Chapter XXXVII: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation (2)

=Council of State=, in Poland, discusses Jewish question, II
93 f
formation of, in Russia, I 335
bars Jews from Russian Interior, I 316
condemns expulsion of Jews from White Russian villages, I 407;
II 34
objects to further expulsions, II 34 f
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff,
163 ff, 169 f
recommends alleviation in military service, II 36
disagrees on expulsion from Kiev, II 36 f
passes Statute of 1835, II 37
receives memoranda on Jewish question, II 38
discusses Jewish question and suggests measures (1840), II
47 ff
discusses exact limits of Pale, II 70
acquits Velizh Jews of ritual murder charge, II 81 ff
convicts Jews of Saratov, II 152
discusses Jewish separatism, under influence of Brafman's charges,
II 190
recommends appointment of Commission of Amelioration of Jews,
II 191, 193
material on Jewish question prepared for, II 336
plans of Pahlen Commission said to have been brought before,
II 320
disregarded by Alexander III. in issuing "Temporary Rules,"
II 312, 386;
in passing anti-Jewish restrictions, II 338;
in passing school norm, II 349;
in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
confirms exclusion of Jews from Zemstvos, II 386
members of, favor Jewish franchise, III 122

=Courland=, added to Pale, I 321
Jews settled in, I 341
new Jewish settler expelled from, II 32
Lipman Levy, Russian financial agent, native of, I 248
Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133
Nisselovich, Duma deputy for, III 153

=Courts=, Jews of Poland exempted from jurisdiction of municipal
and ecclesiastic C's., I 45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103
cases between Jews tried by royal C's., or Voyevoda C. (in
Lithuania, Starosta C.), I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f
"Jewish Judge," Polish official nominated by Jews, attached
to Voyevoda C., I 46, 52, 192
Voyevoda C. tries cases between Jews and Christians, I 84,
191;
acts as Court of Appeals, I 191;
Kahal elders attached to, I 84
tax-farmer Yosko and employees placed under jurisdiction of
royal C., I 71
Jews on noble estates placed under C's. of nobles, I 84
Municipal C's. claim jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f
ritual murder cases tried by C's. without proper jurisdiction,
I 95 f
civil and partly criminal cases between Jews tried by C. of
rabbis and Kahal elders, I 83, 105 f
Kahal C. granted right of imposing _herem_ and other penalties,
I 73, 105 f
Kahal C. granted exclusive jurisdiction in cases between Jews,
I 191
Kahal C. consists of rabbis as judges and Kahal elders as jury,
I 191
Council of Four Lands acts as C., I 111;
appoints provincial judges, I 111
Kahal C. of Vilna issues _herem_ against Hasidim (1772), I
237
Kahals recognized as C's. by Russian Senate (1776), I 309
cases between Jews tried by C's. of District and Gubernatorial
Kahals, I 309
Gubernatorial Kahals act as C's. of Appeal, I 309
cases between Jews and Christians tried by municipal C's.,
I 309
Senate questions legality of special Jewish C's. (1782), I
310
Jews admitted to membership in municipal C's. (1783), I 310
cases between Jews tried by municipal C's. (1786), I 313
Jews represented on municipal C's. by elective jurymen, I 313
Kahal C's. limited to spiritual affairs (1786), I 313;
(1795), I 319
Jews of Lithuania plead for preservation of Kahal C's. (1795),
I 320
Statute of 1804 places Jews under jurisdiction of Russian C's.,
I 344
Jews continue to resort to Kahal C., I 367;
see Kahal, Jewish Judge, and Rabbi

=Cox, Samuel S.=, of New York, protests in Congress against pogroms,
II 294 ff

=Cracow=, leading city of Little Poland, I 42, 110, 196
capital of Western Galicia, I 53
election diets held in, I 98
superseded as Polish capital by Warsaw, I 85
conquered by Swedes, I 154
surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155
Province of, annexed by Austria, I 297
Jewish refugees from Crusade seek shelter in, I 41
Jewish Community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,
I 110
Jewish communities in Province of, destroyed, I 156
Jewish charter ratified by Casimir the Great, in, I 51
Jews of, receive charter from John Casimir, I 159
anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f, 63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166
Jews of, subjected to commercial restrictions, I 74 f, 98
restrictions for Jews of, demanded by Church Synod, I 82
ghetto established in, I 64, 85
ritual murder trial in, I 164 f
host trial in, I 101 f
"Judaizing" tendencies in, I 79 f
anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f
Oleshnitzki, archbishop of, I 62
Gamrat, bishop of, I 79
Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76
Hebrew printing-press in, I 131, 195
Delacruta, Cabalist, resident of, I 134
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, studies in, I 135
Pollak, Jacob, head of yeshibah in, I 122
Spira, Nathan, head of yeshibah in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Asher, I 104
Fishel, I 105, 132
Heller, I 158
Isserles, I 123
Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Meisels, II 179
Peretz, I 104
Sirkis, I 133

=Crémieux, Adolf=, president of _Alliance Israélite_, corresponds
with Lilienthal, II 67
petitions Alexander II. on behalf of Jews accused of ritual
murder, II 153
criticized by governor-general of Kiev, II 194

=Crimea, The=, name defined, I 13
Greeks in, I 13 f
conquered by Khazars, I 19 f
last refuge of Khazars, I 28
known as Khazaria, I 28 f
ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29
conquered by Tatars, I 33
Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142
Tatars of, ally themselves with Cossacks, I 143 ff
Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f
list of cities in, I 26
visited by Petahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
Taman peninsula, in neighborhood of, I 23
Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff
Karaite communities in, I 35
Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30;
in Lithuania, I 35
expelled Lithuanian Jews emigrate to, I 65
Jewish State in, suggested, I 412;
see Tavrida, government of

=Crimean War=, stops plan of Jewish "Assortment," II 143
effect of, on Jewish situation II 149 f, 154

=Crown=, the, signifying Poland as contrasted with Lithuania,
I 72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162, 193
=Crown Rabbis= ("official," or _kazyonny_, rabbis), name explained,
II 176
forced upon congregations, II 176
act as Government agents
See Rabbis

=Crown Schools=, see Schools

=Crusades=, the, stimulate immigration of Jews into Poland, I
33, 41
give rise to Teutonic order, I 63
victims of Cossack massacres (1648) compared with those of,
I 156

=Cyril=, Christian missionary, disputes with Jews, I 18

=Daitzelman=, Jewish merchant in Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of pogrom,
II 361

=Dakota, North and South=, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II
374

=Damascus=, ritual murder trial of, II 68

=Daniel Apostol=, Hetman of Little Russia, pleads for admission
of Jewish salesman, I 250

=Dantzic=, annexed by Prussia, I 292

=Danube, The=, Jewish emigration form provinces of, to Poland,
I 41

=Dardanelles, The=, commerce between Genoa and Crimea through,
I 34

=Darkest Russia=, periodical published in England, II 381

=Darshanim= (Preachers), in Poland, I 201 f

=Darvin, Charles=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_,
II 209

=Dashevski, Pincus=, assaults Krushevan to avenge Kishinev massacre,
III 81 f
trial of, induces Plehve to forbid Zionism, III 82
receives greetings of Russian-Jewish convention, III 132

=Davidov=, Russian military leader, praises Jews, I 357

=Davis, Noah=, Judge, speaks at New York protest meeting, II
297

=Decembrists= (_Russian_, Dyekabrist), Russian revolutionaries,
name explained, I 410
suppressed by Nicholas I., II 13
attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff

=Dekert, John=, mayor of Warsaw, champion of burgher class, I
286

=Delacruta, Mattathiah=, Italian Cabalist in Cracow, I 134
=Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon=, called _Yashar_, of Candia, arraigns
Polish Jews for opposing secular culture, I 134

=Dembrovski=, Polish bishop, arranges disputations between Frankists
and Talmudist, I 214 f
orders burning of Talmud, I 215

=Demiovka=, suburb of Kiev, pogrom at, II 254 f

=De non Tolerandis Iudæis=, right of excluding Jews
in Warsaw (and other Polish cities), I 85
in Kiev, I 94 f
abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna (and other cities), II 172
abolished throughout Poland (1862), II 181

=Denis=, Greek-orthodox priest, converted to Judaism, I 36

=Department of Law=, part of Council of State, considers Jewish
legislation, II 34 ff

=Deputation of the Jewish People, The=, created by Alexander
I., I 392 ff
disbanded in 1825, I 395
instrumental in stopping ritual murder trial in Grodno, II
74
induces Alexander I. to veto prohibition of liquor trade in
Poland, II 94

=Derbent=, see Bab Al-Abwab

=Diaspora=, Jewish, neglected by Zionism, III 52
as conceived by National-Cultural Autonomism, III 53 ff
as conceived by Russian-Jewish historians, II 65

=Diet, The=, in Poland, term defined, I 76
controlled by Shlakhta, I 58, 77, 160
authority of, undermined by _liberum veto_, I 92, 168
Jews represented at, by "syndics," I 111
anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f, 160
preceded by anti-Jewish propaganda, I 165
counteracts benevolent intentions of kings, I 160
censures King Sobieski for interest in Jews, I 167
condemns anti-Jewish riots, I 166 f, 171
fixes amount of Jewish head-tax, I 194
granted right to elect government, I 263
Jews admitted to Warsaw during sessions of, I 268 ff
re-established in duchy of Warsaw, I 298
Coronation D's., name explained, I 98
Jewish privileges ratified at, I 98, 160, 168

=Election D's.=, name explained, I 98
Individual Diets, according to years:
1423 (of Varta), restricts financial operations of Jews,
I 58
1454 (of Nyeshava), rescinds Jewish privileges, I 63
1496 (of Piotrkov), confirms restrictions of Nyeshava Diet,
I 64
1521 (of Piotrkov), limits commerce of Lemberg Jews, I 75
1538 (of Piotrkov), passes anti-Jewish "constitution," I
77;
confirmed by Diet of 1562, 1565 and 1768, I 87
1548 (of Piotrkov), Sigismund II. ratifies Jewish charter
at, I 83
1618, discusses passionately Jewish question, I 97
1643 (of Warsaw), restricts profits of Jews, I 99
1658 (of Warsaw), expels sectarians from Poland, I 91
1670 (of Warsaw), restricts financial operations of Jews,
I 160
1693 (of Grodno), arraigns Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer, I
167
1717 (of Warsaw), increases Jewish head-tax, I 169;
protests against anti-Jewish riots, I 171
1740, rejects resolution turning Jews into serfs, I 170
1764 (of Warsaw), alters system of Jewish taxation, I 181,
197;
prohibits conventions of Jewish District elders, I 198
1768 (of Warsaw), renews commercial restrictions of 1538,
I 182, 267;
admits Jews temporarily to Warsaw, I 268
1788-1791, see Diet, Quadrennial
1808, elections to, force Government to take up Jewish question,
I 299
1818, first D. of kingdom of Poland, displays anti-Jewish
attitude, II 96, 99
1831, releases Jews from conscription, II 107

=Diet, The Quadrennial=, or Great (1788-1791), name explained,
I 263
reflects liberal ideas, I 278
elaborates modern constitution, I 263
equalizes burgher class, I 278
discusses agrarian question, I 279
prepares for struggle with Russia, I 279
attitude of, towards Jewish question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285,
288 ff
refers Jewish question to special commission, I 264, 279, 287,
327
finance committee of, reports on Jews, 263 ff
Chatzki, Polish historian, member of, I 263, 288
Butrymovich, champion of Polish Jews, member of, I 264, 274,
280 f, 285, 289
Chatzki and Butrymovich submit proposals to, I 271
Jews admitted to Warsaw during, I 285
notified of anti-Jewish demonstration in Warsaw, I 286;
and investigates it, I 287
literature centering around, I 279 ff
appealed to by Simeon Wolfovich against Kahals, I 276
project of Jewish reforms submitted to king during, I 284

=Dietines=, the, Polish provincial diets, I 76
provide occasions for anti-Jewish riots, I 170
serve as pattern for Jewish D., I 113, 196 f
Jewish D., called officially "synagogues," I 196

=Dilke, Sir Charles=, English Under-Secretary of State, interpellated
about pogroms, II 262

=Dillon, Eliezer=, army purveyor, represents Jews before Russian
Government, I 358
member of Deputation of Jewish People, I 392 f

=Disabilities=, see Restrictions

=Disputations=, religious, between Jews and Christians, I 136 f
between Frankists and orthodox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f;
attended by Besht, I 229

=Disraeli=, see Beaconsfield

=Distillers=, Jewish, admitted to Russian Interior, II 170

=Distilling=, see _Propinatzya_

=Dlugosh, Jan=, called Longinus, Polish historian, quoted, I
57

=Dnieper=, the, river, Petahiah of Ratisbon reaches banks of,
I 33
Jews disappear from left bank of, I 157
Jews decimated on right bank of, I 157
southern basin of, subject to Poland, I 140
left bank of, called Little Russia, ceded to Russia, I 159
Jews penetrate into Little Russia "from other side of," I 253
Cossacks beyond Falls of, I 143 ff
uprising against Poles and Jews on right bank of, I 182
Cossack army "on both sides of," plead for admission of Jewish
salesmen, I 250
central river of Pale, I 317
See Moghilev on the Dnieper

=Dniester, The=, river, Moghilev on, I 98

=Dobrolubov=, Russian critic, influences Jewish _intelligenzia_,
II 207, 209

=Doctor=, official title of rabbis in ancient Poland, I 72, 104,
109

=Dolgoruki=, Count, governor-general of Moscow, friendly to Jews,
II 400 f

=Dombrovski=, Polish revolutionary leader, I 303

=Domestics, Christian=, the keeping of, prohibited by Church
Council of Breslau (1266), I 49
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82
by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87
by Diet of Warsaw (1670), I 160
prohibition of, in Russia, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333,
and Golitzin, 404
prohibited by Russian Senate (1820), I 404 f
prohibited for permanent employment (1835), II 40
Christians of Pereyaslav call upon Jews to refrain from, II
266
Pobyedonostzev deplores influence of Jews on their D., III
9

=Domestics, Jewish=, outside Pale, Jewish merchants allowed limited
number of, II 162
Jewish university graduates allowed two, II 166, 344
fictitious D. in St. Petersburg, II 344 f

=Dominican Order=, the, church of, in Posen, collects regular
fine from Jews, I 55
priest of, in Cracow, causes execution of Jews, I 164
general of, in Rome, calls upon head of, in Cracow, to defend
Jews, I 165

=Don=, the, river, Khazars move towards, I 19
Territory of D. Army closed to Jews, II 346

=Dondukov-Korsakov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticizes Jews,
II 193 f

=Drabkin=, rabbi of St. Petersburg, reports conversation with
Ignatyev, II 305

=Drenteln=, governor-general of Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter, abets
pogroms, II 252, 254
recommends severe repression of Jews, II 276
upbraids Jews of Balta, II 316 f
misconstrues "Temporary Rules" against Jews, II 341

=Dresden=, Jews of, appeal to Augustus III. against ritual murder
libel, I 176

=Dress, Christian=, forbidden to Jews by "Lithuanian Statute"
(1566), I 87
deprecated by rabbis (1607), I 112
prescribed for Jewish visitors to Russian Interior (1835),
II 40
prescribed for Jewish members of municipalities (1804), I 345
German D. adopted by "Berliners," I 384
Russian D. preferred by Jews to German D., I 350;
see Dress, Jewish

=Dress, Jewish= (hat or badge), prescribed by Synod of Breslau
(1266), I 48
by Synod of Buda (1279), I 49
by Synod of Kalish (1420), I 57
by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I 78
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 83
abandoned by some Jews in Warsaw, I 300 f
defended by Polish rabbi, I 283
Jews of Warsaw demand equal rights as reward for discarding,
I 385 f
prohibition of, recommended by Butrymovich, I 281;
by Polish nobility of Lithuania, I 326;
by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327;
and Dyerzhavin, I 333
tax imposed on, in Russia (1843), I 110;
extended to Poland (1845), I 110
Russian Council of State finds principal source of Jewish separatism
in (1840), II 48;
and suggests prohibition, II 49;
but modifies view (1870), II 190 f
governors-general advised of impending prohibition of, II 66
prohibition of, enacted (1850), I 144;
and extended to female attire (1851), I 144
prohibition of, remains ineffective, I 144 f
Alexander II. displeased with, in Poland, II 190
luxury in, forbidden (1566), I 87;
deprecated by Abraham Hirshovich, I 284;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
by Christians of Pereyaslav, II 266
white D. favored by early "Hasidim," I 209, 231, 237;
objected to by assembly of rabbis, I 237;
see Dress, Christian

=Dreyfus Affair=, the, exploited by Russian press, III 32
witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III 42

=Druskeniki= (government of Grodno), Conference of "Lovers of
Zion" at, II 377

=Drusus=, name of Greek Jew, I 15

=Dubnow, S. M.=, author of present work, quoted, I 114, 163,
235
champions national rejuvenation of Judaism in Russia, II 327
formulates theory of Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural
Autonomism, III 52
member of central committee of League for Equal Rights, III
42
editor of periodical _Yevreyskaya Starina_, III 160

=Dubossary=, ritual murder libel at, III 70 f
pogrom at, frustrated by Jews, III 71

=Dubrovin=, head of Black Hundred, received by Nicholas II.,
III 149

=Dubrovna= (government of Moghilev), Voznitzin, captain of navy,
converted to Judaism at, I 252

=Duchy of Warsaw=, see Warsaw, Duchy of

=Dukhobortzy=, Russian sect, flees from persecution to Canada,
III 10

=Duma, Imperial Russian=, plans for, formulated, III 122;
and published, III 124
manifesto of October 17 promises establishment of, III 127
_First D._, elections to, III 133
League for Equal Rights participates in elections to, III 133 f
Zionists participate in elections to, III 145
boycotted by Left, III 134
Jewish deputies to, III 134
Jewish question before, III 135 ff
pogroms discussed by, III 126, 136 ff
appoints commission to investigate Bialystok pogrom, III 137
adopts resolution condemning pogroms, III 139
dissolved, III 139
_Second D._, convoked, III 141
only three Jewish deputies elected to, III 142
Jewish question referred by, to committee, III 142
dissolved, III 142
_Third D._, called the Black, III 153
only two Jewish deputies elected to, III 153
violently anti-Semitic, III 153 ff
discusses Beilis case, III 165
_Fourth D._, anti-Semitic agitation in Poland during elections
to, III 167
Jewish D. deputies co-operate with joint Jewish Council in
St. Petersburg, III 148

=Dunaigrod= (Podolia), ritual murder trial at, I 178

=Durnovo=, Russian official, investigates ritual murder trial
at Saratov, II 150

=Durnovo=, Russian Minister of Interior, fanatic reactionary,
II 379
bars Jews from local self-government (Zemstvos), II 386;
and municipal self-government, II 425
suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402
revokes decree of 1880, causing expulsion of "circular Jews,"
II 428
continues in office under Nicholas II., III 9, 16
member of Witte cabinet, III 31

=Dusyaty= (government of Kovno), pogrom at, III 115

=Dvina=, river, Jews drowned by Russian troops in, I 243

=Dyekabristy=, see Decembrists

=Dyelanov=, Minister of Public Instruction, decrees
"school norm," limiting admission of Jews to schools
and universities, II 349 ff
applies school norm leniently, III 27 f

=Dyen= ("The Day"), Russian-Jewish weekly, II 218, 220, 238

=Dyerzhavin, Gabriel=, member of Russian Senate, becomes interested
in Jewish question, I 327
meets Jews for first time on tour to White Russia, I 328
meets modernized Jewish physician in White Russia, I 386
pursues anti-Jewish purpose on tour, I 329 f
prepares elaborate "Opinion" on Jews, I 330 ff
appointed Minister of Justice, I 335
"Opinion" of, studied by Committee for Amelioration of Jews,
I 335 f
retires, I 337
example of, followed later in White Russia, 405

=Earlocks= (_Peies_), discarded by modernized Jews, I 384
cutting off of, recommended in Poland, I 385
wearing of, prohibited by Nicholas I., II 144 f
See Beards

=Easter=, Russian, duration of, II 249
season of pogroms, II 248, 299; III 34, 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f,
134

=Economic= life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264
ff, 270
in Polish Silesia, I 42
in Lithuania, I 60
in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff
in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14
in Russian South-west, II 193 f
in Kiev, II 264
undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72
improved under Alexander II., II 185 f
E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II
64 f;
by Pahlen Commission, II 366;
and by foreign press, II 408
Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff
restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff
E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f
collapse of, under Nicholas II., III 22 ff
in America, II 374
E. boycott in Poland, III 166 ff

=Edels, Samuel=, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I
129 f

=Education, Jewish=, see Heder and Yeshibah
modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385;
by David Friedländer, II 90;
by Polish assimilationists, II 101
criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48
negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113
national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III 45
fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 160
autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112
progress of, in Palestine, III 148
See School

=Education, Secular=, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian
dignitaries, I 327, 333
championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137
encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f;
by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f;
and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216
shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175
spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216
promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment
spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339,
348
disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348

=Educational Restrictions=, demanded by Alexander III., II 349
issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350
disastrous effects of, II 350 f
compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III 31
stimulate emigration, II 373
applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III 27 ff
abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124
restored (1907), III 152
placed on Statute books in 1908, III 157 f
See Enlightenment, School, and University

=Efron-Litvin=, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III 38

=Egypt=, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205

=Eibeschütz=, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden,
I 204

=Einhorn, David=, modern Jewish writer, III 162

=Eisenbaum, Anton=, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical
seminary, II 103

=Eisenmenger=, anti-Jewish writer, II 104

=Eisenstadt, Michael=, represents Kahals before Russian Government,
I 393

=Ekaterinoslav=, see Yekaterinoslav

=Ekron=, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375

=Eliezer=, Bohemian scholar, quoted, I 43

=Elijah=, the prophet, believed to associate with Besht, I 228
Russian church festival in honor of, II 358

=Elijah of Vilna=, called the Gaon, idolized by rabbis of Lithuania
and other countries, I 235 f
familiar with Cabala, I 235
studied secular sciences, I 235 f
tolerant towards pursuit of secular sciences, I 381
avoids _pilpul_ and cultivates method of textual analysis,
I 236
introduces method into yeshibahs of Lithuania, I 380;
particularly into yeshibah of Volozhin, I 381
fragmentary nature of literary work of, I 236
rigorist in religious practice, I 236
opposes Hasidism, I 236
causes issuance of _herem_ against Hasidism, I 237
reaffirms _herem_, I 373
checks growth of Hasidism in Vilna, I 372
refuses to see Shneor Zalman, I 374 f
death of, I 375
Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over death of, I 375

=Elimelech of Lizno=, hasidic leader, I 232

=Elizabeth Petrovna=, Russian empress (1741-1761), persecutes
non-Orthodox, I 254
decrees expulsion of Jews from entire Russian empire (1727),
I 255
refuses plea of Ukrainians and Livonians for admission of Jews,
I 257
pens famous resolution against Jews (1743), I 257
decrees again unconditional expulsion of Jews (1744), I 257
f
dismisses Sanches, Jewish court physician, I 258
policy of, followed by Catherine II., I 259

=Elizabethgrad=, see Yelisavetgrad

=Emancipation= (Equal Rights), introduced by Napoleon into duchy
of Warsaw, I 298
not applied to Jews, I 298 f
Warsaw Jews apply to Polish Government for, I 299
opposed by Polish Council of Ministers, I 299
suspended by duke of Warsaw for ten years, I 299
17 Jews of Warsaw apply for, as reward for assimilation, I
300
refused by Polish Minister of Justice, I 300 f
representatives of Warsaw community plead for, I 301 f
opposed by Polish Senate, I 302
Warsaw Jews apply to Nicholas I. for, II 110
granted to Jews of Poland by Alexander II. (1862), II 181 ff
promised to Jews by early Russian revolutionaries, I 413
prominent St. Petersburg Jews apply to Alexander II. for, II
159 f
recommended by Stroganov, governor-general of New Russia, II
168 f
advocated by Russian-Jewish press, II 219 f, 238, 332
claimed by Young Israel, heterodox Jewish sect, II 334
recommended by Pahlen Commission, II 364, 368
urged by Guildhall meeting in London, II 391
demanded by Russian lawyers and writers for all citizens, III
105
partial E. promised by Russian Government, III 106
unrestricted E. demanded by Russian Jews, III 108 ff
demanded by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 111
urged by League for Equal Rights, III 111 f
adopted for all citizens by First Duma, III 135
bill providing for E. of Jews referred by First Duma to Committee,
III 137 f
opposed by Nicholas II., III 141
bill providing for, passed by Committee of Second Duma, III
142
forms platforms of Jewish people's group, III 140 f
See League for Attainment of Equal Rights

=Emden, Jacob=, opposed by Polish rabbis in fight with Eibeshütz,
I 204

=Emigration=, of Jews, from Lithuania, prevented by Sigismund
I. (1540) I 81
from Poland, caused by Khmelnitzki massacres (1648 ff), I 157
from Russia, caused by persecutions and pogroms, II 268, 327
ff, 413, 420; III 96
causes shortage of Jewish recruits, II 356
prompts imposition of military fine, II 373, 414
stimulated by educational restrictions, I 373
welcomed by Russian Government as solution of Jewish problem,
II 419 f; III 10
encouraged by Russian Government, II 285, 414, 417 f, 420
old Russian law prohibiting E. not enforced, II 69, 285
Plehve promises to support E., III 83
to Algiers, proposed by French Jews, II 69
to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff, 419 f
to Canada, II 421
to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f, 419 ff, 421 ff;
advocated by _Poale Zion_, III 145;
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewry, III 54, 147
to United States, II 297 f, 320 f, 373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f;
III 96, 104;
calls forth protest of U. S. Government, II 396;
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewish parties, III
54, 145, 147

=Emigration, Regulation of=, attempted by emigrant societies,
II 297 f
urged by Mandelstamm and part of Jewish press, II 298
feared by prominent St. Petersburg Jews, II 298
deprecated by _Voskhod_ as subversive of emancipation, II 298
f
rejected by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg (April, 1882),
II 307;
disastrous results of rejection, II 420
proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 416, 419
sanctioned by Russian Government, II 420

=Encyclopedists=, French, praise polemical treatise of Isaac
Troki, I 138

=England=, represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
Parliament in, discusses pogroms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff,
388 ff
prominent men in, approach Nicholas I. on behalf of Russian
Jews, II 63
Priluker, Russian Jew, missionary in, II 335
Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
offers Uganda to Zionists, III 85
See London

=Enlightenment=, see Haskalah

=Equal Rights=, see Emancipation

=Ephes-Dammim=, name of biblical place, used as book title, II
131

=Ephesus=, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14

=Epstein, Samuel=, represents Jews before Russian Government,
I 393

=Eshet Hayil=, term explained, II 113

=Estate, Real=, see Property, Real

=Estherka=, concubine of Casimir the Great, I 53 f

=Euclid=, geometry of, translated into Hebrew, I 381

=Euler=, German mathematician, criticizes dismissal of Jewish
court physician in St. Petersburg, I 258

=Europe, Eastern=, beginnings of Diaspora in, I 13

=Euxine Colonies=, see Black Sea

=Evangelists=, Protestant sect in Poland, I 91

=Evarts, William M.=, American Secretary of State, makes representations
to Russian Government, II 293

=Eve=, daughter of Jacob Frank, head of Frankist sect, I 220

=Excise Farmers=, called _aktzizniks_, II 186

=Excommunication=, see _Herem_

=Execution=, or forcible seizure, term explained, II 20

=Exilarchs=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20

=Exploitation=, economic, Russian Jews accused of, II 193
used as pretext for pogroms, II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315
handicrafts stigmatized as, I 347

=Expulsion=, of Jews, by Polish Government from Lithuania (1495),
I 65
from Sandomir, I 173
from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f
by Russian troops, from invaded Polish cities (1654), I 153
f, 245
by Russian Government, from Little Russia (1727), I 249 f,
253 ff
from Russia in general (1741), I 255; (1744), I 257 f
from Courland and Livonia (1829), II 32
from Port Arthur and Kuantung Peninsula (1904), III 94
from Russian Interior (outside of Pale), in general, I 402
f; II 264, 399, 428; III 95, 154, 157;
foreign Jews expelled from, II 262, 293, 345
from Kharkov, II 319
from Moscow, II 264, 319, 396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f; III
14 f
from Oryol, II 264
from Riga, II 256
from St. Petersburg, II 319, 344, 399, 410
from Pale of Settlement;
Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II 62 ff, 385
from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319, 346; III 157
from Nicholayev, II 32
from Sevastopol, II 32
from Yalta, II 428 f; III 18 f
from villages, I 319, 323 f, 326, 343, 345 ff, 349, 351
f, 354 f, 405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48, 310 f, 318 f,
385; III 17, 157
For particulars see special headings;
see also Residence, Right of, and Temporary Rules

=Externs=, _extra muros_ pupils, result of educational restrictions,
II 351; III 31
school norm applied to, without sanction of Duma, III 159
join revolutionary ranks, III 31

=Factor=, Polish name for agent, I 170; II 55

=Fair=, commercial, Jews permitted to visit F's.
of Little Russia, for wholesale trade (1728), I 250;
and for retail trade (1734), I 251
of government of Smolensk (1731), I 251
of government of Kharkov, for retail trade (1734), I 251
of Warsaw (1768), I 268
of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kharlov, and other cities (1835), II 40
Jews travel to F's. abroad, particularly Leipsic, I 359
Polish F's. provide occasion for Jewish conferences, I 109
f
F. of Lublin, chief meeting-place of Council of Four Lands,
I 109
F. of Lantzkrona, mystical services of Frankists during, I
213, 215
F's. of Brody and Zelva, rabbis assembled at, excommunicate
Hasidim, I 237

=Farrar, Canon=, addresses Mansion House Meeting in London, II
290

=Feder, Tobias=, Hebrew writer, I 388
criticizes translation of Bible into Yiddish, I 388

=Feigin, Litman=, of Chernigov, submits memorandum on Jewish
question to Council of State, II 38 f

=Feldshers=, Jewish, name explained, II 167
granted right of universal residence (1879), II 167
admission of, into army restricted, II 319

=Fergusson=, English Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, replies
to interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 382

=Fez= (Morocco), Alfasi native of, I 118

=Fichman=, modern Hebrew writer, III 162

=Fifty-Verst Zone=, see Border Zone

=Finkelstein, Nahum=, delegate of Jews wishing to engage in agriculture,
I 363

=Finns=, oppressed by Russian Government, III 159

=Fishel, Moses=, chief-rabbi of Cracow, I 105
studied medicine in Padua, I 132

=Foreign Jews= forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
expelled from Russia, II 262, 293, 345

=Foster, John W.=, United States Minister to Russia, reports
about pogroms, II 260

=Fox=, Polish tailor, starts anti-Jewish riot at Warsaw, I 286
f

=Fraind=, Yiddish daily in St. Petersburg, III 162

=France= (and French), Napoleon's policy towards Jews of, I 298
Jews killed by French for loyalty to Russia (1812), I 358
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
high officials of, favor immigration of Russian Jews to Algiers,
II 69
Polish-Jewish patriots, pursued by Russia, flee to, I 298;
II 105, 109
French witness protest against pogroms, II 326
Russian Jews, in search of university education, go to, II
351
Dreyfus Affair in, III 32, 42;
see Paris

=Franchise=, Jewish, discussed by Russian officials, III 121
proposed denial of, elicits protests from Jewish communities
in Russia, III 121;
and representatives of Russian people, III 122
finally granted, III 122

=Frank=, physician in White Russia, adherent of Mendelssohn,
suggests Jewish reforms, I 331, 386

=Frank, Helena=, English translator of Peretz' works, III 62

=Frank, Jacob=, Polish-Jewish sectarian, born in Podolia, I 211
settles in Wallachia, I 212
travels as salesman in Turkey, I 212
joins, and later heads, Turkish Sabbatians, I 212
banished by Polish authorities to Turkey, I 213
regarded as reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi, I 214
reappears in Podolia, I 216
submits to preliminary baptism in Lemberg, I 217
appears for final baptism in Warsaw, I 217 f
Polish king acts as godfather of, I 218
poses as Messiah, I 218
arrested in Warsaw, I 218
imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I 219 f
freed by invading Russian troops, I 219
escapes to Brünn (Moravia), I 219
moves to Vienna, I 220
settles in Offenbach (Germany), I 220
supported in Offenbach by adherents in Poland, I 283
See Frankists

=Frank, Mendel=, rabbi of Brest, receives large powers from Polish
king, I 73, 104 f

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, Naphtali Cohen, Polish Cabalist and
Sabbatian, settles in, I 204
Offenbach, in neighborhood of, residence of Jacob Frank, I
220
Oppenheim, Jewish painter, resident of, II 67
place of publication, II 202

=Frankists=, adherents of Jacob Frank, hold mystical services
and engage in excesses, I 213 f
excommunicated by rabbis, I 214
address themselves to Demboviski, Catholic bishop, I 214
denounce Talmud and recognize Trinity, I 214
call themselves "Contra-Talmudists," and "Zoharists," I 214
bishop arranges disputation between, and rabbis, I 214 f
acknowledged victorious in disputation and awarded fine, I
215
obtain safe-conduct from Polish king, I 215
offer to embrace Christianity, I 216
hold second disputation with rabbis, I 216 f
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 216 f
large number of, baptized at Lemberg, I 217
remain loyal to Frank, I 218, 283
follow Frank to Chenstokhov, his place of imprisonment, I 219
settle with Frank in Offenbach, I 220
Sabbatian movement compromised by, I 222
shunned and despised by Poles, I 283
ultimately absorbed by Poles, I 230

=Frederic, Harold=, quoted, II 378

=Freeman=, see Lieberman, A.

=Frederick of Austria=, Jewish charter of, used as model by Polish
rulers, I 45

=Frederick II., The Great=, annexes Polish territory, I 262

=Frederick Augustus=, Saxon king, made ruler of duchy of Warsaw,
I 297
receives report of Council of Ministers, opposing Jewish emancipation,
I 299
issues decree, postponing Jewish emancipation for ten years
(1808), I 299
receives anti-Jewish report from Polish Senate, I 302

=Frelinghuysen, Frederic T.=, American Secretary of State, expresses
regret at treatment of Russian Jews, II 294

=Friedlaender, Israel=, quoted, II 235
translator of Dubnow, III 52
translator of Ahad Ha'am, III 60

=Friedländer, David=, submits memorandum to Polish Government,
suggesting reform of Polish Jewry, II 90 f
followers of, in Warsaw, plead for secular culture, I 386

=Friedman=, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153
complains about Jewish disabilities, III 157

=Friesel=, governor of Vilna, invites Polish nobility of Lithuania
to express opinion on Jews, I 325 f
submits opinion of nobility to Senate with his own memorandum,
I 326
urges Jewish cultural reforms, I 327

=Frischman, David=, Hebrew writer, III 60

=Frug, Simon=, Russian and Yiddish poet, III 63
resides in St. Petersburg as "flunkey," II 345
glorifies emigration, II 330
pictures despair of Russian Jewry, II 371
appeals for victims of Kishinev massacres, III 78

=Fünn, Samuel Joseph=, Jewish historian and writer, II 136
editor of _Pirhe Tzafon_, II 136;
and _ha-Karmel_, II 217

=Gabbaim=, directors of Kahal institutions, I 107
"gentlemen in waiting" of Tzaddiks, II 120

=Galatia= (Asia Minor), Jewish communities in, I 14

=Galatovski=, Ukrainian writer, quoted, I 205

=Galicia=, divided into Eastern and Western, I 53
annexed by Austria (1772), I 187, 262
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 208, 210 f
intellectual development of Jews in, contrasted with North-west,
I 221
Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 223
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
type of Tzaddik in, I 233
rabbis of, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237
Tzaddik of Sadagora (Bukovina) attracts Hasidim from, II 121
I. B. Levinsohn associates with Maskilim of, II 125 f; contrasted
with them, II 127
Haskalah carried from, to Odessa, II 133
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins Polish patriots in, II 179
Baron Hirsch establishes schools in, II 416
Hebrew writers in, III 163;
see Russia (Red), Lemberg, and Yaroslav

=Galicia, Eastern=, see Russia, Red Uniat Church in, I 141

=Galilee=, Jewish colonies in, II 375

=Gamrat, Peter=, bishop of Cracow, condemns woman to death for
adhering to Jewish doctrine, I 79
leads agitation against Jews, I 81 f

=Ganganelli=, cardinal, later Pope Clement XIV., defends Polish
Jews against ritual murder charges, I 179 f

=Gania=, Cossack leader, perpetrates Jewish massacre in Niemirov,
I 146

=Gans, David=, work of, copied by Halperin, Polish-Jewish chronicler,
I 201

=Gaons=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20
Gaon of Bagdad corresponds with early Russian rabbis, I 33
Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of Vilna

=Gapon=, Russian priest and demagogue, III 106

=Gatchina=, near St. Petersburg, secret conferences of high Russian
dignitaries held at, II 244 f
Jewish deputation received by Alexander III. at, II 261

=Geiger, Abraham=, quoted, I 136
corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67

=Gemara=, term explained, II 114;
see Talmud

=Gendarmerie=, see Police

=Genoa=, commercial colony of, in Crimea, I 33 f

=Germany=, Poland commercially dependent on, I 39;
and religiously, I 40 f, 44
Polish rulers welcome settlers from, I 43 f;
bestow upon them autonomy (Magdeburg Law), I 44
Jews of, carry on commerce with Slav countries, I 39
Jewish delegation from, pleads for admission of Jews to Poland,
I 40
Jews of, immigrate to Poland, I 33, 41, 66
anti-Jewish hatred in Poland fed from, I 57;
fostered by German burghers in Poland, I 95
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209
Jacob Frank settles in, I 220
Jews of Slav lands culturally dependent on, I 33;
invite rabbis from, I 43
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125
grandfather of Solomon Luria native of, I 124
Haskalah originates in, I 239, 384 ff
Polish Jews contrasted with Jews of, I 386
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Russian-Jewish students in, II 381
Hebrew writers in, III 163
Doctor Herzl negotiates with emperor of, III 46
penalty of _Spiessruten_ introduced into Russia from, II 85
See Prussia and Berlin

=Gershon Kutover=, see Kutover

=Gershuni=, member of Social-revolutionary party, III 67

=Ghederah=, Jewish colony in Judea, II 375

=Gher= (Poland), see Goora Kalvaria

=Ghetto=, separate Jewish quarter in cities, creation of, demanded
by Polish Church, I 48, 57
in Cracow, I 64, 85
in Moghilev (on the Dnieper), I 98 f
in Posen, I 85
in Vilna, I 99
in Warsaw, I 269
former Moscow Gh. called Glebov Yard, II 403

=Gicatilla, Joseph=, Cabalist, work of, published in Poland,
I 134

=Giers, De=, Russian minister for Foreign Affairs, discusses
Jewish question with American Government, II 293, 396

=Ginzberg, Asher=, see Ahad Ha'am

=Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron=, Hebrew writer, II 133 f
translates German works into Hebrew, II 134
influences formation of neo-Hebraic style, II 134

=Giovio, Paolo=, Italian scholar, I 242

=Gladkov=, instigator of pogrom in Starodub, II 411 f

=Gladstone=, English Prime Minister, cultivates friendly relations
with Russia, II 287 f
appealed to by Mansion House Meeting on behalf of Russian Jews,
II 290
answers interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 291 f

=Glebov Yard=, former Ghetto in Moscow, raided by police, II
403

=Glogau= (Germany), Solomon Maimon buried in, I 240

=Gmina=, Polish name for Congregation, II 102

=Gnesen= (Province of Posen), oldest Polish diocese, I 47
seat of Polish primate, I 82
Council of Breslau demands introduction of canonical laws into
diocese of, I 47 f
archbishop of, attends Synod of Constance and presides
over Synod of Kalish, I 57
John Casimir, primate of, becomes Polish king, I 151

=God=, conception of, by Besht, I 225 f

=Goeje, De=, quoted, I 23

=Goethe=, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Goetz, F.=, author of pamphlet defending Jews, II 389

=Gogol=, Russian writer, anti-Jewish tendency of, 138 f

"=Going to the People=," phase of Russian revolutionary movement,
term explained, II 222
practised by Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 222

=Golitzin=, Count, Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs, associate
of Alexander I. in Christian mysticism, I 392, 396
president of Russian Bible Society, I 396
all Jewish matters transferred to, I 394
communicates with Kahals through "Deputies of Jewish People,"
I 394
receives protest of deputies against blood accusation, II 74
prohibits blood accusation by decree, II 74 f
extends prohibition of blood accusation to Poland, II 99
advises dissolution of Society of Israelitish Christians, I
400
orders investigation of "Judaizing heresy," I 401
accuses Jews of proselytizing, I 404
suggests prohibition of keeping Christian domestics, I 404
discharged, I 395

=Gonta=, Cossack leader, engineers Jewish massacre, I 184 ff

=Goora Kalvaria= (_Polish_, Gora Kalwarza; _Yiddish_, Gher),
hasidic dynasty of, popular in Warsaw, II 122

=Gorchakov=, viceroy of Poland, receives deputation of revolutionary
Poles, II 180
opposes Jewish rights at Berlin Congress, II 202

=Gordin, Jacob=, founds anti-talmudic sect, II 333 f
becomes Jewish playwright in America, II 325

=Gordon, Judah Leib=, Hebrew poet, champion of Haskalah, II 228
secretary of Society of Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 229
attacks traditional Judaism, II 129 ff
champions emigration from Russia, II 328
dies (1892), III 63

=Goremykin=, Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy,
III 9, 16, 135

=Gorgippia= (Crimea), now called Anapa, ancient Jewish settlement
in, I 14

=Gorodnya= (near Chernigov), alleged ritual murder at, reported
to Peter the Great, I 247 f

=Gotovtzev=, Assistant-Minister of Interior, chairman of Central
Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 227

=Gotz=, member of Social Revolutionary party, III 67

=Government= (province), governor, and governor-general, terms
explained, I 308

=Grace, William R.=, mayor of New York, presides at protest meeting,
II 296

=Granville, Lord=, English Secretary for Foreign Affairs, receives
Anglo-Jewish deputation on subject of pogroms, II 262 f
receives resolutions of Mansion House Meeting, II 290

=Grazdanin= ("The Citizen"), anti-Semitic Russian paper, II 380,
381, 412

=Great Poland=, see Poland, Great

=Greeks=, immigration of ancient Greeks into Tauris and Crimea,
I 13 f
export grain from Tauris and Crimea, I 14
Jews follow in wake of, I 14
language of, spoken by Jews of Tauris, I 16
compete with Jews in Odessa, II 191
make pogrom upon Jews of Odessa, II 192 f

=Greek-Orthodox Church=, oppressed in Poland, I 91 f;
and Ukraine, I 140 ff

"=Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan=," semi-Jewish firm of Russian army
purveyors, II 202, 244

=Greig=, Russian Admiral, member of Council of State, pleads
for Jews, II 37

=Gresser=, city-governor of St. Petersburg, persecutes Jews,
II 343 f
issues ordinance concerning Jewish names, II 397 f
deports Moscow fugitives, II 410

=Grigoryev=, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, pleads
for maintenance of Pale, I 196

=Grigoryev=, city-governor of Odessa, dismissed for restraining
"Black Hundred," III 151

=Grodno= (city), meeting-place of Polish Diet, I 76
important Jewish community in, I 59, 73
Jews of, expelled, I 65;
and allowed to return, I 70 f
Jews of, assure Sigismund I. of loyalty to country, I 81
Poles of, antagonistic to Russia (1812), I 357
Jews of, entrusted with police duty, I 357
blood accusation in, II 73, 80
Jewish community of, represented on Polish Council, (_Waad
Aria Aratzoth_), I 110;
and later on Lithuanian Council, I 112
Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127
Sundel Sonnenberg, army purveyor and Jewish deputy, native
of, I 358

=Grodno= (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1795),
I 297
included in Pale (1795), I 317;
(1835), II 39
invited by Russian Government to send deputies, I 349
Jews expelled from villages of (1827), II 30 f
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:
Druskeniki, II 377
Ruzhany, I 162
Zelva, I 237

=Grudinski=, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 80

=Gruzenberg=, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Blondes,
accused of ritual murder, III 37
defends Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III 82
defends Jews of Kishinev, III 91

=Gruzin= (Crimea), I 26

=Gudovich=, Count, governor-general of South-west, rebuked for
interfering with Jewish deputation to Paul I., I 325

=Guido=, papal legate, convenes Church Council of Breslau, I
47

=Guilds=, mercantile, in Poland, I 44;
see Merchants trade Guilds, in Poland, I 44;
see Trade-Unions

=Guizolfi, Zechariah=, Italian Jew, owns Taman Peninsula, I 36
corresponds with Ivan III. of Moscow, I 36

=Guizot=, French Premier, supports schemes of Russian-Jewish
emigration to Algiers, II 69

=Gumbiner, Abel=, head of yeshibah in Kalish, Hebrew author,
I 200

=Gumplovich=, Polish-Jewish writer and assimilator, II 213

=Günzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel=, leader of St.
Petersburg community, petitions Alexander II. on behalf
of victim of ritual murder accusation, II 152
petitions Alexander II. for privileges to Jews, II 159 f
founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214

=Günzburg, Baron Horace=, son of former, waits on Vladimir, brother
of Alexander III., II 260
member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., 261
calls conference of notables in St. Petersburg, II 277, 304
acts as link between Jews and Pahlen Commission, I 337
petitions Government to allow Jews purchase of land for personal
use, III 24

=Gurko=, governor-general of Odessa, suggests restrictive school-norm
for Jews, II 339

=Gurnitzki, Lucas=, Polish writer, quoted, I 79 f

=Gymnazium=, secondary school, name explained, II 164
right of residence outside Pale proposed for graduates of,
II 164
restrictive percentage at, intensified, III 29, 158;
but not applied to girls, III 30
award of graduation certificates restricted in case of Jews,
III 159
Pro-gymnazium, name explained, III 29
See Education and School

=Gzheslik=, Jewish tailor, accused of desecrating host, I 101

_Ha-Asif_, Hebrew Periodical, II 372, III 58

=Habad=, adherents of "rational Hasidism," term explained, I
234
centered in White Russia, I 234, II 117
Polish Tzaddiks compared with those of, II 123
See Shneorsohn, Zalman

=Haber=, title of Jewish educated layman, I 117

_Ha-Emet_, socialistic periodical in Hebrew, II 223

=Hague Conference=, the, calling of, prompts Nicholas II. to
stop pogroms, III 35 f

=Haidamacks=, rebellious Ukrainian peasants, name explained,
I 182, II 138
massacre Jews (1648), I 49;
(1734 and 1750), I 182;
(1768), I 182 ff
massacres of, described by Gogol, II 138 f

=Haimovich, Avigdor=, rabbi of Pinsk, informs against Hasidim,
I 377 f

_Haint_, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162

_Ha-Karmel_, Hebrew weekly, in Vilna, II 217

_Ha-Kol_, Hebrew periodical in Königsberg, II 223

=Halevi, David=, called _Taz_, rabbi of Lemberg and Ostrog, I
130
author of commentary on _Shulhan Arukh_, I 130
receives letter and present from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f

=Halevi, Isaiah=, son of former member of Polish-Jewish delegation
to Sabbatai Zevi, I 206

=Halperin=, banker of Berdychev, member of rabbinical commission,
II 57

=Halperin, Jehiel=, rabbi of Minsk, Hebrew chronicler, I 200
f

_Ha-Maggid_, Hebrew weekly, II 217

=Hamburg=, Solomon Maimon resides in, I 239
Moscow refugees in, II 420

_Ha-Melitz_, Hebrew weekly, in St. Petersburg, edited by Zederbaum,
II 204, 217 f
publishes Lilienblum's articles, II 236
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
becomes daily, II 372, III 58

=Handicrafts=; see Artisans

=Hannover, Nathan=, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of
Four Lands, I 111
pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff
gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157

=Hanukkah=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Hardenberg=, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle,
I 399

=Harkavy=, quoted, I 23

=Harrison=, President of United States, publishes diplomatic
papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394
describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry,
II 408 f

=Hasdai Ibn Shaprut=, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars,
I 24 ff

_Ha-Shahar_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234
publishes Gordon's epics, II 229
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332

_Ha-Shiloah_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later
by Klausner, III 58, 162 f

=Hasidim=, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209
emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff
adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism
struggle between H. and old-orthodox (_Mithnagdim_), I 238,
274, 278, 375 f
H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375
granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379
H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22
H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145

=Hasidism=, founded by Besht, I 222
doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff
counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f;
and Messianism, I 222;
and Asceticism, I 227
propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff
opposes Haskalah, I 238 f
bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff
spread of, I 231 f
triumph of, I 371 f
growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff
stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff
in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f
in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff
in Poland, I 384, II 122 f
retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124
encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f
restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna,
I 327
denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government,
I 378
extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385
criticized by David Friedländer, II 90
attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f
subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212
literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to
State, II 130
See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman

=Haskalah=, attempt to harmonize Jewish and secular culture,
term explained, II 125
originated by Mendelssohn in Germany, I 238 f, II 125
opposed by Rabbinism and Hasidism, I 238 f
hated by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Solomon Maimon influenced by, I 239
effect of, on Jews of Warsaw, I 284, 384 ff
championed by Jacques Kalmansohn, I 385
need of, for Polish Jews, emphasized by David Friedländer,
II 90;
and followers, I 386
advocated by Frank in White Russia, I 331, 386
carried to St. Petersburg, I 386 ff
Max Lilienthal appeals to adherents of (Maskilim), II 53
preached by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff
center of, in Odessa, II 132 f
center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f
aims of adherents of, in Vilna, II 136 f.
persecuted adherents of, escape through baptism, II 132
adherents of, lean on Russian Government, II 137
Russian H. compared with German, II 137 f
becomes more aggressive, II 210, 224
stimulates neo-Hebraic style and literature, II 132 ff, 210
advocated by Jewish press, II 217, 332 f
championed by M. L. Lilienblum, II 236
adherents of, portrayed by Mapu, II 228
See Education, Neo-Hebraic Literature, and School

=Ha-Tzefirah=, Hebrew weekly in Warsaw, advocates Haskalah, II
333
edited by Sokolow, III 60
becomes a daily, II 372, III 58, 162

=Hausfreund=, Yiddish periodical, III 59

=Hayyun=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi, I 204

=Hazakah=, priority of possession, term explained, II 188
grant of, must be sanctioned by Kahal, I 190, II 188
matters relating to, decided by Council of Four Lands, I 111

=Ha-Zeman=, Hebrew daily in Vilna, III 162

=Hebrew=, language, importance of, emphasized by Smolenskin,
II 134 f
position of, in Jewish life, forms party issue, III 161
promoted by Zionism, III 45
restoration of, II 133, 135, 225
modern H. (Neo-Hebraic) literature, beginnings of, I 388 f
rise of, II 132 ff
renaissance of, II 224 ff, III 58 ff, 162 f
cultivated by Haskalah, II 132-ff, 210, 224
H. writers hail from Lithuania, II 238
H. press, beginnings of, II 217 f
preaches Haskalah, II 217
recent revival of, III 58 f
See also Language

=Heder=, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education,
I 114
Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114,
121
secular subjects excluded from I 277
left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114
pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118
attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121
negative effects of, I 277
shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333
criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49
abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53
defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57
placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56;
(1856), II 176
keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education
(1844), II 58
recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177
6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194
legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427
f
See Education, School, and Yeshibah

=Heder=, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by
public funds, I 114 f
pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118
provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195
established in Moscow, III 13

=Helena=, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy,"
I 36

=Helfman, Hesia=, participates in plot against Alexander II.,
II 244

=Heliconias=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115

=Heller, Lipman=, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of
1648, I 58

=Helsingfors= (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at,
III 144 f
"H. Program" gradually weakened, III 146

=Heniochi=, tribe, I 15

=Hennadius=, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy,"
I 37

=Henry of Valois=, elected king of Poland, I 89

=Heracles=, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15