Chapter XXXVII: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation (6)

=Shcheglovitov=, anti-Semitic Minister of Justice, secures pardon
for pogrom makers, III 150
engineers Beilis case, III 165
St. Petersburg Bar Association protests against, III 166

"=Shebsen=," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211

=Shedletz= (_Polish_, Siedlce), Judah Hasid, native of, I 208
Lukov, in province of, I 287

=Sheitel=, Jewish name for wig, II 144

=Shekel=, societies of Sh. prayers organized by Zionists, III
45

=Shidlovitz= (_Polish_, Szydlowiec), near Radom, Poland, home
of Judah Hasid, I 208

=Shishkov=, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates abolition
of institution of Jewish deputies, I 395
I. B. Levinsohn applies for subsidy to, II 129

=Shklov=, rabbis assembled at, condemn Shneor Zalman, I 238
Dyerzhavin sent to, in response to complaints of Jews, I 328

=Shklover, Borukh=, see Borukh Shklover

=Shklover, Nota=, of St. Petersburg (family name Notkin), I 338
purveyor to Potemkin's army, I 330
proposes establishment of Jewish colonies near Black Sea, I
331
participates in work of Jewish Government Commission, I 338

=Shlakhovski, Baruch=, killed in pogrom, II 303

=Shlakhta= (_Polish_, Szlachta: Polish nobility), term explained,
I 58
forms separate estate, I 44
growing influence of, I 58
favors Jews on account of financial advantages, I 69
controls diets, I 77
attitude of, towards Jews, I 77
granted jurisdiction over Jews of its estates, I 84
elects kings, I 89
usurps power, I 91 ff
resorts to services of Jews, I 93
represented among sect of Socinians, I 91
acts contemptuously towards serfs in Ukraina, I 141 f
surrenders cities to Swedes, I 155
diets, controlled by clergy and S., impose restrictions on,
I 160
oppresses Jewish arendars, I 170
tries to turn Jews into serfs, I 170
forces kings to impose restrictions on Jews, I 181 f
exterminated in Ukraina, I 183 ff
Kahals warn Jews against acting as stewards of, I 188
controls Quadrennial Diet, I 278
bars Jews from buying crown lands, I 296
Jews forbidden to acquire estates of (1808), I 300
proposes anti-Jewish restrictions to Russian Government, I
322 ff, 324 ff
hypocrisy of, exposed by Polish writer, II 98

=Shleshkovski=, Polish physician, attacks Jewish physicians in
Poland in anti-Semitic pamphlet, I 96

=Shlieferman=, Jewish soldier in Saratov, accused of ritual murder,
II 151
sentenced to penal servitude, II 152

=Shmakov=, anti-Semitic lawyer, defends Krushevan, III 82
appears in Beilis case, III 82
acts as counsel for Kishinev rioters, III 91 f

=Shmerling=, of Moghilev, dies while attending Jewish Conference
in St. Petersburg, I 304

=Shneor Zalman=, founder of "rational Hasidism," or _Habad_,
I 234
resides at Ladi (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117
moves to Lozno (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117, 33
favors Russian arms in Franco-Russian War, I 356 f
establishes hasidic center in White Russia, I 372
arouses ire of Vilna Gaon, I 374
denounced to Russian Government, I 376
dispatched as prisoner to St. Petersburg and liberated by Paul
I., I 376
dispatched again to St. Petersburg and liberated by Alexander
I., I 378
author of philosophic work entitled _Tanyo_, I 374
philosophy of, I 381 f
rejects _Tzaddik_ cult, I 382
Mendel, grandson of, II 57
successors of, II 117 f
See Shneorsohn

=Shneor=, Hebrew poet, III 162

=Shneorsohn, Mendel=, leader of White Russian Hasidim, II 57
establishes residence at Lubavichi, II 117
member of Rabbinical Commission, II 118
forced to approve Mendelssohn's Bible translation, II 118
rejects innovations in Jewish education, II 118 f

=Shpola= (government of Kiev), pogrom at, III 33

=Shtadlan=, representative of Jews before Government, term explained,
I 111
officially designated in Poland as "general syndic," I 111,
160
appointed by Council of Four Lands, I 111, 193
secures ratification of Jewish privileges, I 160
presents applications of Polish Jews to King Sobieski, I 167

=Shtar Isko=, rabbinical form of promissory note, term explained,
I 350

=Shtiblach=, name for hasidic houses of prayer, II 124

=Shulhan Arukh=, rabbinical code of law, composed by Joseph Caro,
I 123
arrangement of, I 128
supplemented by Isserles, I 124
criticised by Solomon Luria, I 125
rivalled by code of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 f
Polish rabbis write commentaries on, I 128, 130, 200
firmly established in Poland, I 130
amplified by Gaon in Vilna, I 236

=Siberia=, Jewish prisoners in Russo-Polish War deported to (1654),
I 245
"Judaizing" sectarians deported to, I 402 ff
Jewish juvenile recruits, or cantonists, sent to, II 24
failure of Courland Jews to leave province punished by deportation
to, II 34
colonization of Jews in, started by Government (1836);
and stopped (1837), II 71
swamps of, considered for Jewish settlement (1882), II 285
accusers of Jews, in ritual murder trial of Velizh, deported
to (1835), II 82
accused Jews of Novoya Ushitza (Podolia) deported to (1836)
II 85
Jewish printers of Slavuta (Volhynia) deported to, II 123
revolutionaries exiled to, II 243
Jewish revolutionaries exiled to, II 224
governors granted right of deportation to, II 246
criminals sentenced to deportation to, placed in transportation
prisons, II 403
"aliens" (semi-savage tribes) in, placed on level with Jews,
II 367
Jews of, denied right of movement, III 21 f
Jewish recruits dispatched to, III 94

=Sicilist=, vulgar pronunciation for Socialist, III 116

=Sigismund= (_Polish_, Zygmynt), I., king of Poland and duke
of Lithuania (1606-1648), favorable to Jews, I 71 f
appoints Jewish tax-farmers in Lithuania, I 72
warns authorities of Posen to respect Jewish privileges, I
74
forbids Jews of Posen to keep stores on market-place, I 74;
and restricts Jews of Posen to separate quarters, I 75
restricts Jews of Lemberg in pursuit of commerce, I 75
prevents anti-Jewish riot in Cracow, I 76
wife of, accepts bribes from Jews, I 76
appoints commission to investigate charges against Jews of
Lithuania, I 80
exonerates Lithuanian Jews, I 81
places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84
appoints Michael Yosefovich "senior," or chief rabbi of Lithuanian
Jews, I 72 f, 104
confirms election of other chief rabbis, I 104 f, 122
confers large powers on rabbis, I 73, 104 f
rabbinical conferences meet during reign of, I 109 f
kindness of, to Jews commented upon by Polish writer, II 98

=Sigismund= (_Polish_, Zygmunt) II. Augustus, king of Poland
(1548-1572), ratifies Jewish privileges, I 83
enlarges and establishes Jewish autonomy, I 83
places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84
endeavors to stop execution of Jews accused of host desecration,
I 86 f
forbids ritual murder and hosts trials, I 88
bestows on Jews of Great Poland charter of autonomy (1551),
I 105 ff
confers on Jews right of establishing _yeshibahs_, and bestows
large powers on presidents of _yeshibahs_, I 115
grants Jews of Cracow monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I
131
attended by Jewish body physician, I 132
writes to Ivan the Terrible demanding admission of Jews to
Russia, I 243
last king of Yaguello dynasty, I 88

=Sigismund= (_Polish_, Zygmunt) III., king of Poland (1588-1632),
I 91
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 93
protects Jews against magistracies, I 94
reaction against "Arian" heresy during reign of, I 91
requires consent of clergy for erection of synagogues, I 98
attended by Jewish court physician, I 136

=Silesia=, Jews fleeing from Crusades seek shelter in, I 41
Jews own estates in, I 42
John Casimir, king of Poland, flees to, I 155
Solomon Maimon ends days in, I 240

=Simferopol= (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, checked (April,
1905), III 115
pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128

=Simeon Volfovich=, see Volfovich

=Simon=, of Trent, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179

=Simon, Sir John=, interpellates Gladstone concerning Russian
Jews, II 291

=Simon, Leon=, quoted, III 51, 60

=Sion ("Zion")=, Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218, 220

=Sipyaghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary
policy, III 16
assassinated, III 66

=Sirkis, Joel=, called _Bah_, Polish rabbi and Talmudist, I 130,
206
opposed to philosophy, I 133

=Sittenfeld=, manager of secular Jewish school in Odessa, II
133

=Skarga, Peter=, leading Jesuit in Poland, I 90

=Skharia (Zechariah)= converts Russian priests to Judaism, I
36

=Skvir= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Slaves=, manumission of, among Jews of ancient Crimea, I 15
f

=Slavium=, Slav tribe, tributary to Khazars, I 26

=Slavs=, the, tributary to Khazars, I 26
treated tolerantly by Khazars, I 22
throw off Khazar yoke, I 28
German Jews visit lands of, I 33, 39

=Slavuta= (Volhynia), Jewish printing-press in, II 42 f, 123

=Sliosberg, G.=, counsel for Jewish victims of Homel pogrom,
III 102
members of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III
112

=Sloboda=, older name for government of Kharkov, I 251

=Slutzk=, Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian _Waad_,
I 112

=Smith, Charles Emory=, United States Minister at St. Petersburg,
II 395 f

=Smolensk=, Polish king appoints Jewish convert _starosta_ of,
I 73
visited by Jewish merchants of Poland and Lithuania, I 242
colony of White Russian Jews in, I 249
Borukh Leibov, resident of, converts captain of navy to Judaism,
I 249, 251
visited by Jewish merchants of White Russia, I 315 f;
but Jews barred from settling in, I 316
anti-Semitic play produced in, III 38

=Smolenskin, Perez=, editor of _ha-Shahar_, II 218, 234
Hebrew writer, II 234 ff
theory of Judaism by, II 235 f
joins "Love of Zion" movement, II 232

=Smorgoni or Smorgon= (government of Vilna), home of Menashe
Ilyer, II 114
Jewish labor movement in, III 55

=Smyela= (government of Kiev), pogrom at (1881), II 256;
(1904), III 99

=Smyrna=, Asia Minor, Sabbatai Zevi appears in, I 205
center of Sabbatian movement, I 206

=Sobieski=, king of Poland (1674-1696), protects Jews, I 165
f
enlarges autonomy of Jews, I 166
rebuked by Polish diet for protection of Jews, I 167
protects Jewish tax-farmer Bezalel, I 167
upholds authority of _Waads_, I 194

=Socialism= (and Socialists), in Russia, propaganda of, in Hebrew,
II 223 f
rise of, among Jews, III 55 ff
championed by "League of Jewish Workingmen" ("_Bund_"), III
56
combined with Zionism by _Poale Zion_, III 57, 145
represented in Russia by Social-Democrats and Social Revolutionaries,
III 66, 119
Jews active in both wings of, III 67
extreme wing of, resorts to terrorism, III 66, 109 f
Socialists and Zionists organize self-defence at Homel, II
87
spread of, among Jews blamed for pogroms, III 89
gains in Second Duma, III 142
losses in Third Duma, III 153
Jewish socialists refuse co-operation with other Jewish parties,
III 144
socialistic factions among Jews, III 145
socialistic candidate elected in Warsaw with help of Jews,
III 167
See Bund and Revolutionary Movement

=Society of Israelitish Christians=, designed for conversion
of Jews, I 396, II 74
Alexander I. looked to, for solution of Jewish problem, I 399
endeavors of, futile, I 400
disbandment of, recommended by Golitzin (1824), I 400
disbanded (1833), I 400

=Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment= established in St. Petersburg
(1867), II 214 f
branch of, established in Odessa, II 215 f
accused by Brafman of forming part of World Kahal, II 316
employs J. L. Gordon as secretary, II 229
adopts resolution demanding constitution for Russia, III 111
creates new type of Jewish school, III 160

=Society for Granting Assistance to Jewish Colonists
and Artisans in Syria and Palestine= legalized by
Russian Government (1891), II 421 f

=Socinians=, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 91,
136

=Socinus, Faustus=, founder of Socinian sect, I 91

=Sokhachev=, host trial in, I 86 f
Jews of, display Polish patriotism, I 292

=Sokolov=, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims
of Kishinev pogrom, III 91;
and of Homel pogrom, III 102

=Sokolow, Nahum=, editor of _ha-Tzefirah_, III 60
joins political Zionism, III 60

=Soldiers, Jewish=, refused right of universal residence by Alexander
II., II 171
permitted to remain in St. Petersburg, II 172
forbidden to return to native villages, II 384
forbidden to remain in Moscow, II 404
forbidden to spend furlough outside of Pale, III 21
stationed in Siberia, III 94
families of, expelled, III 95
forbidden to reside in Port Arthur, III 157
Russian S's. make pogroms, III 100 f
See Conscription, Military Service, "Nicholas Soldiers," and
Recruiting

=Solkhat= (now Eski Krym, Crimea), ancient capital of Tatar Khans,
Jewish communities in, I 34 f

=Solomon (Shelomo)=, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 372

=Solomon=, of Lemberg, recognized by Polish king as _Rosh-Yeshibah_,
I 115

=Solomon Ephraim=, of Lenchytaa, criticises system of Jewish
education in Poland, I 119 f

=Solovaychik=, editor of _Sion_, II 220

=Solovyov, Vladimir=, Russian historian, quoted, I 247
collects signatures for public protest against persecution
of Jews, II 386 ff
appeals to Alexander III. on behalf of Jews, II 388

=Sonnenberg, Sundel=, of Grodno, represents Jews at Russian army
headquarters, I 358
acts as deputy of Russian Jews in St. Petersburg, I 392 ff
deprived of office, I 395
active against ritual murder libel, II 74, 99

=South= (and South-west), of Russia, forms part of Pale (1835),
II 342
Max Lilienthal tours through, II 56
represented on Rabbinical Commission, II 57
Tzaddiks in, II 119 ff
Jewish writers in Russian language hail from, II 238
pogroms in, II 267 f, 209, 258 f, III 99 ff
emigration from, II 297 f
agricultural colonies in, III 24;
see Agriculture;
see also North-west and Russia, White

=Spain=, Caliphate of Cordova in, I 24
epistle of king of Khazars arrives in, I 27
Jewish physicians in Poland natives of, I 131
offers shelter to Russian Jews, II 268

=Spector, Isaac Elhanan=, rabbi of Kovno, attends Jewish Conference
in St. Petersburg, II 304

=Spektor=, editor of Yiddish magazine, III 59

=Spencer, Herbert=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_,
II 209

=Speranski=, Russian statesman, recommends liberal policy towards
Jews, I 399 ff
Statute of 1804 contravenes policy of, I 345

=Spiessruten= (running the gauntlet), term explained, II 85
applied as punishment, II 85, 123
abolished in 1863, II 85

=Spira, Nathan=, Cabalist, I 135

=Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood=, Jewish reform sect in Yelisavetgrad,
II 333 f

=St. Bartholomew Night=, I 89

=St. Petersburg=, capital of Russia, Jewish financial agents
admitted by Peter the Great to, I 248
Borukh and Vornitzin tried at, and burned, I 252 f
delegates of Gubernatorial Kahals assembled at (1803), I 337,
386
beginnings of Jewish community in, I 337 f
Committee for Jewish Affairs appointed in (1809), I 352
Finkelstein, delegate of Moghilev Jews, proceeds to, I 363
Shneor Zalman arrested and dispatched to, I 376, 378
Deputies of Jewish People reside in, I 393 f, II 74
temporary residence in, permitted to Jewish merchants (1835),
II 40
Jews illegally residing in, severely punished, II 42
"harmful" Hebrew books ordered sent to, II 43
Max Lilienthal invited to, II 53
Rabbinical Commission summoned to, II 56, 118
influential Jews of Western Europe invited to, II 67
visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68
visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69
Congregation Board of Warsaw sends deputation to, II 110
Baron Joseph Günzburg presides over Jewish community of, II
152
influential Jews of, apply for equal rights, II 159 f
Jewish physicians barred from, II 167
Jewish soldiers in body-guard of, permitted to remain in, II
172
Lutostanski, accuser of Jews, welcomed in, II 203
_Illustratzia_, Russian magazine in, attacks Jews, II 207 f
Jewish intellectuals in, II 214
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 214
f
Russian-Jewish press in St. Petersburg, II 221, 332 f, 59,
III 77, 162
Yiddish press in, III 59, 162
Hebrew press in, see _ha-Melitz_
Alexander II. assassinated in, III 243
governor of, granted wide discretionary powers, II 246
emissaries from, prepare pogroms in South, II 248
Jewish community of, presided over by Baron Horace Günzburg,
II 260
English Jew expelled from, II 262
Jews of, forbidden to collect pogrom fund, II 263
Conference of Jewish Notables in (1881), II 277;
(1882), II 299, 304 ff
Jewish demonstration against pogroms in, II 286
Dr. Drabkin, rabbi of, interviews Ignatyev, II 305
Jews of Balta, send deputation to, II 316 f
Jews expelled from, II 319
Jews of, persecuted by Gresser, city-governor, II 343 ff, 397
f
admission of Jews to educational institutions of, limited to
3%, II 350, III 158
Jews prominent at bar of, II 352
Jewish notables of, consulted by Pahlen Commission, II 369
f
British ambassador at, assured of discontinuation of Jewish
persecutions, II 382
Jews of, harassed anew, II 385
Solovyov collects signatures for public protest against Jewish
persecutions in, II 387
petition of Guildhall meeting in London sent to, II 392
American Minister at, instructed to exert influence on behalf
of Jews, II 395
_Russkaya Zhizn_ ("Russian Life"), paper in, depicts Jewish
sufferings, II 397
_Novosti_ ("The News"), paper in, confiscated for defending
Jews, II 407
expulsion of all Jews from, contemplated, II 410 f
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 416 f,
419
Central Committee of Jewish Colonization Association established
in, II 420
Jewish Colonization Association sends deputation to, III 10
Jews of, submit memorandum to Government, III 11
Jews of, ask permission to acquire land for agriculture, III
24
new educational restrictions in, III 30
"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38
_Znamya_ ("The Banner"), anti-Semitic paper, appears in, III
70
Levendahl, Government agent dispatched from, to arrange pogroms,
III 71
visited by Dr. Herzl, III 89
American ambassadors in, reported to have protested against
persecution, III 96
Plehve assassinated in, III 97
Conference of Zemstvo workers in, opposes autocracy (1904),
III 105
"Bloody Sunday" in, III 106
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment in, demands constitution
for Russia, III 111
League for Equal Rights establishes central bureau in, III
112
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121
Bogdanovich, general in, assists October pogroms, 111 125
League for Equal Rights holds convention in, III 131
Jewish parties form permanent council in, III 148
Jewish Literary Society founded in, III 160 f
Bar Association of, protests against Beilis trial, III 166
Natives and residents of:
J. L. Gordon, Hebrew poet, II 229
Nyevakhovich, convert, Russian poet, I 386 f
Abraham Peretz, Jewish merchant (convert), I 338, 386, 412
Antonio Sanchez, court physician, I 258
Nota Shklover, Jewish merchant, I 330

=St. Petersburg= (government), Jews expelled from villages of,
I 409
Localities in:
Luga, I 409
Schlüsselburg, II 97

=Stage=, Russian, anti-Semitism on, III 38 f

=Stanislav Augustus Poniatovski=, see Poniatovski

=Staro-Constantinov=, see Constantinov

=Starodub= (government of Chernigov), Cossack massacre at (1648),
I 149
pogrom at (1891), II 411 f

=Starosta=, high Polish office, name explained, I 69
encroaches on duties of voyevoda, I 46
Lithuanian Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60, 94, 104
S. of Sokhachev ordered by king to stop execution of Jews,
I 86
S. of Brest supports Kahal, I 190
S. of Kaniev makes sport of Jews, I 169 f
S's. administer Ukraina, I 142
S's. begin to oppress Jews, I 169
determines extent of Jewish autonomy, I 191

=Stashitz= (_Polish_, Stashyc), Polish priest and statesman,
anti-Semitic author, I 281 f, II 95 f
opposes plan of reform favorable to Jews, II 93

=Statistics=, of Jews, in Poland, I 66, 187, 263 f, 390
in Russia, II 341, 415
in White Russia, I 307
in Pale, II 168
of Jewish first-guild merchants in Pale, II 162
of Jewish artisans in Pale, II 168
of Jewish economic activity in Russian South-west, II 194
of Jews in agrarian pursuits, III 24
of Jewish recruits, II 355 f
of Jewish physicians in Russian army, III 95
of Jewish pauperism, III 23 f
of Jews expelled from Russia, I 254, 258
of Jewish emigration to United States, II 373, 421, III 148
of Jewish emigration to Argentina, II 419

=Statute=, "Lithuanian S." (1566), I 87
"S. concerning the Organization of the Jews" (1804), I 342
ff;
criticized by Jewish representatives, I 349 ff
"S. of Conscription and Military Service" (1827), II 18 ff,
29;
extended to Poland (1843), II 109;
leaves inner life of Jews unchanged, II 48
Military S. (1874), II 199 ff, 355
"S. on the Jews" (1835), II 28, 33, 34 ff, 39 ff;
fixes age of marriage, II 112;
fails to assimilate Jews, II 47
"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1864), admits Jews
to local self-government, II 173
"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1890), bars Jews from
local self-government, II 385 f
Municipal S. (1870) limits admission of Jews to one-third and
bars Jews from office of burgomaster, II 198 f
"S. concerning Enforced Public Safety" (1881), II 246
See Charter

=Stavropol= (government), nomads of, placed on level with Jews,
II 367

=Stephen Batory=, see Batory

=Stern, Abraham=, Jewish scholar and mathematician in Warsaw,
II 103

=Stern, Bezalel=, principal of modern Jewish school in Odessa,
II 57, 133

=Stillman=, Jewish workingman, fires at Odessa Chief of Police,
III 107

=Stolypin=, Russian Minister of Interior, answers interpellation
concerning pogroms, III 136, 138
appointed Prime Minister, III 138, 140
attacked by terrorist, III 140
promises mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 141
controlled by League of Russian People, III 151
excludes Jewish students from Kiev Polytechnicum, III 152
stops expulsion of Jews from Interior, III 154
becomes more reactionary, III 156 f
determines to uproot alien cultures in Russia, III 159 f
assassinated at Kiev, III 164

=Strakhov=, Russian official entrusted with conduct of Velizh
ritual murder case, II 76 ff

=Strashun, Mattathiah=, Talmudist and Maskil in Vilna, II 136

=Strelnikov=, Russian public prosecutor, calls upon Jews to leave
Russia, II 264 f

=Strigolnik, Carp=, founder of Strigolniki sect, I 36

=Strikes= adopted as revolutionary weapon, III 125 f
arranged by "Bund," III 130

=Stroganov=, Russian Minister of Interior, advocates liberal
attitude towards Jews, II 47

=Stroganov=, Count, governor-general of New Russia, advocates
emancipation of Jews, II 168 f

=Studzienski=, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 178 f

=Stundists=, the, rationalistic Christian sect in Russia, II
333
Jacob Gordin influenced by, II 333

=Stupnitza=, near Pshemyshl (Galicia), ritual murder libel at,
I 178

=Sub-Starosta=, Polish official, Jews subject to jurisdiction
of, I 60;
see Starosta

=Subbotin=, Russian economist, points out pauperism in Pale,
III 23

=Sudak=, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Sugdas=, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Summer Resorts=, Jews barred from, III 18 f
bill admitting Jews to, rejected, III 154
Jews expelled from, III 157
See Residence, Right of

=Superstition= rampant in Poland, I 203 f

=Supreme Secret Council=, official body in Russia (18th century),
I 249 f

=Surgeons=, see Physicians

=Suvar=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Suvarov=, Russian general, attacks Praga, suburb of Warsaw,
I 296

=Suvorin=, editor of _Novoye Vremya_, II 380
produces anti-Semitic play, III 38

=Svyatopolk II.=, prince of Kiev (1093-1113), favors Jews, I
32

=Svyatopolk-Mirski=, governor-general of Vilna and later Russian
Minister of Interior, pursues liberal policy, III 99, 105
dismissed, III 107

=Svyatoslav=, prince of Kiev, defeats Khazars, I 28

=Swedes=, the, invade Poland, I 154 ff

=Switzerland=, Zionist Congresses held in, III 44

=Syech=, name of Cossack Republic, I 143

=Syedletz= (_Polish_, Siedlce), pogroms at (1905), III 119, 140
f

=Syn Otyechestva ("Son of the Fatherland")=, Russian magazine,
protests against pogroms, III 35

=Synagogue=, in Bosporus, I 15 f
erection of, in Poland, requires royal permission, I 98
building of new S's., in Poland, forbidden (1720), I 171
erection of, near church in Russia, forbidden (1835), I 41
S's. in Moscow closed, II 397
Great S. of Moscow closed, I 423 ff, III 12
Jews fight for preservation of Moscow S., III 12 ff

=Synhedrion=, convoked by Napoleon, I 298, 351
convocation of, viewed with suspicion by Austria and Russia,
I 346 ff
represented by Russian Government both as anti-Jewish
and anti-Christian, I 348
influences Jews of Warsaw, I 386
fatal error of, in denying Jewish nationality, III 53
creation of, in Russia, advocated by Dyerzhavin, I 333
convocation of, in Russia suggested by Pestel, Russian revolutionary,
I 412

=Synod=, the, see Church Council

=Synod, Holy=, in Russia, issues circular against Napoleon, I
348
deals severely with "Judaizers," I 402 f
appoints Brafman, Jewish informer, instructor of Hebrew, II
187
presided over by Pobyedonostzev, II 245; III 9 f

=Syria=, emigration of Jews from, to Tauris, I 16

=Taganrog= (government of Yekaterinoslav), excluded from Pale,
II 346

=Talmud=, the, studied by Khazars, I 21
study of, pursued by early Russian Jews in Germany, I 33
predominant factor in Jewish education, I 114 ff
study of, stimulated by Jewish autonomy, I 121 ff
reigns supreme in Russia and Poland, I 195, 221, 264, 198 ff,
380, II 51
rejected by Frankists, I 214 f
burned at Kamenetz-Podolsk, I 215
importance of study of, minimized by Besht, founder of Hasidism,
I 224 ff
arrogance of students of, attacked by Besht's disciple, I 230
neglected by Hasidim, I 235
burning of, recommended by Polish reformers, I 282
opposed by Frank of Kreslavka, Jewish Mendelssohnian, I 331
regarded by Russian Council of State as source of Jewish suffering,
II 47
accused by Uvarov of demoralizing Jews, II 51
weakening and uprooting of, aimed at by Nicholas I., II 58,
66
criticised by David Friedländer, II 90
assailed by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104
defended by I. B. Levinsohn, II 131
injuriousness of, emphasized by Russian Commission, II 195
attacked by Lutostanski, II 204
conceived by Lilienblum as factor in Jewish reform, II 236
attacked by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275
rejected by New Israel Sect, II 334

=Talmud Torah=, Jewish public school in Poland, I 114, 118
maintained by Waads, I 195
in Moscow, placed in Synagogue, III 13

=Talno= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Taman Peninsula=, Greek city-republic on, I 14
Samkers, Jewish city on, I 23
owned by Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36

=Tannaim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200

=Tanyo=, philosophic work by Shneor Zalman, I 372, II 117

=Tarashkevich=, anti-Semitic priest in Velizh, II 77

=Targovitza= (_Polish_, Targowica), confederacy of, between Russians
and Poles (1792), I 292

=Tarku (Semender)=, Caucasian city, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Tarnopol= (Galicia), Meir of, Hebrew author, I 201

=Tarsus= (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14

=Tatars=, the, Russia under dominion of, I 29
conquer Crimea, I 33
Jews of Crimea under rule of, I 34 ff
T. of Lemberg granted autonomy by Casimir the Great, I 53
barred from office and from keeping Christian domestics in
Lithuania, I 87
invade Polish border provinces and combated by Cossacks, I
142 f
form alliance with Cossacks under Khmelnitzki, I 144 ff, 150
spare Jewish prisoners, I 145, 157, 205
take Jews of Polonnoye captive, I 148
cause spread of Mohammedanism, I 254

=Tauri, or Taurians=, tribe, I 13 ff

=Taurian Bosporus=, see Kerch

=Taurian Chersonesus=, see Bosporus

=Tauris=, northern shores of Black Sea, I 13
immigration of Jews into, I 13 ff
Khazars move towards, I 19
bishops of, try to proselytize Khazars, I 20
remnant of Khazar kingdom in, I 28
ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29
retains name Khazaria, I 29
in relations with Kiev, I 33 ff

=Tavrida= (region, or government), extent of, I 13
Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316 f
Karaites settled in, I 318
included in Pale (1835), II 40, 428
pogroms in, III 115, 120, 128
Cities in:
Kerch, III 115, 120
Melitopol, III 115
Simferopol, III 115, 128
Mylta, II 428 f

=Tax=, under Polish régime, paid by Jews to Church, I 57 f
paid by Jews to Catholic academies (called Kozubales), I 161,
166
Polish king conditions protection to Jews on payment of, I
84
collected by Jews on estates of Shlakhta, I 93
apportioned by Waads and collected by Kahals, I 107, 181, 189
f, 197 f
Council of Four Lands declines responsibility for collection
of, I 194
increased (1717), I 169
changed into individual T. of two gulden per head (1764), I
197
raised to three gulden per head (1775), I 267
disproportionately assessed by Kahals, I 275
Jews of Minsk complain about abuses in collection of, I 275
paid on taking possession of real estate, I 190
paid for right of sojourn in Warsaw, I 269, II 95
imposed on Jews in lieu of conscription (1817), I 95;
(1831), I 107

=Tax=, under Russian régime, per capita T. of one rubel imposed
on Jews of White Russia (1772), I 307
Kahals of White Russia charged with collection of, I 309
Jews of annexed Polish provinces required to pay double T.
(1794), I 318
payment of double T. confirmed by Paul I., I 321
Karaites relieved from payment of double T., I 318
payment of double T. by Jews commented upon by "Jewish Committee"
(1804), I 341
manufacturers and artisans relieved from payment of double
T. (1801), I 344
Jewish deputies plead for abolition of double T., I 349
Kahals in Courland organized for collection of, I 321
estates, subject to payment of (so-called taxable estates),
hindered in right of transit, I 322
alleviations in payment of, promised to converts, I 397
in lieu of conscription, I 318;
II 15, 20
irregularity in payment of, punished by conscription, II 19
modification in payment of, suggested by Council of State,
II 49
Kahals limited to conscription and collection of (1844), I
60
revenue from meat or basket T., called _Korobka_, placed under
control of Russian authorities (1844), I 61
"auxiliary basket T." (on immovable property, etc.), instituted,
II 61
levied on Sabbath candles for maintenance of Crown schools,
I 61 f
levied on traditional Jewish dress in Russia (1843), II 110;
extended to Poland, I 110, 144
T. on passports waived in case of Jewish immigrants, I 418,
420
basket T. represented as Jewish system of finance, II 194
abuses of basket T. depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, II 232
Pahlen Commission inquires about purposes of basket T., II
370
use of basket T. for defraying emigration suggested by Russian
official, II 420
basket and candle T. for non-Jewish purposes, II 426 f
basket T. used to defray night raids upon Jews, III 20

=Tax Farming (and Tax Farmers)=, Jews engage in, in Poland, I
44, 67, 69, 71
in Lithuania, I 60, 65
forbidden by Church Councils, I 49
opposed by petty Shlakhta, I 77
forbidden by Piotrkov Diet of 1538, I 77 f
Shlakhta forces king to bar Jews from, I 182
law barring Jews from, upheld by rabbis, I 110
Kahals call upon Jews to refrain from, I 188
Jews from White Russia engage in, in Smolensk, I 249
class of Jewish tax farmers in Russia, II 72
Individual tax farmers:
Bezalel, I 167
Borukh Leibov, I 249
Abraham and Michael Yosefovich, I 73
Yosko, I 71
Saul Yudich, I 94

=Teachers, Jewish=, see Heder and School

"=Temporary Rules=" of May 3, 1882, known as May Laws, genesis
of, II 309 ff
contents of, II 312
effect of, II 318 f
old settlers permitted to stay in villages under, II 16
misconstrued to apply to old settlers, II 340 ff
check agriculture among Jews, III 24 f

=Tennyson=, English poet, expresses sympathy with Russian Jews,
II 258

=Teplitz, T.=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103

=Terentyeva, Mary=, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 75 ff
exiled to Siberia for false accusation, II 82

=Territorialism= accepts idea of Pinsker's _Autoemancipation_,
II 332
rise of, III 41
born out of Zionist organization, III 185
secedes from Zionist organization, III 144

=Terrorism=, rampant under Alexander II., II 243
favored by Social-Revolutionary party, III 66, 109 f
Jews take small part in, III 67
acts of, committed by Jews, III 107
rampant in Poland and Baltic provinces (1905), III 130
used as pretext for pogroms, III 136
intensified after dissolution of First Duma, III 140

=Tetyev= (government of Kiev), massacre at, I 184

=Teutonic Order=, the, name explained, I 63
engages in war with Poland, I 63

=Theodosia=, see Kaffa

=Theodosius II.=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18

=Theodosius=, Abbot of Kiev monastery, persecutes Jews, I 31

=Theophanes=, Byzantine writer, quoted, I 18

"=Third Section=," the, see Police, Political

=Thorn= (_Polish_, Torun), annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292

=Tiberias= (Palestine), visited by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383

=Tiflis= (Caucasia), anti-Semitic play produced at, III 38

=Tikhanovich=, chief of political police in Syedletz, engineers
pogrom, III 140
thanked by governor-general of Warsaw, III 141

=Tilsit, Peace of= (1807), leads to establishment of duchy of
Warsaw, I 297
affects policy of Alexander I. towards Jews, I 350

=Tlusta= (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223

=Tobias=, of Ruzhany, martyr, I 162 f

=Tobolsk= (government), lands in, set aside for colonization
of Jews, II 71

=Toledo= (Spain), Jacob ben Asher rabbi of, I 118

=Tolstoi, Demetrius=, Minister of Interior, II 314
adopts energetic measures against pogroms, II 315
anti-pogrom circular of, quoted by United States Minister,
II 293
destroys plans of Pahlen Commission, II 370
takes into consideration economic importance of Jews, II 428

=Tolstoi, Leo=, preaches "Going to the People," II 222
keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325
preaches doctrine of non-resistance, II 371
protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 387 f
condemns Kishinev massacre, III 76
protests against atrocities of Russian Government, III 149

=Tomsk= (Siberia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III 128

=Tosafists=, the, name explained, I 117
Rabbi Eliezer, of school of, quoted, I 43
work of, studied in Poland, I 117
method of, followed by Solomon Luria, I 125

=Totleben=, Russian governor-general of Vilna, opposes settling
of Jews in villages, II 276
checks pogroms, II 276

=Tovyanski= (_Polish_, Towianski), Polish mystic, preaches union
of Jews and Poles peoples, II 108

=Trades=, see Artisans

=Trade-Unions, or Trade-Guilds=, in Poland, hostile to Jews,
I 70, 74

=Trans-Caspian Region=, Akhal-Tekke, oasis in, suggested for
settlement of Jews, II 306
alien tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Transportation Prisons=, term explained, II 403
exiled Moscow Jews placed in, II 403, 405 f

=Trepov=, Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors Jewish franchise,
III 122

=Trepov=, Chief of Police, orders suppression of revolution,
III 126

=Tribunal=, Crown T. in Poland, name explained, I 96
tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172 f

=Troitza Monastery=, near Moscow, II 203

=Troki= (province of Vilna), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35
Jewish community in, I 59
Karaites settle in, I 60
Jews expelled from (1495), I 65

=Troki, Isaac=, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f

=Tromba, Nicholas=, archbishop of Gnesen, attends Synod of Constance
and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57

=Troyanov= (Volhynia), tragic fate of Jewish self-defence at,
III 116 ff

=Trubetzkoy=, Russian commissioner, exonerates Jews of Mstislavl,
II 87

=Trubetzkoy=, professor, head of delegation to Nicholas II.,
III 122

=Trudoviki= ("Laborites"), Bramson, Jewish member of, III 134
lose in Third Duma, III 153

=Tsushima=, Russian fleet destroyed by Japanese in vicinity of,
III 119

=Tudela= (Spain), Benjamin of, Jewish traveller, I 32

=Tugendhold, Jacob=, Jewish assimilationist in Warsaw, II 98
f
refutes Abbé Chiarini, II 104

=Tugendhold, Wolf=, brother of former, censor in Vilna, II 136

=Tula= (government), "Judaizers" in, I 401 f

=Tulchinski, Borukh=, see Borukh of Tulchyn

=Tulchyn= (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at, 146 f
residence of Pestel, Russian revolutionary, II 411

=Turgay, Territory of= (Central Asia), semi-civilized tribes
of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Turgenieff= (=Turgeniev=), Russian writer, II 210
influences S. J. Abramovich, II 231
keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325

=Turish=, hasidic center, II 120

=Turkey=, takes over colony in Kaffa, I 34
Jewish center in, I 66
Polish Jews export goods to, I 68
Jews of Lithuania suspected of preparing to flee to, I 51
raided by Cossacks, I 143
Jewish prisoners of war carried by Tatars to, I 145, 157, 205
lays claim to Ukraina, I 159
Sabbatai Zevi carries on propaganda in, I 205, 210
influence of, on Polish Jewry, I 207 f
annexes part of Podolia (1672), I 208;
returns it to Poland (1699), I 208
Jacob Frank travels about in, I 212;
sent back from Poland to, I 213;
returns to Poland from, I 216
engages in war with Russia (1739), I 253 f
establishment of Jewish State in, suggested by Russian revolutionary,
I 412
Moses Montefiore pays visit to, II 68
_Bilu_ pioneers enter into negotiations with, II 322
hampers Palestinian colonization, II 375, 422, III 42
Dr. Herzl enters into negotiations with, III 45 f
Russian Government promises to exert influence over, in favor
of Zionism, II 83

=Twenty-One-Verst Zone=, see Border Zone

=Tver= (Central Russia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III
128

=Typography=, see Printing-Press

=Tzaddik= ("=The Righteous Man="), title of hasidic leader, rival
of rabbi, I 235
revered by Jewish masses, I 274; II 112
controls rabbinate in Russian South-west, I 371
gains foothold in Lithuania, I 372
type of, in Poland, resembles that of _Habad_, II 123
miraculous stories about, circulate among Hasidim, II 124
firmly entrenched, II 116 ff
forbidden by Russian Government to travel about, II 212
See Tzaddikism and Hasidism

=Tzaddikism= (cult of _Tzaddik_), as conceived by Besht, I 227
developed by Baer of Mezherich, I 230
practical consequences of, I 231 f
extreme formulation of, I 232 f
viewed with apprehension by Elijah of Vilna, I 374
triumphant in South-west, I 381
vulgar form of, rejected by
Shneor Zalman, I 382
degeneration of, I 382 f
extermination of, advocated by Kalmansohn, I 385
criticised by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 411
attacked by Maskilim, II 210;
see Tzaddik and Hasidism

=Tzarmis=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Uganda= (British East Africa), offered as Jewish settlement
to Zionists, III 84 f

=Ukase=, term explained, I 249;
spelling of word, I 6

=Ukraina= (=Ukraine=), name explained, I 140
part of, called Little Russia, invaded and annexed by Russia
(1654), I 153, 244 f
divided between Poland and Russia (1667), I 159
Jewish massacres in (1648), I 139 ff
part of, barred to Jews (1649), I 151;
reopened to Jews (1651), I 152
Jews decimated in, I 157
uprisings against Poles and Jews in (18th century), I 182 ff
Jewish massacres in, stimulate propaganda of Sabbatai Zevi,
I 205
talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199
intellectual development of Jews in, differs from that in North-west,
I 221
character of Hasidism in, I 232, II 119 ff
type of Tzaddik in, I 233;
differs from that in Poland, II 123
Tzaddik dynasty of Chernobyl widely ramified in, I 382
Jews expelled from (1727), I 249
transfer of Polish Jews to, suggested, I 284
included in Pale (1794), I 317
Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, refers to Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
Russian revolutionaries appeal to Ukrainian people, II 274
Ukrainian cultural institutions suppressed by Russian Government,
III 160
See Russia, Little

=Ulrich Von Hutten=, epistles of, imitated in Hebrew, II 126

=Uman= (_Polish_, Human, province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184
Nahman of Bratzlav dies at, I 383
place of pilgrimage for Bratzlav Hasidim, I 383, II 122

=Uniat Church=, the, I 141

=Union of American Hebrew Congregations= appeals to United States
Government on behalf of Russian Jews, II 293

"=Union of Lublin=" (1569), I 88

=Unitarians=, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I
136

=United States of America=, Max Lilienthal emigrates to, II 59
Marcus Jastrow emigrates to, II 179
emigration of Russian Jews to, II 268 f, 297 f, 321, 327 f,
373 ff, 421, III 104
stirred by Warsaw pogrom, II 283
Government of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,
II 292 ff, 394 ff, 408 ff
Congress of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,
II 294 ff, 394
Jewish center in, suggested as alternative by Pinsker, II 331
Jacob Gordin settles in, II 335
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374
economic condition of Jews in, II 374
Jewish emigrants in, said to wish for return to Russia, II
393
Government of, sends two Commissioners to Russia, II 407
exiled Moscow Jews emigrate to, II 413, 416
emigration to, embodied in Jewish pogrom of Dubnow, III 54
agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78
Kishinev massacre stimulates emigration to, III 85 f
fear of new Kishinev pogrom intensifies emigration to, III
96
ambassador of, in St. Petersburg, reported to have protested
against Jewish persecutions, III 96
emigration to, embodied in pogrom of Jewish National Party
in Russia, III 147 f
statistics of Jewish emigration to, III 148
Hebrew writers in, III 163

=University=, Polish Jews study at U. of Padua, I 132
"Statute of 1804" admits Jews to Russian U's., I 345
Jewish U. graduates admitted into Russian Interior and to civil
service (1861), II 166;
required to possess learned degree, II 165, 167;
requirement dropped (1879), II 167
Jewish U. graduates permitted to keep two Jewish servants in
Russian Interior, II 166;
fictitious servants of, II 344 ff
Jews with U. education permitted to live in villages and own
property (1904), III 98;
privilege extended to wives and children, III 99
Jewish U. students suspected of revolutionary leanings, II
348, III 28
admission of Jews to, restricted (1887), II 350;
placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f
restricted admission drives Jews into foreign U's, II 351,
III 31, 158;
and makes them antagonistic to Government, III 31
restricted admission to, abolished by professional councils
(1905), III 124;
restored (1907), III 152;
placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f
See Education and School

=Ural=, territory of, semi-civilized tribes of placed on level
with Jews, II 367

=Urussov=, governor of Bessarabia, and later Assistant-Minister
of Interior, favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 93
discloses personal animosity of Nicholas II. against Jews,
III 93
issues warning against pogroms, III 97
reveals in _Memoirs_ Plehve's share in pogroms, III 97
discloses in Duma share of Russian Government in October pogroms,
III 126, 138

=Ushitza=, see Novaya Ushitza

=Ussishkin=, Russian Zionist leader, III 47

=Ustrugov=, deputy-governor of Bessarabia, persecutes Jews, III
70
assists in arranging Kishinev massacre, VIII 71
sued by Jews, III 92

=Uvarov, Sergius=, Minister of Public Instruction, endeavors
to spread enlightenment among Russian Jews, II 46 ff
lays plans before "Jewish Committee," II 50 ff
visits Lilienthal's school in Riga, II 52
negotiates with Lilienthal, II 53
instructs Lilienthal to enter into correspondence with Jewish
leaders in Western Europe, II 67
petitioned by Moses Montefiore on behalf of Russian Jews, II
68
plans of, received favorably by Jews of Vilna, II 136 f
See Lilienthal

=Valnyev=, Minister of Interior, favors admission of Jewish artisans
and mechanics into Russian Interior, II 169 f

=Vannovski=, Minister of War, restricts number of Jewish surgeons
in Russian army, II 319 f
accepts post of Minister of Public Instruction and curtails
admission of Jews to universities, III 29

=Varta= (_Polish_, Warta), Diet of (1423), restricts commercial
operations of Jews, I 58

=Varta= (_Polish_, Warta), river, lands on banks of, attract
Jews, I 39

=Vasa Dynasty=, of Swedish origin, rules in Poland, I 91

=Vasilchikov=, Count, governor-general of Kiev, favors admission
of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168

=Veitelson, Marcus=, Jewish deputy in St. Petersburg, I 393

=Velizh= (government of Vitebsk), ritual murder trial at, II
75 ff
Alexander I. passes through, and orders opening of case, II
76
Jews of, acquitted, II 83

=Venentit=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Venice=, Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland pass through,
I 209
Master Leon, Russian court physician, invited from, I 37

=Victoria=, Queen of England, recommends Moses Montefiore to
Nicholas I., II 68

=Vienna=, Jewish bankers in, petition Polish king on behalf of
Posen Jews, I 176
Jews of, assist Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland to reach
Constantinople, I 209
Congress of, inaugurates European reaction, I 359
Congress of, transfers duchy of Warsaw to Russia, I 390, II
88
Lieberman, Russian-Jewish socialist, publishes _ha-Emet_ in,
II 223
Smolenskin resides in, II 234;
and publishes _ha-Shahar_ in, II 218
secret circular of Plehve made known in, II 381
Dr. Herzl resides in, III 42

=Vigdorovich, Samuel=, rabbi of Vilna, engages in litigation
with Kahal, I 275 f

=Vilenski Vyestnik= ("The Vilna Herald"), publishes Brahman's
articles against Kahal, II 189

=Vilkomir= (government of Kovno), home of M. Lilienblum, II 236

=Villages=, transfer of Jews from to towns ordered by Catherine
II. (1795), I 319
Jews retained in, by land owners, I 323
Russian officials given wide powers in dislodging Jews from
(1797), I 323 f
expulsion of Jews from, decreed in Statute of 1804, I 343
projected expulsion from, affects half million Jews, I 346
expulsion checked by fear of Napoleon's invasion (1807), I
347 f
Jewish deputies plead for repeal, or postponement of expulsion
from, I 349
expulsion of Jews from, reaffirmed (1808), I 351
expulsion from, started, I 351
Alexander I. admits impossibility of removing Jews from (1809),
I 352
"Jewish Committee" advises against expulsion of Jews from (1812),
I 353 f
economic importance of Jews in, I 361 f
evil effects of endeavors to dislodge Jews from, I 362 f
renewal of effort to remove Jews from, I 405
Jews expelled from, in White Russia (1823), I 406 f
uselessness of expulsion from, in White Russia pointed out
by Council of State (1835), I 407 f, II 34 f
Jews expelled from, in government of Grodno (1827), II 30 f
expulsion of Jews from, in government of Kiev, decreed (1830),
II 33;
delayed, II 33;
objected to by Council of State and indefinitely postponed,
II 35
barred to Jews in government of Kiev and Little Russia in Statute
of 1835, II 40
barred to Jews in Fifty-Verst-Zone under same law, II 40
Jews of Poland permitted to live in (1862), II 181, 367;
permission invalidated by restriction of property rights
(1891), 367
Jews of Poland permitted to acquire land in (1862), II 172,
181;
permission withdrawn as result of Polish insurrection (1864),
II 173
exclusion of Jews from, recommended by Totleben, governor-general
of Vilna, II 276
complete elimination of Jews from, recommended by "Jewish Committee"
(1882), II 310
expulsion of old settlers objected to by Committee of Ministers,
II 311
Jews forbidden to settle anew in, and to acquire property in
("Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882), II 312
remain closed to Jews, II 318
old Jewish settlers expelled from, by peasant communes, II
318 f
peasants encouraged to expel old Jewish settlers from, II 319,
340
Jews in, harassed by Russian officials, II 340 ff
thousands of Jews expelled from, in governments of Chernigov
and Poltava, II 341
disabilities of Jews in, commented upon by Pahlen Commission,
II 366
discharged Jewish soldiers, being regarded as "new settlers,"
barred from returning to, II 384
towns transferred into, and barred to Jews (1890), II 385;
reopened to Jews (1903), III 80 f
policy of eliminating Jews from, continued under Nicholas II.,
III 16 ff
Jews dislodged from, by introduction of liquor monopoly (1894),
III 23
privileged Jews, though admitted into Interior, prohibited
from acquiring property in (1903), III 81;
exception made for Jews with higher education (1904), III
98
wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1910), III 157
See Expulsion, and Residence, Right of

=Villani, Matteo=, Italian chronicler, quoted, I 52

=Vilna= (_Polish_, Wilna, city), superseded by Warsaw as capital,
I 85
conquered by Russians (1654), I 154, 245
surrendered by Poles, I 155
Lithuanian Hetman resides in, I 192
anti-Jewish riots in (under Polish Régime), I 94, 99, 161,
166;
by invading Russian troops, I 245
Jews of, permitted to engage, in petty trade, I 99
Jews of, restricted to "Jewish Street" and placed under jurisdiction
of Municipal Courts (1633), I 99
Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112
Kahal of, engaged in litigation with rabbi of, I 275 f
Jews of, support Polish troops fighting against Russians (1792),
I 292
Christian burghers of, protest to Alexander I., against admission
of Jews to city-government (1805), I 370
Jews of, barred from city-government in (1805), I 370
exclusion of Jews from city-government of, confirmed in Statute
of 1835, II 41
hasidic societies secretly organized in, I 237
visited by Shneor Zalman to request interview with Gaon, I
238
Kahal of, excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237, 371;
(1796), II 371, 373
Hasidim reside "illegally" in, I 372
Kahal of, sends out messengers to stir up anti-hasidic agitation,
I 373
Hasidim of, rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375
Kahal elders of, vow to avenge insult to Gaon, I 375;
and denounce Hasidism to Government, I 375 f
Hasidim arrested in, I 376
Hasidim of, depose Kahal elders, I 377
conference of Jewish deputies at (1815), I 393 f
Kahal of, pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36
Kahal of, complains to Council of State about Jewish disabilities,
II 38;
and begs permission to send spokesmen to St. Petersburg,
II 39
printing-press in, II 42, 127
censorship committee in, II 44
visited by Max Lilienthal, II 54
Maskilim of, promise support to Lilienthal, II 55;
and form his mainstay, II 136
Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174;
closed (1873), II 177;
graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212
Teachers' Institute in, II 177
pupils of both Institutes form revolutionary circle in, II
223
visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68
center of Haskalah, II 132 ff
Maskilim circle in, II 136 ff
residential restrictions in, abolished by Alexander II., II
172
Brafman carries on anti-Jewish agitation in, II 187 ff, 240
pauperism among Jews of, III 24
Blondes, Jewish barber in, accused of ritual murder, II 37
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
"Bund" holds convention in (1897), III 56
Lekkert, Jewish workingman in, assails governor of Vilna,
III 66 f
Dr. Herzl enthusiastically received by Jews of, III 84
Jews of, assured by Svyatopolk-Mirski of just treatment, III
99
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108;
and demands self-determination, III 109
league for Attainment of Equal Rights formed in (1905), III
111
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121 f
place of publication, II 115, 126, 131, 134, 136, 226
_ha-Karmel_, published in, II 217
_ha-Zeman_, Hebrew daily, published in, III 162
Sabbatai Cohen (_Shak_), famous Talmudist, native of, I 130,
157 f
Budny, Christian theologian, of, I 136
Moses Rivkes, Talmudist, of, I 200
Elijah of; see Elijah of Vilna Masalski, bishop of, employs
Berek Yoselovich, I 294
Saul Katzenellenbogen, rabbi of, II 115
M. A. Ginzberg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133
Abraham Baer Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, resident of, II 134 f
Micah Joseph Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, native of, II 226
Levanda, Russian-Jewish writer, resident of, II 239
S. M. Dubnow, author of present work, resident of, III 112
See Vilna (government)

=Vilna= (province or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I
297
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), I 39
includes later government of Kovno, I 317
Jews of, invited to elect deputies (1807), I 349
Poles threaten to massacres Russians and Jews in, I 357
Samuel Epstein elected Jewish deputy from, I 393
Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estate in (1864), II 173
placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188
Friesel, governor of, suggests Jewish reforms, I 325 ff
governor of, testifies to loyalty of Jews to Russia (1812),
I 357
governor-general of, opposes admission of Jewish artisans into
Russian Interior, II 168
Muravyov, governor-general of, pursues policy of Russification,
II 183, 239
Totleben, governor-general of, favors forbidding Jews to settle
in villages, II 276
Kakhanov, governor-general of, insults Jewish deputation of
welcome, II 383
governor of, favors abrogation of Pale (1895), III 11
Pahlen, governor of, favors mitigation of restrictive laws,
III 93
Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general, promises Jewish deputation
favorable treatment of Jews, III 99
Localities in:
Ilya, II 114
Mikhailishok, II 134
Troki, see Troki
Volozhin, I 380, II 57, 113

=Vinaver, M.=, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Jewish
victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 92;
and Homel pogrom, III 102
member of Central Bureau of League for Equal Rights, III 112
elected president of League for Equal Rights, III 134
deputy to First Duma, III 134
leader of Constitutional Democratic party, III 134
denounces in Duma oppression of Jews, III 136; and pogroms,
III 139
head of Jewish People's Group, III 146

=Vinchevski, M.=, publishes Hebrew periodical _Asefat Hakamim_,
II 223

=Vinnitza=, Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidim,
I 373

=Virgil, Aeneid of=, translated into Hebrew, II 226

=Visconti=, papal nuncio at Warsaw, ordered to report on ritual
murder trial in Poland, I 179

=Vishniovetzki= (_Polish_, Wisniowiecki), =Count Jeremiah=, Polish
commander, protects Jews against Cossacks, I 149, 161

=Vishniovetzki= (_Polish_, Wisniowiecki), =Michael=, Polish king
(1669-1673), son of former, ratifies Jewish privileges, I 160

=Vistula=, river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39
provinces on banks of, invaded by Swedes, I 154
Plotzk, on banks of, I 243
Poles perish in, defending Warsaw against Russians, I 296
Hasidism established on banks of, I 384
Gher, or Goora Kalvarya, on left bank of, II 122
Poles admit only "one nation on banks of," III 168

=Vital, Hayyim=, Cabalist, I 134

=Vitebsk= (city), Jews of, defend city against invading Russians,
I 154
Jews of, robbed by Cossacks and maltreated or exiled, I 154
Jews of, made prisoners of war by Russians, I 245
Mendel of, hasidic leader, I 234, II 117
Dyerzhavin writes "Opinion" on Jews in, I 330
pogrom at, III 101
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121
See Vitebsk (government)

=Vitebsk= (government), annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262
Jews from, made prisoners of war by Russia, I 245
formerly called government of Polotzk, I 307, 315, 317
forms part of White Russia, I 307, 315
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 40
Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315
Jews of, invited to elect deputies, I 349
Jewish deputies from, I 393
expulsion of Jews from villages of, begun (1808), I 351
Jews, expelled from villages of, economically ruined, I 364
Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368
expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406
Supreme Court acquits Velizh Jews accused of ritual murder,
II 76
placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:
Kreslavka, I 331
Polotzk, I 243
Velizh, II 75
See Vitebsk (city), and Russia, White

=Vitovt= (also Vitold, or Witold; _Polish_, Witowt), grand duke
of Lithuania (1388-1430) protects Jews of Lithuania, I 35
grants Jews charter (1388) and additional privileges (1389),
I 59