Chapter XXXVII: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation (1)

(pp. 143-169)

Formy natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh,
St. Petersburg., 1910, pp. 399-423, 778-783.

Dubnow, "Letters," St. Petersburg, introduction and pp. 294-361.

_Svoboda i Ravienstvo_, 1907, Nos. 30-32, 38, 39, 40, 41,
43-45, 46.

Stenographic Reports of the Duma for 1908-1909.

"A Study of Internal Affairs," in _Yevr. Mir._, 1909, Book I.

_Russian Jew. Encycl._, vol. VII, p. 374.

J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya Literatura ("The New Jewish
Literature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912.

M. Pines, Histoire de la Litterature Judéo-Allemande, Paris,
1910.

INDEX

INDEX

=Aaron= (=I.=), king of Khazars, I 26

=Aaron= (=II.=), king of Khazars, I 26

=Aaron=, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148

=Aaron=, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 234

=Aaron Samuel Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover

=Abderrahman III.=, caliph of Cordova, I 24

=Abraham=, son of Isaac, Polish minter, I 42

=Abraham Prokhovnik=, see Prokhovnik

=Abrahams, Israel=, quoted, I 160

=Abramius=, Russian priest, objects to erection of synagogue,
I 252

=Abramovich, Shalom Jacob= (_Mendele Mokher Sforim_), Hebrew
and Yiddish writer, II 231 ff, III 60 f

=Abydos=, near Constantinople, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206,
219

=Adam=, see Lebensohn, Abraham Baer

=Adamovich, Mary=, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 73

=Adrianople=, Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 207

=Agriculture=, among Jews in Lithuania, I 60, 68, II 72
in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89
championed by Nota Shklover, I 338;
by Isaac Baer Levinsohn and by Maskilim in general, II 126
promoted by Russian Government, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71
hampered by it, II 48, 197, III 10, 24 f;
see also Colonization

=Ahad Ha'am=, pen-name of Asher Ginzberg, II 423
Hebrew writer and thinker, II 423, III 59 f
exponent of Spiritual Zionism, II 48 ff
associated with Palestinian colonization, III 49
founder of Order _Bne Moshe_, III 49
participates in Zionist Convention, III 51
founder and editor of _Ha-Shiloah_, III 58, 162 f

=Ahijah=, the prophet, alleged teacher of _Besht_, I 228

=Aix-la-Chapelle=, Jewish question discussed at Congress of,
I 398 f

=Akhal-Tekke=, oasis in Central Asia, offered to Jews for settlement,
II 306

=Akmolinsk=, territory of, in Siberia, II 367

=Aksavok, Ivan=, Russian publicist, advocates limited emancipation
of Jews, II 208
defends pogroms, II 278

=Aktziznik=, Russian name for farmer of excise dues, II 186,
241

=Albedinski=, governor-general of Warsaw, suppresses pogrom,
II 282

=Albo, Joseph=, philosophic work of, studied in Poland, I 133
f

=Alexander the Great=, indirectly responsible for Jewish immigration
into Eastern Europe, I 13 f

=Alexander= (=Yaghello=), grand duke of Lithuania
(1492-1506) and king of Poland (1501-1506), grants
autonomy to Karaites, I 64 f
favors Jewish capitalists, I 65, 71
expels Jews from Lithuania, and confiscates their property
(1495), I 65
allows Jews to return to Lithuania and restores their property
(1503), I 65, 70 f
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132

=Alexander I.=, emperor of Russia (1801-1825), I 335-413
receives report of "Jewish Committee," I 341 f
sanctions Jewish Statute of 1804, I 342
agrees to postponement of expulsion from villages, I 347
invites Jews to send deputies, I 351
establishes friendly relations with Napoleon, I 350 f
orders again expulsion from villages, I 361
again postpones it, I 352
Hasidim indebted to, I 356
releases Shneor Zalman, hasidic leader, I 378
praises patriotism of Jews, I 358
accords friendly reception to Jewish deputations, I 358, 359,
392 f
appealed to by Christian residents of Vilna and Kovno against
Jews, I 369 f
orders investigation of ritual murder, II 74
issues decree forbidding charge of ritual murder, II 74
grants autonomy to Poland, II 88
appoints his brother Constantine military commander of Poland,
II 16
receives report on Jews of Poland, II 94
appealed to by Poles against Jews, II 97, 99
vetoes Polish law barring Jews from liquor trade, II 94
reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff
favors conversion of Jews, I 396
establishes "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 396 f
refuses to dissolve it, I 400
sanctions severe measures against "Judaizers," I 403
receives memorandum of Lewis Way on Jews of Russia, I 398
renews oppression of Jews, I 404
decrees expulsion from villages in White Russia, I 406
appoints new "Jewish Committee," I 407
objects to residence of Jews in Russian Interior, I 409
contemplates introduction of military service among Jews, II
15
favors agriculture among Jews, II 197, III 24;
see I 363 ff
beginnings of revolutionary movement under, I 410

=Alexander II.=, emperor of Russia (1855-1881), II 154-242
descendants of Jewish converts prominent during reign of, I
388
releases imprisoned Jewish printer, II 124
confirms sentence of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 152
pardons them later, II 153
abolishes juvenile conscription, II 155 f
sanctions opening of Russian Interior to first guild merchants,
II 162;
to university graduates, II 166, 348;
to artisans, II 170
promotes handicrafts among Jews, II 346 f
Jewish trade school named after, III 13
does not favor agriculture among Jews, II 197
refuses right of universal residence to "Nicholas Soldiers,"
II 171 ff;
finally grants it, II 29, 172
restricts appointment of rabbis and teachers, II 175
sanctions removal of Jewish disabilities in Poland, II 95,
181 f
admits Jews to bench, III 26
receives memorandum from Brafman, II 187
approves of popular representation, II 245
grants liberties to Zemstvos, II 386
assassinated, II 243, 279
influence of, on succeeding reign, II 349
laws in favor of Jews enacted by, repealed by successor, II
399
Jewish policy of, declared ineffective, II 271, 309
era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61

=Alexander III.=, emperor of Russia (1881-1894), II 243-429
prejudiced against Jews while yet crown prince, II 202, 203,
244
influenced by Pobyedonostzev, II 245
holds conferences to decide policy of state, II 244
promises to maintain autocracy, II 246
receives Jewish deputation, II 260 f
endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jewish policy, II 272
appoints Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272
regrets necessity of suppressing pogroms, II 284
disregards Jews in coronation manifesto, II 338
bent on limiting admission of Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349
closes Jewish school of handicrafts, II 347
supports anti-Jewish minority of Pahlen Commission, II 370
affected by "miraculous" escape in railroad accident, II 378
condemns Jews for Crucifixion, II 379
reads and supports anti-Semitic papers, II 380
disregards Solovyov's appeal in favor of Jews, II 390
appealed to by Mayor of London in favor of Jews, II 390
angered by London appeal, II 393
United States Congress decides to appeal to, II 395
endorses emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414
favors liquor state monopoly as anti-Jewish measure, III 22
refuses petition of Jewish soldiers to remain in Moscow, II
404
expels heads of Moscow Jewish community, II 424
threatens to sell at auction Moscow synagogue, II 424, III
12
causes expulsion of Jews from Yalta, II 429, III 18
death of, II 429
Jewish sect promises to name children after, II 334

=Alexandria=, Egypt, emigration from, to South Russia, I 16

=Alexandra= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 100

=Alexandrovka=, village in Podolia, II 301

=Alexeyev=, member of Russian Senate, investigates condition
of Jews, I 347 f, 352

=Alexeyev=, burgomaster of Moscow, opposes Jews, II 400 f

=Alexis Michaelovich=, Russian Tzar, annexes Little Russia, I
152 f, 244
invades Polish provinces, I 245
expels Jews from Moghilev, I 153
persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154
imposes death penalty on converts to Judaism, I 253

=Alexis=, son of Nicholas II, birth of, occasions manifesto,
III 98

=Alexius=, Russian priest, converted to Judaism, I 36

=Alfasi=, work of, studied in Poland, I 118

=Algiers=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 69

=Aliens=, Jews in Russian law designated as, II 367

_Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums_, quoted, II 55
founded by Ludwig Philippson, II 67, 219
hails end of persecution in Russia, II 67

=Alliance, the Holy=, inaugurates European reaction, I 390
assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

=Alliance Israélite Universelle=, headed by Crémieux, II 153
suspected by Russian anti-Semites, II 189, 194
assists Russian-Jewish emigrants, II 268 f, 297
establishes agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322

=Alma=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=Altaras, Isaac=, of Marseilles, visits Russia, II 69

=Alter, Isaac Itche Meier=, hasidic leader in Poland, II 122

=Alubika=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=Alus=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=America=, see Argentina and United States

=American Hebrew, The=, quoted, II 296

=Amoraim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200

=Amsterdam=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 204
Jews of, petition Peter the Great, I 246

=Ananyev= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, II 251

=Anapa=, see Gorgippia

=Andreas=, of Brixen, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179

=Andrusovo=, Treaty of (1667), provides for cession of Polish
territory to Russia, I 159;
and release of prisoners, I 245

=Anna= (=or Anne=), Russian empress, permits retail trade to
Jews, I 251
expels Jews from Little Russia, I 254
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 258

=Anti-Semitism=, in Poland, I 281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff
German A., referred to by Russian dignitaries, II 309
contrasted with Russian, III 6 f
in Russia, condemned by Russian writers, II 208
denounced by Solovyov, II 387
effect on Zionism, III 48 f

=Anti-Trinitarians=, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland,
I 79, 136

=Antwerp=, Russian Jews in, II 420

=Apostol=, see Daniel Apostol;
see also Conversion

=Apter, Joshua Heshel=, hasidic leader, II 121

=Arabs=, backward condition of, II 375
Jews in Palestine buy land from, II 422

=Arakcheyev, Alexis=, Russian reactionary, I 395, 406, II 19

=Arbeiter Stimme=, socialistic organ in Yiddish, III 56

=Archangel=, government of, II 367

=Arendar=, name explained, I 93
position of, I 93, 112, 265 f
in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152
maltreated by Poles, I 169 f

=Arendator=, see Arendar

=Argentina=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419

=Arians=, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164
Isaac Troki argues with, I 137

=Aristotle=, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126

=Arisu=, Slavonic tribe, I 26

=Armenians=, in Crimea, I 34
in Lemberg, I 53

=Armleder=, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50

=Army=, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f
Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154,
293
Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354
number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355
ff, 394.
promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant,
II 157
Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155
f
See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

=Aronovich, Joseph=, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394

=Artemisia=, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16

=Arthur=, president of United States, submits to Congress papers
relating to Russian Jews, II 294

=Artisans=, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264
excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266
form special estate in Russia, I 308
form part of "burgher class," II 405
encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344
opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360
exempted from military service, II 20
granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170
fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f
restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347
wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385
attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale,
II 399
school for A., closed, II 347
bank for A., opposed, III 25 f
expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14
Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415

=Asefat Hakamim=, Hebrew magazine, II 223

=Ash, Shalom=, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162

=Asher=, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f

=Ashkenasi, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

=Asia, Central=, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian
Jews, II 285, 306

=Asia Minor=, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16
establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412;
see also Turkey

=Assimilation=, see Polonization and Russification

"=Assortment=" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas
I., II 64 ff, 141 ff
reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157

=Astrakhan= (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19

=Astrakhan= (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254
opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342
villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343
Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367

=Atyeney ("Athenaeum")=, Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208

=Augustus II.=, king of Poland (1697-1704), I 167
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168
expels Jews from Sandomir, I 173

=Augustus III.=, king of Poland (1733-1763), I 167
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168, 180
appealed to by Jews of Posen, I 175
acquits Jews of ritual murder charge, I 176
grants safe conduct to Frankists, I 215
acts as God-father to Frank, I 218
Austria, Jews flee from, to Poland, I 66
Polish Jews export goods to, I 67
Polish Jews pass, on way to Palestine, I 209
shares in partitioning of Polish territory, I 186, 262, 274,
371
Frank stays in, I 220
Berek Yoselevich arrested in, I 297
wages war against duchy of Warsaw, I 303
forbids Jews to communicate with Paris, I 346 f
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f
Jews of, forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
grants emancipation to Jews, II 30
imposes military duty on Jews, II 30
Jewish policy of, serves as model for Russia, II 46, 49
Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II 121
Parliament of, meets in Kremsier, II 177
Jewish socialists expelled from, II 224
Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
Government of, supports plans of Baron Hirsch, II 416
anti-Semitism rampant in, III 42

=Autocracy=, upheld by Alexander III., II 246;
by Nicholas II., III 8
re-establishment of, favored by Black Hundred, III 149

=Autoemancipation=, doctrine of, propounded by Leo Pinsker, II
330 ff
contrasted with emancipation, II 331

=Autonomism=, national-cultural, doctrine of, propounded by Dubnow,
III 41, 51 ff
adopted as political platform, III 144

=Autonomy=, Jewish, in ancient Tauris, I 16
granted, or confirmed, by kings of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72
f, 83 f, 98, 104, 105
rise and development of, I 103 ff, 188 ff
_magna charta_ of (1551), I 105 ff
curtailment of, advocated by Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282
Jews of Poland plead for preservation of, I 291
recognized by Russian Government (1776), I 308 ff
curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f
recognized in modified form in Statute of 1804, I 344
larger amount of, demanded by Jews, I 349
abolition of, recommended by Council of State (1840), II 49
abolished by Nicholas I. (1844), II 59 ff
scheme of, proposed for kingdom of Poland, II 92
abolished in Poland (1822), II 102
abolition of last remnants of, recommended by Committee of
Russian Government, II 195
St. Petersburg Jews, plead for, II 370
demanded by adherents of national-cultural Autonomism, III
53 f;
by "Bund," III 57;
by Vilna community, III 109;
by League for Equal Rights, III 112;
by Russian Jewry in general, III 161;
see also Kahal

=Azariah=, alleged biblical prophet, quoted to substantiate ritual
murder libel, II 73

=Azov, Sea of=, Jewish settlements on shores of, I 14 f
movement of Khazars towards, I 19

=Baal-Shem=, name explained, I 223
Joel, I 203
founder of Hasidism acting as, I 224
_Israel Baal-Shem-Tob_, see Israel

=Bab Al-Abwab= (now Derbent), city in Caucasia, I 26

=Babunj=, land of, synagogue destroyed in, I 22

=Babylonia=, Judaism of, influences Khazars, I 20
scholars of, invited by Khazars 21, I 27
Poland compared with, I 122

=Baer=, of Lubavici, head of _Habad_ sect, II 117

=Baer=, of Mezherich, disciple of Israel _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 227,
I 229 f, I 232
disciples of, carry Hasidism to North, I 234;
establish Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34
great-grandson of Israel of Ruzhin, II 120

=Bagdad=, caliphate of, relation of Khazars to, I 22
city of, threatened by Russians, I 26 f
Gaon of, communicates with Jewish scholars in Russia, I 33

=Bahurs=, or Yeshibah students, supported by Jewish communities
in Poland, I 116
large number of in Lithuania, II 113
affected by _pilpul_ method, I 119
study Aristotle, I 120

=Bak-Tadlud=, city in Caucasia, I 26

=Bakchi-Sarai=, Tartar capital, I 35

=Bakst=, professor, attends Jewish conference in St. Petersburg,
II 304
opposes Jewish emigration from Russia, II 306

=Balkan Peninsula=, movement of Khazars towards, I 20

=Balta= (Podolia), pogrom at, II 299 ff, 314, 316, 321
rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II 316
visited by governor-general, II 316 f
Jewish community of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg, II
316 f

=Baltic Provinces=, number of Jews in, II 168
new Jewish settlers expelled from, II 32
Jews barred from (1835), II 40
expulsion of old settlers from, repealed, II 428
in throes of terrorism (1905), III 130;
see Courland and Livonia

=Bank=, St. Petersburg lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to
Alexander III., II 261

=Baptism=, see Conversion

=Bar= (Podolia), massacre at, I 149
Polish conference of, I 183

=Bar=, the Russian, established 1864, II 173
Jews admitted to, II 73
excluded from, II 352 f; III 26 f
Bar Association of St. Petersburg protests against Beilis case,
II 166

=Baranov=, Russian Senator, dispatched to White Russia, I 406

"=Bare-Footed Brigade=," the, nickname for tramps, II 253
active in pogroms, 253, 256

=Bartnit=, city in Crimea, I 26

=Baruch=, see Borukh

=Bashi-Buzuks=, Turkish irregular troops, II 253
pogrom makers compared with, II 253, 289

=Basil=, the Macedonian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews,
I 23

=Basil=, Christian martyr, I 17

=Basil=, grand duke of Moscow, I 242

=Basle=, Council of, adopts canonical laws against Jews, I 63
Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f, 84 f, 144
"Program," III 44;
modified by Ahad Ha'am, 50

=Basurman=, Russian name for non-Orthodox, I 35

=Batory, Stephen=, king of Poland (1576-1586), forbids charge
of ritual murder and desecration, I 89, 96
ratifies and amplifies Jewish privileges, I 89
defends Jews of Posen, I 90
patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f
grants license to Jewish printer, I 131
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132
recaptures city of Polotzk, I 243

=Bavaria=, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish writer, native of, I 138
Max Lilienthal, native of, II 52

=Beaconsfield, Earl of=, champions equal rights for Jews, II
202
hostile to Russia, II 288

=Beards=, shaving of (and of earlocks), recommended by Polish
reformers, I 282, and by Kalmansohn, I 385
"bearded regiment" in Warsaw, II 106;
see Earlocks

=Beilis, Mendel=, accused of ritual murder, III 82, 164 ff
nickname for Jews in Poland, III 167

=Bekri, Al-=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 21

=Belza=, Polish judge, arranges libel against Jews, I 101

=Belzhytz= (Province of Lublin), Jacob of, author of polemical
treatise in Polish, I 136

=Bench=, the Russian, Jews excluded from, II 352 f, III 26

=Benckendorff=, chief of Russian gendarmerie, II 21

=Benedict XIV.=, appealed to by Jews of Poland, I 179

=Benjacob=, bibliographer in Vilna, II 136

=Benjamin=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Benjamin of Tudela=, Jewish traveller, I 32; II 233

=Benjamin II.= (Joseph Israel), Jewish traveller, II 233

=Benjamin III.=, name of fictitious traveller in Yiddish and
Hebrew novel, II 233

=Berdychev= (government of Kiev), Levi Itzhok, hasidic leader,
resident of, I 232 f, 382
Jews of, release fellow-Jews from prison, I 266
Jews of, support Polish cause, I 292
Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, of, I 388
Max Lilienthal accorded friendly reception at, II 56
Halperin, resident of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II
57
Mendele Mokher Sforim, resident of, II 232
pogrom at, averted by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

=Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph=, Hebrew writer, III 60

=Berek=, Kahal elder, I 172

=Berek Yoselovich=, see Yoselovich

=Bergson, Jacob=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103

=Berkovich, Joseph=, son of Berek Yoselovich, calls for Jewish
volunteers to Polish army, II 105

=Berlin= (Germany), Mendelssohn circle in, centre of enlightenment,
I 238
attracts Jewish students from Poland and Russia, I 239, 388,
II 114
"Berliner" synonymous with heretic, I 278, 384
enlightenment of, hated by hasidic leaders, I 383
influences Warsaw, I 300 f, 384 f
epidemic of conversions in, I 388
Congress of, II 202
Jewish socialists in, II 223
stock-exchange of, affected by pogrom at Rostov, II 358
refugees from Moscow arrive in, II 408
Russian Jews emigrate to, II 420
place of publication, I 386, III 51, 52, 58, 60

=Berlin, Shmerka=, of Velizh, accused of ritual murder, II 75,
77

=Berlin, Slava=, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II
77

=Berlin=, Jewish scholar, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander
III., II 261

=Berliner, A.=, quoted, I 179

=Bernardine Monks=, in Poland, active in ritual murder libel,
I 100 f, 177

=Bersohn=, Polish-Jewish writer, quoted, I 105

=Berthenson, I.=, converted Jew, Russian court physician, II
214

=Besht=, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob

=Bessarabetz=, anti-Semitic paper in Kishinev, III 169 ff

=Bessarabia=, included in Pale (1835), II 40
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72
expulsions from, II 385
anti-Semitic agitation in, III 69 ff
von Raaben, governor of, III 74, 77
Urussov, governor of, III 93, 97;
see Kishinev

=Bezalel=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 167

=Bezalel=, of Kobrin, Hebrew author, I 201

=Bialocerkiew=, see Byelaya Tzerkov

=Bibikov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticises Jews in official
report, II 47
arrests Israel of Ruzhyn, II 120 f

=Bialik, Hayyim Nahman=, Hebrew poet, III 63, 162
composes poem on Kishinev massacre, III 79 f

=Bialystok=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297

=Bialystok= (city, government of Grodno), Samuel Mohilever, rabbi
of, II 378
Poles threaten massacre of Russians and Jews in, I 357
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
pogroms at, III 114 f, 120, 136 f;
discussed by First Russian Duma, 137 f

=Bible=, studied by Khazars, I 21
taught in Yiddish translation in Poland, I 114
study of, encouraged by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126

=Bible Society=, of London, model of Russian Bible Society, I
396
Lewis Way, representative of, champions cause of Russian Jews,
I 397

=Bible Society=, the Russian, established under Alexander I.,
I 396

=Bielsk= (Lithuania), Jew of, accused of ritual murder, I 87

_Bielski_, Polish chronicler, quoted, I 80

"=Bilu=," society of Palestinian pioneers, organized in Kharkov,
II 321 f

=Bismarck=, German chancellor, favors equal rights for Jews,
II 202

=Black Death=, the, stimulates immigration of Jews into Poland,
I 50
penetrates to Poland, I 52
ravages of 1648 compared with those of, I 157

=Black Hundred=, the, patronized by Nicholas II., III 113, 151
deputation of, received by Nicholas II., III 131
supposed to number 100,000, III 126
organized as "League of Russian People," III 141
gain in Second Duma, III 142
triumph of, III 149 ff
active in organizing pogroms, III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136
engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff
take advantage of Jewish rightlessness, III 132
intimidate Jews during elections, III 134, 153
insult Jewish deputies in Duma, III 156;
see League of the Russian People

=Black Sea=, the, ancient Jewish settlements on shores of, I
13 ff
Khazars move in direction of, I 19, 28
Petahiah of Ratisbon travels to, I 33
establishment of Jewish colonies in neighborhood of, advocated,
I 331

=Blaine, James G.=, American Secretary of State, expresses resentment
at persecution of Russian Jews, II 395 f

=Blinov=, Russian student, killed while defending Jews, III 116

=Blondes, David=, Jewish barber in Vilna, accused of ritual murder,
III 37

=Board of Deputies=, Jewish organization in London, pleads for
Russian Jews, II 262

=Bobovnya= (government of Minsk), Jewish convert from, slanders
Jews, II 80
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121

=Bobrov, District of= (government of Voronyezh), Judaizing sect
spreads to, I 401

=Bogdanov=, Russian soldier, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II
151

=Bogdanovich=, Russian general, organizes pogroms, III 125 f

=Bogolepov=, Minister of Public Instruction, bars Jews from schools,
III 27 f
assassinated by Russian terrorist, 29

=Bogrov, Grigory=, Russian-Jewish writer, II 241 f

=Bogrov=, assassinates Stolypin, III 164 f

=Bohemia=, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
oppressed Jews of, emigrate to Poland, I 41
Jews from, form community in Cracow, I 104
Magdenburg Law adopted in many parts of, I 41
talmudic learning carried from, to Poland, I 122
Mordecai Jaffe, native of, famous rabbi in Poland, I 127
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious guidance, I 125

=Boleslav the Pious= (_Polish_, Boleslav Pobozny), of Kalish,
prince of Great Poland, grants charter to Jews, I 45 ff
charter of, ratified by successors, I 51, 59;
embodied in Polish code of law, I 71

=Boleslav the Shy= (_Polish_, Boleslav Wstydliwy), Polish prince,
encourages immigration of Germans, I 44

=Bona Sporza=, Polish queen, sells office of state, I 76

=Bonaparte=, see Napoleon

=Border Zone=, along Polish-Prussian and
Polish-Austrian border (Twenty-one-Verst Zone), barred
to Jews by Polish Government (1823), II 95
law excluding Jews from, repealed by Alexander II., II 95,
181
along Western Russian border (Fifty-Verst Zone), villages in,
barred to new Jewish settlers (1835), II 40, 366
expulsion of Jews from entire B. Z. ordered, II 63;
but not executed, II 64
new attempt to expel Jews from, II 385

=Borispol= (government of Poltava), pogrom at, II 267

=Borki= (government of Kherson), railroad accident to Alexander
III., in neighborhood of, affects his policies, II 378

=Borukh Leibov=, Jewish tax-farmer, I 249
publicly executed, I 251 ff

=Borukh Shklover=, translates Euclid into Hebrew, I 381

=Borukh of Tulchyn=, hasidic leader, I 232
succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II 121

=Bosporan Era, The=, I 15

=Bosporus=, the Cimmerian, or Taurian, also called Panticapaeum
(now Kerch), ancient Jewish community in, I 14 f
Greco-Jewish inscription found in, I 15
bishop of, instructed to convert Jews, I 18

=Boycott=, economic, against Jews in Poland, III 166 ff

=Brafman, Jacob=, Jewish apostate, accuses Jews of forming illegal
Kahal organization, II 187 ff
author of "Book of the Kahal," I 189
accuses _Alliance Israélite_ of heading world Kahal, II 189
accuses Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment of forming part
of Kahal, II 216
influences Russian authorities, II 190, 193 ff, 240
example of, followed by Lutestanski, II 202

=Bramson, L.=, member of Central Committee of League for Equal
Rights, III 112
deputy to First Russian Duma, III 134

=Bratzlav= (Podolia), Polish deputy from, objects to extension
of Jewish rights, I 288
Nahman of, leader of "Bratzlav Hasidim," I 382 f; II 121 f
former name for government of Podolia, I 317

=Breslau=, Church Council of, adopts anti-Jewish restrictions,
I 47 ff;
ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57
visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239

=Brest-Kuyavsk=, name explained, I 75
anti-Jewish riot in, I 75
home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133

=Brest-Litovsk=, name explained, I 75
Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73
Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals,
I 110;
and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112
Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94
Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72
Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104
supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I
173
Jews expelled from (1495), I 65
Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81
Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94
Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243
Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190
Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections,
I 192
pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119

=Briskin, Arye=, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl,
II 85

=British East Africa=, see Uganda

=British Government, The=, see England

=Brodski=, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade
bank, III 25 f

=Brody= (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists,
I 214;
and Hasidim, I 237
Besht settles in, 223
Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II
133
rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321

=Bruchsaal= (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation
at, I 359, 391

=Bruhl=, Polish Prime Minister, I 180

=Brünn=, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219

=Brussels=, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393;
place of publication, II 178

=Bryce, James=, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting
against pogroms, II 290

=Buarezm=, see Khwarizm

=Buchner, Abraham=, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f

=Buckee=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 209

=Buda= (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish
restrictions, I 49;
ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57

=Budak=, city in Crimea, I 26

=Budberg=, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee
to consider Jewish legislation, I 347

=Budek=, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow,
I 56

=Budny, Simon=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews,
I 136

=Budushchnost= ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III
59

=Buenos Ayres=, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421

=Bukovina, The=, I 150
Hasidism gains footing in, II 121

=Bulan=, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25

=Bulgar, The=, Slav tribe, I 26

=Bulgaria=, on the way to Khazaria, I 25
called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews,
II 202
villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289

=Bulgarin, Thaddeus=, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139

=Bulyghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from
Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110
Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121
recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122
"the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124

"=Bund=," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland,
and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff
holds secret conventions, III 56 f
demands Jewish-national rights, III 57
arranges demonstrations, III 68;
and strikes, III 130
held responsible for pogroms, III 89
boycotts First Duma, III 134
refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148;
see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism

=Burghers= form estate in Poland, I 44
hostile to Jews, I 70
enter into relations with, I 84 f
receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279
form estate in Russia, I 308
restricted in right of transit, I 322
bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29;
later relieved, II 200
subject to corporal punishment, II 405
artisans included in estate of, II 405
segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I.,
142 f

=Burgomaster=, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425

=Burtas=, Slav tribe, I 26

=Butrymovich= (_Polish_, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member
of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f
offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283
his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385

=Byelaya Tzerkov= (_Polish_, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651),
readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152

=Byzantine Sea, The=, see Black Sea

=Byzantium, Empire of=, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris,
I 17 ff
Jews persecuted in, I 23 f
Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28
relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff
defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28
relation of, to Russia, I 30
relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24

=Cabala=, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f
attracts Solomon Luria, I 126
esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133
vies with Rabbinism, I 199
study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214
adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214
studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235
preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382

=Cabala=, Practical, name explained, I 134
spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff
introduced from Italy, I 208
studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224

=Cadets, The=, see Constitutional Democrats

=Calahora, Arie-Leib=, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f

=Calahora, Mattathiah=, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f

=Calahora, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

=Caliphate=, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement
of Khazars, I 19
relation of, to Khazars, I 22

=Caliphate, of Cordova=, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with
other lands, I 24

=Calvinists=, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155

=Candia=, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134

=Campe=, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134

=Canada=, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421
immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10

=Candidate=, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165

=Candle Tax=, see Tax

=Canterbury, Archbishop of=, sends representative to London protest
meeting against pogroms, II 289
joins pogrom relief committee, II 291

=Cantonists=, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19
institution by Nicholas I., II 19
sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f
hunters, or "captors," of, II 23
martyrdom of, II 24 ff
forced conversion of, II 26, 45
institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109
abolished by Alexander II., II 156;
see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

=Capistrano=, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62

=Capitals=, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first
and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40
Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded
from (1865), III 167
admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350
admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III
29

=Capiton=, Christian martyr, I 17

=Carlowitz=, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208

=Carmelites=, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against
Jews, I 95
monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100
bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174

=Caro, Joseph=, author of _Beth-Yoseph_, I 123
author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh

=Carpathian Mountains, The=, Besht retires to, I 223

=Casimir the Great= (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates
country, I 50 f
ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f
annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53
grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53
infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f
charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59
referred to as patron of Jews, II 98

=Casimir IV.=, king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy
towards Jews, I 61 f
grants Jews new charter, I 61 f
attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62
forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63
fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews,
I 64
charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83

=Casimir the Just=, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during
reign of, I 42

=Caspian Sea, The=, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23
Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26;
dislodged from, I 28

=Castellan=, title of Polish official, explained, I 287

=Catherine I.=, empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish
tax-farmer (1727), I 249

=Catherine II.=, The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious
ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183
refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f;
and into Little Russia, I 260 f
attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306
ff
appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f
attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff
lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff
favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366
curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366
endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367
admits Jews to South Russia, I 316
substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320

=Caucasus, The=, ancient trade route leading through, I 23
Khazars originate from, I 19
Khazars occupy cities in, I 26
Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342;
but not in villages of, I 343
"Judaizers" deported to, I 403
ritual murder trial in, II 204

=Censorship=, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four
Lands, I 195 f
Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281
disregard of, severely punished, II 123
enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130
hasidic books subjected to, II 212
Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136
interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f
suppresses _ha-Emet_, II 223;
_Voskhod_, 407, III 98;
_Novosti_, II 407
rages throughout Russia, II 371
suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358;
and of Moscow expulsion, II 407
prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews,
II 387
forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning
Jews, II 387
confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388
grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31;
see also Printing

=Census=, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197
in White Russia (1772), I 307
in Russia (1816-1819), I 390
Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166;
see Statistics

=Central Committee=, see Committee

=Champagny=, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with
Polish Government, I 299

=Charles IX.=, French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I
89

=Charles XII.=, Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169

=Charnetzki=, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f

=Charter=, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905),
I 40
issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff
included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71
ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f;
burned, I 61
issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f
granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f
granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81
ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f
old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89;
by Vishniovetzki, I 160;
by Augustus II., I 168;
by Augustus III., I 168, 180
Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105
ff
Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund
II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243
granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159
"Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I
183
Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84
offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III
84;
see also Statute

=Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam=, member of Committee for
Amelioration of Jews, I 335
chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland,
II 89, 91
opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93

=Chatzki, Thaddeus=, Polish historian, makes special study of
Jewish problem, I 263 ff
proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288
suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385

=Chatzkin=, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207

=Chazars=, see Khazars

=Chekhovich, Martin=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with
Jews, I 136 f

=Chenstokhov= (_Polish_, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov,
Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f
occupied by Russian troops, I 219
pogrom at, III 36 f

=Cherkaski=, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation
of Jews in municipal government, II 199

=Cherkassy= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Chernigov= (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149
pogrom at, III 128
ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247
home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33
home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38

=Chernigov= (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140
closed to Jews (1649), I 151
opened again to Jews (1651), I 152
Jews of, exterminated, I 157
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
few Jews left in, I 246
made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40
pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129
court of, sentences rioters, II 315
Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341
governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays,
II 411
localities in:
Gorodnya, I 247
Karpovich, II 315
Konotop, II 257
Nyezhin, II 267, III 129
Semyonovka, III 129
Starodub, II 411

=Chernikhovsky, Saul=, Hebrew poet, III 64

=Chernobyl= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, I 232, 382
"dynasty" of, widely ramified, I 382, II 119 ff

=Chernovitz= (Bukowina), Sadagora, in neighborhood of, hasidic
center, II 121

=Chernyshev=, Count, governor-general of White Russia, assures
Jews of former liberties, I 306 f
sets apart Jews as an estate, I 309

=Chernyshevski=, radical Russian author, influences
Jewish _Intelligenzia_, II 207, 209
effect of, on Lilienblum, 237

=Chersonesus=, near Sevastopol, bishops of, force Jews into baptism,
I 17
scene of rivalry between Jews and Byzantines, I 30

=Chetvertinski=, Count, betrays Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f

=Chiarini, Abbé=, Polish anti-Semitic writer, II 104

=Chigirin= (province of Kiev), home of Khmelnitzki, I 144

=Chikhachev=, Russian Navy Minister, favors emigration of Jews
from Russia, II 419

=Chikhachev=, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise,
III 12

=Chlenov=, Zionist leader, III 47

=Chmelnicki=, see Khmelnitzki

=Chresta=, name of Greco-Jewish woman, I 15

=Christianity=, propaganda of, in Tauris, I 17 f;
among Khazars, I 20
fusion of Judaism and Ch. attempted by Jewish sect in Russia,
II 335;
see Church and Conversion

=Chudnov= (Volhynia), young Jews of, martyred, III 117

=Chufut-Kale= (Crimea), harbors old Karaite community, I 35

=Church=, the Greek-Orthodox, persecutes Jews in Byzantine empire,
I 18
Pobyedonostzev reports on affairs of, III 9

=Church=, the Roman-Catholic, in Poland, spreads hatred of Jews,
I 44, 47 ff
gains strength under Yaguello, I 54 f
opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f
hostile to Jews during Reformation, I 79, 85 f
agitates against Jews, I 99 ff
prompts anti-Jewish legislation of Polish Diets, I 160
responsible for anti-Jewish riots, I 161
Jews forbidden to leave houses during Ch. processions, I 160

=Church Council=, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical
laws into Poland, I 47 f
of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49
of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57
of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against
Jews, I 57 f
of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82
f, 171
of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171
of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering,
I 171

=Chwolson, Daniel=, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee
to investigate ritual murder, II 151
disproves ritual murder, II 205
member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion
of Enlightenment, II 214

=Cilicia= (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14

=Cimmerian Bosporus=, see Bosporus

=Cincinnati=, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59

"=Circular Jews=," name explained, II 404
privileges of, withdrawn, II 428

=City Government=, see Municipalities

=Civil Service=, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49
Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29
possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165
Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27
Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26;
see Tax-Farmer

=Clement XIII.=, pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180

=Clement XIV.=, see Ganganelli

=Cohen, Jacob Joseph=, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f
stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237

=Cohen, Joshua Falk=, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f
presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128
head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128

=Cohen, Naphtali=, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters
into relations with Sabbatians, I 204

=Cohen, Nehemiah=, Messianic propagandist, I 207

=Cohen, Sabbatai=, called _Shak_, of Vilna, author of commentary
on _Shulhun Arukh_, I 130
issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f

=Colchians=, tribe, I 15

=Colonies=, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron
Hirsch, II 418
pogroms in, II 271; III 35

=Colonization, of Jews=, undertaken by Russian Government in
New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff;
checked by Government, II 365
in White Russia, II 72
in Siberia, II 71
in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49;
promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375
in United States, II 328, 374
in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415;
and by ICA of Paris, III 10;
but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f
in Argentina, II 416, 421;
see Agriculture

=Commerce=, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I
23
Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39
Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f
Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85
Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93
Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f;
Lemberg, I 75;
Cracow, I 98;
Vilna, I 99
restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538),
I 78;
(1768), I 182;
(1643), I 99
anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov
(1542), I 82;
and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281
Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little
Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff
Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of,
I 260 f
Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366
deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126;
and other Maskilim, II 137
attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185
Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904),
III 98;
see also Economic Life and Merchants

=Commission=, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet
(1790), I 287 ff
project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289
resumes labors but fails, I 290
Butrymovich, member of, I 264
project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna,
I 326 f

=Commission=, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning
Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336
composition of, II 336
examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363
futility of, II 337
serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338
discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school
norm"), II 339;
votes against them, II 349
conclusions of, II 363 ff
deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366
refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f
criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365
describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f;
favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f
minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369;
supported by Alexander III., II 370
invites Jewish experts, II 369 f
disbanded, II 380

=Commissions=, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious
influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff
circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273;
quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289
anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275
influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question,
II 277, 309
material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II
337, 363
charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307

=Commission=, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission

=Committee=, to consider Jewish questions, appointed by Polish
Government (1815), II 89 f;
(1825), II 103 f
to investigate ritual murder (1864), II 151
to investigate Brafman's charges against Kahals (1866), II
189 f, 240
Russo-Jewish C. in London, II 388 f
Central C. of ICA in St. Petersburg, II 420
secret C. under Plehve plans Jewish counter-reforms (1891),
II 399
C. of governors and high officials appointed with anti-Semitic
instructions (1904), III 93

=Committee= for Amelioration of Jews, called "Jewish Committee"
(1802), I 335 ff
appointment of, causes alarm among Jews, I 336
invites deputies from Jewish Kahals, I 337
Nota Shklover invited to assist, I 338
elaborates plan of Jewish reform, I 338;
and submits it to Kahals, I 339
conflicting tendencies within, I 339 f
submits report to Alexander I., I 341 f
supplies basis for Statute of 1804, I 342
reappointed 1809, advises against expulsion of Jews from villages,
I 352 ff, 405
reappointed 1823, plans to reduce number of Jews in Russia,
I 407 f
drafts principal enactments concerning Jews, II 31
suggest expulsion of Jews from Courland, II 32
frame Statute of 1835, II 34
appointed 1871, II 191
charged to consider Kahal organization and economic exploitation,
II 193 ff

=Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews=, appointed 1840,
II 49 f, 157
presided over by Kisselev, II 50, 157
considers plan of "assorting" Jews, II 64 ff
Moses Montefiore permitted to communicate with Nicholas I.
through, II 68
suggests modification of conscription system, II 155
resuscitated (1856), II 161
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff,
169
favors opening of Interior to retired soldiers, II 171
suggests law demanding secular education of teachers and rabbis,
II 175

=Committee for Revision of Jewish Question=, appointed 1881,
II 277
suggests unpopulated localities for Jewish settlement, II 285
plans expulsion of Jews from villages, II 285
frames "Temporary Law" of 1882, II 309 ff

=Committee of Ministers= approves measures against "Judaizers,"
I 402
approves expulsion of Jews from villages of White Russia, I
406
instructed to provide relief for expelled Jews, I 406
advised to stop expulsion, I 407
formulates function of "Jewish Committee," I 408
question of admitting artisans into Interior transferred to,
II 169 f
modifies "temporary Rules" of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318
objects to pogroms, II 312 f
advocates school norm for Jews, II 339, 349
discusses emigration to Argentina, II 419
entrusted by Nicholas II. with execution of constitutional
reforms, III 106
presided over by Witte, III 107
discusses Jewish question, III 123;
see Council of Ministers

=Committee on Freedom of Conscience=, appointed by Second Duma,
favors Jewish emancipation, III 142

=Conference of Jewish Notables=, in St. Petersburg (September,
1881), II 277;
(April, 1882), II 304 ff
refuses to regulate emigration, II 307
disastrous results of decision of, II 321

=Congregation of New Testament Israelites=, Judeo-Christian sect
in Kishinev, II 335

=Congregational Board=, supersedes Kahal in Poland, II 102 f
(of Warsaw), objects to separate Jewish regiment, II 106
sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights,
II 110
president of, arrested by Russian Government, II 181

=Congress=, of Aix-la-Chapelle, discusses Jewish question, I
398 f
of Berlin, demands equal rights for Balkan Jews, II 202
of Vienna, see Vienna, Congress of
Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker, II 331
of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15
Zionist C., III 41, 44 f, 84 f, 144
of United States, see United States
of Poland, see Poland, kingdom of

=Congressional Record=, quoted, II 294, 296, 395

=Conscription=, see Cantonists, Military Service, and Recruits

=Constance=, Synod of, attended by Polish clergy, I 57

=Constantine, Old=, see Constantinov

=Constantine Pavlovich=, grand duke, Russian heir-apparent, II
13, 129
proclaimed emperor but resigns, II 13
appointed commander of Poland, II 13, 16, 91
suggests expulsion of Jews from border zone, I 408
expels Jews from villages, II 31
Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits memorandum to, II 129

=Constantinople=, capital of Byzantium, I 17
captured by Turks, I 35
patriarchs of, carry on Christian propaganda in Tauris, I 18
Church of, hopes for conversion of Khazars, I 20
Spanish exiles in, I 27
Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, in neighborhood of, I 206
Jewish pilgrims on way to Palestine arrive in, I 209
Ignetyev, Russian ambassador at, II 259

=Constantinov, Old=, or Staro-(Volhynia), Cossack massacre at,
I 149
"protest" against conscription at, II 21 f

=Constitution=, "anti-Jewish C.," passed by Polish Diet of 1538,
1 77 f
adopted by Piotrkov Church Council of 1542, I 82 f
Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f.
introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 398
violated by Government of duchy, I 299 ff
"Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff

=Constitutional Democratic Party=, the (Cadets), in Russia, mistrusts
Government, III 130
forms majority in First Duma, III 135
loses in Second Duma, III 142
weak in Third Duma, III 153
Jews in, III 119
Vinaver, leader of, III 134
majority of Jewish deputies belong to, III 135

=Contra-Talmudists=, name for Frankists, I 214 f

=Conversion=, of Jews, to Christianity, recommended by patriarch
of Constantinople and bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20
forced upon Jews of Byzantium, I 23
forcible C. of children punished by Polish law (1264), I 47
of Jewish Messianic pilgrims in Palestine, I 210
of Jacob Frank and followers, I 217 f;
deplored by Besht, I 229
carried on through military service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f
feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f
endeavors of Russians towards, stopped, II 173 f
of Haskalah pioneers, II 132
of disillusioned _intelligenzia_, II 327
as result of expulsions in St. Petersburg, II 344;
and Moscow, II 425;
see Society of Israelitish Christians
C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388
forced by Ivan the Terrible upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154;
and upon Jews of Polotzk, I 243
Russian Government aims at, I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188
of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20
attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30
of Turkish Sabbatians, to Mohammedanism, I 210

=Converts=, to Christianity, permitted by King John Casimir to
return to Judaism, I 151
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 173 f; II 73, 80
inform against Hebrew books, II 42
in city of Saratov, II 150
individual converts:
Abraham Yosefovich, I 73
Berthenson, II 214
Bogrov, II 242
Brafman, II 187 ff
Briskin, II 85
Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214
Efron-Litvin, III 38
Grudinski, II 80
Horvitz, II 202, 244
Kronenberg, II 178
Nyevakhovich, I 388
Peretz, I 388
Pfefferkorn, II 189
Priluker, II 335
Savitzki, II 73
Serafinovich, I 173 f
See also, Judaizers

=Cordova=, Caliphate of, see Caliphate

=Coronation Diets=, see Diets, Coronation

=Cosmopolitanism=, advocated by Jewish socialists, II 222;
by Levanda, II 240;
by Bogrov, II 241

=Cossacks=, name explained, I 142
origin of, I 142 ff
Ukrainian C's., I 142
Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporozhians
massacre Jews (1637), I 144;
(1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246
exclude Jews from their country (1649), I 151
readmit Jews to their territory (1651), I 152
ally themselves with Russia (1654), I 152 ff
invade Polish territories, I 154, 156, 244 ff
rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 ff
Jews visit territory of, despite prohibition, I 246
C's. of Little Russia plead for admission of Jews, I 250
See also Khmelnitzki

=Costanda=, military governor of Moscow, inaugurates expulsion
of Jews, II 401

=Council, Church C.=, see Church Council

=Council of Ministers=, in duchy of Warsaw, opposes Jewish emancipation,
I 299
in Russia, Nicholas I. appends resolution to report of, II
62
reports to Tzar on Jewish agricultural colonization, II 71
recommends appointment of "High Commission" on Jewish question,
II 336
passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338
not consulted in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
favors grant of franchise to Jews, III 122
presided over by Witte, II 125
suggests moderate Jewish reforms to Nicholas II., II 141