Chapter XVII: Part 17

HALL, BASIL (1788-1844), British naval officer, traveller and miscellaneous writer, was born at Edinburgh on the 31st of December 1788. His father was Sir James Hall of Dunglass, the geologist. Basil Hall was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and in 1802 entered the navy, where he rose to the rank of post-captain in 1817, after seeing active service in several fields. By observing the ethnological as well as the physical peculiarities of the countries he visited, he collected the materials for a very large number of scientific papers. In 1816 he commanded the sloop "Lyra," which accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to China; and he described his cruise in _An Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-choo Island in the Japan Sea_ (London, 1818). In 1820 he held a command on the Pacific coast of America, and in 1824 published two volumes of _Extracts from a Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru and Mexico in the Years 1820-21-22_. Retiring on half-pay in 1824, Hall in 1825 married Margaret, daughter of Sir John Hunter, and in her company travelled (1827-1828) through the United States. In 1829 he published his _Travels in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828_, which was assailed by the American press for its views of American society. _Schloss Hainfeld, or a Winter in Lower Styria_ (1836), is partly a romance, partly a description of a visit paid by the author to the castle of the countess Purgstall. _Spain and the Seat of War in Spain_ appeared in 1837. _The Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (9 vols.) were issued in three detachments between 1831 and 1840. Captain Hall was a fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and of the Royal Astronomical, Royal Geographical and Geological Societies. His last work, a collection of sketches and tales under the name of _Patchwork_ (1841), had not been long published before its author became insane, and he died in Haslar hospital, Portsmouth, on the 11th of September 1844.

HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812-1888), Danish statesman, son of the highly respected artisan and train-band colonel Mads Hall, was born at Christianshavn on the 25th of February 1812. After a distinguished career at school and college, he adopted the law as his profession, and in 1837 married the highly gifted but eccentric Augusta Marie, daughter of the philologist Peter Oluf Brondsted. A natural conservatism indisposed Hall at first to take any part in the popular movement of 1848, to which almost all his friends had already adhered; but the moment he was convinced of the inevitability of popular government, he resolutely and sympathetically followed in the new paths. Sent to the _Rigsforsamling_ of 1848 as member for the first district of Copenhagen, a constituency he continued to represent in the _Folketing_ till 1881, he immediately took his place in the front rank of Danish politicians. From the first he displayed rare ability as a debater, his inspiring and yet amiable personality attracted hosts of admirers, while his extraordinary tact and temper disarmed opposition and enabled him to mediate between extremes without ever sacrificing principles.

Hall was not altogether satisfied with the fundamental law of June; but he considered it expedient to make the best use possible of the existing constitution and to unite the best conservative elements of the nation in its defence. The aloofness and sulkiness of the aristocrats and landed proprietors he deeply deplored. Failing to rally them to the good cause he determined anyhow to organize the great cultivated middle class into a political party. Hence the "June Union," whose programme was progress and reform in the spirit of the constitution, and at the same time opposition to the one-sided democratism and party-tyranny of the _Bondevenner_ or peasant party. The "Union" exercised an essential influence on the elections of 1852, and was, in fact, the beginning of the national Liberal party, which found its natural leader in Hall. During the years 1852-1854 the burning question of the day was the connexion between the various parts of the monarchy. Hall was "eiderdansk" by conviction. He saw in the closest possible union between the kingdom and a Schleswig freed from all risk of German interference the essential condition for Denmark's independence; but he did not think that Denmark was strong enough to carry such a policy through unsupported, and he was therefore inclined to promote it by diplomatic means and international combinations, and strongly opposed to the Conventions of 1851-1852 (See DENMARK: _History_), though he was among the first, subsequently, to accept them as an established fact and the future basis for Denmark's policy.

Hall first took office in the Bang administration (12th of December 1854) as minister of public worship. In May 1857 he became president of the council after Andrae, Bang's successor, had retired, and in July 1858 he exchanged the ministry of public worship for the ministry of foreign affairs, while still retaining the premiership.

Hall's programme, "den Konstitutionelle Helstat," i.e. a single state with a common constitution, was difficult enough in a monarchy which included two nationalities, one of which, to a great extent, belonged to a foreign and hostile jurisdiction. But as this political monstrosity had already been guaranteed by the Conventions of 1851-1852, Hall could not rid himself of it, and the attempt to establish this "Helstat" was made accordingly by the Constitution of the 13th of November 1863. The failure of the attempt and its disastrous consequences for Denmark are described elsewhere. Here it need only be said that Hall himself soon became aware of the impossibility of the "Helstat," and his whole policy aimed at making its absurdity patent to Europe, and substituting for it a constitutional Denmark to the Eider which would be in a position to come to terms with an independent Holstein. That this was the best thing possible for Denmark is absolutely indisputable, and "the diplomatic Seven Years' War" which Hall in the meantime conducted with all the powers interested in the question is the most striking proof of his superior statesmanship. Hall knew that in the last resort the question must be decided not by the pen but by the sword. But he relied, ultimately, on the protection of the powers which had guaranteed the integrity of Denmark by the treaty of London, and if words have any meaning at all he had the right to expect at the very least the armed support of Great Britain.[1] But the great German powers and the force of circumstances proved too strong for him. On the accession of the new king, Christian IX., Hall resigned rather than repeal the November Constitution, which gave Denmark something to negotiate upon in case of need. But he made matters as easy as he could for his successors in the Monrad administration, and the ultimate catastrophe need not have been as serious as it was had his advice, frankly given, been intelligently followed.

After 1864 Hall bore more than his fair share of the odium and condemnation which weighed so heavily upon the national Liberal party, making no attempt to repudiate responsibility and refraining altogether from attacking patently unscrupulous opponents. But his personal popularity suffered not the slightest diminution, while his clear, almost intuitive, outlook and his unconquerable faith in the future of his country made him, during those difficult years, a factor of incalculable importance in the public life of Denmark. In 1870 he joined the Holstein-Holsteinborg ministry as minister of public worship, and in that capacity passed many useful educational reforms, but on the fall of the administration, in 1873, he retired altogether from public life. In the summer of 1879 Hall was struck down by apoplexy, and for the remaining nine years of his life he was practically bedridden. He died on the 14th of August 1888. In politics Hall was a practical, sagacious "opportunist," in the best sense of that much abused word, with an eye rather for things than for persons. Moreover, he had no very pronounced political ambition, and was an utter stranger to that longing for power, which drives so many men of talent to adopt extreme expedients. His urbanity and perfect equilibrium at the very outset incited sympathy, while his wit and humour made him the centre of every circle within which he moved.

See Vilhelm Christian Sigurd Topsoe, _Polit. Portraetstudier_
(Copenhagen, 1878); Scholler Parelius Vilhelm Birkedal, _Personlige
Oplevelser_ (Copenhagen, 1890-1891). (R. N. B.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] On this head see the 3rd marquess of Salisbury's _Political
Essays_, reprinted from the _Quarterly Review_.

HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871), American Arctic explorer, was born at Rochester, New Hampshire. After following the trade of blacksmith he became a journalist in Cincinnati; but his enthusiasm for Arctic exploration led him in 1859 to volunteer to the American Geographical Society to "go in search for the bones of Franklin." With the proceeds of a public subscription he was equipped for his expedition and sailed in May 1860 on board a whaling vessel. The whaler being ice-bound, Hall took up his abode in the regions to the north of Hudson Bay, where he found relics of Frobisher's 16th-century voyages, and living with the Eskimo for two years he acquired a considerable knowledge of their habits and language. He published an account of these experiences under the title of _Arctic Researches, and Life among the Esquimaux_ (1864). Determined, however, to learn more about the fate of the Franklin expedition he returned to the same regions in 1864, and passing five years among the Eskimo was successful in obtaining a number of Franklin relics, as well as information pointing to the exact fate of 76 of the crew, whilst also performing some geographical work of interest. In 1871 he was given command of the North Polar expedition fitted out by the United States Government in the "Polaris." Making a remarkably rapid passage up Smith Sound at the head of Baffin Bay, which was found to be ice-free, the "Polaris" reached on the 30th of August the lat. of 82 deg. 11', at that time, and until the English expedition of 1876 the highest northern latitude attained by vessel. The expedition went into winter quarters in a sheltered cove on the Greenland coast. On the 24th of October, Hall on his return from a successful sledge expedition to the north was suddenly seized by an illness of which he died on the 8th of November. Capt. S. O. Buddington (1823-1888) assumed command, and although the "Polaris" was subsequently lost after breaking out of the ice, with only part of the crew aboard, the whole were ultimately rescued, and the scientific results of the expedition proved to be of considerable importance.

HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816-1902), English Nonconformist divine, was born at Maidstone on the 22nd of May 1816. His father was John Vine Hall, proprietor and printer of the _Maidstone Journal_, and the author of a popular evangelical work called _The Sinner's Friend_. Christopher was educated at University College, London, and took the London B.A. degree. His theological training was gained at Highbury College, whence he was called in 1842 to his first pastorate at the Albion Congregational Church, Hull. During the twelve years of his ministry there the membership was greatly increased, and a branch chapel and school were opened. At Hull Newman Hall first began his active work in temperance reform, and in defence of his position wrote _The Scriptural Claims of Teetotalism_. In 1854 he accepted a call to Surrey chapel, London, founded in 1783 by the Rev. Rowland Hill. A considerable sum had been bequeathed by Hill for the perpetuation of his work on the expiration of the lease; but, owing to some legal flaw in the will, the money was not available, and Newman Hall undertook to raise the necessary funds for a new church. By weekly offertories and donations the money for the beautiful building called Christ Church at the junction of the Kennington and Westminster Bridge Roads was collected, and within four years of opening (1876) the total cost (L63,000) was cleared. In 1892 Newman Hall resigned his charge and devoted himself to general evangelical work. Most of his writings are small booklets or tracts of a distinctly evangelical character. The best known of these is _Come to Jesus_, of which over four million copies have been circulated in forty different languages. Newman Hall visited the United States during the Civil War, and did much to promote a friendly understanding between England and America. A Liberal in politics, and a keen admirer of John Bright, few preachers of any denomination have exercised so far-reaching an influence as the "Dissenters' Bishop," as he came to be termed. He died on the 18th of February 1902.

See his _Autobiography_ (1898); obituary notice in _The Congregational
Year Book_ for 1903.

HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547), English chronicler and lawyer, was born about the end of the 15th century, being a son of John Hall of Northall, Shropshire. Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, he became a barrister and afterwards filled the offices of common sergeant of the city of London and judge of the sheriff's court. He was also member of parliament for Bridgnorth. Hall's great work, _The Union of the Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and York_, commonly called _Hall's Chronicle_, was first published in 1542. Another edition was issued by Richard Grafton in 1548, the year after Hall's death, and another in 1550; these include a continuation from 1532 compiled by Grafton from the author's notes. In 1809 an edition was published under the supervision of Sir Henry Ellis, and in 1904 the part dealing with the reign of Henry VIII. was edited by C. Whibley. The _Chronicle_ begins with the accession of Henry IV. to the English throne in 1399; it follows the strife between the houses of Lancaster and York, and with Grafton's continuation carries the story down to the death of Henry VIII. in 1547. Hall presents the policy of this king in a very favourable light and shows his own sympathy with the Protestants. For all kinds of ceremonial he has all a lawyer's respect, and his pages are often adorned and encumbered with the pageantry and material garniture of the story. The value of the _Chronicle_ in its early stages is not great, but this increases when dealing with the reign of Henry VII. and is very considerable for the reign of Henry VIII. Moreover, the work is not only valuable, it is attractive. To the historian it furnishes what is evidently the testimony of an eye-witness on several matters of importance which are neglected by other narrators; and to the student of literature it has the exceptional interest of being one of the prime sources of Shakespeare's historical plays.

See J. Gairdner, _Early Chroniclers of Europe; England_ (1879).

HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901), American Orientalist, was born in Troy, New York, on the 21st of March 1825. He graduated with the degree of civil engineer from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy in 1842, and entered Harvard in the class of 1846; just before his class graduated he left college and went to India in search of a runaway brother. In January 1850 he was appointed tutor, and in 1853 professor of Sanskrit and English, in the government college at Benares; and in 1855 was made inspector of public instruction in Ajmere-Merwara and in 1856 in the Central Provinces. He settled in England in 1862 and received the appointment to the chair of Sanskrit, Hindustani and Indian jurisprudence in King's College, London, and to the librarianship of the India Office. He died at Marlesford, Suffolk, on the 1st of February 1901. Hall was the first American to edit a Sanskrit text, the _Vishnupurana_; his library of a thousand Oriental MSS. he gave to Harvard University.

His works include: in Sanskrit, _Atmabodha_ (1852),
_Sankhyapravachana_ (1856), _Saryasiddhanta_ (1859), _Vasavadattu_
(1859), _Sankhyasara_ (1862) and _Dasarupa_ (1865); in Hindi,
Ballantynes' _Hindi Grammar_ (1868) and a _Reader_ (1870); on English
philology, _Recent Exemplifications of False Philology_ (1872),
attacking Richard Grant White, _Modern English_ (1873), "On English
Adjectives in -able, with Special Reference to Reliable" (_Am. Jour.
Philology_, 1877), _Doctor Indoctus_ (1880).

HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896), American Orientalist, was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, on the 12th of December 1837. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1859, was a tutor there in 1859-1863, graduated at the Columbia Law School in 1865, practised law in New York City until 1875, and in 1875-1877 taught in the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, where he discovered a valuable Syriac manuscript of the Philoxenian version of a large part of the New Testament, which he published in part in facsimile in 1884. He worked with General di Cesnola in classifying the famous Cypriote collection in the Metropolitan Museum of New York City, and was a curator of that museum from 1885 until his death in Mount Vernon, New York, on the 2nd of July 1896. He was an eminent authority on Oriental inscriptions. Following the scanty clues given by George Smith and Samuel Birch, and working on the data furnished by the di Cesnola collection, he succeeded about 1874 in deciphering an entire Cypriote inscription, and in establishing the Hellenic character of the dialect and the syllabic nature of the script.

His work in Cypriote epigraphy is described in his articles in
_Scribner's Magazine_, vol. 20 (June, 1880), pp. 205-211 and in the
_Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol. 10, No. 2 (1880), pp.
201-218. He published in facsimile the Antilegomena epistles (1886),
which he deciphered from the W. F. Williams manuscript, and edited _A
Critical Bibliography of the Greek New Testament as Published in
America_ (1884).

HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832), Scottish geologist and physicist, eldest son of Sir John Hall, Bart., was born at Dunglass on the 17th of January 1761; and became distinguished as the first to establish experimental research as an aid to geological investigation. He was intimately acquainted with James Hutton and John Playfair, and having studied rocks in various parts of Europe he was eventually led to accept and to demonstrate the truth of Hutton's views with regard to intrusive rocks. He commenced a series of experiments to illustrate the fusion of rocks, their vitreous and crystalline characters, and the influence of molten rocks in altering adjacent strata. He thus assisted in proving that granitic veins had been injected into overlying deposits after their consolidation. He studied the volcanic rocks in Italy and recognized that the old lava flows and the numerous dikes in Scotland must have had a similar origin. He made further experiments to illustrate the contortions of rocks. The results were brought before the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died at Edinburgh on the 23rd of June 1832. He represented in parliament (1807-1812) the old borough of Michael in Cornwall; he also wrote an Essay on the _Origin, History and Principles of Gothic Architecture_ (1813).

His eldest son, John Hall (1787-1860), who succeeded him, was a Fellow of the Royal Society; the second son, Captain Basil Hall (q.v.), was the distinguished traveller; the third son, James Hall (1800-1854), was a painter, art-patron, and a friend of Sir David Wilkie.

HALL, JAMES (1793-1868), American judge and man of letters, was born at Philadelphia on the 19th of August 1793. After for some time prosecuting the study of law, he in 1812 joined the army, and in the war with Great Britain distinguished himself in engagements at Lundy's Lane, Niagara and Fort Erie. On the conclusion of the war he accompanied an expedition against Algiers, but in 1818 he resigned his commission, and continued the study of law at Pittsburg. In 1820 he removed to Shawneetown, Illinois, where he commenced practice at the bar and also edited the _Illinois Gazette_. Soon after he was appointed public prosecutor of the circuit, and in 1824 state circuit judge. In 1827 he became state treasurer, and held that office till 1831, but he continued at the same time his legal practice and also edited the _Illinois Intelligencer_. Subsequently he became editor of the _Western Souvenir_, an annual publication, and of the _Illinois Monthly Magazine_, afterwards the _Western Monthly Magazine_. He died near Cincinnati on the 5th of July 1868.

The following are his principal works:--_Letters from the West_,
originally contributed to the _Portfolio_, and collected and published
in London in 1828; _Legends of the West_ (1832); _The Soldier's Bride
and other Tales_ (1832); _The Harpe's Head, a Legend of Kentucky_
(1833); _Sketches of the West_ (2 vols., 1835); _Tales of the Border_
(1835); _Notes on the Western States_ (1838); _History of the Indian
Tribes_, in conjunction with T. L. M'Keeney (3 vols., 1838-1844); _The
Wilderness and the War-Path_ (1845); _Romance of Western History_
(1857).

HALL, JAMES (1811-1898). American geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Hingham, Massachusetts, on the 12th of September 1811. In early life he became attached to the study of natural history, and he completed his education at the polytechnic institute at Troy in New York, where he graduated in 1832, and afterwards became professor of chemistry and natural science, and subsequently of geology. In 1836 he was appointed one of the geologists on the Geological Survey of the state of New York, and he was before long charged with the palaeontological work. Eventually he became state geologist and director of the museum of natural history at Albany. His published papers date from 1836, and include numerous reports on the geology and palaeontology of various portions of the United States and Canada. He dealt likewise with physical geology, and in 1859 discussed the connexion between the accumulation of sedimentary deposits and the elevation of mountain-chains. His chief work was the description of the invertebrate fossils of New York--in which he dealt with the graptolites, brachiopods, mollusca, trilobites, echini and crinoids of the Palaeozoic formations. The results were published in a series of quarto volumes entitled _Palaeontology of New York_ (1847-1894), in which he was assisted in course of time by R. P. Whitfield and J. M. Clarke. He published also reports on the geology of Oregon and California (1845), Utah (1852), Iowa (1859) and Wisconsin (1862). He received the Wollaston medal from the Geological Society of London in 1858. He was a man of great energy and untiring industry, and in 1897, when in his eighty-sixth year, he journeyed to St Petersburg to take part in the International Geological Congress, and then joined the excursion to the Ural mountains. He died at Albany on the 7th of August 1898.

See _Life and Work of James Hall_, by H. C. Hovey, _Amer. Geol._
xxiii., 1899, p. 137 (portraits).

HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656), English bishop and satirist, was born at Bristow park, near Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, on the 1st of July 1574. His father, John Hall, was agent in the town for Henry, earl of Huntingdon, and his mother, Winifred Bambridge, was a pious lady, whom her son compared to St Monica. Joseph Hall received his early education at the local school, and was sent (1589) to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Hall was chosen for two years in succession to read the public lecture on rhetoric in the schools, and in 1595 became fellow of his college. During his residence at Cambridge he wrote his _Virgidemiarum_ (1597), satires written after Latin models. The claim he put forward in the prologue to be the earliest English satirist:--

"I first adventure, follow me who list
And be the second English satirist"--

gave bitter offence to John Marston, who attacks him in the satires published in 1598. The archbishop of Canterbury gave an order (1599) that Hall's satires should be burnt with works of John Marston, Marlowe, Sir John Davies and others on the ground of licentiousness, but shortly afterwards Hall's book, certainly unjustly condemned, was ordered to be "staied at the press," which may be interpreted as reprieved (see _Notes and Queries_, 3rd series, xii. 436). Having taken holy orders, Hall was offered the mastership of Blundell's school, Tiverton, but he refused it in favour of the living of Halsted, Essex, to which he was presented (1601) by Sir Robert Drury. In his parish he had an opponent in a Mr Lilly, whom he describes as "a witty and bold atheist." In 1603 he married; and in 1605 he accompanied Sir Edmund Bacon to Spa, with the special aim, he says, of acquainting himself with the state and practice of the Romish Church. At Brussels he disputed at the Jesuit College on the authentic character of modern miracles, and his inquiring and argumentative disposition more than once threatened to produce serious results, so that his patron at length requested him to abstain from further discussion. His devotional writings had attracted the notice of Henry, prince of Wales, who made him one of his chaplains (1608). In 1612 Lord Denny, afterwards earl of Norwich, gave him the curacy of Waltham-Holy-Cross, Essex, and in the same year he received the degree of D.D. Later he received the prebend of Willenhall in the collegiate church of Wolverhampton, and in 1616 he accompanied James Hay, Lord Doncaster, afterwards earl of Carlisle, to France, where he was sent to congratulate Louis XIII. on his marriage, but Hall was compelled by illness to return. In his absence the king nominated him dean of Worcester, and in 1617 he accompanied James to Scotland, where he defended the five points of ceremonial which the king desired to impose upon the Scots. In the next year he was one of the English deputies at the synod of Dort. In 1624 he refused the see of Gloucester, but in 1627 became bishop of Exeter.

He took an active part in the Arminian and Calvinist controversy in the English church. He did his best in his _Via media, The Way of Peace_, to persuade the two parties to accept a compromise. In spite of his Calvinistic opinions he maintained that to acknowledge the errors which had arisen in the Catholic Church did not necessarily imply disbelief in her catholicity, and that the Church of England having repudiated these errors should not deny the claims of the Roman Catholic Church on that account. This view commended itself to Charles I. and his episcopal advisers, but at the same time Archbishop Laud sent spies into Hall's diocese to report on the Calvinistic tendencies of the bishop and his lenience to the Puritan and low-church clergy. Hall says he was thrice down on his knees to the King to answer Laud's accusations and at length threatened to "cast up his rochet" rather than submit to them. He was, however, amenable to criticism, and his defence of the English Church, entitled _Episcopacy by Divine Right_ (1640), was twice revised at Laud's dictation. This was followed by _An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament_ (1640 and 1641), an eloquent and forceful defence of his order, which produced a retort from the syndicate of Puritan divines, who wrote under the name of "Smectymnuus," and was followed by a long controversy to which Milton contributed five pamphlets, virulently attacking Hall and his early satires.

In 1641 Hall was translated to the see of Norwich, and in the same year sat on the Lords' Committee on religion. On the 30th of December he was, with other bishops, brought before the bar of the House of Lords to answer a charge of high treason of which the Commons had voted them guilty. They were finally convicted of an offence against the Statute of Praemunire, and condemned to forfeit their estates, receiving a small maintenance from the parliament. They were immured in the Tower from New Year to Whitsuntide, when they were released on finding bail for L5000 each. On his release Hall proceeded to his new diocese at Norwich, the revenues of which he seems for a time to have received, but in 1643, when the property of the "malignants" was sequestrated, Hall was mentioned by name. Mrs Hall had difficulty in securing a fifth of the maintenance (L400) assigned to the bishop by the parliament; they were eventually ejected from the palace, and the cathedral was dismantled. Hall retired to the village of Higham, near Norwich, where he spent the time preaching and writing until "he was first forbidden by man, and at last disabled by God." He bore his many troubles and the additional burden of much bodily suffering with sweetness and patience, dying on the 8th of September 1656. Thomas Fuller says: "He was commonly called our English Seneca, for the purenesse, plainnesse, and fulnesse of his style. Not unhappy at _Controversies_, more happy at _Comments_, very good in his _Characters_, better in his _Sermons_, best of all in his _Meditations_."

Bishop Hall's polemical writings, although vigorous and effective,
were chiefly of ephemeral interest, but many of his devotional
writings have been often reprinted. It is by his early work as the
censor of morals and the unsparing critic of contemporary literary
extravagance and affectations that he is best known. _Virgidemiarum._
_Sixe Bookes. First three Bookes. Of Toothlesse Satyrs._ (1)
_Poeticall_, (2) _Academicall_, (3) _Morall_ (1597) was followed by an
amended edition in 1598, and in the same year by _Virgidemiarum_. _The
three last bookes. Of byting Satyres_ (reprinted 1599). His claim to
be reckoned the earliest English satirist, even in the formal sense,
cannot be justified. Thomas Lodge, in his _Fig for Momus_ (1593), had
written four satires in the manner of Horace, and John Marston and
John Donne both wrote satires about the same time, although the
publication was in both cases later than that of _Virgidemiae_. But if
he was not the earliest, Hall was certainly one of the best. He writes
in the heroic couplet, which he manoeuvres with great ease and
smoothness. In the first book of his satires (_Poeticall_) he attacks
the writers whose verses were devoted to licentious subjects, the
bombast of _Tamburlaine_ and tragedies built on similar lines, the
laments of the ghosts of the _Mirror for Magistrates_, the metrical
eccentricities of Gabriel Harvey and Richard Stanyhurst, the
extravagances of the sonneteers, and the sacred poets (Southwell is
aimed at in "Now good St Peter weeps pure Helicon, And both the Mary's
make a music moan"). In Book II. Satire 6 occurs the well-known
description of the trencher-chaplain, who is tutor and hanger-on in a
country manor. Among his other satirical portraits is that of the
famished gallant, the guest of "Duke Humfray."[1] Book VI. consists of
one long satire on the various vices and follies dealt with in the
earlier books. If his prose is sometimes antithetical and obscure, his
verse is remarkably free from the quips and conceits which mar so much
contemporary poetry.

He also wrote _The King's Prophecie; or Weeping Joy_ (1603), a
gratulatory poem on the accession of James I.; _Epistles_, both the
first and second volumes of which appeared in 1608 and a third in
1611; _Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1608), versified by Nahum
Tate (1691); _Solomons Divine Arts ..._ (1609); and, probably _Mundus
alter et idem sive Terra Australis antehac semper incognita ...
lustrata_ (1605? and 1607), by "Mercurius Britannicus," translated
into English by John Healy (1608) as _The Discovery of a New World or
A Description of the South Indies ... by an English Mercury_. _Mundus
alter_ is an excuse for a satirical description of London, with some
criticism of the Romish church, its manners and customs, and is said
to have furnished Swift with hints for _Gulliver's Travels_. It was
not ascribed to him by name until 1674, when Thomas Hyde, the
librarian of the Bodleian, identified "Mercurius Britannicus" with
Joseph Hall. For the question of the authorship of this pamphlet, and
the arguments that may be advanced in favour of the suggestion that it
was written by Alberico Gentili, see E. A. Petherick, _Mundus alter et
idem_, reprinted from the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (July 1896). His
controversial writings, not already mentioned, include:--_A Common
Apology ... against the Brownists_ (1610), in answer to John
Robinson's _Censorious Epistle_; _The Olde Religion: A treatise,
wherein is laid downe the true state of the difference betwixt the
Reformed and the Romane Church; and the blame of this schisme is cast
upon the true Authors ..._ (1628); _Columba Noae olivam adferens ..._,
a sermon preached at St Paul's in 1623; _Episcopacie by Divine Right_
(1640); _A Short Answer to the Vindication of Smectymnuus_ (1641); _A
Modest Confutation of ... (Milton's) Animadversions_ (1642).

His devotional works include:--_Holy Observations Lib. I. Some few of
David's Psalmes Metaphrased_ (1607 and 1609); three centuries of
_Meditations and Vowes, Divine and Morall_ (1606, 1607, 1609), edited
by Charles Sayle (1901); _The Arte of Divine Meditation_ (1607);
_Heaven upon Earth, or of True Peace and Tranquillitie of Mind_
(1606), reprinted with some of his letters in John Wesley's _Christian
Library_, vol. iv. (1819); _Occasional Meditations ..._ (1630), edited
by his son Robert Hall; _Henochisme; or a Treatise showing how to walk
with God_ (1639), translated from Bishop Hall's Latin by Moses Wall;
_The Devout Soul; or Rules of Heavenly Devotion_ (1644), often since
reprinted; _The Balm of Gilead ..._ (1646, 1752); _Christ Mysticall;
or the blessed union of Christ and his Members_ (1647), of which
General Gordon was a student (reprinted from Gordon's copy, 1893);
_Susurrium cum Deo_ (1659); _The Great Mysterie of Godliness_ (1650);
_Resolutions and Decisions of Divers Practicall cases of Conscience_
(1649, 1650, 1654).

AUTHORITIES.--The chief authority for Hall's biography is to be found
in his autobiographical tracts: _Observations of some Specialities of
Divine Providence in the Life of Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich,
Written with his own hand_; and his _Hard Measure_, a reprint of which
may be consulted in Dr Christopher Wordsworth's _Ecclesiastical
Biography_. The best criticism of his satires is to be found in Thomas
Warton's _History of English Poetry_, vol. iv. pp. 363-409 (ed.
Hazlitt, 1871), where a comparison is instituted between Marston and
Hall. In 1615 Hall published _A Recollection of such treatises as have
been ... published ..._ (1615, 1617, 1621); in 1625 appeared his Works
(reprinted 1627, 1628, 1634, 1662). The first complete _Works_
appeared in 1808, edited by the Rev. Josiah Pratt. Other editions are
by Peter Hall (1837) and by Philip Wynter (1863). See also _Bishop
Hall, his Life and Times_ (1826), by Rev. John Jones; _Life of Joseph
Hall_, by Rev. George Lewis (1886); A. B. Grosart, _The Complete Poems
of Joseph Hall ... with introductions, &c._ (1879); _Satires, &c._
(_Early English Poets_, ed. S. W. Singer, 1824). Many of Hall's works
were translated into French, and some into Dutch, and there have been
numerous selections from his devotional works.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The tomb of Sir John Beauchamp (d. 1358) in old St Paul's was
commonly known, in error, as that of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester. "To
dine with Duke Humphrey" was to go hungry among the debtors and
beggars who frequented "Duke Humphrey's Walk" in the cathedral.

HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857). English physiologist, was born on the 18th of February 1790, at Basford, near Nottingham, where his father, Robert Hall, was a cotton manufacturer. Having attended the Rev. J. Blanchard's academy at Nottingham, he entered a chemist's shop at Newark, and in 1809 began to study medicine at Edinburgh University. In 1811 he was elected senior president of the Royal Medical Society; the following year he took the M.D. degree, and was immediately appointed resident house physician to the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. This appointment he resigned after two years, when he visited Paris and its medical schools, and, on a walking tour, those also of Berlin and Gottingen. In 1817, when he settled at Nottingham, he published his _Diagnosis_, and in 1818 he wrote the _Mimoses_, a work on the affections denominated bilious, nervous, &c. The next year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1825 he became physician to the Nottingham general hospital. In 1826 he removed to London, and in the following year he published his _Commentaries_ on the more important diseases of females. In 1830 he issued his _Observations on Blood-letting, founded on researches on the morbid and curative effects of loss of blood_, which were acknowledged by the medical profession to be of vast practical value, and in 1831 his _Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood in the Capillary Vessels_, in which he showed that the blood-channels intermediate between arteries and veins serve the office of bringing the fluid blood into contact with the material tissues of the system. In the following year he read before the Royal Society a paper "On the inverse ratio which subsists between Respiration and Irritability in the Animal Kingdom." His most important work in physiology was concerned with the theory of reflex action, embodied in a paper "On the reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis" (1832), which was supplemented in 1837 by another "On the True Spinal Marrow, and the Excito-motor System of Nerves." The "reflex function" excited great attention on the continent of Europe, though in England some of his papers were refused publication by the Royal Society. Hall thus became the authority on the multiform deranged states of health referable to an abnormal condition of the nervous system, and he gained a large practice. His "ready method" for resuscitation in drowning and other forms of suspended respiration has been the means of saving innumerable lives. He died at Brighton of a throat affection, aggravated by lecturing, on the 11th of August 1857.

A list of his works and details of his "ready method," &c., are given
in his _Memoirs_ by his widow (London, 1861).

HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831), English Baptist divine, was born on the 2nd of May 1764, at Arnesby near Leicester, where his father, Robert Hall (1728-1791), a man whose cast of mind in some respects resembled closely that of the son, was pastor of a Baptist congregation. Robert was the youngest of a family of fourteen. While still at the dame's school his passion for books absorbed the greater part of his time, and in the summer it was his custom after school hours to retire to the churchyard with a volume, which he continued to peruse there till nightfall, making out the meaning of the more difficult words with the help of a pocket dictionary. From his sixth to his eleventh year he attended the school of Mr Simmons at Wigston, a village four miles from Arnesby. There his precocity assumed the exceptional form of an intense interest in metaphysics, partly perhaps on account of the restricted character of his father's library; and before he was nine years of age he had read and re-read Jonathan Edwards's _Treatise on the Will_ and Butler's _Analogy_. This incessant study at such an early period of life seems, however, to have had an injurious influence on his health. After he left Mr Simmons's school his appearance was so sickly as to awaken fears of the presence of phthisis. In order, therefore, to obtain the benefit of a change of air, he stayed for some time in the house of a gentleman near Kettering, who with an impropriety which Hall himself afterwards referred to as "egregious," prevailed upon the boy of eleven to give occasional addresses at prayer meetings. As his health seemed rapidly to recover, he was sent to a school at Northampton conducted by the Rev. John Ryland, where he remained a year and a half, and "made great progress in Latin and Greek." On leaving school he for some time studied divinity under the direction of his father, and in October 1778 he entered the Bristol academy for the preparation of students for the Baptist ministry. Here the self-possession which had enabled him in his twelfth year to address unfalteringly various audiences of grown-up people seems to have strangely forsaken him; for when, in accordance with the arrangements of the academy, his turn came to deliver an address in the vestry of Broadmead chapel, he broke down on two separate occasions and was unable to finish his discourse. On the 13th of August 1780 he was set apart to the ministry, but he still continued his studies at the academy; and in 1781, in accordance with the provisions of an exhibition which he held, he entered King's College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of master of arts in March 1785. At the university he was without a rival of his own standing in any of the classes, distinguishing himself alike in classics, philosophy and mathematics. He there formed the acquaintance of Mackintosh (afterwards Sir James), who, though a year his junior in age, was a year his senior as a student. While they remained at Aberdeen the two were inseparable, reading together the best Greek authors, especially Plato, and discussing, either during their walks by the sea-shore and the banks of the Don or in their rooms until early morning, the most perplexed questions in philosophy and religion.

During the vacation between his last two sessions at Aberdeen, Hall acted as assistant pastor to Dr Evans at Broadmead chapel, Bristol, and three months after leaving the university he was appointed classical tutor in the Bristol academy, an office which he held for more than five years. Even at this period his extraordinary eloquence had excited an interest beyond the bounds of the denomination to which he belonged, and when he preached the chapel was generally crowded to excess, the audience including many persons of intellectual tastes. Suspicions in regard to his orthodoxy having in 1789 led to a misunderstanding with his colleague and a part of the congregation, he in July 1790 accepted an invitation to make trial of a congregation at Cambridge, of which he became pastor in July of the following year. From a statement of his opinions contained in a letter to the congregation which he left, it would appear that, while a firm believer in the proper divinity of Christ, he had at this time disowned the cardinal principles of Calvinism--the federal headship of Adam, and the doctrine of absolute election and reprobation; and that he was so far a materialist as to "hold that man's thinking powers and faculties are the result of a certain organization of matter, and that after death he ceases to be conscious till the resurrection." It was during his Cambridge ministry, which extended over a period of fifteen years, that his oratory was most brilliant and most immediately powerful. At Cambridge the intellectual character of a large part of the audience supplied a stimulus which was wanting at Leicester and Bristol.

His first published compositions had a political origin. In 1791 appeared _Christianity consistent with the Love of Freedom_, in which he defended the political conduct of dissenters against the attacks of the Rev. John Clayton, minister of Weighhouse, and gave eloquent expression to his hopes of great political and social ameliorations as destined to result nearly or remotely from the subversion of old ideas and institutions in the maelstrom of the French Revolution. In 1793 he expounded his political sentiments in a powerful and more extended pamphlet entitled an _Apology for the Freedom of the Press_. On account, however, of certain asperities into which the warmth of his feelings had betrayed him, and his conviction that he had treated his subject in too superficial a manner, he refused to permit the publication of the pamphlet beyond the third edition, until the references of political opponents and the circulation of copies without his sanction induced him in 1821 to prepare a new edition, from which he omitted the attack on Bishop Horsley, and to which he prefixed an advertisement stating that his political opinions had undergone no substantial change. His other publications while at Cambridge were three sermons--_On Modern Infidelity_ (1801), _Reflections on War_ (1802), and _Sentiments proper to the present Crisis_ (1803). He began, however, to suffer from mental derangement in November 1804. He recovered so speedily that he was able to resume his duties in April 1805, but a recurrence of the malady rendered it advisable for him on his second recovery to resign his pastoral office in March 1806.

On leaving Cambridge he paid a visit to his relatives in Leicestershire, and then for some time resided at Enderby, preaching occasionally in some of the neighbouring villages. Latterly he ministered to a small congregation in Harvey Lane, Leicester, from whom at the close of 1806 he accepted a call to be their stated pastor. In the autumn of 1807 he changed his residence from Enderby to Leicester, and in 1808 he married the servant of a brother minister. His proposal of marriage had been made after an almost momentary acquaintance, and, according to the traditionary account, in very abrupt and peculiar terms; but, judging from his subsequent domestic life, his choice did sufficient credit to his penetration and sagacity. His writings at Leicester embraced various tracts printed for private circulation; a number of contributions to the _Eclectic Review_, among which may be mentioned his articles on "Foster's Essays" and on "Zeal without Innovation"; several sermons, including those _On the Advantages of Knowledge to the Lower Classes_ (1810), _On the Death of the Princess Charlotte_ (1817), and _On the Death of Dr Ryland_ (1825); and his pamphlet on _Terms of Communion_, in which he advocated intercommunion with all those who acknowledged the "essentials" of Christianity. In 1819 he published an edition in one volume of his sermons formerly printed. On the death of Dr Ryland, Hall was invited to return to the pastorate of Broadmead chapel, Bristol, and as the peace of the congregation at Leicester had been to some degree disturbed by a controversy regarding several cases of discipline, he resolved to accept the invitation, and removed there in April 1826. The malady of renal calculus had for many years rendered his life an almost continual martyrdom, and henceforth increasing infirmities and sufferings afflicted him. Gradually the inability to take proper exercise, by inducing a plethoric habit of body and impeding the circulation, led to a diseased condition of the heart, which resulted in his death on the 21st of February 1831. He is remembered as a great pulpit orator, of a somewhat laboured, rhetorical style in his written works, but of undeniable vigour in his spoken sermons.

See _Works of Robert Hall, A.M., with a Brief Memoir of his Life, by
Olinthus Gregory, LL.D., and Observations on his Character as Preacher
by John Foster_, originally published in 6 vols. (London, 1832);
_Reminiscences of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M._, by John Greene,
(London, 1832); _Biographical Recollections of the Rev. Robert Hall_,
by J. W. Morris (1848); _Fifty Sermons of Robert Hall from Notes taken
at the time of their Delivery_, by the Rev. Thomas Grinfield, M.A.
(1843); _Reminiscences of College Life in Bristol during the Ministry
of the Rev. Robert Hall, A.M._, by Frederick Trestrail (1879).

HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (1800-1889), English journalist, was born at Waterford on the 9th of May 1800, the son of an army officer. In 1821 he went to London, and in 1823 became a parliamentary reporter. From 1826 to 1837 he was editor of a great number and variety of public prints, and in 1839 he founded and edited _The Art Journal_. His exposure of the trade in bogus "Old Masters" earned for this publication a considerable reputation. Hall resigned the editorship in 1880, and was granted a Civil List pension "for his long and valuable services to literature and art." He died in London on the 16th of March 1889. His wife, Anna Maria Fielding (1800-1881), became well known as Mrs S. C. Hall, for her numerous novels, sketches of Irish life, and plays. Two of the last, _The Groves of Blarney_ and _The French Refugee_, were produced in London with success. She also wrote a number of children's books, and was practically interested in various London charities, several of which she helped to found.

HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894), English writer on international law, was the only child of William Hall, M.D., a descendant of a junior branch of the Halls of Dunglass, and of Charlotte, daughter of William Cotton, F.S.A. He was born on the 22nd of August 1835, at Leatherhead, Surrey, but passed his childhood abroad, Dr Hall having acted as physician to the king of Hanover, and subsequently to the British legation at Naples. Hence, perhaps, the son's taste in after life for art and modern languages. He was educated privately till, at the early age of seventeen, he matriculated at Oxford, where in 1856 he took his degree with a first class in the then recently instituted school of law and history, gaining, three years afterwards, the chancellor's prize for an essay upon "the effect upon Spain of the discovery of the precious metals in America." In 1861 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but devoted his time less to any serious attempt to obtain practice than to the study of Italian art, and to travelling over a great part of Europe, always bringing home admirable water-colour drawings of buildings and scenery. He was an early and enthusiastic member of the Alpine Club, making several first ascents, notably that of the Lyskamm. He was always much interested in military matters, and was under fire, on the Danish side, in the war of 1864. In 1867 he published a pamphlet entitled "A Plan for the Reorganization of the Army," and, many years afterwards, he saw as much as he was permitted to see of the expedition sent for the rescue of Gordon. He would undoubtedly have made his mark in the army, but in later life his ideal, which he realized, with much success, first at Llanfihangel in Monmouthshire, and then at Coker Court in Somersetshire, was, as has been said, "the English country gentleman, with cosmopolitan experiences, encyclopaedic knowledge, and artistic feeling." His travels took him to Lapland, Egypt, South America and India. He had done good work for several government offices, in 1871 as inspector of returns under the Elementary Education Act, in 1877 by reports to the Board of Trade upon Oyster Fisheries, in France as well as in England; and all the time was amassing materials for ambitious undertakings upon the history of civilization, and of the colonies. His title to lasting remembrance rests, however, upon his labours in the realm of international law, recognized by his election as _associe_ in 1875, and as _membre_ in 1882, of the _Institut de Droit International_. In 1874 he published a thin 8vo upon the _Rights and Duties of Neutrals_, and followed it up in 1880 by his _magnum opus_, the _Treatise on International Law_, unquestionably the best book upon the subject in the English language. It is well planned, free from the rhetorical vagueness which has been the besetting vice of older books of a similar character, full of information, and everywhere bearing traces of the sound judgment and statesmanlike views of its author. In 1894 Hall published a useful monograph upon a little-explored topic, "the Foreign Jurisdictions of the British Crown," but on the 30th of November of the same year, while apparently in the fullest enjoyment of bodily as well as mental vigour, he suddenly died. He married, in 1866, Imogen, daughter of Mr (afterwards Mr Justice) Grove, who died in 1886; and in 1891, Alice, daughter of Colonel Hill of Court Hill, Shropshire, but left no issue.

See T. E. Holland in _Law Quarterly Review_, vol. xi. p. 113; and in
_Studies in International Law_, p. 302. (T. E. H.)

HALL, or BAD-HALL, a market-place and spa of Austria, in Upper Austria, 25 m. S. of Linz by rail. Pop. (1900) 984. It is renowned for its saline springs, strongly impregnated with iodine and bromine, which are considered very efficacious in scrofulous affections and venereal skin diseases. Although the springs are known since the 8th century, Hall attained its actual importance only since 1855, when the springs became the property of the government. The number of visitors in 1901 was 4300.

HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, to distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria), a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wurttemberg, situated in a deep valley on both sides of the Kocher, and on the railway from Heilbronn to Krailsheim, 35 m. N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. (1905) 9400. It possesses four Evangelical churches (of which the Michaeliskirche dates from the 15th century and has fine medieval carving), a Roman Catholic church, a handsome town hall and classical and modern schools. A short distance south from the town is the royal castle of Komburg, formerly a Benedictine abbey and now used as a garrison for invalid soldiers, with a church dating from the 12th century. The town is chiefly known for its production of salt, which is converted into brine and piped from Wilhelmsgluck mine, 5 m. distant. Connected with the salt-works there is a salt-bath and whey-diet establishment. The industries of the town also include cotton-spinning, iron founding, tanning, and the manufacture of soap, starch, brushes, machines, carriages and metal ware.

Hall was early of importance on account of its salt-mines, which were held as a fief of the Empire by the so-called Salzgrafen (Salt-graves), of whom the earliest known, the counts of Westheim, had their seat in the castle of Hall. Later the town belonged to the Knights Templars. It was made a free imperial city in 1276 by Rudolph of Habsburg. In 1802 it came into the possession of Wurttemberg.