHILOLOG'ICALLY.--COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, study of languages by comparing their history, forms, and relationships with each other. [L.,--Gr. _philologia_--_philologos_, fond of words--_philos_, loving, _logos_, discourse.]

PHILOMATH, fil'[=o]-math, _n._ a lover of learning.--_adjs._ PHILOMATH'IC, -AL.--_n._ PHILOM'ATHY, love of learning. [Gr. _philomath[=e]s_, fond of learning--_philos_, loving, _e-math-on_, 2d aorist _manthanein_, to learn.]

PHILOMEL, fil'[=o]-mel, _n._ the nightingale.--Also PHILOM[=E]'LA. [Gr. _Philomela_, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, changed into a nightingale or swallow.]

PHILOMUSICAL, fil-[=o]-m[=u]'zi-cal, _adj._ fond of music.

PHILOPENA, fil-[=o]-p[=e]'na, _n._ a game in which each of two persons eats a twin kernel of a nut, and one pays a forfeit to the other on certain conditions: the gift made as a forfeit, or the twin kernels shared. [Ger. _vielliebchen_--_viel_, much, _liebchen_, sweetheart.]

PHILOPOLEMIC, fil-[=o]-p[=o]-lem'ik, _adj._ fond of war or of debate.

PHILOPROGENITIVENESS, fil-[=o]-pr[=o]-jen'i-tiv-nes, _n._ (_phren._) the instinctive love of offspring. [Gr. _philos_, loving, L. _progenies_, progeny.]

PHILOSOPHER, fi-los'[=o]-f[.e]r, _n._ a lover of wisdom: one versed in or devoted to philosophy: a metaphysician: one who acts calmly and rationally in all the affairs and changes of life--also PHIL'OSOPHE:--_fem._ PHILOS'OPHESS.--_adjs._ PHILOSOPH'IC, -AL, pertaining or according to philosophy: skilled in or given to philosophy: becoming a philosopher: rational: calm.--_adv._ PHILOSOPH'ICALLY.--_v.i._ PHILOS'OPHISE, to reason like a philosopher: to form philosophical theories.--_ns._ PHILOS'OPHISER, a would-be philosopher; PHILOS'OPHISM, would-be philosophy; PHILOS'OPHIST.--_adjs._ PHILOSOPHIST'IC, -AL.--_n._ PHILOS'OPHY, the science of being as being: the knowledge of the causes and laws of all phenomena: the collection of general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge: reasoning: a particular philosophical system: calmness of temper.--PHILOSOPHER'S STONE, an imaginary stone or mineral compound, long sought after by alchemists as a means of transforming other metals into gold.--MORAL, and NATURAL, PHILOSOPHY (see MORAL, NATURAL). [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _philosophos_--_philos_, a lover, _sophos_, wise.]

PHILOTECHNIC, -AL, fil-[=o]-tek'nik, -al, _adj._ fond of the arts.

PHILOZOIC, fil-[=o]-z[=o]'ik, _adj._ fond of animals.

PHILTRE, PHILTER, fil't[.e]r, _n._ a charm or spell to excite love. [Fr. _philtre_--L. _philtrum_--Gr. _philtron_--_philos_, loving, _-tron_, denoting the agent.]

PHIMOSIS, f[=i]-m[=o]'sis, _n._ stenosis of the preputial orifice.

PHISNOMY, fis'no-mi, _n._ (_Shak._) the face--a corr. of _physiognomy_.

PHIZ, fiz, _n._ (_humorous_) the face.

PHLEBITIS, fl[=e]-b[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of a vein.--_ns._ PHLEB'OLITE, a calcareous concretion found in a vein; PHLEBOL'OGY, science of the veins; PHLEB'ORRHAGE, venous hemorrhage.--_adjs._ PHLEBOTOM'IC, -AL.--_v.t._ PHLEBOT'OMISE.--_ns._ PHLEBOT'OMIST; PHLEBOT'OMY, act of letting blood. [Gr. _phleps_, _phlebos_, a vein.]

PHLEGETHONTIC, fleg-e-thon'tik, _adj._ pertaining to or resembling the river _Phlegethon_, a mythological river of the infernal regions, whose waves rolled torrents of fire, flowing into the lake of Acheron. [Gr. _phlegethein_--_phlegein_, to burn.]

PHLEGM, flem, _n._ one of the four elements of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed: the thick, slimy matter secreted in the throat, and discharged by coughing: sluggishness: indifference: calmness.--_adj._ PHLEGMAGOGIC (fleg-ma-goj'ik).--_ns._ PHLEG'MAGOGUE, a medicine expelling phlegm; PHLEGM[=A]'SIA, inflammation, esp. _Phlegmasia dolens_, puerperal tumid leg.--_adjs._ PHLEGMAT'IC, -AL, abounding in or generating phlegm: cold: sluggish: not easily excited.--_adv._ PHLEGMAT'ICALLY.--_n._ PHLEG'MON, inflammation in the connective tissue.--_adjs._ PHLEG'MONOID; PHLEGM'Y. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _phlegma_, _phlegmatos_--_phlegein_, to burn.]

PHLEME=_Fleam_.

PHLEUM, fl[=e]'um, _n._ a small genus of annual or perennial grasses--_timothy_, _cat's-tail grass_, _herd's grass_. [Gr. _phle[=o]s_.]

PHLOEUM, fl[=e]'um, _n._ the cellular portion of bark next the epidermis--also _Epiphloeum_ and Bast.--_n._ PHL[=O]'ËM, the bast or liber portion of a vascular bundle. [Gr. _phloios_, bark.]

PHLOGISTON, fl[=o]-jis'ton, _n._ an imaginary element, believed in till nearly the end of the 18th century as forming part of every combustible body, which by its disengagement caused burning, or fire in action.--_adj._ PHLOGIS'TIC (_chem._), containing or resembling phlogiston: inflaming: (_med._) inflammatory.--_v.t._ PHLOGIS'TICATE, to combine phlogiston with. [Gr.]

PHLOX, floks, _n._ a well-known garden plant, so called from its colour. [Gr.,--_phlegein_, to burn.]

PHLYCTÆNA, PHLYCTENA, flik-t[=e]'na, _n._ a small vesicle.--_adjs._ PHLYCT[=E]'NAR; PHLYCT[=E]'NOID; PHLYCT[=E]'NOUS.

PHOBANTHROPY, f[=o]-ban'thr[=o]-pi, _n._ a morbid dread of mankind.

PHOCINE, f[=o]'sin, _adj._ pertaining to the seal family.--_n._ PH[=O]'CA, a seal.--_adj._ PHOC[=A]'CEAN, relating to the genus _Phoca_.--_n._ a seal of this genus.--_n._ PHOCÆ'NA, a genus of delphinoid odontocete cetaceans--the true porpoises.--_adjs._ PH[=O]'CAL; PHOCÆ'NINE, like a porpoise. [L. _phoca_--Gr. _ph[=o]k[=e]_, a seal.]

PHOEBUS, f[=e]'bus, _n._ the sun-god: the sun:--_fem._ PHOEBE (f[=e]'b[=e]), the moon. [L.,--Gr. _phoibos_, bright, _phæin_, to shine.]

PHOENICIAN, PHENICIAN, f[=e]-nish'an, _adj._ pertaining to _Phoenicia_, on the coast of Syria, to its people, language, or arts.--_n._ an inhabitant of Phoenicia: the language, a Semitic dialect, akin to Hebrew.

PHOENIX, PHENIX, f[=e]'niks, _n._ a fabulous bird said to have existed for 500 years all alone in the wilderness, and, after burning itself on a funeral pile, to have risen from its own ashes--hence, the emblem of immortality: a paragon. [L.,--Gr. _phoinix_.]

PHOLAS, f[=o]'las, _n._ a genus of stone-bearing bivalves, a piddock:--_pl._ PH[=O]'LADES.--_n._ PH[=O]'LADITE, a fossil pholad. [Gr.]

PHONATE, f[=o]'n[=a]t, _v.t._ to utter vocal sounds.--_n._ PHON[=A]'TION, emission of vocal sounds.--_adj._ PH[=O]'NATORY, pertaining to phonation.--_n._ PHONAU'TOGRAPH, an instrument for registering the vibrations of a sounding body.--_adj._ PHONAUTOGRAPH'IC.--_adv._ PHONAUTOGRAPH'ICALLY.--_n._ PHONOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the vibrations of a body.

PHONETIC, -AL, f[=o]-net'ik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to, or in accordance with, the sound of the voice: representing elementary sounds: vocal.--_adv._ PHONET'ICALLY.--_n._ PHONETIC'IAN, a student of phonetics.--_v.t._ PHONET'ICISE, to make phonetic.--_ns._ PHONET'ICISM, phonetic character or representation; PHONET'ICIST, one who advocates phonetic-spelling.--_n.sing._ PHONET'ICS, the science of sounds, esp. of the human voice.--_ns._ PHONET'IC-SPELL'ING, spelling according to sound: the spelling of words as they are pronounced; PHONETIS[=A]'TION, art of representing sound by phonetic signs.--_v.t._ PH[=O]'NETISE, to represent phonetically.--_ns._ PH[=O]'NETISM, sound, pronunciation; PH[=O]'NETIST, a student of phonetics.--_adj._ PHON'IC, pertaining to sound.--_n.sing_. PHON'ICS, acoustics.--_adj._ PHONOCAMP'TIC, reflecting or deflecting sound.--_n._ PH[=O]'NOLITE, clinkstone. [Gr. _ph[=o]netikos_--_ph[=o]n[=e]_, a sound.]

PHONOGRAPH, f[=o]'n[=o]-graf, _n._ a character or mark used to represent a sound (also PH[=O]'NOGRAM): an instrument by which spoken words or other sounds can be recorded, and afterwards given out again almost in the original tones.--_ns._ PHONOG'RAPHER, PHONOG'RAPHIST, one versed in phonography.--_adjs._ PHONOGRAPH'IC, -AL.--_adv._ PHONOGRAPH'ICALLY.--_ns._ PHONOG'RAPHY, the art of representing each spoken sound by a distinct character: phonetic shorthand; PH[=O]'N[=O]SCOPE, an apparatus for recording music as played, or for testing musical strings: a microphone. [Gr. _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound, _graphein_, to write.]

PHONOLOGY, f[=o]-nol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the science of the sounds of the voice, the manner in which these are combined in any language: phonetics.--_adj._ PHONOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ PHONOL'OGIST, one versed in phonology. [Gr. _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound, _logos_, discourse.]

PHONOTYPE, f[=o]'n[=o]-t[=i]p, _n._ a type or sign representing a sound.--_adjs._ PHONOTYP'IC, -AL, of or belonging to a phonotype, or to phonotypy.--_ns._ PH[=O]'NOTYPIST; PH[=O]'NOTYPY, the art of representing each of the elementary sounds by different types or distinct characters. [Gr. _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound, _typos_, type.]

PHORMINX, for'mingks, _n._ a kind of cithara. [Gr.]

PHORMIUM, for'mi-um, _n._ a genus of New Zealand plants of the lily family--New Zealand flax or flax-lily. [Gr. _phormion_, a plant.]

PHOSPHENE, fos'f[=e]n, _n._ a brilliant coloured spectrum seen when the finger is pressed into the internal corner of the eye. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, light, _phainein_, to shine.]

PHOSPHORUS, fos'f[=o]-rus, _n._ the morning-star: a yellowish substance, like wax, inflammable and giving out light in the dark.--_n._ PHOS'PHATE, a salt formed by the combination of phosphoric acid with a base.--_adj._ PHOSPHAT'IC, of the nature of, or containing, a phosphate.--_ns._ PHOS'PHIDE, a compound formed of phosphorus and some other element, as copper or iron; PHOS'PHITE, a salt of phosphorous acid; PHOS'PHOR, the morning-star: (_obs._) phosphorus.--_v.t._ PHOS'PHORATE, to combine or impregnate with phosphorus.--_n._ PHOS'PHOR-BRONZE, an alloy of copper, tin, and phosphorus.--_v.i._ PHOSPHORESCE', to shine in the dark like phosphorus.--_n._ PHOSPHORESC'ENCE.--_adjs._ PHOSPHORESC'ENT, shining in the dark like phosphorus; PHOSPHOR'IC, PHOS'PHOROUS, pertaining to or obtained from phosphorus.--_ns._ PHOS'PHORITE, a massive radiated variety of apatite; PHOS'PHURET, a compound of phosphorus with a metal.--_adj._ PHOS'PHURETTED, combined with phosphorus.--_n._ PHOS'SY-JAW, phosphorous poisoning.--PHOSPHATIC DIATHESIS (_med._), the condition in which there is a tendency in the urine to deposit white gravel. [L.,--Gr.,--_ph[=o]sphoros_, light-bearer--_ph[=o]s_, light, _phoros_, bearing, from _pherein_, to bear.]

PHOTO, f[=o]'t[=o], _n._ a colloquial abbreviation of _photograph_.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY, f[=o]-t[=o]-kem'is-tri, _n._ that branch of chemistry which treats of the chemical action of light.--_adj._ PHOTOCHEM'ICAL.--_n._ PHOTOCHEM'IST.

PHOTOCHROMY, f[=o]'t[=o]-kr[=o]-mi, _n._ the art of reproducing colours by photography.--_adj._ PHOTOCHROMAT'IC.--_n._ PHOTOCHR[=O]'MOTYPE, a photo-process picture printed in colours by any of the ordinary methods of typography in colours. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _chr[=o]ma_, colour.]

PHOTO-ENGRAVING, f[=o]'t[=o]-en-gr[=a]'ving, _n._ a general term including all the various processes of mechanical engraving by the aid of photography.--The term PHOTOG'LYPHY is sometimes applied to photo-engraving by one process or other, often limited to photogravure.--_adj._ PHOTOGLYPH'IC.

PHOTOGENY, f[=o]-toj'e-ni, _n._ the art of taking pictures by the action of light on a chemically prepared ground.--_adjs._ PHOTOGEN'IC, PHOTOG'ENOUS.

PHOTOGRAPHY, f[=o]-tog'ra-fi, _n._ the art of producing pictures by the action of light on chemically prepared surfaces.--_n._ PH[=O]'TOGRAPH, a picture so produced.--_v.t._ to make a picture of by means of photography.--_ns._ PH[=O]TOG'RAPHER, PH[=O]TOG'RAPHIST.--_adj._ PH[=O]TOGRAPH'IC, -AL.--_adv._ PH[=O]TOGRAPH'ICALLY. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, light, _graphein_, to draw.]

PHOTOGRAVURE, f[=o]'t[=o]-gr[=a]-v[=u]r, _n._ a method of producing by means of photography and the action of acids on a sensitised surface a kind of mezzo-engraving on metal. [Fr.,--Gr. _ph[=o]s_, light, Fr. _gravure_, engraving.]

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY, f[=o]-t[=o]-li-thog'ra-fi, _n._ a method by which a photograph in line can be developed with ink so as to be transferred to stone as a lithograph.--_n._ PHOTOLITH'OGRAPH, a print produced by photolithography.--_v.t._ to reproduce by this aid.--_n._ PHOTOLITHOG'RAPHER.--_adj._ PHOTOLITHOGRAPH'IC. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _lithos_, a stone, _graphein_, to write.]

PHOTOLOGY, f[=o]-tol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the science of light.--_adjs._ PHOTOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ PHOTOL'OGIST. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _logia_--_legein_, to say.]

PHOTOLYSIS, f[=o]-tol'i-sis, _n._ (_bot._) the movements of protoplasm under the influence of light. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _lysis_--_lyein_, to unloose.]

PHOTOMECHANICAL, f[=o]-t[=o]-m[=e]-kan'i-kal, _adj._ pertaining to the mechanical production of pictures by the aid of light, as in photo-engraving, &c.

PHOTOMETER, f[=o]-tom'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the intensity of light, esp. for comparing the amount of light coming from different sources.--_adjs._ PHOTOMET'RIC, -AL.--_n._ PHOTOM'ETRY, the measurement of the intensity of light. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _m[=e]tron_, a measure.]

PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, f[=o]-t[=o]-m[=i]-krog'ra-fi, _n._ the enlargement of microscopic objects by means of the microscope, and the projection of the enlarged image on a sensitive film.--_ns._ PHOTOM[=I]'CROGRAPH; PHOTOMICROG'RAPHER.--_adj._ PHOTOMICROGRAPH'IC. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _mikros_, little, _graphein_, to write.]

PHOTOPHOBIA, f[=o]-t[=o]-f[=o]'bi-a, _n._ a dread of light.--_adj._ PHOTOPHOB'IC.

PHOTOPHONE, f[=o]'t[=o]-f[=o]n, _n._ an apparatus for transmitting articulate speech to a distance along a beam of light. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound.]

PHOTO-PROCESS, f[=o]'t[=o]-pros'es, _n._ any process by which is produced, by the agency of photography, a matrix from which prints can be made in ink--photogravure, photolithography, and photozincography.

PHOTOPSIA, f[=o]-top'si-a, _n._ the condition of having the sensation of light without external cause.--Also PH[=O]'TOPSY.

PHOTO-RELIEF, f[=o]'t[=o]-re-l[=e]f', _n._ a process of producing plates by means of photography, from which impressions can be taken in an ordinary printing-press.

PHOTOSCULPTURE, f[=o]-t[=o]-skulp't[=u]r, _n._ the art of taking likenesses in the form of statuettes or medallions by the aid of photography.

PHOTOSPHERE, f[=o]'t[=o]-sf[=e]r, _n._ the luminous envelope round the sun's globe, which is the source of light. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _sphaira_, a sphere.]

PHOTOTHERAPY, f[=o]-t[=o]-ther'a-pi, _n._ the art of healing (of lupus, &c.) by means of light, electric or other, focussed on the diseased part. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _therapeuein_, to heal.]

PHOTOTYPE, f[=o]'t[=o]-t[=i]p, _n._ a type or plate of the same nature as an engraved plate, produced from a photograph.--_n._ PH[=O]'TOTYPY_._ [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_, light, _typos_, type.]

PHOTO-XYLOGRAPHY, f[=o]-t[=o]-z[=i]-log'ra-fi, _n._ wood-engraving after an impression has been taken on the wood-block by photography. [Gr. _ph[=o]s_, _ph[=o]tos_ light, _xylon_, a log of wood, _graphein_, to write.]

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY, f[=o]-t[=o]-zing-kog'ra-fi, _n._ the process of engraving on zinc by taking an impression by photography and etching with acids.--_n._ PHOTOZINC'OGRAPH, a picture so produced.

PHRASE, fr[=a]z, _n._ two or more words expressing a single idea by themselves, or showing the manner or style in which a person expresses himself: part of a sentence: a short pithy expression: phraseology: (_mus._) a short clause or portion of a sentence.--_v.t._ to express in words: to style.--_n._ PHRASE'-BOOK, a book containing or explaining phrases.--_adj._ PHRASE'LESS, incapable of being described.--_ns._ PHRASE'-MAN, PHRASE'-MONG'ER, a wordy speaker or writer; PHR[=A]'SEOGRAM, PHR[=A]'SEOGRAPH, a combination of shorthand characters to represent a phrase or sentence.--_adjs._ PHRASEOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to phraseology: consisting of phrases.--_adv._ PHRASEOLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ PHRASEOL'OGIST, a maker or a collector of phrases; PHR[=A]SEOL'OGY, style or manner of expression or arrangement of phrases: peculiarities of diction: a collection of phrases in a language; PHR[=A]'SER, a mere maker or repeater of phrases.--_adj._ PHR[=A]'SICAL.--_n._ PHR[=A]'SING, the wording of a speech or passage: (_mus._) the grouping and accentuation of the sounds in a melody. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _phrasis_--_phrazein_, to speak.]

PHRATRY, fr[=a]'tri, _n._ a clan: a brotherhood--also PHR[=A]'TRIA.--_adj._ PHR[=A]'TRIC. [Gr. _phrat[=e]r_, a brother.]

PHREN, _fren_, _n._ the thinking principle, mind: the diaphragm:--_pl._ PHRENES.--_ns._ PHR[=E]NAL'GIA, psychalgia; PHREN[=E]'SIS, delirium, frenzy.--_adjs._ PHRENET'IC, -AL (also FRENET'IC, -AL), having a disordered mind: frenzied: mad; PHRENIAT'RIC, pertaining to the cure of mental diseases; PHREN'IC, belonging to the diaphragm.--_ns._ PHREN'ICS, mental philosophy; PHREN'ISM, thought force.--_adj._ PHRENIT'IC, affected with phrenitis.--_ns._ PHREN[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the brain; PHRENOG'RAPHY, descriptive psychology; PHRENOPATH'IA, mental disease.--_adj._ PHRENOPATH'IC.--_n._ PHRENOPL[=E]'GIA, sudden loss of mental power. [Gr. _phr[=e]n_, the mind.]

PHRENOLOGY, fr[=e]-nol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the theory that the various faculties and powers of the mind are connected with certain parts of the brain, and can be known by an examination of the outer surface of the skull: the science by which character can be read by examining the skull.--_adjs._ PHRENOLOG'IC, -AL.--_adv._ PHRENOLOG'ICALLY.--_n._ PHRENOL'OGIST, one who believes or is versed in phrenology. [Gr. _phr[=e]n_, _phrenos_, mind, _logos_, science.]

PHRONESIS, fr[=o]'-n[=e]'sis, _n._ practical wisdom. [Gr.,--_phr[=e]n_, mind.]

PHRYGIAN, frij'i-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Phrygia_ in Asia Minor, or to the Phrygians.--_n._ a native of Phrygia: a Montanist.--PHRYGIAN CAP, a conical cap with the top turned forward.

PHTHALEIN, thal'e-in, _n._ one of a very important class of dye-yielding materials formed by the union of phenols with the anhydride of phthalic acid.--_adj._ PHTHAL'IC, pertaining to naphthalene.--_n._ PHTHAL'IN, a colourless crystalline compound obtained by reducing phthalein.

PHTHIRIASIS, thi-r[=i]'a-sis, _n._ the lousy disease--_morbus pediculosus._ [L.,--Gr.]

PHTHISIS, th[=i]'sis, _n._ consumption or wasting away of the lungs.--_adjs._ PHTHIS'IC, -AL (tiz'ik, -al), pertaining to or having phthisis.--_n._ PHTHISIOLOGY (tiz-i-ol'[=o]-ji), the sum of scientific knowledge about phthisis. [L.,--Gr. _phthiein_, to waste away.]

PHYCOLOGY, f[=i]-kol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the knowledge of algæ or sea-weeds.--_n._ PHYCOG'RAPHY, systematic description of algae.--_adj._ PHYCOLOG'IC.--_n._ PHYCOL'OGIST.

PHYLACTERY, fi-lak'te-ri, _n._ a charm or amulet: among the Jews, a slip of parchment inscribed with certain passages of Scripture, worn on the left arm or forehead: among the early Christians, a case in which relics were preserved.--_adjs._ PHYLACTER'IC, -AL. [L.,--Gr. _phylakt[=e]rion_, _phylakt[=e]r_, a guard--_phylassein_, to guard.]

PHYLARCH, f[=i]'lark, _n._ in ancient Greece, the chief of a tribe: in Athens, the commander of the cavalry of a tribe.--_ns._ PHY'LARCHY, the office of a phylarch; PHYLE (f[=i]'l[=e]), a tribe or clan in ancient Greece.--_adj._ PHYLET'IC, pertaining to a race or tribe: pertaining to a phylum of the animal kingdom.--_n._ PHYLUM (f[=i]'lum), any primary division or sub-kingdom of the animal or vegetable kingdom:--_pl._ PHY'LA.

PHYLLITE, fil'[=i]t, _n._ clay-slate or argillaceous schist.--_adj._ PHYLLIT'IC. [Gr.,--_phyllon_, a leaf.]

PHYLLIUM, fil'i-um, _n._ a genus of orthopterous insects of family _Phasmidæ_--leaf-insects or walking-leaves.

PHYLLODIUM, fi-l[=o]'di-um, _n._ a petiole which usurps the function of a leaf-blade.--_adj._ PHYLLODIN'EOUS.

PHYLLOID, fil'oid, _adj._ leaf-like--also PHYLLOI'DEOUS.--_ns._ PHYL'LOMANCY, divination by leaves; PHYLLOM[=A]'NIA, abnormal production of leaves; PHYL'LOME, foliage.--_adj._ PHYLLOM'IC.--_n._ PHYL'LOMORPHY, the reversion of floral organs, as sepals and bracts, to leaves--better PHYL'LODY.